2023 final 1회
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[21]
밑줄 친 Two losses from among thousands.가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한
것은?
Today the existential threat to the world’s musics is compared to the threat hanging
over its spoken languages, which are dying out so fast that most of the existing six
thousand will have gone by the end of this century. Moreover, its loss is comparable
to the loss of a biological species: as the expression of a particular society, and of a
particular way of thinking and feeling, each music is a living organism which, if it
withers, may not be capable of resuscitation. What tourist in present-day Ibiza would
imagine that within living memory its villages echoed at Christmas with male-voice
carols growled in a unique throat-trill style? Visitors to Malta before its culture
became Europeanised would have been treated to g ana competitions, with male
singers competing to deliver impromptu rhymed verses with a killer punch. Local
folklorists are now trying to revive this art-form, but the social impulse which
motivated it has gone for ever. Two losses, from among thousands.
① People in Ibiza and Malta will not switch to Western music.
② European societies do worry about the loss of folk musics.
③ The folk musics of Ibiza and Malta sound strange to Western ears.
④ There are still alternatives to the lost musics of Ibiza and Malta.
⑤ Like other extinct musics, those of Ibiza and Malta have died out.
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[22]
다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Whenever we can trust someone to pursue only what he or she wants, we can find it
difficult to trust that person at all. Conversely, the person who demonstrates a
commitment to high principles above all else is thoroughly trustworthy and, because
of it, an asset to their organization. Indeed, organizations depend on most of their
members to act on principle most of the time, otherwise they could not function.
Without individual member self-control, organizations would disintegrate. Policing is
just too costly and stifling. These realities lead to an important reality: individuals
have an obligation to subordinate their immediate wants to ideals such as honesty,
cooperation, and fair play. To do well, people working in organizations must be free
to act and that freedom requires everyone to choose right over wrong.
① 조직 구성원의 도덕성을 객관적으로 평가하는 것은 매우 어렵다.
② 조직이 추구하는 가치는 구성원이 납득할 수 있는 것이어야 한다.
③ 자신의 진정한 욕구를 표현하지 않는 조직 구성원은 신뢰하기 어렵다.
④ 조직은 구성원이 자발적으로 숭고한 원칙을 따를 때 잘 돌아갈 수 있다.
⑤ 조직의 가치를 따를지를 결정할 자유가 모든 구성원에게 주어져야 한다.
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[23]
다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Suppose a newspaper headline reported —“Number of Christians in the World
Increases.” The article does not tell you how the researchers decided whom to count
as a Christian. You have to guess. Did the researchers mail a questionnaire to all the
Christian churches in the world asking for membership totals? This way of counting
would miss everyone who considers himself or herself a Christian but who doesn’t
belong to a specific church, and it would over- count those persons who belong to
more than one church. Did the researchers instead do a small poll of New Orleans and
then assume that the rest of the world is like New Orleans as far as religion is
concerned? There are many other operations they could have used to count Christians.
The operation or method the researchers used could make a difference to their count.
That is, the operationalization of the term Christian would make a difference in what
the study says is the total number of Christians.
① differences in statistics caused by research operation
② importance of defining the research terms used in reports
③ difficulties in studying diverse religious behaviors across cultures
④ statistical methods used in both social and scientific research
⑤ requirements of representative samples for an entire population
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[24]
다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
To many people, the term climate change is too bland. It doesn’t convey the urgency
of the global catastrophe already unfolding— how the world is changing or why.
Atmospheric scientist Katharine Hayhoe used the more descriptive phrase “global
weirding” in her web series about what is happening to our environment. In May 2019,
the Guardian announced that it would no longer use the phrase “climate change.”
Instead, it would cover the “climate emergency, crisis, or breakdown.” A number of
other publications followed its lead. In June of the same year, Public Citizen, a
nonprofit think tank based in Washington, DC, sent a letter to the presidents and CEOs
of the major television networks, reminding them that “the words your reporters and
anchors use matter. What they call something shapes how millions see it—and how
entire nations act.” The letter urged the networks to “call the climate crisis
transforming the Earth exactly what it is: a climate crisis.” A number of environmental
groups, including Greenpeace, the Sunrise Movement, and the Sierra Club signed the
letter.
① The Pace of Climate Change: Now Out of Control
② Do We Really Know the Cause of Climate Change?
③ Crisis, Not Change: The Word the Media Use Matters
④ How Media Reports Conceal the Global Climate Crisis
⑤ Climate Crisis Warnings: Not Interesting Enough to Attract Attention
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[29]
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
It is important that a collecting archive define clearly its acquisition scope and that the
document that articulates this be made publicly available. As a public statement of
intent, the policy gives notice ①that the repository intends proactively to develop its
holdings in a specific way. However, there are one or two issues worth considering.
First you should ensure that you are not setting ②yourself up to compete with the
acquisitions policy of another organisation. New archives, for obvious reasons, are
hungry for material but it is in the interest neither of the records nor of the user ③has
fragmented subject areas. It is even more important not to split individual collections
between different repositories, ④unless their media (e.g. sound archives) need special
storage. The dictates of source should be followed here: additional deposits to
collections should follow the earlier ones. It is rarely ⑤sound to split archives: a split
archive can result in the loss of evidence and the confusion of the user.
[30]
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
many forager societies, children, especially somewhat older children, contribute to the
family economy. But to allow them to do so, they are provided with equipment
①appropriate to their size, strength, skill level, and local ecology: fishing lines or
spears, nets, baskets, and the like. They learn by doing, but what they do is engineered
by adult experts via their equipment ②supply. Children are taken on adult foraging
expeditions, and these are sometimes modified to make the trips safer or more
educational for the children, and on these trips, these children are ③exposed to an
enormous amount of hunting lore just through being part of adult conversational circles.
Indeed, in some cultures hunting skill is passed on through something like ④explicit
apprenticeship. Children often begin to learn craft skills by first helping their adult
relatives, combining practice with observation: again, learning by doing, but with
⑤novice adults organizing the sequence with which skills are acquired.
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[31]
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The work of the artist is to see into the life of things, I suppose, what the scientist
Rupert Sheldrake would call “morphic resonance”— the inner life of the thing that
cannot be explained away biologically, chemically, or physically. I’d call it “imaginative
reality.” The reality of the imagination leaves nothing out. It is the most ________
reality we can know. The artist is physical; and it is in the work of true artists, in
whatever medium, that we find the most moving and poignant studies of the world that
we can touch and feel, whether human or natural. When Cezanne paints an apple or a
tree, he doesn’t paint a copy of an apple or a tree; he paints its reality, the whole that
it is, the whole that is lost to us as we walk past it, eat it, and chop it down. It’s through
the artist, who lives more intensely than the rest of us, that we can rediscover the
intensity of the physical world.
① unwelcomed
② scientific
③ simple
④ complete
⑤ immediate
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[32]
The need to find order in the world appears to be inseparable from the hunger to see
the world in terms of centre and periphery. The most primordial of such ‘spatial
hierarchies’ may be our personal knowledge that everyone and everything is, to a
lesser or greater extent, distant from our own body. This self-centred view of the
world is overlaid for most of us by the knowledge that, in the eyes of others, we
________. People in Newcastle, where I live, have a highly developed sense that they
are perceived by people in the south of England as being on the periphery (and they
aren’t wrong: in the south I have been asked how I can endure life ‘beyond the tree
line’). It is annoying to be peripheral. But it can usually be tempered by claims of
centrality that take place at other scales (after all, Newcastle is the capital of the
North East region).
① are outside the centre
② claim a false centrality
③ serve as a measurement
④ pose a threat to their ego
⑤ verify their territorial rights
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[33]
Behavioral economists sometimes write of human beings as subject to “framing
effects,” meaning that the presentation of the alternatives influences our choices. For
instance, we often choose more conservatively if the very same opportunity is
described to us as a gain of something rather than as a loss of something. Or the
presence of a very-high-calorie item on a menu —which we don’t order —makes us
feel less guilty about later getting dessert. Usually the presumption is that framing
effects are to be avoided. To be sure, many framing effects are irrational but framing
effects help put the guts into our lives. We spend time and energy framing things in
the right way so that we can enjoy them more or learn more from them. Framing helps
us care and it gives meaning to our experiences. If you can’t afford that new sedan,
and you are instead preparing for bad times and staying at home, good framing is how
to make that work for you. Good mental ordering is ________.
① how you can create your own set of frames
② what frees you from negative framing effects
③ how you can save time when making decisions
④ why you feel less guilty about your past choices
⑤ what helps you figure out potential competitors
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2023 final 1회
[34]
There are some reasons for profits to lag a little behind GDP. No company likes to
report falling profits. When companies suspect times may be getting tougher—they
see inventories pile up or sales slow — they will begin to tighten their belts. They will
take longer to hire new people, be slower to order supplies and materials, or even
wait a little bit before paying their bills. All this tends to soften, for a time, the impact
of falling business in falling profits. Further, for a lot of companies, accounting is not
as simple as adding up the numbers in the ledgers. There are numerous adjustments
and judgments to be made. In other words, it is quite easy, and completely legal and
proper, to “manage earnings.” This is a fancy way of saying that when times get tough,
some companies can ________ even though things are falling all around them.
① temporarily suspend their business operations
② regularly pay wages and bills by means of loans
③ easily maintain appearances for a quarter or two
④ legally ask investors to make additional funding
⑤ purposely deceive shareholders without getting caught
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[36]
주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The habitual liar lies so frequently that he has lost sight of what he is doing much of
the time. In most cases, if he actually thought about it, he would realize he was lying.
But he doesn’t much care whether what he’s saying is true or false.
(A) So while it’s hard to detect the physical and vocal clues in a habitual liar, it’s easier
to spot his inconsistencies. Listen carefully and ask yourself whether the liar is
contradicting himself and whether what he’s saying makes sense. Asking a third party
about the liar’s stories will also help you confirm your suspicions.
(B) But because he gives so little thought to his lies and they come so thick and fast,
the habitual liar doesn’t bother to keep track of them. As a result they are often
inconsistent and obvious.
(C) He simply says whatever comes to mind. Because he doesn’t care that he’s lying,
the habitual liar will give very few, if any, physical or vocal clues that he’s being
dishonest.
① (A) ― (C) ― (B)
② (B) ― (A) ― (C)
③ (B) ― (C) ― (A)
④ (C) ― (A) ― (B)
⑤ (C) ― (B) ― (A)
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[37]
Let me be fanciful for a moment and imagine the source of imitation theories, in their
crude form at least, in some primitive man’s judgment upon a friend’s wood carving:
“Yes, that looks very much like a bull. Congratulations.”
(A) Would a series of vital statistics indicating the size and shape of the average bull
be truer than the impression? Would the essence of a bull be preferable to a particular
bull? The first artist to answer, “Well, that’s the way I see the bull,” is probably lost
somewhere in prehistory, but his perspective is still valid.
(B) The appearance of another carving must have occasioned a comparison: “This is
a better bull than that one.” If asked what he meant by “better,” the speaker might
well have answered: “Why, this one is more like a bull than the other.”
(C) There is cause, however, to wonder whether the answer discloses the real reasons
for his preference. The criterion of accuracy is itself subject to various interpretations.
Would the painstaking representation of a bull with, say, each hair on its back clearly
described be more accurate than a general impression of a bull?
① (A) ― (C) ― (B)
② (B) ― (A) ― (C)
③ (B) ― (C) ― (A)
④ (C) ― (A) ― (B)
⑤ (C) ― (B) ― (A)
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[38]
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
Failure of bone involves either a single traumatic event or the accumulation of
microfractures.
The strength of bone or any other material is defined by the failure point or the load
sustained before failure. ( ① ) The overall ability of bone to bear a load depends on
having sufficient bone mass with adequate material properties as well as fiber
arrangement that resist loading possibilities in different directions. ( ② ) The failure
of bone depends on the type of load imposed; there is actually no standardized strength
value for bone because the measurement is so dependent on the type of bone and
testing site. ( ③ ) Thus, both fracture and fatigue behaviors of bone are important.
( ④ ) Strength of bone is provided by the mineralization of its tissue: the greater the
tissue mineral content, the stiffer and stronger the material. ( ⑤ ) If bone becomes too
mineralized, however, it becomes brittle and does not give during impact loading.
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[39]
Participants inevitably bring their social experiences with privilege and disadvantage
into the dialogue.
Intergroup dialogue provides a hopeful blueprint for engaging in difficult and often
avoided conversations. Yet, there is an additional question. ( ① ) How do we deal with
differences within dialogue groups that mirror the differences and inequalities in the
wider society? ( ② ) Intergroup dialogue has a social justice framework that
interrogates why inequalities exist across social groups. ( ③ ) Students are challenged
to understand that race-ethnicity and gender differences that they read about and
encounter usually reflect differences in the lived experiences and the social realities
of various groups from which participants come to dialogue courses. ( ④ )
Disagreements in dialogue often emerge from differential access to social power and
from social inequalities in society. ( ⑤ ) Those experiences can affect who speaks,
who interrupts, who remains silent, and who dominates the discourse, especially at
the outset of dialogue.
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[40]
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절
한 것은?
The thesis that football is fictional in character must not be combined with the clearly
misguided idea that football is a fiction in the ordinary sense of the word. Ordinarily,
calling something “a fiction” means judging it to be something that is not real,
something that is made up or imagined. We can call this the naive ordinary language
account. The account of the adventures of Anna Karenina, in the book of the same
name written by Leo Tolstoy, is a fiction. The novel does not describe events that
took place. Furthermore, the names Anna Karenina, Alexei Vronsky, etc., do not refer
to anyone who ever lived (in our world). Tolstoy made it all up. Unlike fictional
characters and events as they are depicted in literature, fiction film, etc., footballers
and football matches are real. They exist in this world and not merely in some fictional
universe. Sport is, as Lev Kreft puts it, “real action” where “athletes appear and
perform as themselves” and not as “dramatic personae.”
Football athletes are ____(A)____ in their play but that does not mean that they exist
in _____(B)_____ narratives.
(A)
(B)
① adventurous
……
real-life
② adventurous
……
lengthy
③ progressive
……
written
④ dramatic
……
imaginary
⑤ dramatic
……
well-known
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[41~42] [지문]
다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
One strong temptation, when struggling with a difficult crossword puzzle, is to consider
each clue in isolation. It would seem so much (a)easier to make progress if we didn’t
have to make answers interlock, and there is nothing more frustrating than discovering
that what seemed a perfectly plausible answer to “one down” doesn’t fit with an
equally plausible proposal for “three across.” But while we may feel we are making
progress by considering each clue in isolation, this progress is, of course, (b) illusory:
the proposed solutions won’t fit together merely by happy accident. And, of course, if
we do make the clues fit together successfully, then the last few clues will fall into
place straightforwardly; so while progress (c) initially seems harder, it ultimately turns
out to be easier, because we can exploit the mutual constraints between the different
clues to our advantage.
It seems that many mainstream approaches to language have been tempted into an
illusory sense of progress, analogous to solving crossword clues in isolation. Of course,
sometimes it may be (d) useful to consider clues in isolation just to get some options
on the table. And some genuine insights have been reached in this way, even though
they do not always fit together into a bigger picture. However, going down this
“isolationist route” has its (e)advantages. Once started, such a strategy is difficult to
stop because it requires unpicking proposals that may seem defensible when
considered in isolation, but turn out to be incompatible when considered together. It
is far easier to continue to insist that the clues should be considered in isolation, and
not as part of an interlocking puzzle at all.
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[41]
윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Crossword Puzzles: Similar to Real-World Problems
② Approaches to Language Focused on Isolated Word Uses
③ Why It Is Fitting to Record Each Clue in Language Studies
④ Accuracy over Speed: The Key to Solving Crossword Puzzles
⑤ Importance of Interlocking Clues in Approaches to Language
[42]
밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
① (a)
② (b)
③ (c)
④ (d)
⑤ (e)
17