Normal
Abnormal
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Behavior that is like other people in
the society
●
●
Normality is the social conformity Some behaviors are non-conforming
but normal
➔ Norm-violation
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Normality is personal comfort
➔ Statistical rarity
➔ Normality is a process
Criteria for determining abnormal
behavior
➔ Personal discomfort
➔ Deviation
➔ Maladptiveness
4DS OF ABNORMALITY
DYSFUNCTION - Interferes daily functioning
- refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
DEVIANCE - Atypical or Not Culturally Expected
- Deviates from the average or the norm of the culture
- Not just to society but deviation from the person's usual behavior.
DISTRESS - Individual is extremely upset and cannot function properly
- Either to self or to others.
DANGEROUSNESS - Creates potential harm to self (suicidal gestures) and others
(excessive aggression)
DURATION - How long the mental state has been persisting.
- Constant fluctuation of mood, thoughts, and behaviors is normal, but if
changes is sustained, persistent and pervasive, it can be concerning
SIGN - MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE THAT THE PHYSICIANS RECEIVE
SYMPTOM - SUBJECTIVE REPRESENTATION OF THE COMPLAINTS OF THE PATIENT
SYNDROME - GROUP OF SYMPTOMS THAT OCCUR TOGETHER MORE OFTEN BY
CHANCE
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - BRANCH OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT STUDIES UNUSUAL
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR, EMOTIONS, AND THOUGHT WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT
INDICATE AN UNDERLYING CONDITION
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY - APPLIED BRANCH OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT SEEKS TO
UNDERSTAND, ASSESS, AND TREAT PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN A CLINICAL
SETTING
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MENTAL DISORDERS CLINICAL
ASSESSMENT - THE SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN AN INDIVIDUAL
PRESENTING WITH A POSSIBLE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be
activated under conditions of stress. Disturbances stem form a genetic predisposition
triggered by stress.
Predisposing Factors = cause of a disorder (i.e. situations that trigger the development of
the disorder)
Precipitating Factors = - factors that allow the disorders to develop (i.e., factors that could
contribute to the development of a disorder)
Perpetuating Factors = Reinforcing factors that maintain the problem once established
Protective Factors = Strengthening factors that reduces the severity of the problems
HIGH PROTECTIVE, LOW PERPETUATING = LOW PRECIPITATION
LOW PROTECTIVE, HIGH PERPETUATING = HIGH PRECIPITATION
GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION MODEL
People might have genetically determined tendency to create the environment risk factors
that trigger a genetic vulnerability In most cases, genetic factors are not necessary and
sufficient to cause mental disorders but instead can contribute to a vulnerability or diathesis
to develop psychopathology that only happens if there is a significant stressor in the
person's life
RECIPROCAL GENE-ENVIRONMENT MODEL
• Eric Kandel
• Claims that people with a genetic predisposition to a disorder may also have a genetic
tendency to create environmental factors that promote the disorder.
3 KINDS OF GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATIONS
1. PASSIVE Gene-Environment - Parents provide for their children is influenced partly by
the parents' genotypes.
2. EVOCATIVE Gene-Environment - Child's genotype evokes certain kind of reactions from
other people. Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence,
the kind of social environment that the child will experience.
3. ACTIVE Gene-Environment- Children's genotypes influence the kinds of environment they
seek.
ROLE OF CULTURE, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS IN
THE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIOGENIC FACTORS - Unemployment, Poverty Crime, Poor Educational Level
For example:
• People who are isolated and lack social support or intimacy in their lives are more likely to
become depressed when under stress and to remain depressed longer than people with
supportive spouses or warm friendships
• People's online relationships tend to parallel their offline relationships
FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
• Family is a system of interacting parts who interact with one another in consistent ways and
follow rules unique to each family.
• Structure and communication patterns of some families actually force individual members
to behave in a way that otherwise seems abnormal
MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
• Also known as Culturally Diverse Perspective. Each culture within large society has a
particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account
for the behavior and functioning of its members.
• An individual's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is best understood in the light of the
individual's unique cultural context
EGO-SYNTONIC
• refers to instincts or ideas that are acceptable to self, that are compatible with one's value
and ways of thinking.
EGO-DYSTONIC
• refers to thoughts, impulses and behaviors that are felt to be repugnant, distressing.
unacceptable or inconsistent with one's sell-concept.