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Social Studies: Family, Culture, and Social Issues in the Caribbean
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SOCIAL STUDIES 2022 ARNOLD SOOGRIM BROAD TOPICS Section A – Answer ALL questions. 1. Roles of The Family 2. Social Issues that Influence Caribbean Family Life 3. Cultural Diversity 4. Cohesion in Groups and Institutions 5. Functions of Institutions 6. Factors that Influence Voter Participation ROLES OF THE FAMILY My Family Role A role is the actions and activities assigned to, required, or expected of a person or group; "the function of parents"; "the father must do his part"; "play his role" Status is the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society. ROLES . The mother's principal role is to take care of the children and be the primary nurturer in the family. She is also the primary caretaker of the home. Children are required to be obedient, respectful, and submissive to their parents. Girls are expected to help with domestic chores around the house, whereas boys are expected to do activities outside the house, such as taking care of the yard and running errands. The principal role of children is to bring honour to their families by their achievements, good behavior, and contribution to the family's well-being. As such, characteristics such as obedience, conformity, generational interdependence, obligation, and shame are highly valued. Children are seen as parents' pride and the products of their hard work FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN GREATER RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN NO LONGER BEING REGARDED AS SUBORDINATE BY MEN. RIGHT TO EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND EQUAL PAY LIKE MEN. EGALITARIAN RELATIONSHIPS GENDER ROLES BE SHARED EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING ROLES GREATER CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN NO LONGER CONFINED TO THE FAMILY TRADITIONAL MALE JOBS ARE NOW OPEN TO FEMALE AND VICE VERSA SHARING THE ROLE OF BREADWINNER WITH SPOUSE GREATER SHARING OF OTHER ROLES TRADITIONAL ROLE OF MEN DISCIPLINARIAN BREADWINNER DECISION MAKER ROLE OF GRANDPARENTS ASSISTING PARENTS WITH REARING THE CHILDREN BABY SITTING TO ALLOW PARENTS TO WORK OR ATTEND FUNCTIONS SETTLING DISPUTES AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS ROLES OF THE FAMILY CONT’D Grandparents 1. Settling disputes among family members 2. Assists parents in rearing children. 3. Babysitting to allow parents to work or attend functions or other events. Transmission of culture It is through the family that we gain an identity and continuity with the past: a name, physical characteristics, a "place' in the community ROLES OF THE FAMILY CONT‘D Children 1. Brother, sister, son, daughter, , and a reference point against which we are measured or can measure others. There are 'good' families offering support, comfort, and 'bad' families where the weak, are usually or may be abused by the strong. Whatever its quality, the family and its function is influenced by the choices and experiences of its members throughout their life course. 4. Student ROLES OF THE FAMILY Father 1. Husband, brother, son 2. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family 3. To love and cherish his spouse 4. To help in the socializing of the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support. 5. Traditionally the disciplinarian and the breadwinner. 6. Provides security, he is the rock of the family Mother Wife, sister, daughter 1. To love and cherish her spouse. 2. Traditionally the caregiver and is responsible for the nurturing of her children. 3. To socialize the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support. 4. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family. PAST PAPER QUESTION Question: State two things a father can do in the home, apart from being the breadwinner providing money. Answer: Fathers can help to prepare children for school in the mornings. They can also help with the cleaning of the house and improving and maintaining it. Fathers can also help with the shopping, washing and feeding of the children. They can attend games children are involved in and also attend the parent-teacher association meetings. Question: What are TWO traditional attitudes/ideas regarding the role of women? Answer: Women traditionally looked after the children by doing most of the nurturing and caring and also looking after the home and its environs. This was possible because they did not work outside of the home. PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Question: Give reasons women now work outside the home. Answer: Many women work outside the home in industrialised societies, either because they need the money, they want to become more independent or they want to take advantage of educational opportunities that have now been given to them. Women may deliberately reject traditional roles as expected or stated by their societies. Many families could not keep up with the way of life expected of them, in terms of feeding, clothing and educating children, if women did not provide financially. There are so many single-parent mothers who have no other alternative but to care for their children. Women tied to the home can be very frustrated and waste their talent. Question: Give THREE changes that may take place in the family when women work outside the home. Answer: The family may be more prosperous, materially, but the husband may have to help with more of the things the wife did before. The children may become delinquents if they are neglected, and the husband and wife may find they are spending very little time together. They will have to plan well and organise their lives around their work schedule and try to prevent arguments FAMILY 1. Sam lives with his parents, sister and grandmother .His mother who used to be a housekeeper is now an accountant .His father who is a land surveyor now does a share of the household chores. Each member has an important role. Identify the family type to which Sam belongs. (1 mark) The extended family 2. State ONE likely role of the grandmother in the family.(1 mark) To assist parents in the upbringing of the children. She will contribute to the social , emotional and economic development of the child. Assist in solving marital problems Sometimes act as babysitters in the absence of parents Pass on traditions of family and society Family past paper 1.B State TWO factors that may have caused the mother’s role to change in this household.(2 marks) Increased Educational opportunities Occupational opportunities-greater choice of employment for women To assist in meeting family expenses.(to supplement her spouse’s income.) Greater recognition of the rights of women/status of women in society (equality) Stereotyping of women’s role as house-keeper has also changed FAMILY PAST PAPER 1.C Give TWO reasons why Sam’s father may think that his traditional role in the family is changing. (4 marks) Marginalization of the male The traditional role of Sam’s father was to be the only sole breadwinner and main supply of income in the household ;whereas now he isn’t the only breadwinner in the household; Sam’s mother is also the breadwinner in the household. Sam’s father is now involved in household chores which traditionally are seen as women’s work. Family past papers 1D1. Suggest, giving full details , THREE actions parents may take to deal with any negative effect of the changing roles of family members(6 marks) 1D11. Explain fully why EACH strategy suggested in (d) (1) above, is likely to be successful. (6 marks) Strategy 1: The family may sessions/meetings where they sit together and fully discuss all the effects of the changes and various solutions to any conflict that may have arisen. Justification : This strategy would work as all members of the family would get an opportunity to give their personal views and opinions and formulate many solutions to the conflict. SOLUTIONS CONT’D Strategy 2: Discussions can be done by parents to talk about their likes and dislikes about the changing roles. Parents can set aside some time to communicate with each other regarding the roles and what responsibilities they hold in the family. Justification: Effective communication can resolve problems within the family. When both the mother and father are aware of each other’s issues better action can be taken to fix them. APPLICATION & PROBLEM SOLVING Please ensure your strategy is CLEAR APPROPRIATE WELL DEVELOPED Please ensure your Justification is CLEAR RELEVANT SOCIAL ISSUES Social Issues is a condition that undermines the well being of some members of society. It is a matter of public concern. Is relative- from society to society or person to person Can be dysfunctional –at the micro level it affects family life making society unstable SOCIAL ISSUES Spark controversy – lead to birth of social movement Determined by severity of impact- the extent to which it is affecting the society. Social Issues arise that persons define other persons as undesirable. Can be subjective- individual person perceive from own bias. Or objective – scientific understanding based on research SOCIAL ISSUES We have information that proves there is a problem. E.g. traffic accidents. Process of claims making – trying to convince social officials that there is a social problem. E.g Rosa Parks, US civil rights. Problems will bring people together – bring unity. E.g. no water. Problems have a role in society. SOCIAL ISSUES INCEST CARE & CONCERN FOR THE AGED & DISABLED TEENAGE PREGNANCY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STREET CHILDREN ABORTION SUICIDE DRUG TRAFFICKING ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLES POVERTY TRAFFICKING PERSONS DESERTION SUBSTANCE ABUSE 3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY AMERINDIANS EUROPEANS AFRICANS ASIANS SURVIVAL OF CULTURAL PRACTICES CULTURAL PRACTICES HAVE SURVIVED BECAUSE THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS ARE PROUD OF THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND THEY WANT TO PRESERVE THEM. THEY WANT TO RETAIN THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY IN A MULTI CULTURAL SOCIETY. HAVE DEVELOPED CONFIDENCE IN THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES BECAUSE THEY HAVE WORKED WELL FOR THEM ARE TAUGHT THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS BY THEIR RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. GET SUPPORT FROM GOVT’S AND THE LOCAL MASS MEDIA IN PROMOTING LOCAL CULTURAL SHOWS AND MASS MEDIA HAVE PASSED ON THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES TO THE NEW GENERATIONS DURING THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS. HOW CAN GOVERNMENT ASSIST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONE NAMED CULTURAL GROUP? RECOGNITION OF CONTRIBUTION OF GROUP TO DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE DECLARING PUBLIC HOLIDAY IN RECOGNITION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE & SUPPORT 3. FAMILY Name THREE Countries from which our ancestors came (3 marks) Africa India China England France Identify 3 religions or cultural practices they brought. (6 marks) Hinduism Christianity Islam Orisha, Kumina, Shango DO NOT WRITE HINDUS, CHRISTIANS & MOSLEMS(people who practice the religion) Birth- Naming the baby (Christening) Death – holding wakes, wearing black clothes as a sign of mourning. Marriage- bouquet throwing by bride, honeymoon, rice as a form of protection.etc GIVE THREE REASONS WHY ETHNIC GROUPS STILL FOLLOW THEIR ANCESTOR’S CULTURAL PRACTICES (6 ) Are proud of their cultural traditions and therefore, want to preserve them To retain them in a multicultural society To develop confidence in their cultural practices because they have worked for them Have passed on their cultural practices to new generations during the socialization process Are taught their cultural traditions by their religious and educational institutions Get support from government and the local mass media in promoting local cultural shows and festivals Are reluctant to try non-traditional practices. Identify three ways in which the government can assist ethnic groups preserve their cultural heritage (6) Support the occasion through acknowledgement & participation. (speeches) Request educational institutions to observe the occasion and visit celebration sites Make available subventions to organisers Grant recognition by declaring a holiday to mark occasion Restoration of religious sites COHESION IN GROUPS (a) State TWO characteristics of primary groups. (2 marks) (b) Describe ONE way in which formal groups control the behaviour of members. (2 marks) (c) State TWO reasons why formal groups tend to have a longer life span than informal groups. (4 marks) (i) Suggest, giving full details, THREE strategies which the leader of your school’s Cultural Club may use to keep members together as a group. (6 marks) GROUPS (a) State TWO characteristics of primary groups. (2 marks) Maybe formal or informal Usually small Meet often Interactions are usually face to face Membership may be voluntary or involuntary GROUPS CONT’D (b) Describe ONE way in which formal groups control the behaviour of members. (2 marks) There is written rules for expected behaviours There are formal penalties for breaking rules There is usually a uniform There is a hierarchy of leadership (c) State TWO reasons why formal groups tend to have a longer life span than informal groups. (4 marks) It is more organised It was formed to meet an objective which all members have in common There are rules and regulations governing its workings They tend to be more formal, with accompanying rituals etc They usually have marks if identity which ensures members recognise other members and creates a united sense of identity GROUPS COHESION (i) Suggest, giving full details, THREE strategies which the leader of your school’s Cultural Club may use to keep members together as a group. (6 marks) Have meetings with members on a monthly basis, where the activities of different groups are discussed and achievements are highlighted to further motivate members and remind members of the objectives of the group Ensure the rules are known to all members, e.g. in a handbook, and are adhered to and there is no favouritism when members break the rules Have smaller meetings with members on a monthly basis, to touch base with how they are doing and to hear their concerns and their progress as well as to answer any questions they may have about the functioning of the group (ii) Explain fully why EACH strategy suggested in (d)(i) above, is likely to be successful. (6 marks This will work because members will be reminded of why they participate in the group as well as are show the accomplishments of their actions which will motivate them to continue participating Members will understand the expected behaviours of the group and are less likely to break the rules when they know they are being enforced. Avoiding favouritism will all decrease resentment and conflict within the group Members will be able to express any concerns they have and reach mutually desirable results out of the discussions as well as gain insights into how the group is doing. This will make them feel valued as members of the group. INSTITUTIONS Institutions in society An institution is a formalised group established with a definite organisation, identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules. Types of institutions include educational, religious, recreational, family, health, economic and political establishments. An institution may further be defined as: an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose. an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organisation for the promotion of some cause is situated. a custom that, for a long time, has been an important feature of a group or society, such as the institution of marriage, saying grace before a meal and the institution of slavery. Institutions can, therefore, be structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of individuals. It is, therefore, clearly obvious that institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behaviour. From the definitions above, the term institution is commonly applied to customs and behaviour patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organisations of government and public service. CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTITUTIONS they satisfy basic and specific needs of a society they have an established structure of hierarchy new members are socialised on entry to the institution they develop their own unique rituals and practices they endure over generations they impose sanctions on members and also non-members through their body of rules, which defines behaviour of its members and regulations for new and non-members. Educational Institutions Educational institution An educational institution is dedicated to education: that is, the imparting and acquiring of knowledge through teaching and learning, especially at a school or similar institution. Institution, establishment - an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose Preschool - an educational institution for children too young for elementary school. School - an educational institution's faculty and students. College - an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees, etc. University - a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession, and to grant degrees in particular areas FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION helps to socialise the young into becoming good citizens prepares people for employment and to be generally productive citizens to ensure the all-round development of an individual to perpetuate or change cultural values to develop the latent ability of the individual to provide for social mobility to help in the reduction of social inequality through meritocracy. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS A religious institution, by definition, is one that is established not-forprofit and is for religious purposes only. That is, the belief in a higher being: believing in and showing devotion or reverence for a deity or deities. Basically, it is an establishment, organisation or association instituted to advance or promote religious purposes or beliefs. Places of worship, such as churches, mosques, temples and synagogues, charities supported by religious organisations and religious societies founded by members of a faith all come under the umbrella of religious institutions. FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION Religion may be seen as a belief system. This system may affect values, laws, customs, rites and general behaviour patterns. Religion may affect the individual, group, community or nation. to explain to the people in that society their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims of life and reasons for living. to answer the question "why am I here?" to provide identity for individuals. as a control mechanism, a way of achieving order, of delegating roles and responsibilities. The Ten Commandments given to Moses are a set of behavioural rules that would bring order and harmony to the society that would allow the society to function in an organised and systematic manner. to dictate a set of acceptable standards, and those who wish to remain in that society must adhere to those standards. to promote social change and encourage social justice. to provide consolation, reconciliation and relief from anxiety and guilt. FACTORS THAT INFLEUNCE VOTER PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN ISSUES CANDIDATES VOTER ATTITUDES TOWARDS GOVERNMENT VOTER LOYALTY TO POLITICAL PARTIES VOTER APATHY EDUCATION AGE INCOME LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Physical Resources Dfn: All of the things that exist in the world around us that may be used by man to continue his survival and ensure his comfort. They include renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable Resources: Agricultural land, water, forests, beaches, marine life, solar energy, wind. Non-renewable Resources: petroleum, bauxite, gold, diamonds, other minerals, geothermal energy. Mineral Resources in the Caribbean: Barbados: Petroleum, limestone Guyana: bauxite, diamonds, gold Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone Trinidad and Tobago: Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt, limestone, gypsum Hindrances to the development of physical resources in the Caribbean: Lack of capital/money to develop the resources Lack of trained/skilled/literate employees Small size of the islands that mean that they cannot take advantage of economies of scale Guyana: sugarcane, rice LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES Industry: Mining, building of industrial estates Transport: construction of roads Hotels and malls Government buildings, schools, etc. Agricultural products in the Caribbean: Belize: sugarcane, citrus, rice, coconuts Grenada: banana, cocoa, spices Barbados: sugarcane, ground provisions Trinidad and Tobago: citrus, ground provisions, coffee, cocoa Jamaica: sugarcane, bananas, spices Physical Resources Past Paper Name FOUR (4) resources that produce energy for the industries in the Caribbean (4 marks) Crude oil Natural gas Sunlight Wind Bio-mass Water Identify TWO sectors in the economy that use the energy from these resources(4 marks) Tourism Agricultural Tourism Housing Transportation Fishing Manufacturing Give THREE (3) reasons why energy is expensive to produce from the resources available in the . Caribbean 6 The necessary funds are not available for investment from local sources . The cost of borrowing is high. Foreign investments in energy sector are risky, and capital cost is high. Equipment required for expiration (fossil fuels), or construction (solar) wind turbines is costly to import. Some of the technical expertise needed is imported and is costly Energy Question cont’d Suggest TWO measures that your government may introduce to help reduce the cost of the energy to the consumer. State Why this measure will help. Instituting a subsidy system to reduce cost to consumer. Reducing the quality of energy produced in oil peak hours. Planning educational programmes aimed at sensitising citizens about conservation practices. Reducing wastage in energy through a system of penalties Producing cheaper , reliable , user and environmentally friendly alternatives. STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION MOVEMENT 1. WEST INDIES FEDERATION 2. CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION(CARIFTA) 3. CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY(CARICOM) 4. ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) 5. ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES(ACS) 6. CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY(CSME) TIME LINE OF INTEGRATION MOVEMENT WEST INDIES FEDERATION CARIFTA CARICOM OECS ACS CSME CARICOM MULTI- LATERAL AGREEMENT GREW OUT OF CARIFTA TO SEEK A DEEPER FORM OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OBJECTIVES OF CARICOM TO DEEPEN FREE TRADE AMONG MEMBER STATES TO INCREASE AND CREATE MORE EFFECTIVE BARGAINING POWER OF THE MEMBER STATES WITH LARGER COUNTRIES TO HAVE COMMON SERVICES AND FOSTER AREAS SUCH AS EDUCATION, HEALTH, COMMUNICATION, SPORT, AND METEOROLOGY MDC’S TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO GUYANA JAMAICA BARBADOS REGIONAL COOPERATION FACTORS WHICH AID REGIONAL COOPERATION INCUDE THE FOLLOWING THE COMMON HISTORY AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE CARIBBEAN PEOPLES THE COMMON ACHIEVEMENTS, ASPIRATIONS AND PROBLEMS WHICH EXIST THE ESTABLISHED COMMON INSTITUTIONS WHICH SERVE THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE AREAS OF REGIONAL COOPERATION AGRICULTURE CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE CARDI TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT EXPERIMENTS RESEARCH SOIL AND ANIMAL SOURCES BENEFITS OF FUNCTIONAL COOPERATION SAVE RESOURCES AS ARESULT OF SHARING THE COST OF OPERATING JOINT SERVICES SUCH AS THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES AND CSEC JOINTLY FIND SOLUTIONS TO THEIR COMMON PROBLEMS SHARE THE EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE OF A LIMITED NUMBER OF PROFESSIONALS DEVELOP A GREATER FEELING OF REGIONAL SOLIDARITY AS A RESULT OF WORKING TOGETHER CSME CARICOM SINGLE MARKET & ECONOMY RETHE REVISED FEB 2002 TO DEEPEN THE INTEGRATION PROCESS AND STRENGTHEN THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY IN ALL AREAS OBJECTIVES OF THE CSME IMPROVED STANDARDS OF LIVING & WORK FULL EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR & OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ENHANCED LEVELS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ORGANISATION FOR INCREASED PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCED FULL COOPERATION IN HEALTH, EDUCATION, TRANSPORTATION, TELECOMMUNICATION. CSME CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CBBEAN ALLOWING PEOPLE TO BE FULY UTILIZED IN THE AREAS IN WHICH THEY ARE QUALIFIED MAKING A WIDER VARIETY OF GOODS AVAILABLE IN MOST COUNTIRES ENCOURAGING REGIONAL INVESTORS TO INVEST IN COUNTRIES WHICH OFFER THE BEST RETURNS ON THEIR INVESTMENT CONCERNS ABOUT CSME SOME OF THEIR MANUFACTURERS WILL GO OUT OF BUSINESS BECAUSE THEY CANNOT COMPETE WITH MORE EFFICIENT PRODUCERS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE REGION CRIMINAL AND DRUG REALTED ACTIVITES MAY INCREASE BECAUSE OF THE EASE WITH WHICH CRIMINALS WILL BE ABLE TO MOVE AROUND THE REGION. COMPARING THE OECS & CARICOM OECS CARICOM Treaty of Basseterre Treaty of Chaguaramas The authority of Heads of Government The Conference of Heads of Government Functional Cooperation Functional cooperation Common market Common market Economic Integration Economic Integration The harmonization of foreign policy The harmonization of foreign policy A grouping within Caricom Community Council of Ministers REGIONAL INTEGRATION (MAY 2014) Regional Integration : The Experiences of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Write an essay on the above topic. Begin your essay by stating TWO objectives of the OECS. Next, describe TWO similarities that promote cooperation among the member countries of the OECS. Give ONE reason difficulties may arise in pursuing integration among OECS member countries. Suggest ,giving full details, THREE strategies that OECS Heads of Government may use to educate citizens about the benefits of cooperation among the countries. Explain fully why EACH strategy is likely to be successful. (20 marks ) SUGGESTION : It is an essay , however the key is to break it down in parts using paragraphs. DESCRIBE TWO SIMILARITIES THAT PROMOTE COOPERATION AMONG THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE OECS (4 MARKS) Common cultural heritage –which the people share make it possible for them to embrace common values and goals. Vulnerability to natural disasters Close proximity to each other The countries have a common language –English – this facilitates easy communication among members GIVE ONE REASON DIFFICULTIES MAY ARISE IN PURSUING INTEGRATION AMONG OECS MEMBER COUNTRIES. (2 MARKS) 1. Individual countries give priority to their own development rather than to the development of the region as a whole. 2. The countries produce many similar products and this encourages competition among them. 3. Territorial interests may supersede regional interests. 4. Competition from investments from developed countries. 5. Some consumers have a preference for goods produced extraregionally at the expense of those produced by the member states. SUGGEST ,GIVING FULL DETAILS, THREE STRATEGIES THAT OECS HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MAY USE TO EDUCATE CITIZENS ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF . COOPERATION AMONG COUNTRIES (6 MARKS) STRATEGY 1 Strategy 1: Select a representative group of young OECS ‘ambassadors’ and have them travel throughout the OECS region on an annual basis to educate other youth within the region about the OECS and encourage them to support the integration movement JUSTIFICATION 1 Justification 1: Many Caribbean people do not support integration because they may not be aware of the need or importance of integration. Travelling, through the OECS, the young ambassadors will disseminate this information to other young persons who in turn will inform their parents and other adults. This will increase persons’ knowledge of integration and encourage them to support the movement. STRATEGIES EDUCATING CITIZENS ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION Strategy 2: A new group of young OECS ambassadors should be selected each year to educate other youth about the OECS. Justification 2: There is strength in numbers by appointing new youth ambassadors will create a multiplier effect and creation of fresh faces, ideas, strategies and plans. Strategy 3: Use of mass and social media to educate Caribbean citizens about the importance and benefits of cooperation. (CDN, CMC, CARIBBEAN NEWSLINE, RADIO STATIONS, INTERNET, FACEBOOK, WEBSITES , NEWSAPERS,NEWSLETTERS, PHAMPHLETS, QUIZZES, EDUCATION BOOTHS AT MALLS, AIRPORTS ETC. Justification 3: Education through the mass and social media will reach a larger population of citizens in a attractive and meaningful in addition to teaching the topic in primary and secondary school. TOURISM Impact of Tourism Industry on the Physical Environment of the Commonwealth Caribbean The growth of the tourism industry puts pressure on the physical environment. Our tourists visit the islands because of the many natural resources such as the beaches, marine life and the environment. 1. Damage to coral reef The rise in hotels along the coastline has led to pollution of the beaches by sewage. Those cruise ships dispose of human waste in the seas which had led to the destruction of coral reefs. Boats, divers and snorkelers also damage the delicate coral reefs that take a long time to regenerate. The anchors from the boats destroy the reefs. 2. Pollution of beaches Deadly diseases are transmitted such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery because of pollution of the water with sewage. This improper waste disposal affects the health of people as well as affects the aesthetic beauty of the environment. 3. Depletion of Fishes Overfishing to supply the tourist with seafood has led to a depletion of marine life such as the lobsters, fishes and other seafood. This seafood is in high demand by the tourists visiting the islands, and the hotels have to cater to their taste and preferences Impact of Tourism Industry on the Physical Environment 4. Beach erosion To cater to the accommodation for tourist in the Caribbean, the hotels and resorts were constructed along the beaches. The construction of hotels close to the shoreline increases the risk of beach erosion. Sand mining has also led to beach erosion. The dredging of the beaches and wetlands also contributes to beach erosion which changes the patterns of tides and waves. Beach erosion is defined by the actual removal of sand from a beach Sand mining is a coastal activity referring to the process of the actual removal of sand from the foreshore including beaches, rivers. 5. Destruction of natural vegetation Resorts and hotel construction can affect the aesthetic appeal of the view of the natural vegetation of the island. The construction of roads has led to the removal of natural vegetation and this increase the likelihood of soil erosion. The rare species of plant and animal life in the forest are also destroyed by tourists. Natural vegetation means the plants that have not been grown by humans. Soil erosion is the natural process in which the topsoil of a field is carried away by physical sources such as wind and water. Suggest TWO ways in which natural resources may be developed to support eco –tourism Clean beaches appeal to tourists who wish to relax in a healthy environment Undisturbed forest habitats will encourage the development of eco systems which appeal to eco tourists Healthy mangroves protect the marine environment by reducing the amount of soil and other debris that is washed into the sea Healthy mangroves attract eco tourists because they serve as natural habitats for fish and certain species of birds which feed on them Reefs which are healthy provide a beautiful underwater attraction for tourists Forests enhance the aesthetic appeal of the landscape for the visitors TOURISM & CONSERVATION 2. The Caribbean Conservation Association The Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) "exists to enhance the quality of life for present and future generations of the Caribbean by facilitating the development and implementation of policies, programmes and practices, which contribute to the sustainable management of the region's natural resources. The CCA liaises with other Non –Governmental Organisations in order to: 1. Promote ecotourism in order to protect the wildlife and nature reserves. 2. Educating the public about the dangers of overfishing. 3. Protecting and conserving the marine habitats and marine life such as the coral reefs. 3. Environmental Groups These NGOs or Non –Governmental Organisation organizes activities to help protect, preserve and conserve the environment. Such activities include plant a tree or clean up campaigns. TOURISM & CONSERVATION (Reversing the negative impact of tourism on the physical environment) There have been a number of local and regional agencies that have been working to ensure that the development of tourism goes hand-in hand with the preservation and protection of the physical environment. 1. Environmental Management Agencies These are agencies that are funded by the governments in the Caribbean countries. These agencies main aim is to protect, conserve and preserve the environment. The functions of the agencies are: 1. Educating the public on ways to protect and preserve the environment 2. Draft laws for littering and pollution of the environment 3. Drafting policies to manage and conserve the environment 4. Offering recommendations to reduce pollution of the environment 5. Make recommendation to declare areas as forest reserves in order to protect the natural vegetation and the flora (plant) and fauna (animal) life found in these environments. The importance of a healthy natural environment to tourism A healthy natural environment is important to the tourism industry because of the following: 1. The clean beaches seek to attract tourists. 2. Coral reefs attract tourist and is considered a major tourist attraction. 3. The protected forest reserves seek to attract tourism who visits the island to explore the natural vegetation. Government Policies that influence the development of Tourism The private sector and the public sector The private sector is the part of the economy that is run by individuals and companies for profit and is not state controlled. Therefore, it encompasses all for-profit businesses that are not owned or operated by the government. The private sector is involved in providing accommodation, transportation, marketing and promoting the tourism industry The public sector is usually comprised of businesses and organizations that are owned and operated by the government and exist to provide services for its citizens. The public sector is involved in areas such as marketing and promotion, development of infrastructure, protection of the environment, ensuring peace and security and maintaining and managing the tourist sites or attractions. The public sector will invest in the tourism industry because this sector obtains foreign exchange earnings from the tourism industry which the government can spend on the economic and social development of the country to improve the lives of its citizens. Government Policies that influence the development of Tourism 1. Infrastructure- This industry requires a lot of investment in order to construct large-scale airports, cruise ship terminals, medical facilities. The government is also responsible for maintaining an efficient water and electricity supply. 2. Establishing hospitality institutes where individuals can acquire training for the different jobs that are available in the tourism industry. The Government may also provide scholarships for students who wish to pursue studies in the tourism industry. The tourism industry requires that individuals possess the necessary skills and training so that they can provide a well-trained workforce ensuring that the tourists can have the best experience during their stay. 3. Ensuring that the environment is safe and secure where tourists can enjoy the many tourist attractions without being fearful for their lives. Legislation should be passed in order to protect the tourists from crime and harassment. Government Policies that influence the development of Tourism 4. Ensuring that a Ministry of Tourism is established in order to assess and develop policies to promote tourism. 5. Ensuring that the citizens of the country are aware of the importance of treating tourists with respect and courtesy. 6. Addressing environmental concerns- Tourism has serious negative consequences on the environment. The construction of facilities and guesthouses or hotels destroys the prime agricultural land and natural areas. The establishment of an environmental management agency is done to ensure that the development of the tourism industry is done in such a way that it does not pose any threat to the environment. The Environmental Management Authority (EMA) is responsible for protecting and preserving the environment Government Policies that influence the development of Tourism Governments respond by: Making laws in order to reduce pollution in the environment Creating legal protection for the coral reefs ,nature reserves and other threatened environments Providing landfill sites and sewage treatment plants Providing incentive to promote recycling Enforcing penalties or fines for illegal dumping Encouraging citizens to preserve the environment by encouraging tree preservation. 7. The government can provide incentive to foreigners to invest in the construction and maintenance of hotels. 8. Educating the citizens the importance of not exploiting tourist by charging high fees for services. COMMUNICATION . Forms of non-verbal communication used in the Caribbean Gestures- deliberate movement of the hand or body used to express an emotion Signals- deliberate body movement to indicate intent by the sender and a desired response by the receiver. Posture- is the final position assumed by the sender after a series of coordinated movements involving various body parts Mime- a form of entertainment in which the sender relates a story and expresses emotion by the use of gestures and signals. No words are used. Pictogram- ideas are transmitted through drawing Signs and symbols- do involve the use of words but transmit messages COMMUNICATION Expose improper conduct in government and businesses and the wider society through investigative reporting Act as a mirror of the society by reflecting the best warning against the worst values of the society through editorials and articles Provide information about the products and services available Provide opportunities for the average citizen to express his or her opinions, for example through letter to the editor, radio, and call in programmes. Training schools for journalists COMMUNICATION One-way in which the governments regulate the mass media Regulatory practices Censorship boards Legislation Licences Coercion Broad casting commissions Revocation of work permits One strategy they may use to provide Provide more serious commentaries/analysis on issues and events and too much emphasis on writing and programming for entertainment. REASONS WHY THE GOV’T REGULATE THE MEDIA 3 reasons why government regulate the media Protect the privacy of individuals Protect the security of the state Prevent sedition Protect the reputations of individuals and organizations Promote moral values
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