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POL101 MID ASSIGNMENT
Name: Shiham Ahmed Sami
ID: 24121391
Sec: 04
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From ancient time to modern time development reveal that a shift toward practical organized thought
regarding governance. That shift occurred toward social contract theory. Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun,
Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau each of them viewed governance
through a different lens depending on his time. Aristotle viewed the state as a natural aspect of
existence that strives for maximum good with a focus on virtue and a combination of systems of
government. Ibn Khaldun had a cycle explanation with political ruling figures emerging and falling on
the basis of unity among groups which is called asabiyyah. Social contract theory changed how people
thought about the politics. Hobbes taught that when human beings exist in a natural life. Humans give
their freedom to a ruler in exchange for the safety concerns and everything is in place. However,
Rousseau taught that human beings are born well but are corrupted into bad individuals by society.
Rousseau fantasized a government that would serve everybody's will to ensure freedom and equity.
Ancient historians examined what is best for governing. But the political thinkers such as Machiavelli
and Hobbes concentrated on something else. They were interested foremost in how power and
governments function. Political thought became in a systematic way, during the 17th and 18th centuries
with the development of the social contract theory. From these thinkers, one can understand how
political philosophy evolved through the passage of time with comparative similarities and differences
concerning ideas on power, government, and human nature. Their thought continues to affect political
thought currently.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) was Plato's student and taught Alexander the Great. His thoughts were
significantly influential in Western political thought. The Politics, he presents his opinions regarding
government, with emphasis on its aims, and concludes that the state is a natural organization with the
purpose of attaining the highest good (Aristotle, 1916, p.1). Aristotle categorizes governments into
autocracy, elite group and organization with their evil counterparts like tyrannies and democracies.
According to him, human beings are naturally 'political animals' and require a state for their complete
development. His emphasis on virtue and mixed government influenced later thinkers, although his
method was not the same as later political thinkers who were more research-oriented.
Aristotle emphasizing on observing what was happening around him, as opposed to previous
philosophers who employed perfect ideas. His cautious approach facilitated subsequent research on
political theory, which relies on observation. Aristotle advocated for a mixed government in which
democracy and oligarchy are integrated which suits current democratic governments that balance
majority rule with safety rights.
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Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was a historian and philosopher from North Africa. In his Muqaddimah, he
examines governance sociologically. According to him, human society is bound to be political because
individuals must cooperate if they are to survive (Khaldun, 1967, p. 87). He proposes a theory for how
political authority goes up and down. It goes up through strong collective connection (asabiyyah). But
breaks down as they grow self satisfied and corrupt. Unlike Aristotle, with his ideal vision for
governance Ibn Khaldun draws on actual circumstances and develops his ideas on the actual
circumstances influencing political regimes. His ideas can imagine theory on the political reality and
have influenced many of the scholars examining how the governments works.
Ibn Khaldun learned about how individuals mix as a group, much as there are modern impression of
how a group works and a nation can prosper. While Aristotle worked on what a group must be, Ibn
Khaldun documented what a group actually is, with actual evidence. Nowadays, as there is
globalization, understanding social unity is highly essential because nations suffer from divisions
among themselves and from staying united despite differences.
Niccolo Machiavelli(1469–1527) was the famous Florentine political philosophers and diplomats who
was living during the Italian Renaissance. By supporting a practical and frequently harsh approach to
governing, he moved from traditional idealistic assumptions. In his work, The Prince, he argued that
rulers should prioritize stability and power, above being merely good (Machiavelli, 1998, p. 3).
According to him, a prince ought to be feared, not loved, unless he can manage to do both, and he
should employ cunning and violence when necessary to maintain power. His departure from common
assumptions regarding morality makes his work a turn towards practical political science, shaping
subsequent thinkers such as Hobbes and contemporary conceptions of governance.
Machiavelli broke with perfect ideals and turned his mind toward actual politics. From Aristotle's views
regarding ethics and Ibn Khaldun's emphasis on society, he shifted his focus toward a consideration for
how actual power functions. Now, people speak about actual politik and ethical dilemmas when making
political choices with the term Machiavellian tactics.
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an English philosopher who increased the political thought through
creating a clear concept of a social contract. Hobbes explained in his writing Leviathan that the natural
state as a difficult condition where one's life is lonely, poor, nasty, inhumane and short (Hobbes, 1996,
p. 82). People agree to submit to a strong leader who can maintain safety and peace in order to escape
such suffering. Hobbes emphasizes individuals' desire to live and their competitive spirit. Hobbes
differs from Aristotle, as Hobbes feels a government is needed for avoiding disorder. Hobbes' ideas are
relevant for the current political realism and autocratic rule.
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According to Hobbes, people are naturally bad person and he pushed for strict total control. Aristotle
disagreed with Hobbes. Hobbes used to believed that society was a part of the nature for being human.
Hobbes focus on practical rule was another reason why he disagreed with Machiavelli. Hobbes'
writings impacted other thinkers like Locke and Rousseau and added to the current understanding of
the social contract. Almost all discussions concerning security and human rights today make some
reference to Hobbes' thought and particularly concerning spying by governments and emergency
measures.
Rousseau(1712–1778) was a Swiss (Genavan) philosopher and writer. His political philosophy
influenced throughout the Europe. Rousseau believes that human beings are born with goodness but are
corrupted due to society. Rousseau describes a state based on 'general will' where citizens govern each
other as a collective group (Rousseau, 1973, p. 57). In opposite of Hobbes' authoritarian state,
Rousseau's ideal society is democratic and places a strong emphasis on equity and citizen participation.
By shifting from Hobbes and Machiavelli's real viewpoint to the idea that every person has a role in the
state, Rousseau's ideas influenced revolution movements and modern democratic philosophy.
Hobbes' support for absolute monarchy runs opposed to Rousseau's ideas of popular sovereignty and
the universal will. Rousseau gave more weight to freedom and equality than Hobbes did to security. His
theories have also impacted modern democratic thought, which emphasizes citizen participation.
Aristotle's development of political ideas through Rousseau illustrates what is as compared with what
should be for governance. Aristotle believed that the state with its emphasis on morality and many
types of government was an essential part of life for the good of its citizens. In the same way, Ibn
Khaldun examined social factors that influence the state and proposed a cycle in which societies
develop and decrease based on asabiyyah or unity among them. These concepts opened the door for
later governance theories. A realistic power-centered perspective was established by Machiavelli who
maintained that stability should come before morality in the view of rulers. His theories which is
emphasized realpolitik and statecraft were a break from classical rules. Hobbes created the social
contract idea in the 17th century, arguing that an absolute sovereign was necessary to maintain safety
and order and presenting the natural state as chaotic. His empirical approach emphasized selfpreservation and human tendencies towards competition and fear. Rousseau was also a social contract
thinker but had another perspective. He believed that although people are good at birth, society may
make them evil. Having a focus on democracy and equal rights for all, Rousseau put forth a legal
system founded on the will of the people. He had a better idea for government activity which is set it
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apart from Hobbes dominating system. By carefully combining earlier concepts of the social contract
theory which is developed in the 17th and 18th centuries offered a conclusive explanation for the
political authority. Analyzing these intellectuals is actually beneficial because they show the
development of political thinking and emphasize the role in creating actual political institutions and
leadership. Their ideas influence current political debate.
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References
Aristotle. (1916).Aristotle’s Politics (B. Jowett, Trans.; Vols. I & V). Clarendon Press. (1).
Hobbes, T. (1996).Leviathan. Oxford University Press.(82).
Khaldun, ibn. (1967).The Muqaddimah (F. Rosenthal, Trans.). Princeton University Press.(87).
Machiavelli, N. (1998).The Prince (H. C. Mansfield, Trans.; Second Edition). The University of
Chicago Press.(3).
Rousseau, J. (1973).A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (G. D. H. Cole, Trans.). J. M. Dent.(57).
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