BIOLOGY
SUMMER
PROJECT
[COMPANY NAME]
11T
Table of Contents
What is a Disease?
What is a Disease .............................................................................................................3
-A condition impairing normal function of the body,
identifiable by specific signs and symptoms.
What is Pathogen .............................................................................................................4
How the Body protects itself from Pathogen ......................................................5
Disease cause by Pathogen..........................................................................................6
Immunity Types ...............................................................................................................7
Types of Diseases ............................................................................................................8
Treatment and Control of Diseases .........................................................................9
Mosquitoes and there effect in the Ecosystem .................................... 10-18
Social Implications of Diseases………………………………………………………...19
Glossary…………………………………………………………20
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What is a Pathogen?
- Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites that cause diseases.
How the Body Protects
Itself from Pathogens?
-Skin: Physical barrier.
- White Blood Cells: Phagocytes and
lymphocytes destroy pathogens.
- Antibodies: Neutralize specific pathogens.
- Immune System: Identifies and eliminates
invaders.
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Diseases Caused by
Pathogens
Immunity Types
- Bacteria: Releases toxins that damage tissues.
- Artificial Immunity: Acquired via vaccinations.
- Virus: Infects and replicates inside host cells.
- Active Immunity: Develops from exposure to
pathogens.
- Fungi: Can cause contagious skin conditions like
athlete’s foot.
- Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity transferred
from another source (e.g., mother’s milk).
- Protists: Infect other organisms to survive.
- Natural Immunity: Acquired through exposure to
pathogens.
Types of Diseases
- Pathogenic Diseases: Caused by pathogens (e.g.,
influenza, malaria).
Treatment and Control
of Diseases
- Deficiency Diseases: Caused by lack of nutrients
(e.g., scurvy).
- Pathogenic Diseases: Treated with antibiotics,
antivirals, antifungals, and controlled with
vaccinations and hygiene.
- Hereditary Diseases: Passed through genes (e.g.,
cystic fibrosis).
- Deficiency Diseases: Treated with supplements
and dietary changes.
- Physiological Diseases: Affect body functions (e.g.,
diabetes, hypertension).
- Hereditary Diseases: Managed with gene therapy,
medications, and genetic counseling.
- Physiological Diseases: Managed with lifestyle
changes, diet, exercise, and medications.
Mosquitoes and their effect
on our Ecosystem
Anopheles Egg
Lateral Floaters: Helps the egg to stay afloat
Anatomy of an Mosquito
Pupa
Treatment and Control
of Diseases
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Respiratory Trumpet
Antenna: Detects environmental changes.
Palps: Senses food and environmental changes (used
with antenna).
Palmate Hairs: Aids in breathing.
Ventral Brush: Finds tiny food particles in water.
Spiracles: Helps larvae breathe.
Pecten: Creates water currents to bring food closer.
Dorsal Brush: Filters food as larvae moves.
Anal Papillae: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
in water.
Habitat and Anatomy of a
Adult Female Mosquito
Habitat:
Body Parts:
 Antenna: Senses environmental changes (weather, time
of day, etc.).
 Abdomen and Mesonotum: Contain vital organs.
 Wings: Enable flight.
 Maxillary Palps: Help detect hosts (with antennae).
 Proboscis: Female mosquitoes use to secrete saliva and
suck blood.
Habitat:
- Live in forests, marshes, swamps, and tall grasses.
- Live in forests, marshes, swamps, and tall
grasses.
- Prefer areas with still water for egg-laying.
HOW MOSQUITOES
SPREAD DISEASES
Treatment and Control
of Diseases
Immune System Response to Mosquito Bites:
- Pathogenic Diseases: Treated with antibiotics,
antivirals, antifungals, and controlled with
vaccinations and hygiene.
- Mosquito saliva triggers:
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Histamine release, causing itching and swelling
- Immune system responses:
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Th1 Response: fights intracellular parasites and
autoimmune responses
Th2 Response: eradicates extracellular parasites and
bacterial infections
- White blood cells involved:
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Neutrophils: kill and eat bacteria and fungi
Monocytes: destroy germs and bacteria, alerting
other cells to prevent infection
Mast cells: play a key role in responding to bacteria
and parasites, controlling immune responses
- Deficiency Diseases: Treated with supplements
and dietary changes.
- Hereditary Diseases: Managed with gene therapy,
medications, and genetic counseling.
- Physiological Diseases: Managed with lifestyle
changes, diet, exercise, and medications.
Vector Control
Vector control is any methods to limit or eradicate the
mammals, birds, insects or other arthropods.
Vector Control Methods
1. Source Reduction: Eliminate breeding sites by
covering water storage, removing stagnant
water, and filling puddles.
2. Insecticides: Spray pyrethroids indoors and
outdoors to kill adult mosquitoes.
3. Personal Protection: Wear protective clothing
like long sleeves, pants, and socks during peak
mosquito hours.
4. Fogging: Outdoor spraying with insecticides to
reduce adult mosquito populations.
Social Implications of
Diseases
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Environmental Implications
1. Ecosystem imbalance and biodiversity loss
1. Loss of productivity and labor shortages
2. Increased pesticide and antibiotic use, leading to
environmental degradation
2. Loss of livelihoods, income, and food security
(especially for farmers)
3. Deforestation and habitat loss due to crop failure
and agricultural expansion
3. Increased burden on healthcare systems and
malnutrition
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Economic Implications
1. Reduced agricultural output and lower farmer
income
2. High costs of disease management (vaccines,
treatments, quarantines)
3. Supply chain disruptions and shortages in raw
materials
Glossary
Immunoglobulins: Proteins (antibodies) providing immunity.
Natural Immunity: Immunity developed through exposure to pathogens.
Pandemic: Global spread of disease.
Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity transferred from another source.
Active Immunity: Immunity developed through direct exposure to
pathogens or vaccinations.
Antibiotics: Drugs targeting bacterial infections.
Antifungal: Drugs targeting fungal infections.
Antiviral: Drugs targeting viral infections.
Artificial Immunity: Immunity acquired through medical interventions.
Bacteria: Microorganisms causing diseases like tuberculosis,
pneumonia.
Pathogen: Microorganisms causing diseases.
Pathogenic Diseases: Diseases caused by harmful microorganisms.
Protists: Single-celled organisms causing diseases like malaria.
Quarantine: Isolation to prevent disease transmission.
Sanitation: Practices to prevent disease transmission.
Sterilization: Elimination of microorganisms.
Vaccination: Introduction of antigens to induce immunity.
Deficiency Diseases: Diseases caused by lack of essential nutrients.
Vector: Organism transmitting pathogens to hosts.
Disease: Condition impairing normal body function.
Virus: Tiny infectious agents causing diseases like influenza, HIV.
Epidemic: Widespread outbreak of disease.
Fungi: Organisms causing diseases like athlete's foot, ringworm.
Hereditary Diseases: Diseases passed down through genes.
Host: Organism infected by a pathogen.
Immune System: Body's defense network against pathogens.
Immunization: Process of inducing immunity through vaccination.