GEOLOGY FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
Prepared by:
NERISSA D. PAL, CE
Instructor, CE Department
(2nd Semester, A.Y. 2023-24)
CHAPTER 2: MINERALOGY
LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION
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Lesson 1
Mineralogy
- A scientific study of minerals, structure
(chemical and crystalline), properties
(physical), processes (origin, formation
&
occurrence),
classification
and
distribution, and uses.
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Lesson 1
Minerals
- This are naturally occurring, inorganic,
solid element or compound crystalline
substance, has definite atomic structure
and chemical composition.
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Lesson 1
Minerals
- Over 400 minerals exist in earth crust
- All are composed of oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium,
sodium and magnesium.
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Lesson 1
Classifications and Mineral Groups
 Rock Forming Minerals
- Minerals found in abundance of earth crust
- Forms igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic
rocks
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Lesson 1
Classifications and Mineral Groups
 Ore Forming Minerals
- Minerals that are or economic values
- Limited mode of occurrence
- Formed by more unusual processes
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Lesson 1
Classifications and Mineral Groups
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CHAPTER 2: MINERALOGY
LESSON 2:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
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Lesson 2
1. Color
- Not constant in most of the minerals
- Due to the stain or impurities in the minerals
- May indicate that mineral has undergone
peculiar phenomena
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Lesson 2
Play of Colors:
- Development of series or prismatic colors by
turning about in light
Change of Colors:
- Similar to play of colors but slower rotation
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Lesson 2
Iridescene:
- Show rainbow colors either in the interior or
on the surface
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Lesson 2
1. Color
Azurite is
distinguished by
its bright blue
color.
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Lesson 2
2. Streak
- Color of mineral powder
- Nearly constant than the color
- Determined by marking unglazed porcelain or
simply by scratching with a knife and observing
the powder color
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Lesson 2
2. Streak
The iron in
hematite makes it
produce a red
streak.
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Lesson 2
3. Lustre
- Description of how much a mineral reflects light
a. Metallic (Shiny)
i. Classy (vitreous) – like broken glass
ii. Metallic – like metal
iii. Pearly – like pearl
b. Non-metallic (Dull)
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Lesson 2
3. Lustre
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Lesson 2
4. Structure and Form (Habit)
- Denote the shape and form of minerals
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Lesson 2
4. Structure and Form (Habit)
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Lesson 2
4. Structure and Form (Habit)
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Lesson 2
4. Structure and Form (Habit)
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Lesson 2
4. Structure and Form (Habit)
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Lesson 2
5. Hardness
- Resistance of minerals to abrasion or scratching
- Measured relative to a scale of ten of minerals
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Lesson 2
5. Hardness
(Mohs Hardness Scale)
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Lesson 2
5. Hardness
The gypsum crystals of
Mohs Hardness 2 will
result to a scratch, if
scratched by a fingernail,
because a fingernail has
2.5 hardness.
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Lesson 2
5. Hardness
Quartz ca scratch a
window glass. But can be
scratched by Topaz
which has a higher Mohs
Number.
Quartz mineral has Moh’s
Hardness of 7.0.
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- The density of the mineral compared to the
density of water
- Metallic minerals have high SG, non-metallic
minerals have lower SG
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Lesson 2
6. Specific Gravity
Lesson 2
6. Specific Gravity
(Specific Gravity of Common Minerals)
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- Tendency of a crystallized mineral to break
along certain definite planes yielding more or
less smooth surfaces




Cubic
:
Octahedral
:
Dodecahedral :
Basal
:
3 cleavages
4 cleavages
6 cleavages
1 cleavage
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Lesson 2
7. Cleavage
Lesson 2
7. Cleavage
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Lesson 2
8. Fracture
- Defined as the appearance of its broken surface
a.
b.
c.
d.
Conchoidal: concentric rings or curved surface
Even: smooth and flat
Uneven: irregular surface
Splintery: breaks with a rough
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Lesson 2
8. Fracture
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Lesson 2
8. Fracture
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Lesson 2
8. Fracture
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Lesson 2
9. Tenacity
- Behavior of mineral when deformed or broken
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CHAPTER 2: MINERALOGY
LESSON 3:
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND
CRYSTALLINE SYSTEMS
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Lesson 3
Crystallography
- The science concerned with the
formation, properties, and structure of
crystals.
- Deals with the geometric forms of
crystals.
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Lesson 3
Mineral Crystal System
- Also called Mineral Habits.
- Refers to the way crystals form within a
specific mineral.
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Lesson 3
Mineral Crystal System
e.g.
- Diamond : two pyramids attached at their
bases
- Quartz : has six sides
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Lesson 3
Crystals Forms:
• Internal atomic arrangement of mineral
manifested outwardly by development
of geometrical shapes or crystal
characters.
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Lesson 3
3 Types of Crystals Forms:
• Crystallized
- Mineral occurs in the form of well-defined
crystals
• Amorphous
- Shows absolutely no signs or evidence of
crystallization
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Lesson 3
3 Types of Crystals Forms:
• Crystalline
- well-defined crystals are absent but a
tendency towards crystallization is present
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CHAPTER 1: MINERALOGY
LESSON 4:
SYMMETRY AND LATTICES
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- Describes the repetition of structural features.
2 General Types
1. Translational
2. Point
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Lesson 4
Symmetry
Lesson 4
1. Translational
- Periodic repetition of structural feature
across a length or through an area or
volume
2. Point
- Periodic repetition of structural at a point
- Reflection, rotation, and inversion are
examples of point symmetry
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Lesson 4
Lattices
- Directly related to translational symmetry
- A network or array composed of single motif
that has been translated and repeated at fixed
intervals throughout space
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Lesson 4
*Bravais Lattices
- There are only fourteen (14) different
lattices that may be formed in a 3D space
- Divided into six (6) crystal systems
- Has three (3) types:
 Primitive
 Face-centered
 Body-centered
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- All minerals form crystals in one of the
systems and are defined by a combination
of three factors:
1. Number of axis
2. Length of axis
3. Angles the axes meet
- Axis A is usually the shortest, while C is the
longest axis
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Lesson 4
Crystal Systems
Lesson 4
Crystal Systems
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Lesson 4
Crystal Systems
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Lesson 4
Crystal Systems
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 4
Crystal Forms
- Set of faces that are geometrically
equivalent and whose spatial positions are
related to one another according to
symmetry
- Each crystal systems may obtain different
crystal forms
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 Monohedron
 Parallelohedron
 Didedron
 Disphenoid
 Prism
 Pyramid
Lesson 4
Types of Crystal Forms
 Dipyramid
 Trapezohedron
 Scalenohedron
 Rhombhohedron
 Tetrahedron
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CHAPTER 1: MINERALOGY
LESSON 5:
MINERAL FAMILIES
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Lesson 5
QUARTZ FAMILY
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Lesson 5
QUARTZ FAMILY
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Lesson 5
QUARTZ FAMILY
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Lesson 5
FELDSPAR FAMILY
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Lesson 5
FELDSPAR FAMILY
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Lesson 5
FELDSPAR FAMILY
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Lesson 5
FELDSPAR FAMILY
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Lesson 5
PYROXENE GROUP
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Lesson 5
PYROXENE GROUP
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Lesson 5
HORNBLENDE
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Lesson 5
HORNBLENDE
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Lesson 5
MICA GROUP
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Lesson 5
MICA GROUP
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Lesson 5
MICA GROUP
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Lesson 5
CALCITE
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Lesson 5
CALCITE
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Lesson 5
GARNET FAMILY
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Lesson 5
GARNET FAMILY
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GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Lesson 5
MINERAL GROUPS:
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PLATE NO. 4:
RESEARCH:
Make a presentation on the different uses
of the various mineral families.
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PLATE NO. 4:
Here are guide questions to help you
proceed with the presentation:
a. How do the minerals look like?
b. How are they used in daily life?
c. Are they used in engineering
activities?
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PLATE NO. 4:
• You may use Canva or other platforms
in making your presentation.
• Make it beautiful and professional
looking presentation.
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PLATE NO. 4:
• Provide the references at the end of
your research.
• Avoid
plagiarism.
Corresponding
deductions will be applied.
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PLATE NO. 4:
• Since your creativity is graded, you can
use any appropriate font, but the
minimum size should be 12.
• Don’t forget to use the plate format.
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PLATE NO. 4:
• Deadline of submission will be on
Monday, 22 April 2024, not later than
11:30am.
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