Renewable
Energy
Wind Energy
DO MINH THU
Content:
I.
Overview:
1.
2.
What is renewable energy?
Why is renewable energy of interest?
II.
Few common sources of renewable energy.
III.
Wind energy in Vietnam
Source: United Nation & IRENA
I. OVERVIEW:
1. What is Renewable Energy?
•
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished
at a higher rate than they are consumed.
•
Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable
resources that take hundreds of millions of years to form
I. OVERVIEW:
2. Why is renewable energy of interest?
•
All around us
•
Cheaper
•
Healthier
•
Creates jobs
•
Makes economic sense
Renewable energy – powering a safer future
Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, emit little to no greenhouse
gases, are readily available and in most cases cheaper than coal, oil or gas.
Renewable energy sources are all around us
Renewable energy sources are available in all
countries, and their potential is yet to be fully
harnessed. The International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that 90
percent of the world’s electricity can and
should come from renewable energy by 2050.
Renewables offer a way out of import
dependency, allowing countries to diversify
their economies and protect them from the
unpredictable price swings of fossil fuels,
while driving inclusive economic growth, new
jobs, and poverty alleviation.
Renewable energy is cheaper
Renewable energy actually is the cheapest power
option in most parts of the world today. Prices for
renewable energy technologies are dropping
rapidly. The cost of electricity from solar power fell
by 85 percent between 2010 and 2020. Costs of
onshore and offshore wind energy fell by 56 percent
and 48 percent respectively.
Cheap electricity from renewable sources could
provide 65 percent of the world’s total electricity
supply by 2030. It could decarbonize 90 percent of
the power sector by 2050, massively cutting carbon
emissions and helping to mitigate climate change.
(Says the International Energy Agency (IEA))
Renewable energy is healthier
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), about 99 percent of people in the
world breathe air that exceeds air quality
limits and threatens their health
The unhealthy levels of fine particulate
matter and nitrogen dioxide originate mainly
from the burning of fossil fuels. In 2018, air
pollution from fossil fuels caused $2.9 trillion
in health and economic costs, about $8
billion a day.
Switching to clean sources of energy, such as
wind and solar, thus helps address not only
climate change but also air pollution and
health.
Renewable energy creates jobs
Every dollar of investment in renewables creates three
times more jobs than in the fossil fuel industry. The IEA
estimates that the transition towards net-zero emissions
will lead to an overall increase in energy sector jobs: while
about 5 million jobs in fossil fuel production could be lost
by 2030, an estimated 14 million new jobs would be created
in clean energy, resulting in a net gain of 9 million jobs.
In addition, energy-related industries would require a
further 16 million workers, for instance to take on new roles
in manufacturing of electric vehicles and hyper-efficient
appliances or in innovative technologies such as hydrogen.
This means that a total of more than 30 million jobs could
be created in clean energy, efficiency, and low-emissions
technologies by 2030.
Ensuring a just transition, placing the needs and rights of
people at the heart of the energy transition, will be
paramount to make sure no one is left behind.
Renewable energy makes economic sense
About $4.5 trillion a year needs to be invested
in renewable energy until 2030 – including
investments in technology and infrastructure
– to allow us to reach net-zero emissions by
2050.
The upfront cost can be daunting for many
countries with limited resources, and many
will need financial and technical support to
make the transition. But investments in
renewable energy will pay off. The reduction
of pollution and climate impacts alone could
save the world up to $4.2 trillion per year by
2030.
II. FEW COMMON SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:
1.
SOLAR ENERGY
2.
WIND ENERGY
3.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
4.
HYDROPOWER
5.
OCEAN ENERGY
6.
BIOENERGY
1. SOLAR ENERGY
•
Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy resources and can even
be harnessed in cloudy weather. The rate at which solar energy is
intercepted by the Earth is about 10,000 times greater than the rate at
which humankind consumes energy.
•
Solar technologies can deliver heat, cooling, natural lighting, electricity, and
fuels for a host of applications. Solar technologies convert sunlight into
electrical energy either through photovoltaic panels or through mirrors that
concentrate solar radiation.
•
The cost of manufacturing solar panels has plummeted dramatically in the
last decade, making them not only affordable but often the cheapest form of
electricity. Solar panels have a lifespan of roughly 30 years, and come in
variety of shades depending on the type of material used in manufacturing.
2. WIND ENERGY
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air by
using large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in sea- or
freshwater (offshore). Wind energy has been used for millennia,
but onshore and offshore wind energy technologies have evolved
over the last few years to maximize the electricity produced - with
taller turbines and larger rotor diameters.
•
Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds, but the best
locations for generating wind power are sometimes remote ones.
Offshore wind power offers tremendous potential.
•
3. GEOTHERMAL EERGY
Geothermal energy utilizes the accessible thermal energy
from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted from geothermal
reservoirs using wells or other means.
Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and permeable
are called hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas reservoirs that
are sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic
stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems.
Once at the surface, fluids of various temperatures can be
used to generate electricity. The technology for electricity
generation from hydrothermal reservoirs is mature and
reliable, and has been operating for more than 100 years.
4. HYDROPOWER
Hydropower harnesses the energy of water moving from higher to lower
elevations. It can be generated from reservoirs and rivers. Reservoir
hydropower plants rely on stored water in a reservoir, while run-of-river
hydropower plants harness energy from the available flow of the river.
Hydropower reservoirs often have multiple uses - providing drinking
water, water for irrigation, flood and drought control, navigation services,
as well as energy supply.
Hydropower currently is the largest source of renewable energy in the
electricity sector. It relies on generally stable rainfall patterns, and can be
negatively impacted by climate-induced droughts or changes to
ecosystems which impact rainfall patterns.
The infrastructure needed to create hydropower can also impact on
ecosystems in adverse ways. For this reason, many consider small-scale
hydro a more environmentally-friendly option, and especially suitable for
communities in remote locations.
5. OCEAN ENERGY
Ocean energy derives from technologies that use the kinetic and
thermal energy of seawater - waves or currents for instance - to
produce electricity or heat.
Ocean energy systems are still at an early stage of development,
with a number of prototype wave and tidal current devices being
explored. The theoretical potential for ocean energy
easily exceeds present human energy requirements.
6. BIOENERGY
Bioenergy is produced from a variety of organic materials, called
biomass, such as wood, charcoal, dung and other manures for
heat and power production, and agricultural crops for liquid
biofuels. Most biomass is used in rural areas for cooking, lighting
and space heating, generally by poorer populations in developing
countries.
Modern biomass systems include dedicated crops or trees,
residues from agriculture and forestry, and various organic waste
streams.
Energy created by burning biomass creates greenhouse gas
emissions, but at lower levels than burning fossil fuels like coal,
oil or gas. However, bioenergy should only be used in limited
applications, given potential negative environmental impacts
related to large-scale increases in forest and bioenergy
plantations, and resulting deforestation and land-use change.
III. WIND ENERGY IN VIETNAM
INTRODUCTION
Vietnam has great potential for wind energy source and has developed many wind power projects in recent years. With a
coastline of more than 3,000 km and many areas with stable wind speeds, Vietnam is considered one of the countries with
favorable conditions for wind power development in Southeast Asia. Currently, our country has both onshore and offshore wind
power. Some areas with high wind potential include:
-
Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan: These are two provinces with very good wind conditions, many wind power projects have come into
operation.
-
Bac Lieu: Famous for offshore wind power fields, attracting many tourists.
-
Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Ca Mau: The coastal provinces in the West are also strongly developing offshore wind power.
The Vietnamese government is promoting investment in renewable energy, including wind power, to reduce dependence on
coal-fired thermal power and move towards sustainable development.
III. WIND ENERGY IN VIETNAM
INTRODUCTION
WB assesses Vietnam has great potential for offshore wind power
According to the World Bank (WB), Vietnam's offshore wind power potential is about 600 GW, and this energy source
is expected to provide 12% of the country's total electricity output by 2035.
As the WB analysis team said, Vietnam has attracted international attention with its renewable energy plans, but
delayed policies have caused some potential investors to reconsider their plans.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade is also finalizing legal documents, creating conditions for domestic and foreign
investors to participate, determined to build an offshore wind power industry, making Vietnam a regional offshore wind
power hub.
III. WIND ENERGY IN VIETNAM
INTRODUCTION
In the below content, I would like to present some notable points in the study which was commissioned and
supervised by Innovation Norway and the Norwegian Embassy in Hanoi, named “Offshore wind supply
chains for fast-track scenario in Vietnam”
The study was conducted by Offshore Wind Consultant Limited (OWC) - a specialized and global consultant
offering project development services, owner’s engineering, TDD and LTA services to developers, investors
and lenders in wind, solar, hydrogen, and energy storage projects.
(*) The flowcharts with all the recommended activities to achieve the 2030 Scenario and 2035 scenario are
provided in the figures below:
III. WIND ENERGY IN VIETNAM
INTRODUCTION
(*) The flowcharts with all the recommended activities to achieve the 2030 Scenario
and 2035 scenario are provided in the figures in next slides:
Recommendation of the steps for the 2030 Scenario
Offshore wind related facilities:
-
Offshore legal and financial framework:
Upgrade of the existing grid infrastructure
Upgrade the port infrastructure partially given
short timeframe
Local supply chain manufacturing (foundation
fabrication and tower manufacturing)
-
Investment approval, procurement procedure
Pricing mechanism, subsidizing strategy for
enterprises
Marine spatial planning
Promotion of supply chain incentives
Strengthening the local workforce and raising public
awareness:
-
Engagement with Universities and international
players through even and conferences
Promoting renewable energy in the media
Recommendation of next steps for the 2035 Scenario
Offshore legal and financial framework:
Offshore wind related facilities:
-
Upgrade of the existing grid infrastructure
Upgrade the port infrastructure partially given
short timeframe
Local supply chain manufacturing (foundation,
tower, blade fabrication & nacelle assembly)
-
Investment approval, procurement procedure
Pricing mechanism, subsidizing strategy for
enterprises
Marine spatial planning
Promotion of supply chain incentives
Strengthening the local workforce and raising public
awareness:
-
Engagement with Universities and international
players through even and conferences
Promoting renewable energy in the media
Offshore wind farm components
Offshore wind farm components
Vietnam boasts a pre-existing supply chain
in parallel industries with synergies to
offshore wind, including oil and gas and
onshore wind. This suggests the country’s
potential
to
leverage
its
existing
experience in parallel industries to supply
and facilitate the development of offshore
wind projects.
• Potential wind farm projects in
the North and the South
Potential wind farm locations – overview
Northern Region:
Southern Region:
•
Mainly developed hydroelectric and thermal
power projects
•
Possess high potential of renewable energy
especially in Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan areas
•
Seaports in Hai Phong and Quang Ninh:
•
Ninh Thuan also has potential to develop
international ports to serve the offshore wind
industry.
•
Southern economic focal area - Ho Chi Minh City,
Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh, Ba Ria – Vung Tau and Binh
Duong - which are power consumption centers
•
Ho Chi Minh and Ba Ria – Vung Tau ports:
•
•
well-suited for researching and receiving
technology transfers, domesticating
mechanical engineering products, and
supplying equipment for renewable energy
power plants, particularly offshore wind
power.
Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Hai Duong, etc.:
being a power consumption centers
•
Specialized in shipbuilding and fabricating
large scale maritime and oil & gas
equipment and vessels
•
Their recent contracts in manufacturing
offshore wind components (including jacket
foundations and OSS) are proof of the
existing capabilities and beginning of an
offshore wind supply chain
Overall Offshore Wind Supply Chain status in Vietnam
1. Foundation supply/fabrication
•Needs substantial investments
2. Nacelle assembly
•Could be a favorable opportunity for Vietnam
3. WTG nacelle components fabrication
•This area is very specialized, and dependent on the strategy of some major WTG
suppliers.
4. WTG blades
•There has been no factory to manufacture the blades in Vietnam
5. Tower assembly
•Towers in Vietnam have been produced for smaller onshore WTGs.
6. Subsea cables
•Currently there are no submarine cables manufacturers in Vietnam.
Overall Offshore Wind Supply Chain status in Vietnam
7. Port and Harbors
• Vietnam boasts robust port infrastructures.
8. WTG and foundation installation vessel
• There is no shipbuilding of WTG and foundation installation vessels in
Vietnam.
9. Offshore substation
• PTSC in Vung Tau is currently building the first OSS for offshore wind from
2022.
10. Onshore electrical infrastructures
• This aspect is expected to be undertaken by local companies
11. Operation, maintenance, service
• Vietnam is having some favorable conditions for future offshore projects
Focus category selection for Vietnam:
4 areas which are considered as those with most potential to reach advanced
development in the scenarios proposed.
Port
Foundation
Supply
Tower Supply
Nacelle
Assembly
FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Offshore Wind Ports in Vietnam
2. Suppliers
Offshore Wind
Ports in Vietnam
•
Master scheme on seaport system in
2021-2030 with a vision towards 2050
(Decision No. 804/QD-TTg)
Offshore Wind Ports – example:
Global Energy Group's (GEG) North Fabrication
division has started fabrication of two J-tube frames
for the 882MW Moray West offshore wind farm, with a
steel cutting at the Port of Nigg, Scotland. (2023)
Offshore Wind Ports in Vietnam
• Ports’functions:
Assembly / Marshalling:
example - The Port of Esbjerg in
Denmark
Fabrication / Manufacturing:
example - Samkang Shipyard, Korea
Operation & Maintenance (O&M):
example - The Port of Peterhead –
O&M hub for the Hywind Scotland
project
Notes: Colour-coding methodology for
Ports
Northern Ports suitability assessment
Offshore Wind Ports in Vietnam
Overall findings
The Northern ports, including those in the Hai Phong cluster,
currently demonstrate a low interest in supporting the
offshore wind industry. This is understandable considering the
uncertainty of the country’s offshore wind policy framework
and route to market.
Nevertheless, given the fact that most of the country’s steel
resources are in the north or imported from other northern
countries, such as China, Korea, and Japan, the northern
ports could become the country’s logistics hub for
foundations or tower if fabrication facilities are established.
Such a strategic move - entering the foundation fabrication
sector - could position them as the preferred ports for
upcoming offshore wind projects, making Hai Phong &
Quang Ninh port areas to some extent, a crucial element in
Vietnam's Offshore Wind Roadmap.
Final port selection
Southern Ports suitability assessment
Offshore Wind Ports in Vietnam
Overall findings
In contrast, Southern ports suggest a more favorable
inclination, likely influenced by the established presence of
the oil and gas sector. A notable location could be the Vung
Tau Port cluster, where PTSC is pioneering in the offshore wind
industry. With a robust infrastructure, well-established facilities,
and a wealth of experience, the ports in Vung Tau could
position themselves as capable and reliable partners in the
offshore renewable energy sector. Their diverse service
offerings could cover the entire project lifecycle, showcasing
a commitment to sustainable energy development in
Vietnam.
Final port selection
SUPPLIERS
•
Vietnam’s current supply chain strengths lay within the
manufacturing of fixed-bottom offshore wind
foundations. A few identified suppliers have already
been awarded contracts to supply such structures to
other regional markets.
•
Vietnamese suppliers have established relationships
with other international players aiming to exchange
experience and knowledge, which will facilitate the
development of the domestic supply chain. Semco
Maritime and PTSC have forged such a partnership for
the delivery of two offshore substations for the Hai
Long project in Taiwan. •
•
Vietnam’s capabilities to provide wind turbine units
(nacelle and blade) are limited as there is no
manufacturing facility present in the market. A
significant investment will be required to establish such
facilities, which could require up to 3 years to be fully
operational.
Colour-coding methodology for Suppliers
Supplier size categorization
SUPPLIERS
Readiness of the Vietnamese supply chain
(Note: 1 = low supply chain capabilities, and 5 = high
supply chain capabilities (i.e., ready to use))
APPENDIXES 1:
PORT INFORMATION
APPENDIXES 2
SUPPLIER INFORMATION
Thank you!