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Wireless Mesh Network IEEE802.11s
Article in International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, · December 2016
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International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
Wireless Mesh Network
IEEE802.11s
Computer Science department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
nadeem.sarwar@uogsialkot.edu.pk
Farooq Ahmed
Computer Science department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
farooq.ahmad@uogsialkot.edu.pk
Atizaz Ali
Computer Science department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
aitizazengr@gmail.com
Zain ul Abedin Butt
Electrical Engineering department
CASE University
Islamabad,Pakistan
Zain.butt@live.com
Muzamil Mehboob
Information Technology department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
muzamil.mehboob@uogsialkot.edu.pk
Asif Hussain Khan
Information Technology department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
asif.khan@uogsialkot.edu.pk
Ahmed Waqas
Electronic System Engineering department
Quaid e Awam UET
Nawabshah,Pakistan
Jabar Mehmood
Computer Science department
University of Gujrat Sialkot Campus
Sialkot,Pakistan
jabar.mehmood@uogsialkot.edu.pk
Nadeem Sarwar
Abstract— The urge to go mobile has been one of direst desires of
mankind since decades. Back in 1997, scientists and the
engineers of IEEE introduced a standard which is being used
now all over the world under the unlicensed bands 2.4 and 5
GHz. The emerging demand of WLAN (Wireless local Area
Network) in offices, corporate and the industrial sector and city
wide university campuses forces the Task Group S of IEEE to
come up with further enhancements in the family of 802.11
standards. Since 2004, 802.11s has introduced new enhancements
related to wireless frame forwarding packets, security and
routing capabilities at data link layer. This article describes the
mechanism, architecture and its latest amendments in the family
of IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh network which is named as
802.11s.The paper also covers the benefits of using the 802.11s
standard, a comparison with any other existing standard
competing with it in the market and the names of those
companies who are producing devices which are capable of
supporting the 802.11s standard. We will discuss its viability to
implement it on open source platforms (i.e. openwrt).
I.
INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
It took seven years of struggle and hard work for IEEE to
introduce amendments and new features to 802.11 standards,
which they named 802.11s for mesh networking. The Task
Group S of IEEE officially published this amendment in
2011.They prioritized their work on meshed networks, in
which they offer innovative features that were embedded into
the 802.11 standard. It solved many issues. i.e. WPA/WPA2
pre-shared key authentication attacks and the collision of data
packets between its neighboring AP’s in condense wireless
mesh network topologies.
WLAN technology is an ever growing technology mainly
in QOS (Quality of Service) and high speed wireless
techniques (600 Mbits/s). WLAN mesh networks feature a
higher data transmission rate due to shortened communication
distance, expanded network capacity through spatial frequency
reuse, automatic network configuration and improved
robustness due to a route recovery mechanism [1].
Keywords-component; mesh network; protocol; openwrt; wi-fi
803
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International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
A. Why need Amandement
Due to fierce demand for mobile wireless networks, the need
has emerged to go wireless everywhere, even where
connecting an AP with a switch is not possible due to
environmental constraints. As we know, Ethernet cable
provides working connectivity up to 100 meters, only which
puts constraints in the positioning of access points in the
middle of large indoor halls, warehouses; and this issue is
even worse when we provide wireless connectivity to outdoor
environments (e.g. outdoor industrial areas, parking lots and
plazas, and covering some outdoor sports activities). But with
new amendments in 802.11s we can almost cover whole cities,
vehicle tracking and wireless security camera monitoring
without any delay and disconnection. The benefits and usage
of the 802.11s standard is limitless and ever growing by leaps
and bounds.
Figure 1: Mesh Network Architecture [1]
A. Explaination
B. Overview of 802.11s Standard
The IEEE 802.11s task group was formed in May 2004 to
standardize the technologies that would be needed to deploy
WLAN mesh networks. This work involved the creation of
usage models and requirements necessary for selection
proposed technologies and the preparation of formal
procedures for making selections. A call for proposal (CFP)
was issued in January, 2005. By the time of meeting 1st
March 2006, 2 candidates out of 15 submissions had survived
and these were eventually combined into a single draft version
of a standard specification [2][3] based on the DoCoMo
proposal. The plan from here on is to refine the specification
into a form that will win final approval. These standard
activities were expected to be complete by June, 2008 [1]. And
then in June, 2011, the fifth recirculation Sponsor Ballot, on
TGs Draft 12.0, was closed. The draft met with 97.2%
approval rate and it was officially accepted to be implemented
on Wifi devices.
II.
The above figure depicts all the different components of the
mesh network topology. But the components are not all mesh
capable devices. In the figure above, the end stations 'H' and 'I'
are simple 802.11 clients associated with a device which has
the functionality of AP. Node J, for example, have both
functionalities of Mesh AP and Mesh point in the same device.
When it links with other members in the mesh, it becomes the
MP’s in the mesh. Similarly, nodes of S, M and P have the
functionality of mesh points and AP co-located which bridge
802.11 data frames received from customers in DS wireless
links in the MBSS upstream. The nodes M, P represent the
functionality of Wireless Portal, which provides the conversion
of wireless frames to wired interfaces. The node J represents
pure functionality of Mesh Gate and performs the conversion
of frame from 802.11s to 802.11. By considering the mesh
station in the MBSS, a next hop mesh station on the path to the
destination mesh station is called a precursor mesh station
where E is a precursor mesh station for J or D and their next
hop on the path to mesh STA F.
WIRELESS MESH NETWORK(802.11S) ARCHITECTURE
802.11s wireless mesh networks consist of access points,
stations and gateways. The diagram given below exhibits the
architectural overview of network elements which are used
and its role in the whole network topology.
804
•
AP: Wireless Access Point. In the above diagram
the nodes J, M, P & S represent access points.
•
Mesh STA: Wireless Station is that which
implements the mesh facility. In the diagram all
nodes except H, I, K, L, N, O, Q and R are 802.11
clients or Non-AP STAs.
•
Mesh Gate: Any entity that has mesh station
(STA) functionality and provides access to one or
more distribution systems, via the wireless
medium (WM) for the mesh basic service set
(MBSS). (Nodes F, J, M)
•
Mesh BSS (MBSS): A basic service set (BSS) that
forms a self-contained network of mesh stations
(STAs). An MBSS contains zero or more mesh
gates. (All nodes having the mesh point or mesh
STA functionality run a MBSS).
•
Portal: The logical point at which the integration
service is provided. This is the node that bridges
between 802.11 and non 802.11 networks. In the
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ISSN 1947-5500
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
above diagram, Nodes F, M and P are portals
bridging the wireless (802.11) and wired networks.
•
MCF (Mesh coordination function): A
coordination function that combines aspects of the
contention-based and scheduled access methods.
The MCF includes the functionality provided by
both enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA)
and MCF controlled channel access (MCCA).
•
MCCA (MCF controlled channel access): A
coordination function for the mesh basic service
set (MBSS).
•
Precursor: A neighbor peer mesh STA on the
mesh path to the destination mesh STA that
identifies the mesh STA as the next-hop mesh
STA.
•
Source: A mesh STA from which a MAC service
data unit (MSDU) enters the mesh basic service
set (MBSS). A source mesh STA may be a mesh
STA that is the source of an MSDU or a proxy
mesh gate that receives an MSDU from a STA
outside of the MBSS and forwards the MSDU to a
mesh path.
III.
And last but not the least its self-recoverable feature that
makes it a favorable future upcoming technology. With this
feature, if one wireless access AP went down the other
redundant AP within its surrounding suddenly detects the
failure and again organizes the election process on the base of
its embedded protocol. The one with high ID get the priority
and replaces the position of that AP within no time. This
benefits the wireless engineer without going to the site and
updating the wireless network remotely through some wireless
distribution software.
9
Connecting a wireless mesh AP in a network would be a
security concern; because two mesh AP’s can easily peer with
each other by exchanging messages with each other. So
connecting a rogue AP by some fake user would be a security
threat in a network. But in 802.11s mesh networks there are
AMPE (Authenticated Mesh Peering Exchange) messages or
simultaneous authentication which prevents the rogue user
from connecting within the network without authentication.
There are some other technological features which are
described below.
TECHNOLOGY FEATURES
Smart Wi-Fi technology – Wireless Mesh is the latest and
most advanced technology that is combining the features of the
802.11 predecessor family that prevents the shortcomings of
the two technologies cloud mesh, Wi-Fi and mesh Wi-Fi. This
technology has included many smart features in transmitting
and routing data. Hybrid Wicell fully satisfies all the needs for
wireless solutions, operates intelligently and contains many
exceptional features which don’t exist in other technologies.
9
Backhaul
The possibility of connecting several AP’s and providing
multiple redundant connection in which the multiple inter-link
mesh AP’s topology is formed is called Back-hauled which
forms a mesh cloud connected with main distribution points
and wired networks.
9
•
Wi-Fi name (SSID) and one channel for the whole
system
•
Plug and play and self-configuration of the two
systems: Gateway which connects to LAN cables and
relay which does not connect to the LAN/Internet
cable when supplied with electricity.
•
Smart routing the best gateway among many other
gateways.
•
Automatically connect to other gateways.
•
Seamless roaming beyond traditional WLAN
boundaries allows users to move their devices such as
laptops, smart phones freely from one place to
another.
•
Limits the number of the users accessing to a Hybrid
Wi-Fi mesh station. Each station manages its own
bandwidth.
•
Automatically and unlimitedly connects Hybrid Wi-Fi
mesh stations to each other to create a complete mesh
Wi-Fi system.
•
The whole Hybrid Wicell system uses IP LAN.
•
Most stable and strongest signal coverage in the
market with MIMO standard. Data transmission speed
reaches 300xMbps. The technology applies to any
scale of project and supports all IP based services.
•
Hybrid Wi-Fi network controller. Free software which
controls all activities of hybrid Wicell stations.
Flexibility
One of the major features of wireless mesh networks is its
increased wireless flexibility with wired networks. As all
access points are connected with each other by multiple paths
due to which it provides greater flexibility and the chances of
disconnection from the network is minimal. So to speak
wireless network availability would be almost 100 percent. It
not only provides the wireless availability but also selects the
best possible redundant path in case of failure.
9
Security
Self-Evolving
One of the explicit features of a wireless mesh network is
self-evolving. In all mesh access points there is an algorithm
embedded that detects the best path to be taken for wired and
wireless networks.
9
Self-Recovery
805
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International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
IV.
9
FEATURES COMPARISON WITH OTHER WI-FI
TECHNOLOGIES
We have compared some technological features of wireless
mesh networks with other wi-fi technologies, the results are
describe in the table below.
TABLE I.
Scalability: Single mesh networks are generally not
scalable because system capacity is reduced as more
mesh APs are added. Dual- or multi-radio mesh
where access and backhaul radios operate on different
frequencies, increase scalability.
COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Mesh
Hybrid
Wi-Fi
V.
Technology
Features
Traditional
Wi-Fi
Mesh Wi-fi
Cloud
Wi-Fi
Automatic
Expansion
No
No
Yes, automatic
and unlimited
Yes, Automatic
and unlimited
Smart routing
No
No
Yes, but slow
Yes, Very fast
Gateway
Controller
No
Yes, the cost is
very high. If
malfunctions
occur with the
gateway
controller, the
system will fail.
Yes, the basic
features
are
free,
If
malfunctions
occur with the
gateway
controller the
system will fail.
Yes,
the
completely
free,
If
malfunctions
occur with the
gateway
controller, the
system will still
works.
No
Yes
No
Yes, via real
time
Deployment for
all scales and
requirements
No
No
Yes
Yes
Application
Limited
internet
LAN
and
Limited
internet
LAN
Internet
and
Wireless mesh network nodes broadcast with each other to
create paths with other non-neighboring nodes. It is the
responsibility of the routing protocols to maintain, create and
search a path. Routing protocols for wireless mesh networks
are mostly designed for mobile ad hoc networks, but there are
some issues between wireless mesh networks and mobile ad
hoc networks which are described in the following table.
Mesh
Full Roaming
MESH PROTOCOL
TABLE II.
Internet LAN ,
IP Camera , IP
TV , VOD
A. Benefits of Wireless Mesh Network
802.11s benefits are described below.
9 Ease of planning and deployment: Intelligent nodes
mean less site surveying; indoor and outdoor nodes
can coexist.
9 Reduced backhaul requirements: Several nodes are
able to use one wireless/wire line dedicated point-topoint or point-to-multipoint link.
9 Resilience: Data packets have multiple paths and can
be dynamically rerouted around failed nodes or
interferences transparent to the user.
9 Expandability: New nodes can easily be added to
self-adjusting networks.
ISSUES BETWEEN AD-HOC NETWORK AND MESH NETWORK
Issues
Wireless Ad Hoc Network
Wireless mesh network
Network Topology
Highly dynamic
Mobility of nodes
Medium-High
Relatively static relay nodes
fixed
Low
Energy constrain
High
Low
Infrastructure constrain
Infrastructure less
Partially or
infrastructure
Routing
By mobile nodes
By fixed nodes
Routing performance
On
demand
preferred
Deployment
Easy to deploy
routing
fully
fixed
Fully/partially
distributed
hierarchical /table driven
routing preferred
Some planning required
Protocols are always defined and modified when users are not
satisfied in their wireless domain. Depending on the need of the
user, protocols define what information and message format
should be selected for the calculation of routing metrics in a
wireless environment. In wireless mesh networks nodes always
communicate with its neighboring nodes by sharing its
topological and routing information. On the basis of
discovering, establishing and maintaining routes in WMNs and
mobile ad hoc networks, protocols are classified into three
categories:
B. Issues with wireless Mesh Network
There are some critical unsolved issues in wireless mesh
networking which are described below
9 Latency: The more nodes there are in the network,
the more hops to route traffic, meaning increased
latency.
9 Security: Point-to-point communications are more
predictable. Routing from multiple different nodes
means greater vulnerability and exposure to
unauthorized access if adequate controls are not
established. Rogue access points can be easily set up
within the mesh.
9 Non-incremental network deployment: Meshes don’t
lend themselves to incremental approaches; they have
to be almost completely built out within a coverage
area to be useful.
806
•
Proactive Protocols
•
Reactive Protocols
•
Hybrid Protocols
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Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
A. Proactive protocols
C.
Proactive routing protocols periodically update its routing
information and share the whole topology with other nodes in
a network due to which at any instant each node knows its
reach ability for other nodes. This technique reduces the time
of the route discovering message between different nodes
which results in less consumption of network bandwidth.
Proactive protocols give best results if they are used in a small
environment because then it’s easy for each node to maintain
and look up small routing tables. A list of some proactive
routing protocols are Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
(DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Topology
dissemination Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF),
Open Shortest Path First – MANET (OSPF-MANET),
Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) are some of the proactive
routing protocols[12].
Hybird protocol
Hybrid protocols are the combined design of both
proactive and reactive protocols. But hybrid protocols
mostly use proactive protocols, because these protocols
keep the path to the node in the area of the source. But for
nodes these protocols behave like reactive protocols after
that area. So, the challenge is to know the point at which
they change from proactive to reactive protocols.
D. Routing Protocols
There are some routing protocols of wireless mesh networks
which are famous, and research groups are still trying hard to
put the best characteristics of all the given below protocols in
one protocol. But there vision to become reality takes time.
B. Reactive protocol
Reactive routing protocol routing tables are constructed on the
requirements of nodes, and the complete topology of the
network is not shared with other nodes in a network. They
have to send a request by flooding the network to know the
path of the other node. This incurs routing delay in receiving
packets to other nodes due to high broadcast of discovery
messages to the nodes. But at the same time it reduces the
overhead of traffic control messages in a network. Reactive
protocols get priority over proactive protocols, where there is a
need for continuous mobility. Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR), Ad-hoc On-Demand Vector (AODV) and some
other extensions derived from AODV are reactive routing
protocols[12].
•
OLSR
•
BATMAN and BATMAN-Advanced
•
HWMP
•
Babel
E. OLSR is the oldest mesh routing protocol. It is defined by
the Internet Engineering Task
F. Force (IETF) Request for Comment (RFC) 3626, and was
the leading candidate of routing
G. Protocol for IEEE 802.11s [5].But its new version is more
stable and sharp than compared to older ones. OLSR is a
proactive layer3 protocol that gives portability to other
systems and enables the protocol to span link layers.
1) OLSR
OLSR is a proactive protocol that uses a link-state
algorithm to decide on which path would be the optimized
between different nodes. In OLSR, to increase the data
throughput concept called dynamic Multi-Point Relays are
introduced that makes the optimized routing map in a
network. This is achieved by selecting only a subset of
neighboring nodes to relay data instead of every node
acting as a relay[13].This concept not only reduced the
broadcast packets when some new nodes comes in or goes
down but also reduces the number of packets that are
required to develop a new routing map.
2) BATMAN and Advance BATMAN
BATMAN (Better Approach To Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) is
another proactive protocol layer 3 for establishing multi-hop
routes in mobile Ad Hoc network which is routing on ip
address and advance BATMAN is a proactive layer 2, which
is self-assembling in a MAC address. BATMAN is more
efficient and scalable because of the distributed knowledge of
network topology .BATMAN-Advanced promotes its
development and provides support because of an active open
source community. The B.A.T.M.A.N protocol is a much
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International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
more feasible protocol in uncertain wireless environments due
to its periodically broadcasting originators messages to its
neighboring nodes about its existence. And it uses simple
algorithms which makes it a better protocol as compared to
those which are based on link state algorithms.
3) Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP)
consistent interfaces to make their projects more manageable.
We therefore spent a little time examining the ad-hoc features
of DD-WRT, but this provides minimal support for mesh
routing protocols.
2) OPEN WRT
Open WRT is a Linux based firmware program for embedded
devices such as residential gateways. It is a very versatile
firmware development environment for developers and a
firmware for advanced Linux users that establish the DDWRT and many other router firmware packages. The most
important routers seem to be the Linksys WRT54G series and
the Asus WL500G. Although the user interface is relatively
undeveloped, command line control, allows the protocol
packages to be installed and configured.
3) Microsoft Windows
One of the most promising features of Hybrid Wireless Mesh
Protocol (HWMP) is that routing table builds and remains in
Data link layers which let the upper layers assume that all
devices are one hop away. HWMP is the default routing
protocol in the draft IEEE 802.11s standard [5].
According to a current draft (D4.0), it gives the flexibility of
on-demand (reactive) path selections with proactive topology
tree extensions [13].
Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) is an open source
implementation open802.11s that provides a relatively weak
supporting community for development and use. Today it is
compiled into most versions of the Linux kernel. It is the
standard in IEEE 802.11-2012. But unfortunately, we did not
find a satisfactory performance comparison of HWMP over
competitors for 802.11s. According to the research of some
engineers “to prevents outside attacks Secure HWMP
(SHWMP) and Privacy Aware SHWMP (PA-SHWMP)
propose a method for nodes to authenticate each other”, but
still there is no implementation but engineers are trying to
accomplish practical implementation of those protocols[5].
4) Babel
Babel is one of the newest mesh routing protocols. It is
defined by an experimental IETF RFC 6126[6].It has been
shown assembled and improved. This protocol is twice as fast
as BATMAN and controls more traffic through its efficient
path selection method. Babel uses many of the same route cost
metrics as HWMP, but does not require a specific routing
strategy. It is considered a proactive protocol bus that has also
reactive features. Its implementation is available in Linux,
Open wrt.
Microsoft explored mesh networking early on, creating and
evaluating a “Mesh Connectivity Layer” (MCL) in 2004[7].
This software utilized a refined version of DSR, which
considered link quality during calling paths. More paramount
thing is that, it packaged the protocol as a network driver,
which manifests to utilize as a virtual network adapter while
transparently utilizing one or several physical adapters.
4) Android
Android and Apple OS platforms are of continuing interest
because of their dense, power--efficient integration of sensors,
processing, and communications. But Google itself shows no
interest in mesh networking on android operating systems. But
many other communities are working on that platform. The
BatDROID app supplies a layer 3 protocol. Recently Smart
Phone Ad-Hoc Networks (SPAN) implemented OLSR-D on
layer 3 and generated a custom kernel for the Samsung Galaxy
S III[8].
5) Arduino
Some initial tasks were performed onto the Yun Platform to
port the Open WRT platform that enabling the Yun to
participate in a mesh network [9].
6) Raspberry Pi
H. Firmware Platforms
Mesh protocols can be implemented on the following
firmware.
• DD-WRT
• Open WRT
• Microsoft Windows
• Android
• Arduino
• Raspberry Pi
• Mesh Packages
1) DD-WRT
Air mesh combines the BATMAN-Advance layer 2 mesh
protocol into Raspbian[10]. OpenWRT has been ported to the
Raspberry Pi platform19 that enables it to serve as a mesh
router. Layer 3 protocols, such as Babel, have been running
directly on the Raspberry Pi[11].
7) Mesh Packages
Enthusiast communities have produced many packages to
serve the needs of the community of mesh networks. Quick
Mesh Project, Air Mesh, Byzantium, Project Mesh net,
Commotion but others ip solutions usually supporting one or
two popular protocols.
DD-WRT is easily the most popular open-source router
firmware today. It co-exists symbiotically with a list of about
700 reprogrammable router platform models produced
by 97 hardware brands from 3 Com to Z Com. DD-WRT
serving a community that chooses its powerful, simple and
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International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 12, December 2016
TABLE III.
Project
Quick
Mesh
Air Mesh
Byzantium
Mesh
Protocol
BMX,OLSR
BATMAN
ADV
OLSR
Common
Project
Project
OLSR
Meshnet
CJDNS
Freifunk
COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Addressing
Platform
URL
Ipv6 auto
OpenWRT
http://qmp.cat/
Ipv6
CJDNS
Ipv6 zero
conf
Ipv4
custom
Linux
http://www.netlore.co.uk/airmesh/
Linux
http://project-byzantium.org/
OpenWRT
https://commotionwireless.net/
Linux,
Android,
OSX, more
https://projectmeshnet.org/
OpenWRT
http://freifunk.net/
Ipv6
CJDNS
choose
plug-in
VI.
REFERENCES
“802.11s wireless mesh solution”, white paper NTT Docomo
Technology reports, Calsoft labs, An ALTEN group company.
[2] D. Eastlake, “Proposals for TGs”, IEEE 802.11-05/597r21. March 2006
[3] IEEE P802.11s/D0.01, March 2006.
[4] Y. Matsumoto, J. Hagiwara, A. Fujiwara, H. Aoki, A. Yamada,
S.Takeda, K. Yagyu and F. Nuno: “A Prospective Mesh Network
BasedPlatform for Universal Mobile Communication Services,”IEICE
GeneralConference, B-5-245, Mar. 2006
[5] A.Michael ,” Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Network Technology
Evaluation for Space Proximity
and Surface Applications”, NASA
Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tx, 77058
[6] J. Chroboczek, “The Babel Routing Protocol”, IETF RFC 6126
(Accessed
19th
Novenber,2016,
12:58
am)
URL:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6126
[7] Self Organizing Wireless Mesh Networks (Accessed 12th December
,2016,
12:50
am)
URL:
http://research.microsoft.com/enus/projects/mesh/#software
[8] The SPAN Project, (Accessed 14th December, 2016)
URL: https://github.com/ProjectSPAN
[9] Teensy Arduino & OpenWrt, (Accessed 14th December, 2016)
URL: http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~sexton/ENGD2003/openwrt/arduino
teensyopenwrt.html
[10] Air Mesh (Accessed 14th December, 2016)
URL: http://www.netlore.co.uk/airmesh/?page=about
[11] E. Erfanian, “Mobile Mesh Networks with the Raspberry Pi – Part 1”,
11 September, 2012
URL:
http://www.ericerfanian.com/mobile-mesh-networks-with-theraspberry-pi-part-1/ (Accessed 14th December, 2016)
[12] S. Venkat Mohan, Dr. N. Kasiviswanath ,” Routing Protocols for
Wireless Mesh Networks”, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 8, August-2011 ISSN 2229-5518
[1]
CONCLUSION
The capital cost for implementing a mesh network in
corporates, universities and industries is really low and selforganization, low complexity feature makes it more feasible in
comparison to other wireless routing protocols.
Its deployment in a wireless environment would need some
mesh enabled (802.11s supported) routers to configure it as
per required. Currently, using a 802.11s standard in a router
and placing it in a mesh network would be totally dependent
on the user. As it is an open source protocol which means
anyone can implement it in any firmware above mentioned in
the paper that he/she feels is easy to implement and readily
available in the market.
This paper ends up by giving in the depth insight into the
802.11s working architecture, its benefits, the bottlenecks of
this protocol and its remaining inadequacy in congestion
control, availability of channel in crowded environments and
then gaining the access of the medium. Although HWMP tried
to optimize these problems by using reactive and proactive
protocol simultaneously, and these following points took
decision according to the environmental constraints in a
network. But as this protocol is still in its developing phase,
future enhancements still are required in the:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MAC handling
Multi-channel operation
Seamless handover
Intra-mesh congestion control
End-to-end QOS limitations
Power management
Routing security and end-to-end security
[13] C. Jerry,H . Brett, A. Mehran,” Experimental evaluation of IEEE
802.11s path selection protocols in a mesh testbed”, Faculty of
Informatics, University of Wollongong, 2010
809
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The Task group S of IEEE is still working hard to overcome
the above mentioned challenges. And hopefully it is expected
to be launched officially next year with all the problems
resolved in this standard, and after that this protocol would be
a worldwide standard used in all futuristic wireless devices.
https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500