THE COMPLETE CHECKLIST OF
WESTERN CIVILIZATION: A BRIEF HISTORY
Table of Contents
PART I. ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY .................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS .................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC............................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE .............................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
................................................................................................................................................................ 13
PART II. THE MEDIEVAL ERA .......................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES ....................... 17
CHAPTER 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE HIGH
MIDDLE AGES ................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF CHURCH POWER .. 21
CHAPTER 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE RENAISSANCE ......................................... 25
PART III. THE MODERN ERA ............................................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER 13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY............................................................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS ........................................ 30
CHAPTER 15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER 16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE ........................................ 34
CHAPTER 17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT .............. 36
CHAPTER 18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL
WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE .................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON ................................................................................................. 39
1
CHAPTER 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN
SOCIETY............................................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM, 1815-1850 ................... 43
CHAPTER 22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM .................................................. 45
CHAPTER 23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS” ............................................... 47
CHAPTER 24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM........................ 49
CHAPTER 25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND
REVOLUTION .................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS53
CHAPTER 27 THE DEEPENING EUROPEAN CRISIS: WORLD WAR II ............................. 55
2
PART I. ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY
CHAPTER 3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS .................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC............................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE .............................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
................................................................................................................................................................ 13
3
CHAPTER 3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS
Early Greece
□
Minoan Crete
□
The First Greek Mycenae
The Greeks in a Dark Age
□
Homer and Homeric Greece
o Iliad
o Odyssey
□
Homer’s Enduring Importance
o Arete
o Heroism, Honor & Nobility
The World of the Greek City-States
□
The Polis
o Definition
o Size of Poleis
o Citizenship; Negative & Positive sides
□
A New Military System: The Greek Way of War
o Hoplites
o The Role of War in Greek Way of the Life
□
Colonization and the Growth of Trade
o Reasons of Colonization
o Metropolis
o Effects of Colonization
□
Tyranny in the Greek Polis
o Definition of Tyranny & Oligarchy
□
Sparta
o Periokoi & Helots
o Military State (The Lycurgan Reforms)
o Spartan Women
o Spartan Government
o Peloponnesian League
□
Athens
o Crisis
o The Reforms of Solon
o The Reforms of Cleisthenes
4
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece
□
The Challenge of Persia
o Darius’ Invasion
o Xerxes’ Invasion
□
The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles
o Delian League
o Pericles & Democratic System
o Ostracism
o Athenian Imperialism
□
The Great Peloponnesian War
o Cause of the War
o Plague
o Result of the War
□
The Decline of the Greek States
The Culture and Society of Classical Greece
□
The Writing of History
o Herodotus & The Persian Wars
o Thucydides & History of the Peloponnesian War
□
Greek Drama
o Tragedy
o Comedy
□
The Arts: The Classical Ideal
o Architecture
o Sculpture
□
The Greek Love of Wisdom
o Sophists
o Rhetoric
o Socratic Method
o Plato & The Republic
o The Academy
o Aristotle and Politics
□
Greek Religion
o The Twelve Olympian Gods
o Festivals
o The Will of the Gods
□
Daily Life in Classical Athens
o Agriculture
5
o
o
Artisanship
Role of Women
6
CHAPTER 4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander
□
Philip and the Conquest of Greece
o The Characteristics of Philip
o The Achievement of Philip
□
Alexander the Great
□
Confrontation with Persia
o The Characteristics of Alexander
o The Vision of Empire as a Political Legacy
o Promotion of Greek Culture
The World of Hellenistic Kingdoms
□
Hellenistic Monarchies
o Four Kingdoms
□
The Threat from the Celts
□
Political Institutions
o Tension within the Kingdoms
o Greek Ruling Class vs. the Natives
□
Hellenistic Cities
o Exodus to Near East
o Hellenization and Greek Superiority
□
Economic Trends in the Hellenistic World
o Agriculture
o Manufacturing
o Commerce
□
New Opportunities for Women
o Spartan Women
o Philosophers’ Opinions on Women
o Monarchs’ Wives
Culture in the Hellenistic World
□
New Directions in Literature
o Theater
o Historical and Biographical Literature
□
Hellenistic Art
o Sculpture
7
□
A Golden Age of Science
o Heliocentric & Geocentric View of the Universe
o Elements
o Archimedes
□
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought
o Epicureanism
o Stoicism
Religion in the Hellenistic World
□
Mystery Religious
o Fundamental Premises
o Isis
□
Jews in the Hellenistic World
o Syncretism
8
CHAPTER 5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
The Emergence of Rome
□
The Greeks in Italy
□
The Etruscans
□
Early Rome
o Latin Language
o New Rome
The Roman Republic
□
The Roman State
o CEO, Senate & Centuriate Assembliy
o Patricians vs. Plebeians
o Tribunes of the Plebs
o New Senatorial Aristocracy
□
The Roman Conquest of Italy
o Livy’s Narratives
o Warfare Against Latin States
o Roman Confederation
o Reasons of Rome’s Success
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
□
The Struggle with Carthage
o Three Punic Wars
□
The Eastern Mediterranean
□
The Nature of Roman Imperialism
o “Opportunistic” Expansion
□
Evolution of the Roman Army
Society and Culture in the Roman World
□
Roman Religion
o State Cult for Gods
o Festivals
□
The Growth of Slavery
o Ways of Using Slaves
o Treatment of Slaves and the Spartacus Revolt
□
The Roman Family
9
o
o
Paterfamilias
“Cum Manu” & “Sine Manu”
□
The Evolution of Roman Law
o The Twelve Tables
o The Law of Nations & The Law of Nature
□
The Development of Literature
o Playwriting
o Poetry
o Oratory & Cicero
□
Roman Art
□
Values and Attitudes
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
□
Social, Economic, and Political Problems
o Nobiles
o Optimates vs. Populares
o Latifundia, Farmers and Urban Proletariat
□
The Reforms of the Gracchi
o Tiberius Gracchus: Land Policy
o Gaius Gracchus: Equestrian Order
□
A New Role for the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla
o New Military System
o Sulla as an Ambitious Example
□
The Collapse of the Republic
o Crossing the Rubicon
o Caesar’s Death
o End of the Civil War
10
CHAPTER 6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE
The Age of Augustus
□
The New Order
o Augustus’ Power
o From Princeps to Imperator
o Where the Roman Frontier Lay
□
Augustan Society
o Social Stratification: Three Basic Classes
o Restoration of Traditional Morality
□
The Augustan Age
The Early Empire
□
The Julio-Claudians
□
The Five “Good Emperors”
o Extension of Imperial Government
o Building Programs
□
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and Provinces
o Mechanism of Guarding the Frontier and Its Weakness
o Citizenship
o Roman Municipal Policy
o Romanization in the Governing Classes and Law
o The Concept of Natural Rights
□
Prosperity in the Early Empire
o The Silk Road
o Manufacturing
o Agriculture and Latifundia
o Gulf Between Rich and Poor
Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire
□
The Gold Age of Latin Literature
o Roman Poets: Virgil, Horace and Ovid
o Livy and History of Rome
□
The Silver Age of Latin Literature
o Seneca and the Stoic Virtue of Simplicity
o Tacitus and His Idea on the Purpose of History
□
The Upper-Class Roman Family
o Decline of Paterfamilias
11
□
Imperial Rome
o Rome as an Overcrowded City
o Gulf of Rich and Poor
o Parasitic and Entertaining Features of the City of Rome
□
The Gladiatorial Shows
o The Purpose of the Shows
Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century
□
Political and Military Woes
o The Severan Rulers
o Civil Wars and Foreign Invasions
□
Economic and Social Crises
o Collapse of Monetary System and Its Reasons
Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise of Christianity
□
The Religious World of the Roman Empire
o Roman State Religion
o Mystery Religion
o Mithraism
□
The Jewish Background
o Judaea as a Roman Province
o Jewish Revolt
□
The Origins of Christianity
o A New Value System Presented by Jesus
o Building a Heavenly Kingdom as Causing Hostility
o Paul and the Universal Foundation of Chrisitianity
o Good Writers and the “Good News”
o From Being Ignored to Drawing Attentions of Roman Authority
o Roman Persecution of Christians
□
The Growth of Christianity
o Why Appealing?
o The Failure of Persecution
12
CHAPTER 7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
The Late Roman Empire
□
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
o Four Administrative Units and the Expansion of Bureaucracy
o Garrison Units and Mobile Units
o Inflation and Price Edict
o Constructing Constantinople
□
The Empire’s New Religion
o Christian Church System
o Reason of Calling for a Formal Organization: Heresy and Arianism
□
The End of the Western Empire
o German Tribes and Romanization
o Visigoth’s Sack of Rome
o Odoacer Ended the Roman Rule of the Empire
The Germanic Kingdoms
□
The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
o Theodoric’s Method of Ruling Rome
□
The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
o Blending Hispanic and Roman Population
o Fatal Weakness
□
The Frankish Kingdom
o Clovis’ Conversion from Ariansim to Catholic
o Cultural Fusion Within the Kingdom
□
Anglo-Saxon England
□
The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms
o Extended Family
o Germanic Customary Law and Feud
o Wergeld
o Arranged Marriage in Frankish Society
o Women’s Role
Development of the Christian Church
□
The Power of the Pope
o The Role of Bishops
o Gregory I and Papacy
□
The Monks and Their Missions
13
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
□
Early Monasticism
Benedict’s Rule Over Monasticism
Abbot
The Irish Missionaries and the Converting of the Angles and Saxons
The Roman Way of Conversion of England
Boniface
Abbess
Celibacy and a Cult of Virginity
Christianity and Intellectual Life
o Augustine and The City of God
o Jerome’s Translation of Bible to Latin Vulgate
o Cassiodorus’ Classifying Knowledge into Seven Liberal Arts
The Byzantine Empire
□
The Reign of Justinian
o Codification of Roman Law
o Constantinople as a Commercial Center
o Hippodrome
□
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire
o Serious Problems of Eastern Roman Empire
o Invasions
o Byzantine Empire’s Greek and Christian Features
o The Divergence of Germanic Kingdoms and Byzantine Empire
The Rise of Islam
□
Muhammad
o The Written Form of Revelation as Qur’an
o Building Muslim Community
o Political and Religious Unification
□
The Teachings of Islam
o Five Pillars of Islam
o Shari’a as a daily life conduct code
□
The Spread of Islam
o Caliph and Jihad
o War and Conquest Against Byzantine, Persia and Egypt
o The Separation of the Shi’ites and the Sunnites
o The Conquest of Umayyad Dynasty
14
15
PART II. THE MEDIEVAL ERA
PART II. THE MEDIEVAL ERA .......................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES ....................... 17
CHAPTER 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE HIGH
MIDDLE AGES ................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF CHURCH POWER .. 21
CHAPTER 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE RENAISSANCE ......................................... 25
16
CHAPTER 8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
The World of the Carolingians
□
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire
o Pepin’s Achievement
o Charlemagne’s Campaigns to Italy, Spain and Germany
o The Empire’s Dependence on Counts
o Inefficiency of Governing and Its Solutions
o Pope Leo III and the Coronation
o The Fusion of Roman, Christian and Germanic Elements
o Christendom
□
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal
o Carolingian Renaissance
o Scriptoria
o Promotion of Learning
□
Life in the Carolingian World
o Stabilization of Marriage
o Nuclear Family
o Clerical Celibacy
o Catholic Church’s Condemnation of Sexual Activities
o Food
o Drunkenness
o Medical Practice
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
□
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
o The Invasions of Muslims, Magyars and Vikings
o Two Features of Viking Society
The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals
□
Vassalage
o Definitions of Vassalage and Vassal
o Knights and their relationship with the lords
□
Fief-Holding
o Reason for the Fief-Holding
o Subinfeudation
o Practice of Lordship
□
The Manorial System
17
o
o
Manor and Demesne
Relationship between Lords and Serfs
The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization
□
The Macedonian Dynasty
o Free Farmers
o Trade with Western Europe
o Expansion
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe
□
Western Slavs
o The Conversion to Christianity of the Poles, Czechs and Hungarians
□
Southern Slavs
o Cyrillic or Slavonic Alphabet
o Bulgarians’ Acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxy
□
Eastern Slavs
o Varangians
o Kiev and Rus
o Assimilation of Viking Ruling Class into Slavic Society
The World of Islam
□
Islamic Civilization
o From Umayyad to Abbasid
o Problems of Succession to the Caliphate and Financial Corruption
o Arabs as Heirs to Greco-Roman Culture
o Preservation of the Classical Knowledge from the West
o Developments in Science
18
CHAPTER 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE HIGH
MIDDLE AGES
Land and People in the High Middle Ages
□
The New Agriculture
o Carruca, Wheeled Plow, Water Power and Wind Power
o The Three-Field System
o From Labor Service to Money Payments
□
Life of the Peasantry
o Farming Life by Seasons
o Religious Life
o Diet
□
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages
o Lords and Knights as a Common Group
o Castles
o Ceremony of “Knighting”: Chivalry
o Tournament
o The Role of Women
The New World of Trade and Cities
□
The Revival of Trade
o Italian Cities as a Leading Role
o Towns of Flanders
o Money Economy: Commercial Capitalism
□
The Growth of Cities
o Merchants’ Settlement in Northern Europe
o Burghers or Bourgeois
o Liberty of Burghers
o The Duty of City Governments
□
Life in the Medieval City
o The Hygienic Condition of the Medieval Cities
□
Industry in Medieval Cities
o Guilds
o Apprentice, Journeyman and Master
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High Middle Ages
□
The Rise of Universities
o Universita as a Guild
19
o
o
o
Lecture, Artium Baccalaureus and Artium Magister
Law, Medicine and Theology
Violence of Medieval Universities
□
A Revival of Classical Antiquity
o Classical Antiquity Translated from Arabic back to Latin
o Other Contributions from Islamic World
□
The Revival of Roman Law
o Ordinary Gloss
o Replacing the Ordeal Law
□
The Development of Scholasticism
o Reconciliation Faith and Reason: Revelation or/and Aristotle
o Thomas Aquinas and Summa Theologica
□
Literature in the High Middle Ages
o Vernacular Literature: Troubadour Poetry and Chanson de Geste
□
Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches”
□
The Gothic Cathedral
20
CHAPTER 10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF CHURCH POWER
The Emergence and Growth of European Kingdoms
□
England in the High Middle Ages
o Norman Conquest
o Henry II’s Extending King’s Power
o Attempt of Imposing Control over the Church
o Magna Carta
o A Representative Government under Edward I: the Parliament
□
The Growth of the French Kingdom
o French Dukes vs. Capetian Kings
o Philip II’s Inaugurating a French Royal Bureaucracy
o Philip IV’s Summoning the Estates-General
□
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms
o Reconquista
o The Joint Force of Portugal, Castile and Aragon
□
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy
o Otto I’s Coronation as the First Emperor of the (Holy) “Roman Empire”
o Frederick I and Frederick II’s Failure of Conquering Italy
o Hohenstaufen, Habsburg and the Decentralization of Germany and Italy
o The Making of Independent Italian City-States
□
New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe
o Kingdoms of Scandinavia, Hungary and Poland
o Teutonic Knights’ Attack on Pagan Slavs
□
Impact of the Mongol Empire
o Triumph of Genghis Khan and Khubilai Khan in Asia
o Conquest of Persia, Abbasid, Russia, Poland, Hungary and Teuton
□
The Development of Russia
o Kievan Rus Civilized Through Christianity
o Mongol Conquest and the Rise of Prince Alexander Nevsky
The Recovery and Reforms of the Catholic Church
□
The Problems of Decline
□
The Cluniac Reform Movement
□
Reform of the Papacy
o Investiture Controversy: Henry IV vs. Gregory VII
o Concordat of Worms
21
Christianity and Medieval Civilization
□
Growth of the Papal Monarchy
o Hierarchical Structure of the Catholic Church
o Innocent III’s Papal Supremacy
□
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals
o Cistercian Monasticism
o Religious Enthusiasm of Women
o Franciscan Friars and The Dominicans
o Monasteries as Social Service Providers
□
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
o Sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist
o Saints Worship
o Relics Worship
□
Voices of Protest and Intolerance
o Heresy and the Cathar Movement
o Crusade against Heretics
o The Holy Office
o Persecution of the Jews
o Intolerance of Homosexuality
The Crusades
□
Background to the Crusades
o The Islamic Seljuk Turk’s Threat to Byzantine Empire
o Mutual Excommunication between Leo IX and Patriarch Cerularius
□
The Early Crusades
o Peasants’ Crusade
o Three “Official” Crusades
□
The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century
o The Fourth Crusade: Sacking Constantinople
□
Effects of the Crusades
22
CHAPTER 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY
A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis
□
The Black Death
o Bubonic Plague
o Spreading
o Mortality
o Asceticism & Flagellant Movement
o Anti-Semitism & Pogroms
□
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
o Affecting Peasants and Noble Landlords
o Jaquerie Revolt in France
o Poll Tax and the English Peasant Revolt
o The Ciompi Revolt
War and Political Instability
□
The Hundred Years’ War
o Controversy over the Throne of France: Philip VI vs. Edward III
o Battle of Crécy
o Henry V’s Invasion
o Joan of Arc
□
Political Instability
o Bureaucracy and a New Lord-Vassal Relationship
o Problems of Succession to Thrones
o Financial Problems
□
Western Europe: England and France
o Edward III and the Rise of English Parliament
o War of the Roses
o Rival Factions of French Nobles
□
The German Monarchy
o Decentralized Holy Roman Empire
o Elective System
□
The States of Italy
o Two General Tendencies of Italian City-States
The Decline of the Church
□
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
23
o
Unam Sanctam, Boniface VIII and Philip IV
□
The Papacy at Avignon
o Popes at Avignon as “Captives”
□
The Great Schism
o Urban VI vs. Clement VII
o The Consequence of the Great Schism
□
The Conciliar Movement
o Conciliarism
o The Council of Constance
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
□
The Development of Vernacular Literature
□
Art and the Black Death
□
Changes in Urban Life
o Regulations of Town Governments
o Nuclear Family
o Women’s Position
□
Inventions and New Patterns
o Clock and a New Conception of Time
o Gunpowder
24
CHAPTER 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE RENAISSANCE
Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
The Making of Renaissance Society
□
Economic Recovery
o Expansion of Trade
o The Recovery of Old Industries and the Emergence of New Industries
o The Medici Family
□
Social Changes in the Renaissance
o Nobility: “The Perfect Courtier”
o Social Strata of the Third Estate
□
Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
o Family Structure
o Women’s Role
The Italian States in the Renaissance
□
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
□
Italian Renaissance Humanism
o Petrarch
o Civic Humanism in Florence
o Neoplatonism
o Hermeticism
□
Education in the Renaissance
o “Liberal Studies”
□
The Impact of Printing
The Artistic Renaissance
□
Early Renaissance Art
□
The Artistic High Renaissance
o Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
□
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
The European State in the Renaissance
25
□
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
o The Establishment of the Tudor Dynasty
o The Unification of Spain
□
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
□
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
□
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire
The Church in the Renaissance
□
The Problems of Heresy and Reform
□
The Renaissance Papacy
26
PART III. THE MODERN ERA
CHAPTER 13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY............................................................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS ........................................ 30
CHAPTER 15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER 16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE ........................................ 34
CHAPTER 17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT .............. 36
CHAPTER 18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL
WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE .................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON ................................................................................................. 39
CHAPTER 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN
SOCIETY............................................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM, 1815-1850 ................... 43
CHAPTER 22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM .................................................. 45
CHAPTER 23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS” ............................................... 47
CHAPTER 24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM........................ 49
CHAPTER 25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND
REVOLUTION .................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS53
CHAPTER 27 THE DEEPENING EUROPEAN CRISIS: WORLD WAR II ............................. 55
27
CHAPTER 13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY
Prelude to Reformation
□
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
o Humanist Reform Programs
o Erasmus’ “inner piety”
□
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
o Pluralism & Absenteeism
o Veneration of Relics, Indulgences and Modern Devotion
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
□
The Early Luther
o The Assurance of Salvation
o Justification by Grace through Faith Alone
o The Indulgence Controversy & the Ninety-five Theses
o Luther’s Reply to Charles V
□
The Rise of Lutheranism
o The Spread of Luther’s Ideas
o Luther’s Dependence on German Princes
□
Organizing the Church
o Redefining the Sacraments
□
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
o Four Problems Charles V was Facing
o Francis I as a Major Rival
o Opposition from the Papacy
o Peace of Augsburg
The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
□
The Zwinglian Reformation
o Background of Swiss Confederation
o Abolishing Remnants of Papal Christianity
o Disagreement over the Lord’s Supper
o Swiss Civil War of 1531
□
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists
o Anabaptists’ Idea on True Christian
o Complete Separation of Church and State
o Menno Simons
28
□
The Reformation in England
o Henry VIII’s Divorce
o A Break between the Church of England and Rome
o Bloody Mary
□
John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism
o Predestination: the Absolute Sovereignty of God
o Calvin’s Idea on the Role of Church
o Calvin Ruling Geneva
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
□
The Family
o Marriage
o Women’s Role
□
Religious Practices and Popular Culture
o Protestant View of Daily Life
The Catholic Reformation
□
The Society of Jesus
o Jesuits as an Important Instrument for Papal Policy
o Education Activities and Converting the Non-Christians in the East
o Jesuits in China
□
A Revived Papacy
o Conservative Catholic Reformers Failing to Compromise
o From Paul III to Paul IV
□
The Council of Trent
o The Victory of the Conservatives
o The Unification of Catholic World
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century
□
The French Wars of Religion
o Huguenots or Calvinism
o Religious War as Preventing the Monarchical Centralization
o Henry IV’s Conversion to Catholicism and the Edict of Nantes
□
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
o The Mentality of the Spanish People
□
Revolt of the Netherlands
o The Nature of the Rebellion as Religious Conflicts
□
The England of Elizabeth
29
o
o
o
Reconciliation Between the Protestants and Catholics
Moderate Foreign Policy but Drawn into Fighting Spain
The Defeat of the Armada
CHAPTER 14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS
On the Brink of a New World
□
The Motives for Expansion
o Travel Literature
o Economic Motive
o Religious Zeal
□
The Means for Expansion
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
□
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
o Da Gama
o Viceroys
o Reason for Portuguese’s Success
□
Voyages to the New World
o Christopher Columbus
o John Cabot
o Ferdinand Magellan
□
The Spanish Empire in the New World
o Maya
o Aztec
o Inca
o “Encomienda”
New Rivals on the World Stage
□
Africa: The Slave Trade
o Triangular Trade & the Middle Passage
o Effects of the Slave Trade
□
The West in Southeast Asia
o Spanish Occupation of the Philippines
o Dutch Occupation of Indonesia
o Mainland of Southeast Asia
□
The French and British in India
□
China
30
□
Japan
□
The Americas
o The West Indies and Sugar Industry
o British and French Colonization of North America
The Impact of European Expansion
□
The Conquered
o Different Degrees of Affection from the Conquerors
o Catholic Missionary and Christianization
o The Jesuits in China and Japan
□
The Conquerors
o Land
o Gold & Silver
o New Plants
o European Rivalries
o New World View
Toward a World Economy
□
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
o Price Revolution
□
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
□
Mercantilism
□
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
31
CHAPTER 15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
□
The Witchcraft Hysteria
□
The Thirty Years’ War
o Militant Catholicism & Militant Calvinism
o The Peace of Westphalia
□
Rebellions
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe
□
France: Foundation of Absolutism
o Divine Right and the Meaning of Sovereignty
o Cardinal Richelieu’s Political Actions
o Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde
□
The Reign of Louis XIV
o French Politics in Reality
o Removal of the Royal Princes
o Louis XIV’s Domination
o Edict of Fontainebleau
o Jean-Baptiste Colbert
o Bourbon Hegemony
□
The Decline of Spain
o Powerful Aristocrats and the Failure of Monarchical Centralization
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
□
The German States
o Frederick William and the General War Commissariat
o From Brandenburg-Prussia to Kingdom of Prussia
□
The Emergence of Austria
o Austrian Habsburgs’ Assembling of New Empire
□
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
o Tsar vs. Boyars and the Time of Troubles
o Peter the Great: Europeanization of Russia
o Changes in Army, Government, Church and Customs
o Women’s Status
o The Great Northern War and the Ultimate Rise of Russian Empire
□
The Ottoman Empire
32
□
The Limits of Absolutism
o The Power of Landed Aristocracy
Limited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and England
□
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
o Stadholder vs. The States General
o Wars against France and England
□
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy
o Divine Right of King vs. Parliament
o Episcopacy vs. Presbyterian by Puritans
o Tax Problem between Charles I and the Parliament
o English Civil War and Cromwell’s Military Rule
o Charles II and James II’s Inclination towards Catholicism
o Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
o The Toleration Act of 1689
o Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke
The Flourishing of European Culture
□
The Changing Faces of Art
□
A Wondrous Age of Theater
33
CHAPTER 16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE
Background to the Scientific Revolution
□
Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists
o Renaissance Humanists: New Attention to Ancient Works
o Renaissance Artists: Closer Observation of Nature
□
Technological Innovations and Mathematics
o Invention of New Instruments, Printing Press
o Mathematics Key to Navigation, Military Science, Geography
□
Renaissance Magic
o Hermetic Magic
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy
□
Copernicus
o Rejected Ptolemaic System
o Heliocentric Conception
□
Kepler
o Eliminated Idea of Uniform Circular Motions
□
Galileo
o Telescope
o Condemnation by the Inquisition
□
Newton
o Laws of Motion
o Universal Law of Gravitation
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry
□
Vesalius
o New Anatomy of the 16th Century
□
Harvey
o Theory of the Circulation of Blood
□
Chemistry
o Boyle’s Law
o Antoine Lavoisier’s System for Naming Elements
Women in the Origins of Modern Science
□
Margaret Cavendish
34
o
Argued Humans Not Masters of Nature
□
Maria Winkelmann
□
Debates on the Nature of Women
o Debate over Women’s “True Place”
o Scientific Revolution Reinforced Old Stereotypes
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind
o
o
o
Rene Descartes
Cartesian Dualism Between Mind and Matter
Rationalism
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge
□
The Scientific Method
o Newton: Synthesized Bacon’s Empiricism with Descartes’ Rationalism
□
The Scientific Societies
o English Royal Society
o French Royal Academy of Sciences
□
Science and Societies
o Alliance Between Science and Material Interests
o Science as High Culture of Elites
□
Science and Religion
o Conflict Between Science and Religion
o Blaise Pascal Sought to Keep the Two United
35
CHAPTER 17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment
□
The Paths to Enlightenment
o Popularizers
o Skepticism & Secularization of Thought
o “Noble Savage” & Other Highly Developed Civilizations
□
The Philosophes and Their Ideas
o Montesquieu: The Persian Letters & The Spirit of the Laws
o Voltaire: Religious Toleration, Treatise on Toleration, and Deism
o Diderot: from Deism to Atheism
o Laissez-Faire, Quesnay, Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
o Rousseau: General Will, Participatory Democracy and Education
o Rights of Women
□
The Social Environment of the Philosophes
o Salons and the Role of Women
Culture and Society in the Enlightenment
□
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature
o Rococo Style
o Development of Music: Handel, Bach, Haydn
□
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century
o Public Reading and Publishing
□
Popular Culture
o Festivals and Carnivals
o Local Taverns or Cabarets
o Gulf between Rich and Poor
□
Crime and Punishment
o Cruelty of Punishments
o New Approach to Justice
Religion and the Churches
□
The Institutional Church
□
Toleration and Religious Minorities
o Persecution of Jews
□
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century
o “Rational” Christianity
o Methodism
36
CHAPTER 18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL
WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE
The European States
□
Enlightened Absolutism?
o Enlightenment Thoughts on Natural Rights
o Preserving Natural Rights by Absolute Monarchs
o Enlightened Absolutism and Its Extension
□
The Atlantic Seaboard States
o France: The Incapacity of French Monarchs
o Great Britain: Prevention of Absolutism and the Upper Hand of Parliament
o Queen Anne, King George III and Other Key Figures
□
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
o Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy, Frederick William I and Frederick II the Great
o The Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs, Empress Maria Theresa and Joseph II
o Russia under Catherine the Great, Russian Expansion Westward
□
Enlightened Absolutism Revisited
Wars and Diplomacy
□
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
o Great War for Empire
o French and Indian War
o Treaty of Paris (1763)
Economic Expansion and Social Change
□
Population and Food
o 1750 Population Growth
o Agricultural Revolution
□
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns
o Nuclear Family, Late Marriages
□
New Methods of Finance
o Paper Money, Banknotes
o Bank of England
□
European Industry
o Cottage Industry
37
□
Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade
o Emergence of Overseas Trade
o Growth of Towns and Cities
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century
□
The Peasants
o Free Peasant vs. Serf
□
The Nobility
o Role in Military
□
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities
38
CHAPTER 19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
AND NAPOLEON
The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution
□
The War for Independence
o Different Conceptions of Empire between Americans and British
o Patriots vs. Loyalists
o French Assistance
□
Forming a New Nation
o From Articles of Confederation to Constitution
o Three Branches of Government
o Bicameral Legislature
o Influence on France
Background to the French Revolution
□
Social Structure of the Old Regime
o The First Estate
o The Second Estate and Its Monopoly
o The Third Estate: Peasants, Wage Earners and the Middle Class
□
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy
o The Immediate Cause of the Revolution
The French Revolution
□
From Estates-General to National Assembly
o By Order or by Head?
o Tennis Court Oath
o The Fall of Bastille
o From the Agrarian Revolts to the Great Fear
□
Destruction of the Old Regime
o The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
o The Attitudes of the Catholic Church
o The Legislative Assembly
o Foreign Invasion, Panic and San-Culotte
□
The Radical Revolution
o Execution of Louis XVI
o Crisis and the Committee of Public Safety
o Nation in Arms: The Creation of Nationalism
o The Blade of the Guillotine and The Reign of Terror
39
o
o
o
□
Steps by the Committee of Public Safety to Control France
Abolition of Slavery throughout French Colonies
The Role of the Committee of Public Safety in History
Reaction and the Directory
o The Constitution of 1795
o The Period of the Directory
The Age of Napoleon
□
The Rise of Napoleon
□
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon
o Concordat with Catholic Church
o Civil Code
o A New Aristocracy
o Napoleon’s Growing Despotism
□
Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response
o Napoleon’s Grand Empire
o The Survival of Great Britain
o Nationalism’s Role in the Fall of Napoleon
40
CHAPTER 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN
SOCIETY
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
□
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
o Agricultural Revolution
o Supply of Capital
o Supply of Markets
□
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
o New Methods in The Cotton Industry
o The Steam Engine
o New Methods of Producing Iron
o Importance of the Railroad
o The Factory System
□
The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851
The Spread of Industrialization
□
Industrialization on the Continent
o Role of Government in Technical Development
□
Centers of Continental Industrialization
o Belgium, France, German States
□
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
o Transportation Revolution
□
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization
o Examples of Russia and India
The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
□
Population Growth
o Ireland’s Great Hunger
□
The Growth of Cities
o Miserable Living Conditions
o First Public Health Act
□
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
□
New Industrial Entrepreneurs
□
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
o Wretched Factory Working Conditions
o Role of Women and Children in Factories
41
□
Efforts at Change: The Workers
o Formation of Trade Unions
o Luddites’ Attack of Machinery
o The People’s Charter and Chartism
□
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
o Factory Act, Ten Hours Act, Coal Mines Act
42
CHAPTER 21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM, 1815-1850
The Conservative Order
□
Conservative Domination
o Congress of Vienna
o Conservatism
o Concert of Europe
□
Conservatives in the European States
o Great Britain: Parliament; Whig vs. Tory; Landed Aristocracy
o France: Louis XVIII and Charles X; Edge of Revolution
o Austria: Multinational/Nationalism
o Russia: Alexander I to Nicholas I
The Ideologies of Change
□
Liberalism
o Economic Liberalism: Laissez-Faire
o Freedoms Guaranteed by Bill of Rights
o Ministerial Responsibility
□
Nationalism
□
Early Socialism
o Arose out of Poor Conditions
o Utopian Socialists
Revolution and Reform
□
The Revolution of 1830
o Attempts to Restore Old Regime
o July Revolution in France
□
The Revolutions of 1848
o Industrial and Agricultural Depression in France
o Revolution in Germanic States
o Upheaval in the Austrian Empire
o Revolts in the Italian States and the Goal of Unified Italian Republic
o Reestablishment of Old Regimes
o The United States Constitution
Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism
□
The Characteristics of Romanticism
o Emphasis on Emotion, Sentiment, Inner Feelings
43
o
o
Individualism
Historical-Mindedness
□
Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature
o William Wordsworth
o Pantheism
□
Romanticism in Art
o Rejected Principles of Classicism
□
Romanticism in Music
o Ludwig van Beethoven
44
CHAPTER 22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM
The France of Napoleon III
□
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire
□
The Second Napoleonic Empire
o Authoritarian Chief of State
o Government Stimulation of National Economy
o Liberalization of Regime
□
Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
o Execution of Archduke Maximilian of Austria
□
Foreign Policy: The Crimean War
o The Ottoman Empire: Who Will Control Territories?
o Crimean War: Destruction of Concert of Europe
National Unification: Italy and Germany
□
The Unification of Italy
o Cavour’s Success in Northern Italy
o Garibaldi Turns Conquests over to Cavour’s Forces
o Franco-Prussian War
□
The Unification of Germany
o Prussia: Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik
o The Danish War (1864)
o The Austro-Prussian War (1866)
o The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century
□
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
o Compromise of 1867: Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
□
Imperial Russia
o Alexandar II and the Problem of Serfdom
□
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
o Political Representation for Middle Class
o Reform Act of 1867: Toward Democratization
□
The United States: Slavery and War
o Northern Abolitionist Movement
o 1861: Confederate States of America Formed
o The Civil War (1861-1865)
45
□
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation
o Rebellion Against British Authority
o 1867 Establishment of Canadian Nation
Industrialization and the Marxist Response
□
Marx and Marxism
o 1848 Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto
o Proletariat and Working Class Interests
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
□
A New Age of Science
o Louis Pasteur: Theory of Disease
o Dimitri Mendeleyev: Periodic Law
o Michael Faraday: Electromagnetic Induction
□
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
o 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
□
Realism in Literature
o Related to Materialist Outlook
o Rejection of Romanticism
□
Realism in Art
o Depiction of Everyday People
46
CHAPTER 23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS”
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
□
New Products
o Electricity and the Light Bulb
o Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone
o The Internal Combustion Engine
□
New Markets
o Protective Tariffs and the Formation of Cartels
□
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
o Economic Crises and Economic Division of Europe
o The Spread of Industrialization and a World Economy
□
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
o Controversy over “Right to Work”
□
Organizing the Working Class
o Socialist Parties
o Evolutionary Socialism or Revisionism
o Trade Unions
The Emergence of a Mass Society
□
Population Growth
o Improvements in Urban Environment
□
Emigration
o Excess Labor Migration to Industrial Regions and America
□
Transformation of the Urban Environment
o Legislative Acts to Improve Living Conditions
□
The Social Structure of a Mass Society
o Upper Class: Fusion of Aristocrats and Plutocrats
□
The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
o Traditional Roles Elevated
o Change in Pattern of Working Class Family
□
Education in Mass Society
o Universal Elementary Education
o Teaching as Women’s Role
o Literacy and the Mass Newspaper
□
Mass Leisure
o Tourism Market and Team Sports
47
The National State
□
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
o Reform in Britain
o The Third Republic in France and Bicameral Legislature
o Internal Weakness in Italy
□
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
o Bismarck’s Antisocialist Measures
o Maintenance of Autocracy in Russia
48
CHAPTER 24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments
□
Developments in the Sciences: A New Physics
o Marie Curie and Radium
o Max Planck and Quantum Theory
o Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
□
Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational: Nietzsche
o Nietzsche’s Glorification of the Irrational
□
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis
o Psychoanalysis and The Interpretation of Dreams
□
The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism
o Social Darwinism, Nationalism, and Racism
□
The Culture of Modernity
o Nationalism and Symbolism in Literature
o Impressionism, Postimpressionism, Cubism, and Abstract Painting
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
□
The Movement for Women’s Rights
o Suffragists in Europe and the United States
□
Jews in the European Nation-State
o Anti-Semitism
o Zionism
□
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
o Fabian Socialism, Trade Unions & Labour Party
o Welfare State
o David Lloyd George vs. House of Lords
□
France: Travails of the Third Republic
o The Dreyfus Affair
□
Growing Tensions in Germany
o Conflict Between Modernization and Traditionalism: Right Wing Politics
□
Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Nationalities
o Socialist Democrats and Christian Socialists
□
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
o Short-Lived Constitutional Monarchy
□
The Rise of the United States
o Extended Functions of the State
49
□
The Growth of Canada
o Wilfred Laurier: First Canadian Prime Minister
The New Imperialism
□
Impetus for the New Imperialism
o Social Darwinism, Religion, Economic Imperialism
□
The Creation of Empires
o The Scramble for Africa
o Imperialism in Asia
□
Responses to Imperialism
o Stirrings of Nationalism in Africa
o Boxer Rebellion in China
o Adoption of Western Methods in Japan
o Indian National Congress Formed
□
Results of the New Imperialism
International Rivalry and the Coming of War
□
New Directions and New Crises
o Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Formed
□
Crises in the Balkans, 1908-1913
o Bosnian Crisis: 1908-1909
o First Balkan War: 1912
o Second Balkan War: 1913
50
CHAPTER 25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND
REVOLUTION
The Road to World War I
□
Nationalism and Internal Dissent
o Rivalries Over Colonial and Commercial Interests
□
Militarism
o Conscription
□
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914
o Another Crisis in the Balkans
o Assassination of Francis Ferdinand
o Mobilization of Russian Army Against Austria
o Germany Declaration of War on Russia
The Great War
□
1914-1915 Illusions and Stalemate
o Trench Warfare in Western Front
□
1916-1917 The Great Slaughter
o The Widening of War
o Lawrence of Arabia
o Allies Seizure of African and Asian Colonies
o Japan Joins Allies
o Entry of the United States
o The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
o Nationalisation of Transportation Systems and Industries
o Use of Propaganda
o Employment of Women
War and Revolution
□
The Russian Revolution
o The March Revolution
o Lenin and The Bolshevik Revolution
o Civil War
□
The Last Year of the War
o 1918 Germany Agrees to Armistice
The Peace Settlement
□
The Treaty of Versailles
51
o
□
War Guilt Clause and Reparations
The Other Peace Treaties
o Map of Eastern Europe Redrawn
52
CHAPTER 26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS
An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
□
The French Policy of Coercion
o France Collects German Concessions at Ruhr Valley
□
The Hopeful Years
o The Dawes Plan
o Treaty of Locarno
□
The Great Depression
o 1929 Stock Market Crash
o Fascism
o Fall of Labour Party
o John Maynard Keynes: A General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
o Roosevelt’s New Deal
The Democratic States
□
European States and the World: The Colonial Empires
o Transition in Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia
o India: Mahatma Gandhi
o Africa: Desire for Independence
The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
□
The Retreat from Democracy
o Gender and Class Divisions
o Adoption of Authoritarian Structures in Europe
□
Fascist Italy
o Mussolini’s Fascist Movement
□
Hitler and Nazi Germany
o Difficulty of the Weimar Republic
o Hitler and the Nazi Rise, Mein Kampf
o The Nazi State (1933-1939)
□
The Soviet Union
o Lenin’s New Economic Policy
o 1922 The Soviet Union Formed
o The Stalin Era (1929-1939)
o Franco and the Spanish Civil War
□
Authoritarian States
53
The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
□
Radio and Movies
□
Mass Leisure
o Sports and Travel
Cultural and intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
□
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
o Dadaism and Surrealism
o Functionalism in Architecture
□
The Search for the Unconscious in Literature
o Stream of Consciousness
□
The Unconscious in Psychology
o Carl Jung
□
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
o Werner Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
54
CHAPTER 27 THE DEEPENING EUROPEAN CRISIS: WORLD WAR II
Prelude to War
□
The “Diplomatic Revolution,” 1933 – 1937
□
The Path to War in Europe, 1938 – 1939
o The Annexation of Austria
o Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland, and Western Appeasement
o Invading Poland
□
The Path to War in Asia
o Sino-Japan War
o Germany-Japan Alliance
The Course of World War II
□
Victory and Stalemate
o “Blitzkrieg”
o British Air Force
o Invasion of the Soviet Union
□
The War in Asia
o “The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
□
The Turning Point of the War, 1942 – 1943
o Factors of Defeating the Axis Powers
o Battlefields in Europe, Russia, Africa and the East
□
The Last Years of the War
o Allied Advances in the West
o Soviet Offensive in the East
The New Order
□
The Nazi Empire
o The Nazi New Order
o Aryan Racial Empire
□
The Holocaust
o SS, Final Solution, and Einsatzgruppen
o The Death Camps
o Holocaust of Gypsies and Slavics
□
The New Order in Asia
The Home Front
55
□
The Mobilization of Peoples
□
Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities
Aftermath of the War
□
The Costs of World War II
□
Allied War Conferences
o Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam
56