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MATERYAL
11
ORTAÖĞRETİM GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ
Elektriksel Kuvvet ve Elektrik Alan
30 MART 2021
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kuvvet-ƵnjĂŬůŦŬŐƌĂĨŝŒŝŶŝŶLJĂƚĂLJĞŬƐĞŶůĞĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬĂůĂŶ
+q0 LJƺŬƺŬĂůĚŦƌŦůŦƉ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬƉŽnjŝƚŝĨďŝƌŝŵLJƺŬƺŶ;нϭͿƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů
q T
9 (S9
Elektriksel Potansiyel:
ElektrikselN
potansiyeli
V seŵďŽůƺŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘ ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶďŝƌŝŵŝ^/͛ĚĂ
9
NT
+q\¸N¸VHUEHVWE¿UDN¿O¿UVD\¸NOHUELUELULQL
HOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOHQHUMLND]DQ¿U
ŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶLJĂƉƚŦŒŦŝƔŝLJĂŶŝLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶƐĂŚŝƉŽůĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝLJŝǀĞƌŝƌ͘
Bir
düzgün
elektrik
alandaki
+q
yüklü
cisim,
potansiyeli
VK ŽůĂŶďŝƌ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝsL o
ĂůĂŶŦŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞďĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĚƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŬĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶůĂĂLJŶŦLJƂŶĚĞ
ĞŶĞƌũŝLJĞŽŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĚĞŶŝƌ.
volttur. ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚƺƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
TG
G
LWHUYH\¸NHHWNLHGHQNXYYHWVRQVX]GDV¿I¿U
ÄHNLOGHYHULOHQEHOOLELU\¸NVHNOLNWHQVRQ
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦ
ŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞĚĞŶнƋLJƺŬƺĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘zƺŬƺŶ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌjisi
K
Matematiksel modeli
T
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ:
ROXU<¸N¸QKDUHNHWLQHDLW£L]LOHQNXYYHWX
UDV¿NRQLÅHNOLQGHRODQELQDQ¿QNDWODU¿QDDLW
+q LJƺŬƺŬĂůĚŦƌŦůŦƉ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬƉŽnjŝƚŝĨďŝƌŝŵLJƺŬƺŶ;нϭͿƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů
Elektriksel Potansiyel: Elektriksel potansiyeli V seŵďŽůƺŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶďŝƌŝŵŝ^/͛ĚĂ
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝŶĚĞŶĚĂŚĂĂnjĚŦƌ͘ EĞŐĂƚŝĨLJƺŬůĞƌŝƐĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶ
ĞŶĞƌũŝLJĞŽŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĚĞŶŝƌ.
volttur. ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚƺƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
]DNO¿NJUDIL½LQLQ\DWD\HNVHQOHDUDV¿QGDND
(OHNWULNVHO3RWDQVL\HO(OHNWULNVHOSRWDQ
./YH0\¸]H\OHUL\DWD\G¸]OHPHSDUDOHOGLU
Elektriksel Potansiyel: Elektriksel potansiyeli V seŵďŽůƺŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶďŝƌŝŵŝ^/͛ĚĂ
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ:
Matematiksel modeli
ŝůĞĂLJŶŦLJƂŶĚĞŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞƚƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝ
volttur.
^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚƺƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
ODQDODQHOHNWULNVHONXYYHWLQ\DSW¿½¿LÅL\DQL
VL\HOL9VHPERO¸LOHJ²VWHULOLU(OHNWULNVHO
./YH0\¸]H\OHULQGHNLNLÅLOHULQ\HUHJ²UH
Matematiksel
modeli
ŬĂnjĂŶŦƌ͘
\¸NOHULQVDKLSROGX½XHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HO
SRWDQVL\HOLQELULPL6,ÜGDYROWWXU6NDOHUELU
SRWDQVL\HOHQHUMLOHULEXOXQGXNODU¿\¸]H\LQ
ƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
Bir düzgün elektrik
alandaki +q yüklü cisim, potansiyeli VK ŽůĂŶďŝƌ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝsL olan bir L
HQHUML\LYHULU
E¸\¸NO¸NW¸U(OHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOKHVDSOD
%LUG¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQGDNLT\¸NO¸
KHUQRNWDV¿QGDD\Q¿E¸\¸NO¸NWHROXU%HQ
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦ
EƉ ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶďŝƌŝŵŝ^/͛ĚĂ
bĞŬŝůĚĞǀĞƌŝůĞŶďĞůůŝďŝƌLJƺŬƐĞŬůŝŬƚĞŶƐŽŶƌĂƐŦŬŽŶŝƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞŽůĂŶ
Elektriksel Potansiyel: Elektriksel potansiyeli V seŵďŽůƺŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝV=
ŽůĚƵŒƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶ
Q¿UNHQ\¸NOHULÅDUHWOHUL\OHELUOLNWHNXOODQ¿O¿U
FLVLPSRWDQVL\HOL9.RODQELU.QRNWDV¿QGDQ
]HUÅHNLOGHELUHOHNWULNDODQGDGDHOHNWULNVHO
ƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞǀĞĂůĂŶĚŽŒƌƵůƚƵƐƵŶĚĂďƵůƵŶĂŶ<ǀĞ>ŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦǀĂƌĚŦƌ͘
Elektriksel
Kuvvet (F)
&77< volttur. ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚƺƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
q0
ƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
ďŝŶĂŶŦŶŬĂƚůĂƌŦŶĂĂŝƚ<͕>ǀĞDLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝLJĂƚĂLJ
ĚƺnjůĞŵĞ
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶLJƂŶƺĚĂŝŵĂƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝLJƺŬƐĞŬŽůĂŶŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚƺƔƺŬŽůĂŶŶŽŬƚĂLJĂĚŽŒƌƵĚƵƌ͘
zĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝ
Matematiksel modeli
11
0DWHPDWLNVHOPRGHOL
SRWDQVL\HOL9/RODQELU/QRNWDV¿QDJ²W¸U¸O
SRWDQVL\HOOHULHÅLWQRNWDODU¿QROXÅWXUGX½X
ƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝE
=q.V
olur.
ŝƌŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕ĞƚƌĂĨŦŶĚĂŬŝ
EƉ p
Bir düzgün elektrik alandaki +q yüklü cisim,
potansiyeli VK ŽůĂŶďŝƌ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝs
Elektriksel Potansiyel
ĂůĂŶŦŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞďĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĚƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŬĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶůĂĂLJŶŦLJƂŶĚĞ
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝV=
ŽůĚƵŒƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶ
Elektriksel
Potansiyel:
Elektriksel
potansiyeli
V
seŵďŽůƺŝůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶďŝƌŝŵŝ^/͛ĚĂ
LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŽŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶĐĞďŝƌƐĞůƚŽƉůĂŵŦŶĂĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
ƉĂƌĂůĞůĚŝƌ͘<͕>ǀĞDLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝŶĚĞŬŝŬŝƔŝůĞƌŝŶLJĞƌĞŐƂƌĞ
F
G¸½¸QGHEXLNLQRNWDDUDV¿QGDNLHOHNWULNVHO
\¸]H\OHUEXOXQXU%X\¸]H\OHUHHÅSRWDQVL\HO
ƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
9
NT
q
Śŝ
6 Nisan 2021
0
ŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞĚĞŶнƋLJƺŬƺĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘zƺŬƺŶ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌjisi K
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦ
ƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝE
p=q.V olur. ŝƌŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕ĞƚƌĂĨŦŶĚĂŬŝ
G
volttur. ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬƚƺƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞďŝƌůŝŬƚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů&ĂƌŬǀĞzĂƉŦůĂŶ7Ɣ͗
ŝƌƂŒƌĞŶĐŝ͕ŬŝƚĂƉůŦŒŦŶĚĂŬŝďŝƌŬŝƚĂďŦďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵƌĂĨƚĂŶƺƐƚƚĂƌĂĨƚĂŬŝ
ÅHNOLQGHGLU
SRWDQVL\HOIDUN¿
\¸]H\OHUGHQLU
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝůĞƌŝďƵůƵŶĚƵŬůĂƌŦLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŚĞƌŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂĂLJŶŦ
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝŶĚĞŶĚĂŚĂĂnjĚŦƌ͘
EĞŐĂƚŝĨLJƺŬůĞƌŝƐĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶ
EƉ
otansiyel Enerji: ^ŽŶƐƵnjĚĂŝŬĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝƐŦĨŦƌŽůĂŶнƋ LJƺŬƺ͕ƐŽŶƐƵnjĚĂŶ>
Bir düzgün elektrik alandaki +q yüklü
cisim, potansiyeli VK ŽůĂŶďŝƌ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝsL olan bir L
LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŽŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶĐĞďŝƌƐĞůƚŽƉůĂŵŦŶĂĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝV=
ŽůĚƵŒƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶ
ďĂƔŬĂƌĂĨĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝƌŬĞŶŬŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔ;tͿLJĂƉĂƌ͘<ŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕ŬŝƚĂďŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ
ĂďŝƚŚŦnjůĂŐĞƚŝƌŝůŝƌŬĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚůĞƌĞŬĂƌƔŦŝƔLJĂƉŦůŦƌ͘
ƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
ŝůĞĂLJŶŦLJƂŶĚĞŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞƚƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝ
/QRNWDV¿Q¿QHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOL
±
./YH0\DWD\
Matematiksel modeli
q
ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦ
ĺ
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ĚĞŒŝƔŝŵĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
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E
E
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нƋLJƺŬƺŶƺ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔtŝƐĞ͗
p=q.V G¸]OHPOHULQLQ
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E
ďĂƔŬĂƌĂĨĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝƌŬĞŶŬŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔ;tͿLJĂƉĂƌ͘<ŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕ŬŝƚĂďŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ
q
ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝĞƔŝƚŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌ
W=Ep W=Ep
ĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝďŝƌLJƺŬƺďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĚĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŽŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶĐĞďŝƌƐĞůƚŽƉůĂŵŦŶĂĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
ƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝE
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ĚĞŒŝƔŝŵĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
bĞŬŝůĚĞǀĞƌŝůĞŶďĞůůŝďŝƌLJƺŬƐĞŬůŝŬƚĞŶƐŽŶƌĂƐŦŬŽŶŝƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞŽůĂŶ
KHUKDQJLELUT\¸N¸Q¸QVDKLSRODFD½¿HOHNW
QRNWDV¿QGDQ/
KHUKDQJLELULQ
ƚĂLJĞŬƐĞŶĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĂůĂŶ;//͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦͿŽůƵƌ͘ //͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦŝůĞ/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦ
LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŽŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶĐĞďŝƌƐĞůƚŽƉůĂŵŦŶĂĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
zĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕LJƺŬƺŶďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĚĂƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶĨĂƌŬŦŶĂĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘
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bulunur.
ƵLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌĞĞƔƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌĚĞŶŝƌ͘
ďŝŶĂŶŦŶŬĂƚůĂƌŦŶĂĂŝƚ<͕>ǀĞDLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝLJĂƚĂLJ
ĚƺnjůĞŵĞ
/
ĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝďŝƌLJƺŬƺďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĚĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
I. Bölge
ŵůĂƌŦŶĚĂƚƵƚƵůĂŶLJƺŬůĞƌĚĞŶнƋ
LJƺŬƺƐĞƌďĞƐƚďŦƌĂŬŦůŦƌƐĂLJƺŬůĞƌďŝƌďŝƌŝŶŝŝƚĞƌǀĞLJƺŬĞĞƚŬŝĞĚĞŶ
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ĞůŽůĂƌĂŬĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦďƵůƵŶĂƌĂŬĚĂĂLJŶŦƐŽŶƵĐĂƵůĂƔŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦ
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II. Bölge
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ƵnjĚĂƐŦĨŦƌŽůƵƌ͘zƺŬƺŶŚĂƌĞŬĞƚŝŶĞĂŝƚĕŝnjilen kuvvet-ƵnjĂŬůŦŬŐƌĂĨŝŒŝŶŝŶLJĂƚĂLJĞŬƐĞŶůĞĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬĂůĂŶ
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ďĂƔŬĂƌĂĨĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝƌŬĞŶŬŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔ;tͿLJĂƉĂƌ͘<ŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕ŬŝƚĂďŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ
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ŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶLJĂƉƚŦŒŦŝƔŝLJĂŶŝLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶƐĂŚŝƉŽůĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝLJŝǀĞƌŝƌ͘
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ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦĚĞŶŝƌ͘
Elektriksel
potansiyel
fark
f
ĚĞŒŝƔŝŵĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
0
Ě
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ĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝďŝƌLJƺŬƺďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĚĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
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ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦĚĞŶŝƌ͘
Elektriksel potansiyel
fark
EƉ
zĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕LJƺŬƺŶďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĚĂƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶĨĂƌŬŦŶĂĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘
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EpсƋ͘ȴs
ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝĞƔŝƚŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌ
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Yatay
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Ɖ
ƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
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0
bulunur. ƵLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌĞĞƔƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌĚĞŶŝƌ͘
V./ 9/V.
zĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕LJƺŬƺŶďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĚĂƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶĨĂƌŬŦŶĂĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘
ȴsс
EpсƋ͘ȴs
ĚƺnjůĞŵ
ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦĚĞŶŝƌ͘ Elektriksel potansiyel fark
q
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ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦĚĞŶŝƌ͘ Elektriksel potansiyel fark
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝV=
ŽůĚƵŒƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůĞĐĞŬŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶ
zĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝĂůĂŶŦŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŬĞŶ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƐĞƌďĞƐƚďŦƌĂŬŦůĂŶŵŬƺƚůĞůŝĐŝƐŝŵ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŝŶĚŝŒŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŵ
<͕>ǀĞDLJƺnjĞLJůĞƌŝŶŝŶ
:./ T 9/V.
LJĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘
olarak modellenebilir.
нƋLJƺŬƺŶƺ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔtŝƐĞ͗
%XQDJ²UH,E²OJHQLQDODQ¿EXOXQDUDNGD
ROXU
MLVLGH½LÅPH]%X
q0 GX½XUDIWDQ¸VWWDUDIWDNLEDÅNDUDID\HU
LJĂƚĂLJĚƺnjůĞŵĚĞŬŝ
LJĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘
1. ŝƌŬĞŶĂƌŦĚŽůĂŶĞƔŬĞŶĂƌƺĕŐĞŶŝŶŬƂƔĞůĞƌŝŶĞнƋ͕-ϮƋ͕нϯƋLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŝŵůĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝŐŝďŝLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůŵŝƔƚŝƌ͘
EƉ
zĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝĂůĂŶŦŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŬĞŶ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƐĞƌďĞƐƚďŦƌĂŬŦůĂŶŵŬƺƚůĞůŝĐŝƐŝŵ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŝŶĚŝŒŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŵ
D\Q¿VRQXFDXODÅ¿ODELOLU,E²OJHQLQDODQ¿
OHÅWLULUNHQNLWDS¸]HULQHLÅ
:
\DSDU.LWDS
GXUXPGDFLVLP
ȴsс
E
сƋ͘ȴs
ŝnjĚƺƔƺŵƺ
p
ƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝE
LJĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘
p=q.V olur. ŝƌŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕ĞƚƌĂĨŦŶĚĂŬŝ
q
olur.
+q\¸N¸Q¸)E¸\¸NO¸½¸QGHNLNXYYHWLOH.
¸]HULQH\DS¿ODQLÅNLWDE¿QSRWDQVL\HOHQHUML
%LUNHQDU¿GRODQ
¸]HULQHLÅ\DS¿O
<͕>ǀĞDLJĂƚĂLJĚƺnjůĞŵůĞƌŝŶŝŶŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌŝŶĚĞŬŝĐŝƐŝŵďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŚĂŶŐŝŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůƺƌƐĞ
LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŽŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶĐĞďŝƌƐĞůƚŽƉůĂŵŦŶĂĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
+q
olarak modellenebilir.
ŬůĞƌĚĞŶďŝƌŝŶŝŶĚŝŒĞƌLJƺŬƚĞŶŬĂLJŶĂŬůĂŶĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝǀĞƌŝƌ͘
QRNWDV¿QGDQ/QRNWDV¿QDJHWLULOLUNHQ\DS¿ODQ VLQGHNLGH½LÅLPHHÅLWROXU
PD]<¸NO¸ELUWDQHFLND\Q¿HÅSRWDQVL\HO
Buna göre sistemin elektriksel potansiyel enerjisi kaç kq /d HÅNHQDU¸£JHQLQN²
olur?
<͕>ǀĞDLJĂƚĂLJĚƺnjůĞŵůĞƌŝŶŝŶŚĞƌŚĂŶŐŝďŝƌŝŶĚĞŬŝĐŝƐŝŵďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŚĂŶŐŝŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐƂƚƺƌƺůƺƌƐĞ
ŐƂƚƺƌƺůƐƺŶĐŝƐŵŝŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝĚĞŒŝƔŵĞnj͘ ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂĐŝƐŝŵƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůŵĂnj͘ zƺŬůƺďŝƌƚĂŶĞĐŝŬĂLJŶŦ
zĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝĂůĂŶŦŶŦŶĞƚŬŝƐŝŶĚĞLJŬĞŶ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶƐĞƌďĞƐƚďŦƌĂŬŦůĂŶŵŬƺƚůĞůŝĐŝƐŝŵ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŝŶĚŝŒŝŶĚĞĐŝƐŝŵ
Potansiyel
Enerji: ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬŽůĚƵŒƵŝĕŝŶŚĞƐĂƉůĂŵĂůĂƌĚĂLJƺŬůĞƌ͕ŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞbirlikte
ŐƂƚƺƌƺůƐƺŶĐŝƐŵŝŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝĚĞŒŝƔŵĞnj͘
ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂĐŝƐŝŵƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůŵĂnj͘
zƺŬůƺďŝƌƚĂŶĞĐŝŬĂLJŶŦ
ƚĂLJĞŬƐĞŶĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĂůĂŶ;//͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦͿŽůƵƌ͘
//͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦŝůĞ/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦ
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů&ĂƌŬǀĞzĂƉŦůĂŶ7Ɣ͗
ŝƌƂŒƌĞŶĐŝ͕ŬŝƚĂƉůŦŒŦŶĚĂŬŝďŝƌŬŝƚĂďŦďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵƌĂĨƚĂŶƺƐƚƚĂƌĂĨƚĂŬŝ
PHNDQLNLÅHHÅLWROXU
%HQ]HUÅHNLOGHHOHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNLELU
\¸]H\GHNLELUQRNWDGDQGL½HULQHJ²W¸U¸OG¸
A) -5
B) -3
C) 0
D) 1
E) 4 ÅHOHULQHTTT
1. ŝƌŬĞŶĂƌŦĚŽůĂŶĞƔŬĞŶĂƌƺĕŐĞŶŝŶŬƂƔĞůĞƌŝŶĞнƋ͕-ϮƋ͕нϯƋLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŝŵůĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝŐŝďŝLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůŵŝƔƚŝƌ͘
ĞůŽůĂƌĂŬĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦďƵůƵŶĂƌĂŬĚĂĂLJŶŦƐŽŶƵĐĂƵůĂƔŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘/͘ďƂůŐĞŶŝŶĂůĂŶŦ
LJĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘
ĞƔƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůLJƺnjĞLJĚĞŬŝďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝĚĞŒŝƔŵĞnj͘ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞ
ƌďŝƌŝŶŝŝƚĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨ͕ďŝƌďŝƌŝŶŝĕĞŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨŽůƵƌ.
ĞƔƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůLJƺnjĞLJĚĞŬŝďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺůĚƺŒƺŶĚĞĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝĚĞŒŝƔŵĞnj͘ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞ
<¸NOHULQVDKLSROGX½XHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL
\¸N¸ELUQRNWDGDQGL½HULQHJ²W¸U¸UNHQ\¸N
\¸NO¸FLVLPOHUÅHNLOGH
½¸QGHHQHUMLVLGH½LÅPH]%XGXUXPGD\¸N
ďĂƔŬĂƌĂĨĂLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝƌŬĞŶŬŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞŝƔ;tͿLJĂƉĂƌ͘<ŝƚĂƉƺnjĞƌŝŶĞLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕ŬŝƚĂďŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĚĞŬŝ
&ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŶĚĞŬŝŬƵǀǀĞƚŝůĞ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŶ>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĂŐĞƚŝƌŝůŝƌŬĞŶLJĂƉŦůĂŶŵĞŬĂŶŝŬŝƔĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
ŝƔLJĂƉŦůŵĂnj͘
G
G
olur.
ŝƔLJĂƉŦůŵĂnj͘
ƺŬůĞƌ7ĕŝŶůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů͗
>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝнƋ0 LJƺŬƺ͕нƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶǀĂƌůŦŒŦŶĚĂŶĚŽůĂLJŦ
ŚŝƉŽůĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝ
\HOHQHUML ĚĞŒŝƔŝŵĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
¸]HULQGHGHLÅ\DS¿ODELOLU<DS¿ODQLÅ\¸N¸Q
NLJLEL\HUOHÅWLULOPLÅWLU
¸]HULQGHLÅ\DS¿OPD]
potansiyel enerjiye sahiptir.
EXLNLQRNWDGDVDKLSRODFD½¿HOHNWULNVHOSR
%XQDJ²UHVLVWHPLQ
ĞŶnjĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝďŝƌLJƺŬƺďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺƌŬĞŶLJƺŬƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞĚĞŝƔLJĂƉŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
WDQVL\HOHQHUMLOHULQLQIDUN¿QDHÅLWWLU
HOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HO
ROXU
ĺ
zĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔ͕LJƺŬƺŶďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂĚĂƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂĐĂŒŦĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶĨĂƌŬŦŶĂĞƔŝƚƚŝƌ͘
(OHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNLSR]LWLIELULP\¸N¸Q
HQHUMLVLND£NT2G
C
G
1.E ŝƌŬĞŶĂƌŦĚŽůĂŶĞƔŬĞŶĂƌƺĕŐĞŶŝŶŬƂƔĞůĞƌŝŶĞнƋ͕-ϮƋ͕нϯƋLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŝŵůĞƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝŐŝďŝLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůŵŝƔ
T
T
ELUQRNWDGDQGL½HULQHJ²W¸U¸OPHVLL£LQ\DS¿
%XLIDGH\¸NOHUGHQELULQLQGL½HU\¸NWHQ
ROXU"
ŬůĞƌĚĞŶďŝƌŝŶŝŶĚŝŒĞƌLJƺŬƚĞŶŬĂLJŶĂŬůĂŶĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝǀĞƌŝƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨďŝƌŝŵLJƺŬƺŶďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞŐƂƚƺƌƺůŵĞƐŝŝĕŝŶLJĂƉŦůĂŶŝƔĞďƵŝŬŝŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶ
ODQLÅHEXLNLQRNWDQ¿QHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HO
ND\QDNODQDQHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOHQHUMLVLQL
$
%
&
' ( 2
Potansiyel Enerji: ^ŬĂůĞƌďŝƌďƺLJƺŬůƺŬŽůĚƵŒƵŝĕŝŶŚĞƐĂƉůĂŵĂůĂƌĚĂLJƺŬůĞƌ͕ŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞƌŝLJůĞbirlikte
2
Buna göre sistemin elektriksel
potansiyel
kqkaç/dkqolur?
Buna göre sistemin
elektrikselenerjisi
potansiyelkaç
enerjisi
/d olur?
ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŦĚĞŶŝƌ͘ ElektrikselIDUN¿GHQLU(OHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOIDUN
potansiyel fark
ƌďŝƌŝŶŝŝƚĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨ͕ďŝƌďŝƌŝŶŝĕĞŬĞŶLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨŽůƵƌ.
YHULU
ƺŬůĞƌ7ĕŝŶůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞů͗ >ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝнƋ LJƺŬƺ͕нƋLJƺŬƺŶƺŶǀĂƌůŦŒŦŶĚĂŶĚŽůĂLJŦ
C) 0
D) 1
(OHNWULNVHO3RWDQVL\HO(QHUML6NDOHUELU
A) -5
B) -3 A) -5
C)B) 0-3
D) 1 ÄHNLOGHNLTYHT\¸NOHULQLQ.QRNWD
E) 4 E) 4
EƉ
potansiyel enerjiye sahiptir.
ȴsс
EpсƋ͘ȴs RODUDNPRGHOOHQHELOLU
E¸\¸NO¸NROGX½XL£LQKHVDSODPDODUGD\¸NOHU
V¿QGDROXÅWXUGX½XHOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HO9.
%
$
bĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝǀĞŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝĞƔŝƚǀĞŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞŶĚĂŚĂ
q
2. bĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝнϲƋǀĞ-ƋLJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŝŶ<ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŽůƵƔƚƵƌĚƵŒƵĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůs ͕>ŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂŝƐĞs dir.
LÅDUHWOHUL\OHELUOLNWHNXOODQ¿O¿U%LUELULQLLWHQ
/QRNWDV¿QGDLVH9/GLU
ĚƺƔƺŬƚƺƌ͘LJŶŦ ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂŶǀĞŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶŦŶďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJĞƌĞ͕ĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬĂůĂĐĂŬƔĞŬŝůĚĞǀĞĂůĂŶ
ĕŝnjŐŝůĞƌŝŶĞĚŝŬďŝƌĚƺnjůĞŵLJĞƌůĞƔƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞĚƺnjůĞŵƺnjĞƌŝŶĚĞŬŝďƺƚƺŶŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞĞƔŝƚŽůƵƌ͘
\¸NOHULQHQHUMLVLSR]LWLIELUELULQL£HNHQ\¸NOH
<HU£HNLPLDODQ¿Q¿QHWNLVLQGH\NHQ.QRN
olarak modellenebilir.
/ %XQDJ²UH
T
.
T
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ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶĕŝnjŐŝůĞƌŝŚĞƌnjĂŵĂŶďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞĚŝŬŽůƵƌ͘
GGG
1RNWDVDO<¸NOHUû£LQ(OHNWULNVHO3RWDQVL
QRNWDV¿QDLQGL½LQGHFLVLP\HU£HNLPLSRWDQVL
ND£W¿U"
Buna göre V /V ŽƌĂŶŦŬĂĕƚŦƌ͍
LJĞƌĕĞŬŝŵŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞŶĞƌũŝƐŝŶŝŬĂLJďĞĚĞƌ͘
\HO/QRNWDV¿QGDNLT
\¸N¸T\¸N¸Q¸Q
\HOHQHUMLVLQLND\EHGHU
ÄHNLOGHNLHOHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNL%YH&
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A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
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'¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQL£LQGHYHDODQGR½
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ĚƺƔƺŬƚƺƌ͘LJŶŦ ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĞƐĂŚŝƉŽůĂŶǀĞŶŽŬƚĂůĂƌŦŶŦŶďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJĞƌĞ͕ĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬĂůĂĐĂŬƔĞŬŝůĚĞǀĞĂůĂŶ
Buna göre sistemin elektriksel potansiyel enerjisi kaç kq2/d olur?
HQHUML\HVDKLSWLU
UXOWXVXQGDEXOXQDQ.YH/QRNWDODU¿DUDV¿QGD V¿Q¿QSRWDQVL\HOLQGHQGDKDG¸Å¸NW¸U$\Q¿
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A, (
CEVAP ANAHTARI
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2
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0
p
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p
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1
A
2
E
OGM
ĞWĂƌĂůĞů>ĞǀŚĂůĂƌƌĂƐŦŶĚĂKůƵƔĂŶůĞŬƚƌŝŬůĂŶ
)û=û.6¿Q¿I
MATERYAL
ORTAÖĞRETİM GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ
ƌĂĨŦŶĚĂŽůƵƔĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŚĞƌŶŽŬƚĂĚĂĨĂƌŬůŦLJƂŶLJĂĚĂ
ƌŝŬĂůĂŶŽůƵƔƚƵƌŵĂnj͘
KONU <˜./˜ý/(7.(19(3$5$/(//(9+$/$5$5$6,1'$2/8Ä$1(/(.75ý.$/$1
ŶĚĂKůƵƔĂŶůĞŬƚƌŝŬůĂŶ:
PnjĞůůŝŬůĞƌŝĂůĂŶŦŶŚĞƌŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂĂLJŶŦŽůĂŶĂůĂŶůĂƌĂĚƺnjŐƺŶ
'¸]J¸Q(OHNWULN$ODQ1RNWDVDOELU\¸N¸QHWUDI¿QGDROXÅDQ
3DUDOHO/HYKDODU$UDV¿QGDNL(Å
HOHNWULNDODQKHUQRNWDGDIDUNO¿\²Q\DGDGR½UXOWXGD
RODELOGL½LL£LQG¸]J¸QELUHOHNWULNDODQROXÅWXUPD]
ůĂŶ: PnjĞůůŝŬůĞƌŝĂůĂŶŦŶŚĞƌŶŽŬƚĂƐŦŶĚĂĂLJŶŦŽůĂŶĂůĂŶůĂƌĂĚƺnjŐƺŶ
3DUDOHO/HYKDODU$UDV¿QGD2OXÅDQ(OHNWULN$ODQ“]HOOLNOHUL
DODQ¿QKHUQRNWDV¿QGDD\Q¿RODQDODQODUDG¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQ
GHQLU
sK sL sM
3RWDQVL\HO<¸]H\OHU3DUDOHOOHYKDODU
DUDV¿QGDNLKHUKDQJLELUQRNWDQ¿Q
HOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOL \¸NO¸
OHYKDGDQ \¸NO¸OHYKD\DJLGLOGLN£H
D]DO¿U%LUOHYKD\DHÅLWX]DNO¿NWDRODQ
QRNWDODUD\Q¿HOHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOH
VDKLSROXU(OHNWULNVHOSRWDQVL\HOOHUL
HÅLWRODQEXQRNWDODU¿QROXÅWXUGX½X
\¸]H\OHUSDUDOHOOHYKDODUDUDV¿QGDNL
HÅSRWDQVL\HO\¸]H\OHUGLU
3DUDOHOOHYKDODUELU¸UHWHFH
ED½ODQ¿UVDOHYKDODU¿QSRWDQVL\HO
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ÖRNEK SORULAR:
1. ^ĂďŝƚŐĞƌŝůŝŵŬĂLJŶĂŒŦŶĂ
ďĂŒůĂŶŵŦƔƉĂƌĂůĞůŝůĞƚŬĞŶůĞǀŚĂůĂƌŦŶ
ĚƵƌƵŵƵƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬŝŐŝďŝĚŝƌ͘
>ĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŝƔĂƌĞƚůĞŶĞŶ
ďƂůŐĞĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶĕŝnjŐŝůĞƌŝŶŝŶ
ĚƵƌƵŵƵŶĂƐŦůĚŦƌ͍
±
(
+
d
ǀŚĂůĂƌŽůƵƔĂŶĚƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶƔŝĚĚĞƚŝůĞǀŚĂůĂƌŦŶLJƺŬůĞŶĚŝŒŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŝůĞ
+
(
njĂŬůŦŬůĂƚĞƌƐŽƌĂŶƚŦůŦĚŦƌ͘
WĂƌĂůĞůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶƔŝĚĚĞƚŝŶŝŶ
s
(
s
-
d
±
±
2. ƔŝƚŬƺƚůĞůŝƋ1ǀĞƋ2 cisimleri, E1ǀĞ2ƔŝĚĚĞƟŶĚĞŬŝĚƺnjŐƺŶ
ǀĞLJĂƚĂLJĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůĂůĂŶŝĕĞƌŝƐŝŶĚĞbĞŬŝů/ǀĞbĞŬŝů//͛ĚĞŬŝŐŝďŝ
ĚĞŶŐĞĚĞĚŝƌ͘
±
(
V
ƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶƔŝĚĚĞƚŝůĞǀŚĂůĂƌŦŶLJƺŬůĞŶĚŝŒŝƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůĨĂƌŬŝůĞ
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HOHNWULNDODQÅLGGHWLQLQPDWHPDWLNVHOPRGHOL
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ÅHNOLQGHQGLU
E= olup
n potansiyel
birimi Volt(V) tur.
Ě
9/HYKDODUDX\JXODQDQSRWDQVL\HOROXSELULPL9ROW 9 WXU
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+
s
-
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HOHNWULNVHORODUDN\DO¿W¿OP¿ÅOHYKDODUGDNL\¸NPLNWDUODU¿
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Volt(V)
tur.
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G¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQ¿QÅLGGHWLGLUYHELULPL9PGLU
/HYKDODUDUDV¿QGDNLHOHNWULNDODQ£L]JLVD\¿V¿YHHOHNWULN
;ŵͿĚŝƌ͘ 3DUDOHO/HYKDODU$UDV¿QGD<¸NO¸&LVLPOHUH(WNL\HQ
DODQ¿QGH½HULGH½LÅPH]˜UHWHFHED½O¿ROPD\DQOHYKDODU
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.XYYHWOHU'¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNL\¸NO¸FLVPH
ELUELULQGHQX]DNODÅW¿U¿OG¿½¿QGDOHYKDODU¿QSRWDQVL\HOIDUN¿DUWDU
HWNLHGHQHOHNWULNVHONXYYHWLQ\²Q¸HOHNWULNDODQ¿Q
ŚĂůĂƌĂƌƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĚƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶƔŝĚĚĞƚŝĚŝƌǀĞďŝƌŝŵŝsͬŵĚŝƌ͘
ƚŝŶLJƂŶƺ͕ĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĚŽŒƌƵůƚƵƐƵŶĂĚĂŝŵĂƉĂƌĂůĞůĚŝƌ͘;нͿLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶ
<¸NO¸3DU£DF¿NODU¿Q'¸]J¸Q(OHNWULN$ODQGDNL+DUHNHWL
GR½UXOWXVXQDGDLPDSDUDOHOGLU \¸NO¸FLVPHHOHNWULNDODQ
(OHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNLSR]LWLI\¸NO¸ELUFLVPHHOHNWULNDODQOD
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\²Q¸QGH \¸NO¸FLVPHHOHNWULNDODQD]¿W\²QGHNXYYHW
ĞƚŬŝLJĞŶ<ƵǀǀĞƚůĞƌ͗ƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵĞĞƚŬŝ
HWNLHGHU(OHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNL\¸NO¸FLVPLKDUHNHWHJH£LUHQ D\Q¿\²QGHQHJDWLI\¸NO¸FLVLPOHUHHOHNWULNDODQOD]¿W\²QGH
ǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
ĂŶŦŶĚŽŒƌƵůƚƵƐƵŶĂĚĂŝŵĂƉĂƌĂůĞůĚŝƌ͘;нͿLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶ
HOHNWULNVHONXYYHWHWNLHGHU
HOHNWULNVHONXYYHWLQE¸\¸NO¸½¸
LJƂŶĚĞŬƵǀǀĞƚĞƚŬŝĞĚĞƌ͘ůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵŝŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞ
V
F=q.
Ě
F=q.E
V
3DUDOHO/HYKDODU$UDV¿QGD<¸NO¸&LVLPOHU˜]HULQGH
Elektrik alanda serbest
ďŦƌĂŬŦůĂŶĂŒŦƌůŦŬůŦĐŝƐŵĞ
ĞƚŬŝLJĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚ
F=q.E
F=q.
(
ŶĚĂzƺŬůƺŝƐŝŵůĞƌmnjĞƌŝŶĚĞzĂƉŦůĂŶ7Ɣ:
ƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵĞĞƚŬŝ
<DS¿ODQûÅ'¸]J¸QHOHNWULNDODQL£LQGHNL\¸NO¸FLVPH
Ě
HWNLHGHQHOHNWULNVHONXYYHWLQ\²Q¸HOHNWULNDODQ¿Q
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;нͿLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵe
нƋ elektrik alan
mnjĞƌŝŶĚĞzĂƉŦůĂŶ7Ɣ:
ƺnjŐƺŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŝĕŝŶĚĞŬŝLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵĞĞƚŬŝ
&elektrik
GR½UXOWXVXQDGDLPDSDUDOHOGLU
\¸NO¸FLVPHHOHNWULNDODQ
±
ĂŶŦŶĚŽŒƌƵůƚƵƐƵŶĂĚĂŝŵĂƉĂƌĂůĞůĚŝƌ͘
;нͿLJƺŬůƺĐŝƐŵe
elektrik alan
\²Q¸QGH \¸NO¸FLVPHHOHNWULNDODQD]¿W\²QGHNXYYHW
ĐŝƐŵĞĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶĂnjŦƚLJƂŶĚĞŬƵǀǀĞƚĞƚŬŝĞĚĞƌ͘
zƺŬƺŶďŝƌůĞǀŚĂĚĂŶĚŝŒĞƌŝŶĞƚĂƔŦŶŵĂƐŦ
HWNLHGHU<¸N¸QELUOHYKDGDQGL½HULQHWDÅ¿QPDV¿V¿UDV¿QGD
ĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚůĞƌŝŶLJĂƉƚŦŒŦŝƔ͗
HOHNWULNVHONXYYHWOHULQ\DSW¿½¿LÅ
W=F.dw
V
F=q. .d =q.V
d
ƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝƔWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůzƺnjĞLJůĞƌ: Paralel levhalar
ŐŝďŝƌŶŽŬƚĂŶŦŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕;нͿLJƺŬůƺ
&elektrik
ͲƋ
Elektrik alanda serbest
ďŦƌĂŬŦůĂŶĂŒŦƌůŦŬůŦĐŝƐŵĞ
ĞƚŬŝLJĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚ
±
(
нƋ
&elektrik
GĂŒŦƌůŦŬ
&elektrik
ͲƋ
GĂŒŦƌůŦŬ
ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ͕
/͘Ƌ1фƋ2
//͘1 < E2
///͘&1ф&2
/s͘Ƌ1;ʹͿLJƺŬůƺǀĞƋ2;нͿLJƺŬůƺĚƺƌ͘
LJĂƌŐŦůĂƌŦŶĚĂŶŚĂŶŐŝůĞƌŝŬĞƐŝŶůŝŬůĞĚŽŒƌƵĚƵƌ͍
ͿzĂůŶŦnj/
Ϳ/ǀĞ/s Ϳ///ǀĞ/s
Ϳ//͕///ǀĞ/s Ϳ/͕//͕///ǀĞ/s
3. ^ƺƌƚƺŶŵĞůĞƌŝŶƂŶĞŵƐŝnjŽůĚƵŒƵ
ĚƺƔĞLJĚƺnjůĞŵĚĞďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůĞů
ŵĞƚĂůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĂLJƺŬĐŝŶƐŝ
ďŝůŝŶŵĞLJĞŶyĐŝƐŵŝďŦƌĂŬŦůŦLJŽƌ͘
ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞ͖
/͘yĐŝƐŵŝƉƌŽƚŽŶŝƐĞϭLJŽůƵŶƵ
ŝnjůĞƌ͘
//͘yĐŝƐŵŝŶƂƚƌŽŶŝƐĞϮLJŽůƵŶƵ
ŝnjůĞƌ͘
///͘yĐŝƐŵŝĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝƐĞϯ
LJŽůƵŶƵŝnjůĞƌ͘
LJĂƌŐŦůĂƌŦŶĚĂŶŚĂŶŐŝůĞƌŝĚŽŒƌƵĚƵƌ͍
ͿzĂůŶŦnj/ͿzĂůŶŦnj//ͿzĂůŶŦnj///Ϳ/ǀĞ///Ϳ/͕//ǀĞ///
&(9$3$1$+7$5, & & %
20 Nisan 2021
)û=û.6¿Q¿I
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KůĚƵŒƵĞŒŝƔŬĞŶůĞƌ:
WĂƌĂůĞůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵƵƔďŝƌŝůĞƚŬĞŶŝŶƐŦŒĂƐŦ
ůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝ
ĞŒŝƔŬĞŶůĞƌ:
WĂƌĂůĞůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵƵƔďŝƌŝůĞƚŬĞŶŝŶƐŦŒĂƐŦ
ůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝ
ROXÅPXÅELULOHWNHQLQV¿½DV¿OHYKDODUDUDV¿QGDNLRUWDP¿Q
ŚĂLJĂĐĂƚƚĂĚĞƉŽĞĚŝůĞŶĞŶĞƌũŝŶŝŶĂŶůŦŬŽůĂƌĂŬŚŦnjůŦďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŵĂŬĂŵĂĐŦLJůĂŬƵůůĂŶŦƌ͘
ŬƐĞůŐĞĕŝƌŐĞŶůŝŒŝ;HͿůĞǀŚĂůĂƌŦŶLJƺnjĞLJĂůĂŶŦ;ͿŝůĞĚŽŒƌƵ͕
ůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝƵnjĂŬůŦŬ;ĚͿŝůĞƚĞƌƐ
HOHNWULNVHOJH£LUJHQOL½L H OHYKDODU¿Q\¸]H\DODQ¿ $ůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝƵnjĂŬůŦŬ;ĚͿŝůĞƚĞƌƐ
LOHGR½ĕŝƌŐĞŶůŝŒŝ;HͿůĞǀŚĂůĂƌŦŶLJƺnjĞLJĂůĂŶŦ;ͿŝůĞĚŽŒƌƵ͕
^ŦŒĂĐŦŶĚĞǀƌĞĚĞŬŝŐƂƐƚĞƌŝŵŝ
ĂůĞůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵƵƔďŝƌŝůĞƚŬĞŶŝŶƐŦŒĂƐŦ͗
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ĂůĂƌĚĂŶŽůƵƔŵƵƔďŝƌŝůĞƚŬĞŶŝŶƐŦŒĂƐŦ͗
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6¿½D£YH3LOOHU$UDV¿QGDNL)DUNODU6¿½D£ODUSLOOHUJLELHQHUML
^ŦŒĂĕǀĞWŝůůĞƌƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝ&ĂƌŬůĂƌ͗ ^ŦŒĂĕůĂƌ͕ƉŝůůĞƌŐŝďŝĞŶĞƌũŝĚĞƉŽůĂŵĂĂŵĂĐŦLJůĂĚĞŒŝůĚĞƉŽĞĚŝůĞŶĞŶĞƌũŝŶŝŶ
1
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ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞƐŦŒĂĕůĂƌŦŶƐŦŒĂůĂƌŦŽƌĂŶŦ ŬĂĕƚŦƌ͍
ÖRNEK SORULAR:
C2
ĂŶůŦŬŽůĂƌĂŬŚŦnjůŦďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂĐĂŬƔĞŬŝůĚĞƚĂƐĂƌůĂŶŦƌ͘ ŝƌƐŦŒĂĕďŝƌƉŝůĚĞŶŬĂƚŬĂƚĚĂŚĂŚŦnjůŦďŝƌƔĞŬŝůĚĞ
4
Ϯ
͵
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A)
B)
C) 1
D)
E) 2
WŝůůĞƌ͕ƐŦŒĂĕůĂƌĚĂŶĚĂŚĂƵnjƵŶƐƺƌĞůĞƌĚĞĚĂŚĂĨĂnjůĂ
modeli ile bulunabilir.ĚĂŚĂĨĂnjůĂĞŶĞƌũŝLJŝLJƺŬƐĞŬǀĞƌŝŵůŝůŝŬƚĞƔĂƌũͬĚĞƔĂƌũĞĚĞďŝůŝƌ͘
^ŦŒĂďŝƌŝŵŝŽůĂŶĨĂƌĂĚĕŽŬďƺLJƺŬďŝƌĚĞŒĞƌĚŝƌ͘ Bu nedenle teknolojideki
9
3
Ϯ
SLOGHQNDWNDWGDKDK¿]O¿ELUÅHNLOGHGDKDID]ODHQHUML\L\¸NVHN
1
ƵŶĂŐƂƌĞƐŦŒĂĕůĂƌŦŶƐŦŒĂůĂƌŦŽƌĂŶŦ ŬĂĕƚŦƌ͍
C
ĚĂĚĂŚĂĕŽŬŵŝŬƌŽĨĂƌĂĚ;PF
), nanofarad (Ŷ&Ϳ͕ƉŝŬŽĨĂƌĂĚ;Ɖ&ͿďŝƌŝŵůĞƌŝŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
YHULPOLOLNWHÅDUMGHÅDUMHGHELOLU3LOOHUV¿½D£ODUGDQGDKDX]XQ
ĞŶĞƌũŝƐĂŒůĂLJĂďŝůŝƌ͘
Pillerde enerji kimyasal reaksiyon yoůƵLJůĂƺƌĞƚŝůŝƌŬĞŶƐŦŒĂĕůĂƌĚĂĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶĚĂďƵĞŶĞƌũŝ
C2
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4
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PDWHPDWLNVHOPRGHOLLOHEXOXQDELOLU6¿½DELULPLRODQIDUDG£RN
V¸UHOHUGHGDKDID]ODHQHUMLVD½OD\DELOLU3LOOHUGHHQHUMLNLPC
depo
edilir.
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1
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ANAHTARI
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le
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9
3
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1
2
3
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E
C
ĕŽŬŵŝŬƌŽĨĂƌĂĚ;PF
), nanofarad
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ŒůŦƉĂƌĂůĞůůĞǀŚĂůĂƌďŝƌďŝƌŝŶĞLJĂŬůĂƔƚŦŬĕĂĂƌĂůĂƌŦŶĚĂŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺĂƌƚĂƌ͘Ƶnedenle
4
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KD\DFDWWDGHSRHGLOHQHQHUMLQLQDQO¿NRODUDNK¿]O¿ELUÅHNLOGH
–6 F
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CEVAP
ANAHTARI
ĚĂƐŝƐƚĞŵĚĞLJƺŬďŽƔĂůŵĂƐŦŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵƌ͘ƌĂLJĂŬŽŶƵůĂŶLJĂůŦƚŬĂŶŵĂĚĚĞƐĂLJĞƐŝŶĚĞŚĞŵďƵƚƺƌ
ŝůŝƔŬŝϭPF
=10
1nF
=10
1pF
=10
Ù
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1
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ÖRNEK SORULAR:
ĞŬŝĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶůĂƌĂƵLJŐƵůĂŶĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŝŬƐĞůŬƵǀǀĞƚ͕LJƺŬůĞƌŝŶŬĂƌƔŦůĞǀŚĂLJĂŐĞĕŵĞůĞƌŝŶĞ
&(9$3$1$+7$5, ( ( & E
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7ŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝǀĞŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĂŬŦŵŦŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŚŦnjŦLJůĂĚŽŒƌƵŽƌĂŶƚŦůŦĚŦƌ͘,ĂůŬĂĚĂȴt
PDQ\HWLNDN¿D]DO¿U
ĕŝnjŐŝƐĂLJŦƐŦǀĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
DN¿GH½LÅLPK¿]¿\ODGR½UXRUDQW¿O¿G¿U+DONDGDÕWV¸UHGHÕI
ƐƺƌĞĚĞ͕ȴI ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŶĚĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝǀĂƌƐĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶ
ƐƺƌĞĚĞ͕ȴI ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŶĚĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝǀĂƌƐĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶ
ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
E¸\¸NO¸½¸QGHPDQ\HWLNDN¿GH½LÅLPLYDUVDKDONDGDROXÅDQ DŦŬŶĂƚŦƐŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶƵnjĂŬůĂƔŦƌŬĞŶŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶŐĞĕĞŶнdžLJƂŶƺŶĚĞŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ ƵŶƵĚĞƐƚĞŬůĞŵĞŬŝĕŝŶ
7ŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝǀĞŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĂŬŦŵŦŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŚŦnjŦLJůĂĚŽŒƌƵŽƌĂŶƚŦůŦĚŦƌ͘,ĂůŬĂĚĂȴt
ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
LJƂŶƺŶĚĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶŽůƵƔƵƌ͘ ƂLJůĞďŝƌŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶ͕ƐĂŒĞůŬƵƌĂůŦŶĂŐƂƌĞ͕ϭLJƂŶƺŶĚĞďŝƌŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĂŬ
ƐƺƌĞĚĞ͕ȴI
ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŶĚĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝǀĂƌƐĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶ
LQG¸NVL\RQHOHNWURPRWRUNXYYHWLQE¸\¸NO¸½¸
ĚŽŒƵƌƵƌ͘
ŒĞƌĕĞƌĕĞǀĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƉĂƌĂůĞůŬŽŶƵŵĂŐĞƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŶŽƌŵĂůŝŝůĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĂĕŦϵϬ϶ olur.
0¿NQDW¿VKDONDGDQX]DNODÅ¿UNHQKDONDGDQJH£HQ[\²Q¸QGHNL
DŦŬŶĂƚŦƐŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶƵnjĂŬůĂƔŦƌŬĞŶŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶŐĞĕĞŶнdžLJƂŶƺŶĚĞŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ƵŶƵĚĞƐƚĞŬůĞŵ
ED½¿QW¿V¿\ODEXOXQXU
PDQ\HWLNDN¿D]DO¿U%XQXGHVWHNOHPHNL£LQ[\²Q¸QGHPDQ\HWLN
ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂLJƺnjĞLJĚĞŶĕŝnjŐŝŐĞĕŵĞLJĞĐĞŒŝŝĕŝŶŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦƐŦĨŦƌŽůƵƌ͘
LJƂŶƺŶĚĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶŽůƵƔƵƌ͘ ƂLJůĞďŝƌŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶ͕ƐĂŒĞůŬƵƌĂůŦŶĂŐƂƌĞ͕ϭLJƂŶƺŶĚĞďŝƌŝŶĚƺŬƐ
ďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
ĚŽŒƵƌƵƌ͘
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
„RNVD\¿GDKDONDGDQROXÅDQDN¿PPDNDUDV¿QGDGDLQG¸NVL\RQ
ŽŬƐĂLJŦĚĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶŽůƵƔĂŶĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂĚĂŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂďŝůŝƌ͘
Bu durumda N
HOHNWURPRWRUNXYYHWLROXÅDELOLU%XGXUXPGD1VDU¿PO¿DN¿P
ŽŬƐĂLJŦĚĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶŽůƵƔĂŶĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂĚĂŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂďŝůŝƌ͘
N
ŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƉĂƌĂůĞůŬŽŶƵŵĂŐĞƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŶŽƌŵĂůŝŝůĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĂĕŦϵϬ϶
olur. Bu durumda
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
ƐĂƌŦŵůŦĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŝĕŝŶŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
(½HU£HU£HYHPDQ\HWLNDODQDSDUDOHONRQXPDJHWLULOLUVH\¸]H\LQ
ƐĂƌŦŵůŦĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŝĕŝŶŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
PDNDUDV¿L£LQROXÅDQLQG¸NVL\RQHOHNWURPRWRUNXYYHWLQE¸\¸NO¸½¸
ĞǀĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƉĂƌĂůĞůŬŽŶƵŵĂŐĞƚŝƌŝůŝƌƐĞLJƺnjĞLJŝŶŶŽƌŵĂůŝŝůĞŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝĂĕŦϵϬ϶
olur.
ŽŬƐĂLJŦĚĂŚĂůŬĂĚĂŶŽůƵƔĂŶĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂĚĂŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂďŝůŝƌ͘
Bu durumda N
ĞLJĚĞŶĕŝnjŐŝŐĞĕŵĞLJĞĐĞŒŝŝĕŝŶŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦƐŦĨŦƌŽůƵƌ͘
QRUPDOLLOHPDQ\HWLNDODQDUDV¿QGDNLD£¿϶ROXU%XGXUXPGD
ƐĂƌŦŵůŦĂŬŦŵŵĂŬĂƌĂƐŦŝĕŝŶŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺ͗
ŵĚĂLJƺnjĞLJĚĞŶĕŝnjŐŝŐĞĕŵĞLJĞĐĞŒŝŝĕŝŶŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦƐŦĨŦƌŽůƵƌ͘
\¸]H\GHQ£L]JLJH£PH\HFH½LL£LQPDQ\HWLNDN¿V¿I¿UROXU
ED½¿QW¿V¿\ODEXOXQXU
DODQROXÅXU%²\OHELUPDQ\HWLNDODQVD½HONXUDO¿QDJ²UH
\²Q¸QGHELULQG¸NVL\RQDN¿P¿GR½XUXU
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
%D½¿QW¿ODUGD\HUDODQ LÅDUHWLROXÅDQLQG¸NVL\RQHOHNWURPRWRU
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
NXYYHWLQLQNHQGLVLQLROXÅWXUDQHWNL\HNDUÅ¿NR\DFDN\²QGH
ĂŒŦŶƚŦůĂƌĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶŝŶŬĞŶĚŝƐŝŶŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌĂŶĞƚŬŝLJĞŬĂƌƔŦ
ĂŒŦŶƚŦůĂƌĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶŝŶŬĞŶĚŝƐŝŶŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌĂŶĞƚŬŝLJĞŬĂƌƔŦ
ďĂŒŦŶƚŦƐŦLJůĂďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘
ŬŽLJĂĐĂŬLJƂŶĚĞŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵŐƂƐƚĞƌŝƌ͘
7ŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŶŝŶ
ROGX½XQXJ²VWHULUýQG¸NVL\RQHOHNWURPRWRUNXYYHWLQE¸\¸NO¸½¸
ŬŽLJĂĐĂŬLJƂŶĚĞŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵŐƂƐƚĞƌŝƌ͘ 7ŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŶŝŶ
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂƐŦŶĂŐĞƌĞŬLJŽŬƚƵƌ͘ ĂŒŦŶƚŦůĂƌĚĂLJĞƌĂůĂŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŽůƵƔĂŶŝŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶŝŶŬĞŶĚŝƐŝŶŝŽůƵƔƚƵƌĂŶĞƚŬŝLJĞŬĂƌƔŦ
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ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂƐŦŶĂŐĞƌĞŬLJŽŬƚƵƌ͘
2
ŬŽLJĂĐĂŬLJƂŶĚĞŽůĚƵŒƵŶƵŐƂƐƚĞƌŝƌ͘ 7ŶĚƺŬƐŝLJŽŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŵŽƚŽƌŬƵǀǀĞƚŝŶďƺLJƺŬůƺŒƺŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŦƌŬĞŶ;-ͿŝƔĂƌĞƚŝŶŝŶ
ŝŬĚƂƌƚŐĞŶƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞŬŝŝůĞƚŬĞŶƚĞůĕĞƌĕĞǀĞƐĂďŝƚv
ŚŦnjŦLJůĂŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞĚĞƌĞŬLJƂŶƺƐĂLJĨĂĚƺnjůĞŵŝŶĚĞŶŝĕĞƌŝĚŽŒƌƵ͕ ÖRNEK SORULAR:
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ŝŬĚƂƌƚŐĞŶƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞŬŝŝůĞƚŬĞŶƚĞůĕĞƌĕĞǀĞƐĂďŝƚv
ŚŦnjŦLJůĂŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĞĚĞƌĞŬLJƂŶƺƐĂLJĨĂĚƺnjůĞŵŝŶĚĞŶŝĕĞƌŝĚŽŒƌƵ͕
ŬƵůůĂŶŦůŵĂƐŦŶĂŐĞƌĞŬLJŽŬƚƵƌ͘
ŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĚĂŶŐĞĕŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ.
ŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĚĂŶŐĞĕŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ. KDUHNHWHGHUHN\²Q¸VD\IDG¸]OHPLQGHQL£HULGR½UX%PDQ\HWLN
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0DQ\HWLNDN¿Q¿QELULPL
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2 =weber(wb) dir.
2
DODQ¿QGDQJH£PHNWHGLU
ĂŬŦŶŦŶďŝƌŝŵŝ͗
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ŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂůĂŶŦŶĚĂŶŐĞĕŵĞŬƚĞĚŝƌ.
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DĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦŶŦŶďŝƌŝŵŝ͗
I = B.A=(Tesla).(metre) =weber(wb) dir.
ÖRNEK SORU:
ŝƌĕĞƌĕĞǀĞŶŝŶŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĚƵƌƵŵƵŶĂŐƂƌĞĕĞƌĕĞǀĞĚĞŶŐĞĕĞŶƐŽŶĚƵƌƵŵĚĂŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒĞƌŝI ile ilk
ĚƵƌƵŵĚĂŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒĞƌŝI1 ͛ŝŶĨĂƌŬŦĚŦƌ͘
ǀĞŶŝŶŚĂƌĞŬĞƚĚƵƌƵŵƵŶĂŐƂƌĞĕĞƌĕĞǀĞĚĞŶŐĞĕĞŶƐŽŶĚƵƌƵŵĚĂŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒĞƌŝI
2 ile ilk
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ŬŝŵĂŶLJĞƚŝŬĂŬŦĚĞŒĞƌŝI
1 ͛ŝŶĨĂƌŬŦĚŦƌ͘
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=weber(wb) dir.
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⑥
B
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ȣ
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,'XUXP
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Lise
25 Mayıs 2021 Salı
Hürriyet EĞİTİME DESTEK
FİZİK Sınıf-11
KONU MANYETİZMA VE ELEKTROMANYETIK INDÜKLENME - II
Düzgün Manyetik Alanda Ötelenen İletken Tel: Halka
şeklindeki yüzeylerden geçen akımın değişimi ile indüksiyon
elektromotor kuvveti oluşabilmektedir. Düzgün manyetik
alanda bulunan iletken telin hareket ettirilmesi ile de
indüksiyon elektromotor kuvvetinin oluşması sağlanabilir.
da artacaktır. Bu durumda daha fazla yük hareketi oluşacağı
için oluşan indüksiyon elektromotor kuvvet de artar.
Manyetik alan içinde manyetik alana ve hız vektörüne dik
olarak hareket ettirilen ℓ uzunluğundaki telin uçları arasında
oluşan indüksiyon elektromotor kuvvetini veren bağıntı:
→
B
olur.
İletken tel ve hız
vektörü birbirine dik
değilse hızın tele dik
bileşeni kullanılır. Bu
durumda indüksiyon
elektromotor
kuvvetini veren
bağıntı:
→
υ
Sayfa düzleminde bulunan ℓ uzunluğundaki iletken tel,
sayfa düzleminden içeri doğru olan düzgün B manyetik
alanına girmektedir. İletken tel ve hız vektörü birbirine
dik olacak şekilde iletken tel V hızıyla çekildi­ğinde içindeki
serbest elektronlara alan içinde manyetik bir kuvvet etki eder.
→
B
+
ℓ
+
+
→
υ
→
υ
-
→
F
-
Sağ el kuralı uygulandığında elektronlara etkiyen manyetik
kuvvetin yönünün aşağı doğru olduğu bulunur. Kuvvetin
etkisiyle elektronlar iletkenin alt ucunda birikir ve iletkenin
üst ucunda pozitif yük fazlalığı oluşur. Böylelikle iletkenin
uçları arasında indüksiyon elektromotor kuvvet oluşur.
Hareketli yüklere etki eden manyetik kuvvet, manyetik
alan şiddeti ve iletken telin hızı arttıkça artar. İletken telin
manyetik alandaki hızının artması ile telde bulunan yüklere
daha büyük bir kuvvet etki eder. Bu durumda daha fazla yük
hareketi gözleneceği için oluşan indüksiyon elektromotor
kuvvet de artar. Aynı zamanda telin manyetik alan içindeki
uzunluğu artarsa manyetik kuvvetten etkilenen yük miktarı
→
B
ÖRNEK SORULAR:
1. Üzerinden 2 A akım geçen 0,5 m
uzunluğundaki iletken tel parçası manyetik alan
şiddeti 10 Tesla olan manyetik alan içerisine 53°
açı yapacak şekilde yerleştiriliyor.
K
α
→
υ
ί
L
olur.
Düzgün Manyetik
M →
→
B
υ
Alanda Dönen İletken
Tel:
ℓ
Uzunluğu ℓ olan
iletken tel, büyüklüğü
B olan manyetik alan
K
içerisindeki K noktası
etrafında dönerken
iletkenin uçları
arasında indüksiyon
elektromotor kuvveti
oluşur.
Hızın büyüklüğü çubuğun her noktasında farklı olduğu için
ortalama hız değeri kullanılır.
İletken telin uçları arasında oluşan indüksiyon elektromotor
kuvvetinin büyüklüğü:
olur.
Buna göre tel parçasına etki eden kuvvetin
büyüklüğü nedir? (sin 53°=0,8)
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 16
E) 20
2. Düzgün B manyetik alanı içerisine
yerleştirilen aynı boydaki K, L ve M tellerinden
geçen akımlar eşit büyüklüktedir.
Buna göre, tellere etki eden manyetik kuvvet
büyüklükleri FK, FL ve FM arasındaki ilişki nedir?
A) FK > FL> FM
B) FM > FL > FK
C) FL > FK > FM
D) FM > FK > FL
E) FL = FK = FM
CEVAP ANAHTARI: 1) C- 2) E
TARİH Sınıf-11
KONU EKONOMİYİ DÜZELTME ÇABALARI
Balta Limanı Antlaşması,
Sanayi Devrimi’ne yeterince
ayak uyduramayan ve
uluslararası pazarlarda
direnmeye çalışan yerli
Osmanlı sanayisine büyük
zarar vermiştir. Bu tarihten
sonra yabancı sermaye giderek
güçlenmiş, dış ticaret dengeleri
daha da bozulmuş ve ülke dış
borçlanmaya mecbur kalmıştır.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde
yaşanan mali bunalımlar
sonucu ortaya çıkan bütçe
açıkları, dış borçlanmanın en
önemli sebebidir. Fetihlerin
durması, artan savaş
maliyetleri ve vergi gelirlerinin
azalması bütçe açıklarına
neden olmuştur.
XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci
yarısından itibaren Avrupa, Osmanlı Devleti’ne
sadece mal satmakla yetinmeyip sermaye yatırımı
da yapmaya başlamıştır. Osmanlı yöneticileri,
Kırım Savaşı’nda destek veren İngiltere ve
Fransa’nın kredi açma konusundaki tekliflerini
kabul ederek ilk borç antlaşmasını 24 Ağustos
1854 tarihinde İngiltere ve Fransa ile imzalamıştır.
Böylece Osmanlı tarihinde dış borçlanma dönemi
başlamıştır. 1881 yılına kadar Osmanlı Devleti,
Avrupalı devletlerden toplam on altı kez borç
almıştır.
Dış borçlanmaya rağmen masraflarını
karşılayamayan Osmanlı Devleti, bir iç borçlanma
anlamına gelen kâğıt para basımına başvurmuştur.
“Esham-ı cedide” adı verilen bu senetler bir tür
hazine bonosudur.
Temsilcilerle yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda
20 Aralık 1881’de “Muharrem Kararnamesi”
yayımlanmıştır.
Bu kararnameye göre Maliye Bakanlığı
dışında bağımsız bir Düyûn-u Umûmiye yönetimi
kurulmuştur.
İdareye bırakılan altı kalem vergi (Rüsum-u
Sitte); tuz tekeli gelirleri, tütün tekeli gelirleri,
damga vergisi, pul gelirleri, içkiler üzerinden
alınan vergiler, balık avı vergileri ve kararnamede
isimleri yazılı vilayetlerin ipek gelirlerinden
oluşmuştur. Düyûn-u Umûmiye İdaresi; kendisine
verilen gelirlerin toplanmasından, işletilmesinden
ve alacaklıların borçlarının ödenmesinden
sorumludur. Düyûn-u Umûmiye İdaresi’nin
SORULAR
İstanbul ve İzmir’de
kurulurken Anadolu şehirleri,
sanayileşme hamlesi içine dâhil
edilmemiştir.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanından
sonra İttihat ve Terakki
Partisi iktidara gelmiştir. Bu
dönemde giderek güçlenen
milliyetçilik düşüncesi, Osmanlı
aydınının iktisadi fikirlerini
de etkilemiştir. İttihatçılar,
Millî İktisat Politikası’yla hem
Batı kapitalizminin Osmanlı
ekonomisi üzerindeki etkilerini
giderebileceklerine hem de
ülke içinde giderek güçlenen
azınlık tüccarlara karşı millî
burjuvazi yaratabileceklerine
inanmıştır.
Dönemin düşünce
adamlarından Yusuf Akçura
bu konuda, “Eğer Türkler kendi içlerinden bir
sermayedar burjuva sınıfı çıkaramayacak olursa
yalnız memur ve köylüden ibaret Osmanlı
toplumunun muasır bir devlet hâlinde devamlı
yaşayabilmesi zordur.” demiştir.
İttihatçılar, Millî İktisat Politikası’nı uygulamaya
koymuştur. Millî İktisat adı altında Müslüman
Türkler, girişimciliğe özendirilmiş ve sermaye
birikimini hızlandıran kazançlara yönlendirilmiştir.
İttihatçılar, Millî İktisat Politikası kapsamında yerli
burjuvazinin sanayi yatırımlarını desteklemek
amacıyla Teşvik- i Sanayi Kanun-ı Muvakkatı
çıkarmıştır.
İttihatçılar, serbest dış ticaret politikasından
vazgeçmiş ve koruyucu bir dış ticaret politikası
uygulamıştır.
Millî İktisat Politikası, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın
başlamasıyla uygulamaya konmuştur. Bu süreçte
Müslümanlara ait birikimlerle bankalar kurulmuş
ve savaş sırasında kapitülasyonlar tek taraflı olarak
kaldırılmıştır.
Savaş döneminde deniz ticaret yolları kapandığı
için ithalat aksamıştır. Bu nedenle büyük
şehirlerin yiyecek ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için
Anadolu’nun üretim kaynaklarından yararlanılması
düşünülmüştür.
İttihat ve Terakkinin taşra örgütleri, kredi ve
satış kooperatifleri kurarak üretici ve Müslüman
tüccarları örgütlemiş ve böylece piyasayı
denetimleri altında bulunduranların karşısına tek
satıcı olarak çıkmıştır.
Sanayi
Devrimi
Düyûn-u Umûmiye İdaresi
kuruluşundan sonra Osmanlı ekonomisinin önemli
bir kısmı kademeli olarak yabancıların denetimi
altına girmiştir. Bu durum Osmanlı hazinesinin
değil Avrupalı alacaklıların zenginleşmesine sebep
olmuştur.
MILLÎ İKTISAT POLITIKASI
Osmanlı ekonomisi, yapılan ticari antlaşmalar
ve kapitülasyonlar ile XIX. yüzyılda dışa bağımlı
duruma gelmiştir. Dış borçlar giderek artmış,
yabancı sermaye ülkenin bütün ekonomik girişim
alanlarını ele geçirmiştir. Galata bankerleri olarak
bilinen gayrimüslim sermaye sahipleri, Tanzimat’la
birlikte hukuki olarak canlarını ve mallarını
güvence altına almıştır. Avrupalı girişimcilerle de
iş birliği yapan gayrimüslim sermaye sahipleri,
Osmanlı ekonomisinin her alanına hâkim olmaya
çalışmıştır.
1912 yılında İstanbul’daki özel bankacılardan
hiçbiri Türk değildir. Bunların 12’si Rum ve Ermeni,
8’i Yahudi, 5’i Levanten veya Avrupalıdır. XIX
yüzyılın başlarında devletin Avrupa ile ticaretini
çoğunlukla Rumlar ve Levantenler yürütürken
1820’lerden itibaren Ermeniler, ticaretteki
etkinliklerini artırmıştır.
Toplumun çoğunluğunu oluşturan Müslüman
ve Türk nüfus, sermaye ve üretimin ancak %15’ini
elinde bulundurmuştur. Geri kalan %85’lik
sermaye ve üretim ise Rum, Ermeni ve Musevilerin
elindedir.
Osmanlı sanayi tesislerinin büyük çoğunluğu
1. Aşağıdakilerden hangisi
Avrupa ülkelerinin Osmanlı ekonomisine müdahale ettiğine kanıt
olarak gösterilebilir?
A) Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupalı
devlet sayılması
B) Tanzimat Fermanı’nın yayınlanması
C) Islahat Fermanı’nın yayınlanması
D) I. Meşrutiyet’in ilanı
E) Düyûn-ı Umûmiye İdaresi’nin
kurulması
Cevap: E
2. Ziya Gökalp: “Türklere bir
millet karakteri kazandıracak ve
bir Türk kültürünün oluşmasına
katkıda bulunacak etkenlerden biri
millî ekonomidir.” demiştir.
Aşağıdakilerden hangisi Ziya
Gökalp’in bu sözü doğrultusunda
atılan adımlardan biri olamaz?
A) Millî İktisat Nezareti’nin
kurulması
B) Yerli sermaye gücünün oluşturulmasına çalışılması
C) Yerli malı kullanımının teşvik
edilmesi
D) Yabancı sermayenin teşvik
edilmesi
E) Millî İktisat Bankası’nın kurulması
Cevap: D
3. Osmanlı Devleti, Kırım Savaşı
sırasında Avrupalı Devletlerden
borç para alma yoluna gitmiştir.
Bu gelişmenin yaşanmasında;
I. Savaş masraflarının karşılanmak istenmesi,
II. Denk bütçenin hazırlanmak
istenmesi,
III. İç borçların kapatılmak istenmesi
durumlarından hangilerinin
etkili olduğu savunulabilir?
A) Yalnız I
B) Yalnız II
C) Yalnız III
D) I ve II
E) II ve III
Cevap: A