LTE Network Planning ZTE University Contents Overview of LTE Network Planning LTE Network Dimensioning Layout and Simulation Output of Network Planning Challenges of LTE Network Planning LTE-2G/3G interference Interference in HetNet Cloud Radio Inter-radio operation Voice fallback PS handover Propagation model and parameters Scheduling strategy Converged network Traffic model Co-site and co-antenna Radio technology evolution Multi-Bandwidth © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Precise Network Planning Inter- and Intraradio Operation Interference Management Flow of LTE Network Planning Requirement Analysis Network Dimensioning Site Selection & Simulation Network Design Output • Network construction strategy • Traffic model • Sites to be selected • Link budget • Cell capacity • Coverage radius • Site survey • Capacity and throughput simulation • Coverage simulation • Frequency planning • RF Planning • Engineering planning output © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved RF Design Methodology © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved RF Design Methodology—Input and Output Coverage Inputs • Area to be covered • Targeted service at cell edge • Indoor penetration level Network Information Link Budget RF Planning Coverage Outputs • Cell Range •Legacy Site Reuse • Incumbent network info •Number of Sites • LTE Frequency • LTE Maximum bandwidth Link Budget Adjustment ALTEL Sites Coverage Requirements © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Topology Design Simulation Tools Google Earth Mapinfo Site table and simulation results Fundamental Requirement Analysis Irregular Area • Boundary, clutter type, building density, and population • Site-sharing and existing network statistics © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Required Information of Operators Category Description Coverage Clutter classification, boundary, population, and penetration ratio Capacity Traffic model and service model Link budget parameters Frequency band, channel bandwidth, cell edge throughput, coverage probability, shadow margin, and propagation model Equipment parameters Maximum transmission power, multiantenna technique, antenna gain, receiver sensitivity, and noise figure © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Contents Overview of LTE Network Planning LTE Network Dimensioning Layout and Simulation Output of Network Planning Network Dimensioning Method Coverage Requirements Outdoor coverage Key coverage area Capacity Requirements Coverage Requirement Capacity Requirement Link Budget Capacity Planning Cell Radius and Site Number Cell Radius and Site Number Block error rate KPI Data rate Comparison Coordination Final Cell Radius and Site Number © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Flow of Coverage Planning Requirement analysis 3 sectors Star t Input data Omni UL/DL MAPL Link budget UL radius DL radius Cell radius Balance between UL and DL Coverage area per site Coverage area per site Number of sites Total number of sites for the target area © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved End Total number of required sites = Total coverage area ÷ coverage area per site Basic Principle of Link Budget MAPL Maximum UE transmission power RX sensitivity Cell radius UMTS and LTE formulas are the same. MAPL = Pmax - Receiver Sensitivity - Losses - Margins + Gains Parameters are different. © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved MAPL of Link Budget System configuration System Parameters • Frequency band • Duplex mode • • • • • • Other factors EIRP EIRP Dependent on Factors • Number of RBs • Antenna gain (TX) • Cable loss (TX) © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved MAPL Minimum level for receivers Receiver sensitivity Noise figure SINR threshold for demodulation Antenna gain (RX) Cable loss (RX) Body loss (RX) Minimum RX • • • • • MIMO gain and IRC gain Diversity gain and beam forming gain Handover gain Penetration loss Shadow and interference margin DL Link Budget Required cell edge throughput Number of RBs TBS & MCS Transmission mode (Multi-antenna) G factor SINR MAPL Cell range © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved ZTE LTE Link Budget DL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth Morph kbp Cell Edge User Throughput s eNode B Channel Bandwidth MHz Number of RBs # Number of TX Antennas (eNodeB) # Number of RX Antennas (UE) # Total DL eNodeB TX Power/Path W Max eNodeB TX Power dBm Assign # Resource Blocks # TBS bit MCS # Modulation Used Bandwidth KHz eNodeB Antenna Gain dBi Cable & Connector Losses dB UE UE Antenna Gain dBi UE Noise Figure dB SINR Requirement dB UE RX Sensitivity dBm Adjacent Cell Loading % Geometry Factor in the Cell Range dB DL Interference Margin dB Extra Losses and Gains Cell Area Coverage Probability % Shadowing Standard Deviation dB Shadowing Margin dB HO Gain dB Penetration Margin dB Body Loss dB Propagation Model Other factors Propagation Model Frequency Band MHz Antenna Height m Morph Correction Factor (Kc) dB DL Coverage DL MAPL dB DL Cell Range km Inter-Site Distance km Coverage Area km2 Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural 2048 2048 2048 2048 20.0 100 20.0 100 20.0 100 20.0 100 2 2 2 2 2 40 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 14220 18.0 0.5 2 40 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 14220 18.0 0.5 2 40 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 14220 18.0 0.5 2 40 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 14220 18.0 0.5 0 7 -6.00 -101.5 50% 0 7 -5.65 -101.1 50% 0 7 -5.00 -100.5 50% 0 7 -4.19 -99.7 50% -2 -2 -2 -2 0.96 1.06 1.25 1.56 95% 10 11.65 4.49 20 0 95% 8 8.71 3.41 17 0 90% 8 5.4 3.1 14 0 90% 6 3.3 2.2 8 0 Cost231Hata 2600 25 0 Cost231Hata 2600 30 -3 Cost231Hata 2600 40 -12 Cost231Hata 2600 50 -18 138.9 0.78 1.17 1.19 143.3 1.36 2.04 3.59 148.4 3.96 5.94 30.54 154.5 10.14 15.21 200.60 DL Link Budget Parameters ZTE LTE Link Budget DL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth Required cell edge throughput MIMO configuration eNodeB TX power eNodeB antenna gain © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Morph Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural Cell Edge User Throughput eNode B kbps 2000 2000 2000 2000 Channel Bandwidth Number of RBs Number of TX Antennas (eNodeB) Number of RX Antennas (UE) Total DL eNodeB TX Power/Path Max eNodeB TX Power Assign # Resource Blocks TBS MCS Modulation MHz # 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100 100 100 100 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 40 40 40 40 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 49 79 2216 0 QPSK 49 79 2216 0 QPSK KHz 14220 14220 14220 14220 dBi dB 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 18.0 0.5 Used Bandwidth eNodeB Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Loss # # W dBm # bit # Morph ZTE LTE Link Budget DL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth Dense Suburb Urban Rural Urban an UE G factor Penetration and body loss UE Antenna Gain UE Noise Figure Adjacent Cell Loading Geometry Factor in the Cell Range DL Interference Margin Extra Losses and Gains Cell Area Coverage Probability Shadowing Standard Deviation Shadowing Margin HO Gain Penetration Margin Body Loss Propagation Model dBi dB % dB dB % dB dB dB dB dB MAPL MH z m dB dB km km Coverage Area km2 © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved 0 7 50% 0 7 50% 0 7 50% -2 -2 -2 -2 0.96 1.06 1.25 1.56 95% 95% 90% 90% 10 8 8 6 11.65 4.49 20 0 8.71 3.41 17 0 5.4 3.1 14 0 3.3 2.2 8 0 Cost23 Cost231 Cost231 Cost231 1-Hata -Hata -Hata -Hata Propagation Model Frequency Band Antenna Height Morph Correction Factor (Kc) DL Coverage DL MAPL DL Cell Range Inter-Site Distance 0 7 50% 2600 2600 2600 2600 25 30 40 50 0 -3 -12 -18 138.9 0.78 1.17 143.3 1.36 2.04 148.4 3.96 5.94 154.5 10.14 15.21 1.19 3.59 30.54 200.60 ZTE LTE Link Budget UL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth UL Link Budget Morph Cell Edge User Throughput eNode B Required Cell edge throughput Number of RBs TBS & MCS SINR Transmission mode Receiver sensitivity (Multi-antenna) Interference margin MAPL Cell range © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved kbp s MH UL Channel Bandwidth z Number of RBs # Number of TX Antennas # Number of RX Antennas # Assigned RB number # MCS # TBS bit Used Bandwidth KHz SINR Requirement dB eNodeB Noise Figure dB eNodeB Sensitivity dBm UL Interference Margin dB eNodeB Antenna Gain dBi Cable & Connector Loss dB TMA Gain dB Extra Loss and Gain Cell Area Coverage Probability % Shadowing Standard Deviation dB Shadowing Margin dB HO Gain dB Penetration Margin dB Body Loss dB UE UE Antenna Gain dBi UE Max Transmission Power dBm Propagation Model Other factors Propagation Model Frequency Band Antenna Height Morph Correction Factor (Kc) UL Coverage UL MAPL UL Cell Range Inter Site Distance MH z m dB dB km km Coverage Area km2 Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural 512 512 512 512 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100 1 2 10 3 568 1800 -1.79 2.5 -110.7 2 18 0.5 0 100 1 2 10 3 568 1800 -1.27 2.5 -110.2 2 18 0.5 0 100 1 2 10 3 568 1800 1.04 2.5 -107.9 2 18 0.5 0 100 1 2 10 3 568 1800 1.49 2.5 -107.5 2 18 0.5 0 95% 95% 90% 90% 10 8 8 6 11.65 4.49 20 0 8.71 3.41 17 0 5.4 3.1 14 0 3.3 2.2 8 0 0 23 0 23 0 23 0 23 Cost231Hata Cost231Hata Cost231Hata Cost231Hata 2500 2500 2500 2500 25 30 40 50 0 -3 -12 -18 122.08 0.28 0.41 126.42 0.47 0.70 130.11 1.21 1.81 136.85 3.16 4.75 0.15 0.43 2.84 19.53 UL Link Budget Parameters ZTE LTE Link Budget UL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth Morph Required cell edge throughput Cell Edge User Throughput eNode B UL Channel Bandwidth Number of RBs Number of TX Antennas Number of RX Antennas Assigned RB number MCS RX receiver sensitivity © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved MHz # # Urban Suburba n Rural 512 512 512 512 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100 100 100 100 1 1 1 1 # # # 2 2 2 2 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 bit 568 568 568 568 KHz 1800 1800 1800 1800 SINR Requirement dB -1.79 -1.27 1.04 1.49 eNodeB Noise Figure dB 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 eNodeB Sensitivity UL Interference Margin dBm -110.7 -110.2 -107.9 -107.5 2 2 2 2 eNodeB Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Loss dBi 18 18 18 18 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 TBS Used Bandwidth UL interference margin kbps Dense Urban dB dB ZTE LTE Link Budget UL 2.6 GHz Band 20 MHz Bandwidth eNodeB antenna gain Shadowing margin Penetration and body loss Dense Urban Urban Suburb 18 18 18 18 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 95% 95% 90% 90% 10 8 8 6 an Rural Morph eNode-B Antenna Gain Cable & Connector Loss dBi TMA Gain dB Extra Loss and gain Cell Area Coverage Probability Shadowing Standard Deviation % dB Shadowing Margin dB 11.65 8.71 5.4 3.3 HO Gain dB 4.49 3.41 3.1 2.2 Penetration Margin dB 20 17 14 8 Body Loss dB 0 0 0 0 UE Antenna Gain dBi UE Max Transmission Power dBm 0 0 0 0 23 23 23 23 Cost231Hata Cost231Hata Cost231Hata Cost231-Hata 2500 2500 2500 2500 25 30 40 50 0 -3 -12 -18 dB UE UE antenna gain and TX power Propagation Model Propagation Model Frequency Band MHz Antenna Height Morph Correction Factor Kc m dB UL Coverage MAPL © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved UL MAPL dB 122.08 126.42 130.11 136.85 UL Cell Range km 0.28 0.47 1.21 3.16 Inter Site Distance km 0.41 0.70 1.81 4.75 Coverage Area km2 0.15 0.43 2.84 19.53 Differences Between UL and DL Link Budgets Received signals required Required SINR UL DL © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Cell signal Cell interference Noise Different link budget methods applied in the DL and UL Flow of Capacity Planning Traffic model and requirement analysis Throughput per user Configuration analysis Throughput requirement of Average throughput per site the network Number of sites © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Traffic Model of a Subscriber in Busy Hours Throughput per user in busy hours (kbps) = Throughput per session (Kbit) * number of sessions ÷ 3600 Total = weighted average value of each traffic class Dense Urban Urban Throughput per User in Traffic Busy Hours (kbps) Penetratio n Ratio UL DL Traffic Penetration Ratio Times of Sessions VoIP 100.00% 1.4 0.34 0.34 100.00% Video Phone 20.00% 0.2 0.25 0.25 Video Conference 20.00% 0.2 6.32 Real-Time Gaming 30.00% 0.2 Streaming Media 15.00% IMS Signaling User Behavior Times of Sessions Throughput per User in Busy Hours (kbps) UL DL 1.3 0.31 0.31 20.00% 0.16 0.20 0.20 6.32 15.00% 0.15 4.74 4.74 0.63 5.05 20.00% 0.2 0.63 5.05 0.2 0.11 16.00 15.00% 0.15 0.08 12.00 40.00% 5 0.03 0.03 30.00% 4 0.02 0.02 Web Browsing 100.00% 0.6 0.95 3.79 100.00% 0.4 0.63 2.53 File Transfer 20.00% 0.3 7.11 37.90 20.00% 0.2 4.74 25.26 Email 10.00% 0.4 0.39 0.38 10.00% 0.3 0.30 0.28 P2P File Sharing 20.00% 0.2 6.73 6.73 20.00% 0.15 5.05 5.05 5.6 18.3 3.8 12.5 Total © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Contents Overview of LTE Network Planning LTE Network Dimensioning Layout and Simulation Output of Network Planning Iterative Layout and Simulation Layout Adjustment Iterative Simulation Radio Plan Output © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Site Survey and Selection Network Dimensioning Site Survey Before Simulation Radio Rules • The antenna is five meters higher than any nearby building. • The heights of all sites are coordinated in seamless coverage areas. • There are no significant barriers except for antennas. • The view in the main beam direction is good. © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Other Rules • There is sufficient site space for installation. • New sites are required. • Existing transmission and power facilities can be used. • There are necessary facilities for antenna installation to support heavy load and space isolation. Signal Simulation Result © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Contents Overview of LTE Network Planning LTE Network Dimensioning Layout and Simulation Output of Network Planning Site List and Google Map Name Longitude eNodeB104 44.73825 eNodeB73 eNodeB91 eNodeB83 eNodeB81 © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved Height (m) Site Type 41.7065 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 25 Applied Site 44.7233 41.717083 44.744681 41.720636 44.709933 41.724717 eNodeB106 44.8106 eNodeB65 Latitude 41.73127 44.7359167 41.7362 44.7506333 41.72605 Example of Site Layout Statistics 27 existing CDMA sites: 12.6% Reused CDMA sites © ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved 118 other existing sites: 54.6% 71 new sites: 32.8% Other reused sites New sites
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