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in
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third
party
Contents
Introduction
Unit
1
Historical
1.1
Physical
1.2
The
1.3
Physical
1.4
of
Health
tness
6.2
General
and
2
6.3
Factors
affecting
4
6.4
Somatotyping
94
6.5
Summary
96
developments
education
organization
ancient
culture
PE
sport
and
Early
and
of
education
sport
sport
and
sport
as
part
of
Unit
6
and
tness
88
specic
tness
90
tness
92
questions
6
from
Renaissance
1.5
Concepts
6.1
1
the
Medieval
Unit
to
times
inuences
8
on
PE
and
sport
in
the
Caribbean
7
Training
and
7.1
Principles
7.2
Planning
of
a
its
effects
training
training
98
programme
10
7.3
T
esting
your
12
7.4
T
esting
muscles
cardiovascular
14
7.5
T
esting
body
16
7.6
Training
18
7.7
Methods
of
20
7.8
Methods
22
7.9
Methods
24
7.10
The
7.11
Summary
of
7.12
Summary
questions
100
tness
102
th
1.6
PE
1.7
Physical
1.8
The
Olympic
1.9
The
Summer
1.10
Major
multi-sport
1.11
Major
single
1.12
Summary
Unit
2
2.1
and
sport
in
education
in
the
Caribbean
of
the
modern
era
events
questions
The
skeletal
structure
system
and
organisation
of
body
The
role
2.4
The
structure
2.5
Bone
2.6
The
2.7
Different
2.8
The
2.9
Synovial
2.10
Summary
of
systems
the
work
together
skeleton
and
types
of
bone
growth
vertebral
column
types
analysis
of
of
joint
movement
joints
questions
muscular
Unit
28
8.1
Skill
30
8.2
Other
muscle
affecting
performance
122
factors
affecting
performance
124
Some
44
8.9
Emergency
8.10
Summary
force,
stability
injuries
130
injuries
132
injuries
134
dangerous
conditions
136
procedures
138
questions
46
Unit
48
9.1
Diet
50
9.2
Nutrients
52
9.3
Vitamins
54
9.4
Minerals,
56
9.5
A
balanced
58
9.6
A
healthy
9.7
Summary
heart
and
double
heart
and
exercise
4.3
The
blood
4.4
What
4.5
The
4.6
What
4.7
Breathing
4.8
Cell
4.9
Summary
circulation
vessels
made
of
of?
the
circulatory
respiratory
exercise
respiration
questions
system
system
system
system
system
system
questions
9
Health
10
and
and
Trends
its
140
and
10.2
Gender
66
10.3
Behaviour
The
144
diet
water,
and
146
their
role
in
diet
148
154
issues
politics
and
in
142
diet
questions
and
and
ght
and
in
body
the
150
64
Drugs
role
in
152
Sport
10.5
the
diet
10.1
10.4
their
on
role
lifestyle
Unit
68
their
bres
62
70
nutrition
effects
and
60
156
sport
in
158
sport
against
160
drugs
in
sport
sport
72
10.6
Factors
74
10.7
Sport
and
the
76
10.8
Sport
and
TV
10.9
Commercial
10.10
T
echnology
10.11
Sport
80
10.12
Summary
and
in
participation
media
166
168
170
and
the
162
164
affecting
78
systems
Summary
factors
8.8
The
Integumentary
other
sport
42
The
5.5
and
in
Treating
4.2
5.4
Skills
8.7
4.1
digestive
8
40
The circulatory system and the respiratory system
excretory
120
Sport-related
Unit 4
questions
The
118
Preventing
update
The
116
effects
8.6
Summary
5.3
training
recovery
8.5
Revision
5.2
114
and
38
3.7
body
session
36
3.6
exercise
nervous
112
(3)
126
and
Other
(2)
training
128
Muscles
The
training
of
and
3.5
5.1
of
factors
Posture
movement
and
110
Motion,
3.4
the
(1)
Psychological
Muscles
is
108
training
8.4
3.3
5
of
importance
106
system
system
blood
skill
8.3
Different
is
and
32
The
and
energy
34
3.2
Unit
types
composition
systems
training
26
3.1
muscular
and
104
the
body
2.3
The
sport
events
sport
How
3
Century
and
Games
2.2
Unit
20
Games
The
human
the
legal
issues
172
sport
174
environment
176
questions
178
82
84
Glossary
180
86
Index
186
ii
836712_prelims_MB.indd
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01/07/2016
10:20
Introduction
This
Study
Guide
has
been
Council
(CXC
developed
exclusively
with
the
Caribbean
®
Examinations
by
candidates,
both
in
and
)
to
out
be
of
used
as
school,
an
additional
following
the
resource
Caribbean
®
Secondary
Education
It
prepared
Certicate
(CSEC
)
programme.
®
has
been
teaching
learning
and
by
Education
to
master
the
to
Sport
key
and
In
this
following
to
team
tools
and
The
to
the
concepts
refer
requirements
addition
a
examination.
providing
and
remember
by
to
your
expertise
contents
help
you
features
and
Guide
are
for
in
your
included
full
the
CSEC
designed
achieve
requirements
syllabus
examination
Study
with
the
guidance
support
best
make
of
to
it
syllabus,
in
Physical
easier
for
syllabus.
Do
on
the
you
course
format!
you
will
nd
electronic
activities
at
the
website:
www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/9780198367123
These
activities
examination
On
Your
answer
and
Marks
and
feedback
This
of
will
revise
examination
an
assist
provide
examiner
activities
will
you
activities
refer
you
sample
to
build
with
in
developing
good
are
to
where
candidate
answers
understand,
skill
short
answers
could
level
be
and
questions.
specically
designed
examination
sections
examination-style
example
show
your
examination
multiple-choice
problem
unique
to
questions,
answering
Yourself
experience
can
in
type
from
This
condence
designed
activities
essay
feedback
improved.
T
est
are
techniques:
inside
to
provide
questions
the
Study
and
Guide
helpful
so
that
you
areas.
combination
practice
will
of
focused
provide
syllabus
you
with
content
invaluable
and
interactive
support
to
help
®
you
reach
your
full
potential
in
CSEC
Physical
Education
and
Sport.
iii
836712_prelims_MB.indd
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10:20
Historical
1.1
developments
Physical
and
What
LEARNING
is
this
unit
you
will
learn
describe
the
meaning
of
education
•
nature
and
education
and
learn
sport
the
between
physical
that
education?
has
aims
performance
physical
describe
and
physical
been
described
as
an
educational
to:
process
•
sport
OUTCOMES
Physical
In
education
skills
These
relationship
be
improve
through
and
can
to
values
human
physical
that
categorised
will
activity.
be
into
development
helpful
three
Through
it
throughout
areas:
and
we
our
Physical,
can
lives.
Personal
and
Preparation.
education
sport.
Learn
health
Learn
about
&
fitness
sports
Learn
and
skills
pastimes
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
PERSONAL
PREPARATION
Decision-
Sporting
Self-realisation
making
Emotional
Active
leisure
Possible
and
opportunities,
and
socialisation
experience
throughout
career
play
trops
The
mind
map
education
ssalc
For
above
has
three
is
easily
main
e.g.
life
ethics
learned
and
for
a
in
sport
team
shows
that
physical
aims:
your
country
1.
Physical
pot
various
–
learning
activities,
about
and
the
health
rules
and
of
the
tness,
sports
the
and
skills
needed
pastimes
we
for
are
taught.
gnidnamed
2.
For
Personal
–
behave
in
different
learning
control
our
about
ourselves
and
the
way
in
which
we
your
situations.
We
can
learn
to
recognize
and
perhaps
club
dna
Preparation
throughout
–
life
and
learning
as
either
learn
to
be
ways
to
continue
a
career,
part
for
of
a
group
or
physical
leisure,
or
team.
activity
through
sport.
For
your
,dezinagro
gnimmiwS
evititepmoc
3.
emotions
What
is
sport?
school
Sport
is
requires
ylgnisaercni
Once
structured
complex
physical
skills
and
activity
a
high
it
has
of
a
level
competitive
of
nature
commitment
that
and
a
motivation.
This
means
that
organized
events
with
rules
and
week
regulations,
for
the
aim
is
to
win.
It
involves
strenuous
exercise
tness
and/or
many
erusiel
and
At
the
use
factors
winning.
of
complex
such
as
skills,
and
enjoyment,
Participating
in
participants
challenge,
sport
requires
are
motivated
personal
you
to
by
excellence,
take
your
activity
the
beach
evitc
on
and
holiday
seriously,
but
mayneed
to
achieveyour
that
give
does
a
best.
lot
It
is
not
of
mean
time
to
important
you
your
that
will
not
sport
enjoy
and
yourself.
train
competitions
hard
are
You
to
undertaken
2
836712_ch01.indd
2
28/06/2016
14:00
with
a
spirit
of
sportsmanship.
There
can
be
no
true
sport
without
DID
a
sense
an
of
fair
play.
opportunity
to
For
many
achieve
persons,
excellence,
participating
but
this
can
in
sport
mean
YOU
KNOW?
is
different
CARICOM
things
for
different
individuals.
A
top-class
athlete
aims
to
become
standards
champion
on
excellence
a
by
national
being
or
international
selected
for
their
level,
whereas
school
others
relationship
between
for
and
in
the
•
Apply
must
education
take
Caribbean:
concepts
the
part
takes
in
is
a
compulsory
lessons
place
during
part
the
of
your
school
curriculum
day
.
Sport
is
and
so
Exhibit
you
and
weekends.
outside
normal
lesson
time,
at
two
Sport
because
can
motor
skills.
is
extra-curricular
and
optional,
you
become
want
blurred.
to.
If
a
Having
lesson
said
that,
contains
the
a
personal
behaviour.
Achieve
and
so
maintain
a
health-
evenings
level
of
physical
you
divide
and
well-being.
between
•
the
principles
and
something
lunchtime,
tness
participate
of
responsible
social
enhancing
or
and
development
physical
•
which
four
Education
sport
•
Physical
down
achieve
performance
education
laid
Physical
team.
for
The
have
a
competitive
Exhibit
safety
principles
and
game,
practice.
does
it
stop
being
values
that
you
Clearly
we
way
to
show
This
Venn
can
physical
are
taught
see
there
education
in
is
PE
an
and
lessons
overlap
become
have
sport?
some
between
the
place
two
Do
in
and
the
sport?
one
Sport
this
is
with
diagram
a
gives
Venn
Physical
education
diagram.
examples
of
sport,
physical
Intramural
education,
and
the
area
where
the
two
mix.
Can
you
give
Wimbledon
cricket
tennis
match
A
basketball
lesson
A
swimming
lesson
A
CSEC
nal
other
examples
to
t
into
each
section?
CARIFTA
Ryder
Cup
gol
World
Cup
ualier
A
Recognising
the
activities
where
Physical
Education
and
sport
coaching
session
overlap
is
sporting
situation,
against
usually
the
situations
or
a
each
hardest
where
school
other,
to
situation
e.g.
an
are
where
intramural
Physical
Differences
understand.
athletes
Try
learning,
students
to
think
e.g.
a
of
Focused
•
An
the
•
Compulsory.
•
T
eaches
•
Promotes
lifelong
•
Follows
school
•
T
eaches
educational
compete
Sport
child.
experience.
fundamental
health
responsible
netball
event.
•
a
skills.
activity.
curriculum.
benets,
fair
play,
behaviour.
•
Focused
•
A
•
Voluntary.
•
T
eaches
•
Promotes
•
Highly
•
Promotes
all
on
QUESTIONS
the
competitive
activity.
experience.
sport-specic
skills.
excellence.
structured
and
winning
–
organised.
sometimes
•
POINTS
Sport
is
organized,
institutionalised,
1.
Dene
sport
and
physical
at
costs.
KEY
SUMMARY
lesson
in
coaching
education
on
heat
and
education.
competitive.
2.
What
3.
Give
are
the
differences
between
the
two?
•
examples
education
to
help
explain
how
sport
and
physical
and
is
leisure
time,
fun
non-competitive.
overlap.
•
4.
Recreation
Describe
the
benets
(seeunit
1.7).
of
PE
and
sport
to
the
individual
PE
is
the
social
state
instructional
of
and
the
and
about
emotional
person.
3
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1.2
The
LEARNING
organization
of
sport
On
previous
the
organization
In
this
unit
•
that
you
will
number
learn:
look
sport
local,
and
is
organized
regional,
Each
national,
international
the
hierarchical
at
an
sport
was
international
individuals
how
sport
sportat
levels
described
this
from
all
sport
as
requires
being
corners
of
the
the
structured.
coordination
world.
Let
us
of
The
take
a
a
large
closer
happens.
a
has
its
own
international,
system
where
hierarchy
national,
members
of
organizations
regional,
are
ranked
and
local
that
govern
levels.
according
to
A
their
the
hierarchy
authority
.
This
relationships
looks
between
of
of
at
is
•
page
OUTCOMES
like
a
pyramid
where
the
highest
authority
with
the
most
power
is
the
bottom.
is
sporting
at
the
top
At
each
and
the
smallest
with
the
least
power
at
organizations.
We
will
level
take
more
organizations
volleyball
as
an
join
in
giving
the
pyramid
itsshape.
example:
FIVB
International
Federation
Governing
International
de
Body
Volleyball
NORCECA
Continental
Federations
AVC
CAVB
Asia
Africa
North
and
Central
American
CEV
and
CSV
Europe
South
America
Caribbean
CAZOVA
Caribbean
Regional
ECVA
Zonal
AFECAVOL
Volleyball
Volleyball
Association
Association
National
Netherland
Bahamas
Barbados
Clubs
&
schools
level
Clubs
&
&
US
Clubs
is
the
bodies,
is
•
draw
up
•
organize
•
settle
•
promote
Its
&
Clubs
schools
governing
volleyball.
Tobago
Virgin
job,
body
like
that
for
of
Islands
&
Clubs
schools
the
sports
most
of
&
schools
indoor,
international
beach,
and
governing
to:
the
rules
of
the
sport
and
prevent
their
abuse
KNOW?
Caribbean
Association
Netball
exists
recognized
governing
&
schools
FIVB
grass
not
Clubs
schools
The
The
Trinidad
Jamaica
Antilles
Grass-roots
YOU
Caribbean
Central
Zones
Associations
DID
Eastern
by
but
it
the
world
international
disputes
within
competitions
the
sport
the
world
is
volleyball
sport
is
work
with
on
stage
and
develop
it
where
the
unpopular
body.
•
anti-doping
agencies
to
combat
the
misuse
of
drugs
4
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14:00
At
grass-roots
level
there
will
be
lots
of
participants
but
often
few
spectators.
Fewer
but
•
publish
the
•
manage
world
and
international
rankings
train
ofcials
for
seeding
and
in
coaches,
international
particularly
players
they
make
attract
lots
it
to
of
international
level
spectators.
competitions
at
level
LINK
•
communicate
Committee
with
for
the
organizations
involvement
such
of
as
the
volleyball
International
in
multi-sport
Olympic
events.
Look
at
section
Further
up
the
hierarchy
the
governing
bodies
do
similar
things
a
continental,
regional
or
national
level.
National
governing
be
responsible
coaches
national
and
and
for
the
referees
events.
encourage
participate
in
competing
well
They
at
selection
national
will
also
participation
the
sport,
in
the
the
of
national
level,
and
promote
within
better
international
the
their
teams,
also
the
sport
at
country.
chance
arena.
each
the
training
organization
grass-roots
The
more
country
Depending
sports
organizations
country,
there
may
be
smaller
organizations
below
the
before
level
EXAM
of
the
size
you
get
to
the
individual
clubs.
For
TIP
of
Make
sure
of
its
size,
volleyball
in
the
country
is
example,
divided
that
in
the
names
into
40
of
make
up
eight
sections
in
four
zones.
a
volleyball
player
you
would
start
playing
for
your
for
the
school
club.
sport
until
If
you
enjoyed
it
and
trained
hard
you
could
move
or
Be
prepared
up
one
day
you
represent
your
country
at
to
apply
your
a
in
of
the
work
the
governing
maybe
main
sports.
knowledge
local
know
governing
USA,
•
As
the
regions
Caribbean
which
you
national
bodies
because
the
of
the
body
in
region.
of
•
a
this
individuals
has
on
in
information
bodies
Caribbean
will
units
further
but
on
at
other
for
bodies
do
to
any
international
sport.
level.
The
organizations
opportunities
for
involved
competition,
will
help
facilities
you
and
by
providing
equipment,
training,
and
possibly
funding.
KEY
POINTS
•
Sports
•
Each
area
•
The
their
are
layer
of
organized
of
the
the
in
a
hierarchical
hierarchy
does
a
fashion.
similar
job
but
for
a
different
world.
international
governing
body
has
supreme
authority
over
sport.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
the
What
are
international
differences
and
between
national
the
governing
work
of
the
bodies
of
a
sport?
5
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1.3
Physical
education
andsport
ancient
When
LEARNING
we
take
an
this
unit
you
will
learn
examine
and
physical
sport
in
or
by
of
sport
The
and
and
of
sport
Over
The
that
arrow.
for
the
the
for
globe.
we
with
see
its
participation,
This
centuries
rich
of
war,
In
our
we
did
not
humans
enjoy
ancestors
the
way
we
today.
an
own
extremely
rules
and
competition,
just
happen
have
took
We
part
approach
survival
than
sport
they
may
Humans
it
is
so
ancient
are
in
and
overnight
changed
can
see
and
those
and
play,
are
show
not
think
off
their
that
and
they
that
as
the
face
similarities
in
which
about
to
so,
nd
disease
women
emphasis
that
was
on
with
as
sport
it
well
we
has
is
is
was
hard
as
not
or
to
bow
hunting
and
involved
in
mate.
brought
swordplay,
popular.
and
spiritual
likely
spear
been
particularly
were
there
most
purpose
the
have
a
was
participated,
However,
was
their
However,
would
archery,
those
so
skills
encouraged,
such
among
times
and
recreation.
competition
was
priority.
food
animals,
believed
that
the
a
or
likely
and
Activities
prehistoric
for
shown
social
exercise
India,
was
have
highly
Chinese
polo
to
to
hunted
food,
and
back
man
families.
activity
dating
Age
and
evidence
hunting
sport,
Ancient
of
what
but
dancing,
inactivity
showing
sports
Stone
warfare,
art
allows
each
immensely.
about
shing
and
world
developments
believe
cave
which
around
created
the
earliest
more
bow
activities,
participate,
hunting.
a
the
of
accident.
Early
with
at
societies.
changed
of
look
education
ancient
now
example
culture
system
organization
between
An
of
to:
development
•
part
OUTCOMES
sophisticated
In
a
as
by
the
sons
football,
tug
There
also
indeed
needs
evidence
about
with
is
excelled.
and
of
so
physical
pastimes
arrow.
such
as
others,
In
marbles,
and
countries
introduced
Yoga
such
riding,
also
as
swordplay,
became
Egypt,
we
as
a
requirement
Activities
with
a
military
jumping,
running,
development
Ancient
Ancient
to
achieve
physical
soul
in
boy
to
see
boys
were
and
physical
for
it
is
sport
exercises
military
taught,
However
,
education
dancing
among
popular.
young
wrestling.
spans
from
and
the
most
were
the
bc
and
education
paramount.
they
800
perfection,
physical
education,
were
start
connection
physical
physical
on
was
which
very
and
purposes.
including
in
Ancient
took
a
being
marching,
Greece
huge
leap
thatthe
forward.
Greece
Greece
emphasis
body”
of
and
of
wrestling,
idea
important
529
ad.
as
such
sport.
of
“healthy
a
for
subjects.
depended
the
Greek
placed
Every
boy
mind
body
Other
upon
The
they
and
Gymnastics
taught
to
in
and
in
a
a
taught
healthy
music
and
the
was
high
was
activities
where
ideal
for
the
the
way
country
a
lived.
6
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In
Sparta
part
of
jumping,
strict
In
the
the
Athens,
much
choose
part
of
famous
Ancient
The
but
in
Rome
also
to
of
the
of
Zeus
as
culture,
and
to
be
had
a
major
The
reckoned
the
physical
much
gods,
were
more
an
with!
body
for
education
freedom
to
important
dancing,
Olympia
Ancient
of
singing,
became
Olympic
the
and
most
Games,
we
will
body
the
Greek
and
bloody
spectacle.
but
gladiatorial
thousands
of
people
and
excitement
wild
animals
and
who
ght
to
was
high,
One
chariot
was
but
idea
At
would
gladiators,
were
the
so
trained
death.
was
racer,
a
races
Diocles,
at
to
watch
against
slaves
the
cost
the
Coliseum,
fought
often
mind
violence
the
reward
did
healthy
gather
The
the
at
for
strict
They
loved
Men
inuence
a
marching,
chariot
high.
Their
follow
of
battles
across
military
throwing.
instead
ad.
Greeks
inuential
sport.
to
476
the
empire
running,
and
healthy
to
bc
strong
expected
believe
and
in
a
a
or
spectacle,
of
for
losing
winning.
reportedly
won
the
The
equivalent
2014
and
wrestling,
hunting.
developing
control
feasts,
at
the
extremely
including
had
were
753
huge
in
would
on
not
people
conquered
a
swimming,
prisoners,
was
did
consisted
from
not
circus
honour
known
became
programme
jumping,
army
in
later.
only
activities
soldiers
training
spans
not
so
European
and
this
established
and
sporting
so
an
army
Rome
Romans
Europe
in
festival
Now
about
Ancient
and
and
The
these.
more
held
culture
events.
They
strong
marching,
them
emphasis
health.
a
participation
activities.
festivals,
of
producing
riding,
gave
Spartans
own
Greek
physical
learn
the
the
and
on
compulsory
running,
however,
as
was
the
approach
values
their
National
was
throwing,
Spartan
aesthetic
as
emphasis
training
of
15
billion
US
dollars
(according
to
Circus
watch
Maximus
spectacular
in
Rome
chariot
could
seat
up
to
200,000
persons
to
races.
gures)!
KEY
POINTS
Male-dominated
SUMMARY
activity
served
prehistoric
1.
What
2.
List
was
some
Ancient
Explain
4.
Describe
and
the
of
nature
the
Greek
3.
physical
QUESTIONS
the
Roman
physical
activities
and
of
sport.
in
took
Stone
part
in
Age
and
during
the
•
Stone
•
Ancient
mind,
activities.
one
similarity
between
and
purpose
ancient
in
times:
times?
eras.
these
difference
activity
individuals
Roman
purpose
one
of
a
Greek
•
Age
survival.
Greece
healthy
Ancient
and
–
–
healthy
body.
Rome
–
spectacle
violence.
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1.4
PE
and
the
sport
from
Medieval
to
Renaissance
The
LEARNING
fall
this
unit
you
will
learn
to:
of
examine
the
PE
Empire
in
the
West
happened
around
476
ad.
of
of
blood
were
sports,
along
decreasing
exercise
made
the
the
rich
with
poor
health
population.
unhealthy.
and
Eating,
Soldiers
a
high
drinking
were
rate
and
a
physically
but
were
being
pushed
to
the
extreme,
ghting
battles
to
extend
developments
the
in
Roman
major
t
historical
love
suicide
lack
•
the
OUTCOMES
Their
In
of
times
and
empire
–
battles
they
were
beginning
to
lose.
They
were
being
sport.
defeated
Empire
Rome,
by
was
and
stronger
shrinking.
believers
physical
pursuits.
Rome
divided
it
Feudalism
in
return
condition
and
the
that
Christianity
put
a
their
they
the
the
the
into
each
trained
land
to
the
was
nobles
Europe,
no
and
pagan
intellectual
feudalism
of
The
provided
worked
replaced
empire
of
rulers
service.
Western
efforts
system
that
military
people
across
Because
and
meant
for
tribes
The
rather
longer
Roman
beliefs
of
than
being
ruled
by
grew.
country
owned
knights
for
produce
gave
the
away
land
service
food,
but
on
to
land
the
the
crown,
received
little
inreturn.
Sport
In
in
Medieval
Medieval
open
to
life,
or
the
much
long
to
as
of
and
more
learn
he
fencing,
would
a
excellent
horse
knights
was
also
archery
military
a
jousting
with
taking
for
to
the
to
become
seven
ways
would
also
running,
of
the
weapons,
boy’
s
If
he
knight,
activities
boy
He
At
including
and
in
latter
his
14
was
was
was
such
years
looking
tending
sent
would
activities
included
succeeded
options
academic
knight
the
jumping.
and
the
the
court.
practise
and
career
and
a
when
armour
at
in
battleeld
Jousts
each
number
time
that
battle.
and
hoping
of
all
of
to
were
military
men
golf
in
to
after
his
swordsmanship,
training,
also
They
provided
two
unseat
at
21
he
team
but
ne
mounted
the
other
events
were
served
with
knights
from
many
pursuits.
from
not
was
events
death.
involved
However,
forerunner
sporting
resulted
T
ournaments
a
for
important
often
the
other,
this
A
were
people.
lance.
prepare
pursuits.
of
two
many,
a
that
for
the
part
law
age
For
with
jousts
each
a
ght.
had
religious
duties
archery.
affairs
training
towards
his
to
a
knight.
and
dangerous
up
squire,
a
become
but
swimming,
take
cleaning
Now
tasks
follow
Training
to
and
It
option.
castle
household
noblemen
train
nobleman’
s
entertainment
of
exciting
would
his
and
the
horses,
riding
of
and
at
T
ournaments
reenactment
knight
horsemanship,
as
sons
Church
began
boxing,
also
the
the
It
wounds.
A
a
tough.
with
age
his
join
become
the
help
England,
them:
times
a
16
all
to
60
sports
sport
for
should
were
practise
linked
noblemen,
with
and
tournament.
early
forms
of
football
and
cricket
were
played
by
the
people.
Skittles,
8
836712_ch01.indd
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09:19
wrestling,
bowls,
(a
hockey)
form
of
important
took
part
with
win
in
late
was
a
was
often
to
covers
16th
the
areas
the
arts.
placed
on
to
still
of
an
existed.
–
to
times
period
ad.
from
It
was
religion,
emphasis
sports,
army
It
in
progress
More
enjoying
have
is
one!
the
much
in
It
women
races
centuries
when
shinty
joined
wearing
and
need
ght
peasant
smock
not
or
played.
Renaissance
time
made
that
ran
is,
14th
as
science,
to
or
hurling
were
and
Renaissance
seen
the
well
that
Sport
the
note
as
games
one
The
to
and
was
although
prepared
believed
Calcio
that
good
good
not
in
for
the
exist
all
health
soul,
without
aspects
taken
to
ghting
of
make
England,
Europe
theHallaton
today.
had
In
few
Other
were
Italy
was
were
game,
Calcio
pitch,
no
health
took
events
is
Can
a
type
you
of
nd
football
any
other
played
in
traditional
Italy,
but
games
not
that
as
we
have
would
survived?
place
the
number
were
rather
excellent
helped
but
individuals
steps
of
developed,
than
were
deaths.
military
sportsman,
As
archery
and
training.
playing
In
real
archery.
were
many
developed,
different
Atherstone
Fiorentino
often
still
rearms
an
the
it.
is
an
played
referee,
ball
early
on
some
mob
game,
form
festival
of
days
andwere
of
which
games,
such
and
violent
–
as
cheese
football
such
still
still
as
played
Easter,
sometimes
died!
sports
popular
allowed
for
affordto
KEY
and
games
there
no
physical
reduce
practising
games,
rules,
and
orentino
recognize
could
Good
sporting
VIII
many
bottle
These
players
safer
changed
and
England
one
other.
Henry
Across
that
and
T
ournaments
became
King
jousting,
rolling.
the
them
tennis,
In
important
and
life.
methods
tournaments
exist.
was
such
as
cock
amongst
gambling
the
–
ghting,
people.
something
bull
Not
the
baiting,
seen
as
people
and
dog
cruel,
could
ghting
these
not
sports
really
do.
POINTS
•
Training
•
The
for
military
Renaissance
body
attitude
of
purposes
saw
the
a
was
return
to
important.
the
healthy
mind,
healthy
Greeks.
•
Games were played for recreation as well as preparation for warfare.
•
Cruelty
to
animals
was
part
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
the
purpose
the
nature
Describe
of
of
everyday
sport
in
life.
Medieval
and
Renaissance
times.
2.
Describe
of
mob
football.
9
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1.5
Early
on
in
PE
are
this
unit
•
explain
you
will
learn
to:
learned
from
from
engaged
some
of
the
developments
of
PE
few
countries
in
the
world
that
operate
in
complete
the
in
the
outside
each
more
other
world.
and
aggressive
Throughout
shared
ideas.
practices
to
history,
Some
countries
countries
dominate
others
have
have
their
empire,
and
in
the
Caribbean,
all
islands
and
have
at
some
and
point
in
Caribbean
major
increase
sport
very
sport
OUTCOMES
isolation
In
and
the
There
LEARNING
inuences
been
colonies
of
the
United
States
or
European
countries.
This
Caribbean.
can
be
seen
the
region
are
a
big
The
Unit
At
as
part
role
1.4
that
in
on
days
feast
players
found
from
the
factories
were
As
being
often
the
moved
out
to
from
the
do
of
the
built.
banned
Industrial
to
up
population
local
Each
Rich
the
the
The
of
towns
and
cities
in
villagers
took
violent
intensied,
to
across
and
sport
inuences.
nd
towns
games
a
cities
shift
a
farms
result,
of
work
with
in
rapidly
to
many
labour
the
them,
damage
grew
played
difcult,
small
great
of
the
they
was
As
sports
period.
in
Revolution
bought
causing
and
worked
men.
search
their
and
Renaissance
country
several
was
Revolution
major
and
had
landowners
work
there
countryside
spoken
education
Industrial
and
being
the
the
lived
village
around
area.
to
work
The
for
Physical
examine
journey
travel
change.
us
languages
Empire
the
the
the
behind.
let
localized.
from
much
country
of
because
began
themselves
left
so
historical
was
and
about
culture
British
our
were
including
culture
majority
sport
machines
ways,
the
that
the
the
and
and
of
brought
time
brought
well
of
country
,
most
many
new
but
they
property
.
and
workers
work.
10
836712_ch01.indd
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14:00
Industrialization
“middle
factory
They
class”
and
land
wanted
boarding
class,
to
this
development
after
the
as
the
New
boys
villages
Each
had
of
its
they
thinking
so
are
still
Headmasters
such
Clarendon
acceptance
the
be
public
upper
on
While
to
the
at
time
play
developed
from
different
different
games.
their
at
own
games,
today.
Eton
Charterhouse
game.
saw
as
them.
rich.
to
spare
played
and
dribbling
games,
When
knew
Game
encouraged
the
to
developed
a
of
originated
all
the
wanted
had
the
impact
sport.
lots
they
new
as
sons
huge
and
had
rules
which
Wall
their
a
PE
and
so
played
these
of
a
became
copying
had
had
and
school
some
send
boys
lessons
games.
brought
existence
owners
schools,
and
school
also
into
the
values
the
sportsmanship,
In
1864,
a
recognized
in
boys
left
sport
school
at
a
public
schools
many
of
learned
leadership,
PE
and
boys
government
Commission,
of
Boys
school
playing
cricket.
Forward
these
was
them
and
report
from
teamwork,
into
values
playing
and
education,
and
so
the
made.
went
to
university
to
study
DID
and
once
merging
a
set
the
of
again
the
rules,
much
country
they
known
more
on
the
took
their
as
games
the
Oxbridge
standardized
new
railways
with
rules.
that
them.
melting
The
were
The
boys
being
process
pot,
brought
could
built
travel
and
sports
The
the
against
being
young
table
sharing
other
played
men
below
their
universities.
today
leaving
shows
games
about
In
Great
is
a
play
the
universities
they
their
Inuence
T
eacher
Went
into
and
basis
of
the
Britain
paying
a
public
school,
school
but
in
these
USA
the
term
refers
to
a
modern
state
funded
school.
went
of
PE
schools
into
the
KEY
POINTS
and
of
the
world,
promoted
the
values
and
and
employment
rest
sport.
of
sport
Clergyman
Promoted
Industrialist
Encouraged
Politician
Passed
the
the
inuenced
love
Career
PE
now,
fee
existed.
how
and
By
KNOW?
around
the
games
YOU
of
PE
Military
Introduced
Diplomat
T
ook
sport
games
Acts
building
and
of
of
in
their
parish
within
their
workforce
Parliament
new
sport
for
facilities
to
the
PE
in
and
allowed
towns
troops
•
PE
and
sport
around
the
British
Industrialization
about
including
the
brought
Empire,
a
change
in
British
Caribbean
society.
•
The
ability
distances
SUMMARY
to
How
did
2.
Using
an
European
example,
developed
sports.
greater
for
wider
QUESTION
competition
1.
travel
allowed
from
sports
come
describe
village
the
activities
to
the
way
into
in
the
Caribbean?
which
national
games
and
international
•
The
and
spread
of
games.
spread
of
the
Empire
saw
around
theworld.
British
sports
travel
11
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09:46
1.6
PE
and
sport
in
the
20thCentury
Physical
LEARNING
education
progress
In
this
•
understand
of
unit
PE
and
sport
are
ever
changing
entities
which
OUTCOMES
you
and
will
the
sport
learn
to:
impact
as
that
the
world
changes
develops.
the
path
Occasionally
of
that
a
major
event
has
a
big
progression.
development
in
The
the
effect
of
war
on
physical
education
th
20
Century.
At
the
beginning
schools
was
the
impact
left
to
with
and
taught
as
it
taught
would
discipline,
military
to
keep
and
both
them
make
boys
t,
and
teach
them
the
public
USA,
from
blamed.
and
girls
and
they
law
physical
You
in
took
to
in
state
learned
England,
and
some
their
of
were
have
education
already
love
slowly
providing
gymnastics
about
and
Soldiers
to
hold
for
as
physical
following
PE
military
At
the
end
of
found
that
recruits
World
War
of
in
drill,
the
and
the
about
of
the
boys
education
example
schools.
sent
into
t
to
I
many
The
schools
ght,
of
tness
War
of
to
better
Few
the
The
of
activities
importance
instruct
schools
both
and
had
of
ended
children
had
were
Britain
in
schools
both
disciplined
children
(1914 – 1918)
lacked
Boer
preparation
weapons.
and
had
change.
lack
them
with
lessons
to
the
were
making
familiar
these
schools
states
a
was
drill,
idea.
emerge.
British
was
in
to
Century,
new
teachers,
that
the
20th
boys
and
outdoor
spaces
unhealthy.
and
preparation
the
for
USA
war,
and
girls
them
ready
all
for
resilient,
was
In
the
introducing
began
Britain
badly
Drill
the
varied
games
In
of
of
relatively
become
them.
Ohio
a
for
so
In
once
again
Britain
the
new
programmes
teaching
method
of
PE
were
was
still
formal
introduced
and
in
large
schools.
groups
were
service.
put
through
physical
exercises.
ghting
in
the
trenches
orders.
In
the
USA,
The
of
the
trench
soldier.
adopted
formal
in
schools,
replacing
Britain
gymnastic
development
was
much
The
The
Cold
Bloc
and
War
a
bombs,
were
very
to
different
different
and
the
approach
and
immediately
was
schools
by
games
thinking
II
required
improve
educational
and
describes
the
in
saw
conict
USA
clash
to
many
and
the
powers
tensions
a
come
which
war,
in
to
destroyed
War
so
place
respond
because
increased.
World
and
important
while
tness
type
the
of
developed.
were
taught
to
expression.
built
USA
their
New
with
PE
encourage
The
focus
the
now
child-centred.
Western
the
nuclear
to
was
War
and
in
more
those
individual
participated,
Crisis,
a
in
WWI
took
men
athletics
approach
facilities,
of
more
Cold
of
changes
more
children,
and
warfare
warfare
More
a
required
intramural
commando-style
from
Discipline
political
largely
between
the
conict
the
involved
also
in
world
came
the
the
the
other
Soviet
and
form
came
in
between
Although
communism
Caribbean
think
situation
post-1940.
the
form
of
Eastern
Union
(USSR)
capitalism.
This
the
Missile
Cuban
closest
of
the
countries
ever
to
sport.
12
836712_ch01.indd
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14:00
The
government
of
the
USSR
used
sport
to
try
and
prove
to
the
LINK
world
that
amounts
their
of
communist
money
system
training
their
was
superior.
athletes
to
a
They
very
spent
high
large
standard
Look
before
to
joining
win
and
Games
top
of
Human
for
many
rights,
Apartheid
1952,
the
Beijing
hoped
the
following
scene.
USSR
nine
Their
objective
entered
the
Olympiads
at
unit
1.9
to
see
some
of
was
the
effects
these
the
summer
issues
had
on
Olympic
they
Olympic
Games.
nished
times.
in
to
to
groups
of
sport
and
has
ruling
was
civil
and
awarded
the
were
in
concerned
and
was
2008
of
the
feminist
rights
are
a
for
medium
The
political
people
on
the
denied
were
sports
eld
favoured.
Olympic
China’
s
freedom
for
the
as
individuals
teams
about
such
groups
as
mixed
around
cause,
example.
race
improvement
persons
rights
used
one
white
all
own
countries
been
is
of
their
some
race
speech,
in
for
Africa
their
the
an
in
sport
South
China
freedom
women,
and
in
see
torture,
entitlements
campaign
However
while
rights
and
basic
of
according
Human
PE
the
rights
prohibited
When
In
In
seven
groups
minorities.
separated
were
table
are
the
human
conict.
time.
competitive
rights
rights
ethnic
their
rst
Specic
groups
of
the
international
succeeded.
medal
Human
globe.
they
for
the
the
human
China’
s
the
Games
rights
record.
position
on
internet.
USA
th
By
the
20
century
and
interscholastic
The
National
Association
oversee
school
with
40%
grew
which
and
with
programs
on
PE
teacher
training
for
physical
against
sport
cut
and
programs
shortage
also
it
tness,
childhood
of
inter national
to
play.
KEY
POINTS
•
PE
of
•
in
schools
about
The
has
in
–
and
II
of
free
but
more
PE
National
years
suffered
after
teacher
and
the
sport
and
emphasis
in
diabetes,
and
changing
to
play
equipment
with
education
the
girls.
the
schools
particularly
type
schools
established
for
and
T
oday,
physical
by
and
and
depression
need
facilities
affected
boys
completely,
a
of
US
sports
importance
rise
many
were
The
medicine
the
sport,
been
of
both
education
disabilities.
and
a
role
PE.
preventative
obesity
and
in
(NCAA)
(NAIA)
dropped
brought
importance
great
physical
with
for
popularity.
development
individuals
place
games,
being
included
the
in
existed
association
Athletics
and
gymnastics
budgets
of
took
Athletic
Intercollegiate
formal
saw
a
of
Education
programs
Collegiate
competitive
overtook
WWII
Physical
the
ght
and
the
sport
has
development
warfare.
Sport
can
SUMMARY
1.
What
2.
In
become
political
tool.
QUESTIONS
were
what
a
the
ways
effects
can
of
world
countries
war
use
on
sport
PE?
for
political
gain?
13
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1.7
Physical
sport
The
LEARNING
this
•
unit
explain
Caribbean
you
will
some
learn
of
the
sport.
of
This
region
has
a
Caribbean
good
excellent
system
been
very
role
brought
strong
models
for
about
tradition
young
by
a
of
excellence
number
persons
to
of
causes
emulate,
an
to:
of
sports
competition
in
schools,
organizations
major
sport
hard
in
to
promote
sport,
and
gover nments
that
are
and
preparedto
education
has
including
working
developments
physical
the
and
OUTCOMES
in
In
in
education
support
PE
and
sport
through
policies
and
funding
the
(see
unit
12.1).
Caribbean.
The
To
the
sport
to

A
way

It
boosts
confidence.

A
way
meet

Provides
to
to
to
keep
an
the
To
Opportunity

of
individual:

and
benets
achieve
excellence.

a
people
so
reduced
health
costs.
and
socialise
for
the
with
relief
others.
of
stress
The
benefits
of
sport

Happy

Less

Greater
tension.
Provides
society:
Healthier
fit.
outlet
Caribbean
possible
and
To
the
groups
and
bonding
including
families.
opportunity.
region:

Generates

Increases
economic

Promotes
a

Boosts
income
Fosters

Encourages
ideas
the
for
individuals
activity
Caribbean
marketing

of
of
population.
behaviour.
socialization
together
career
productive
deviant
of
of
them
less
reliant
on
the
state.
region.
national
region,
co-operation
making
the
identity,
the
development
and
in
pride,
particularly
friendships
between
with
nations
morale,
as
a
persons
and
and
tourist
from
allows
esteem.
destination.
for
other
the
nations.
sharing
expertise.
The
Olympic
Games
Many
Caribbean
other
international
a
team,
in
1924,
doing
but
Caribbean
a
400m
so
it
nations
was
runner
1900
not
who
who
was
gold,
and
also
the
both
men
are
rst
nation
its
of
the
own
From
met
that
to
winning
in
the
was
two
rst
Caribbean
from
Hall
and
Association.
to
discuss
meeting
the
the
In
a
Haiti
are
and
and
the
and
to
send
followed
number
medal
of
Games
country
rsts
Trinidad
(IOC),
Games,
that
gold
from
rst
medals.
Notable
champion
the
Olympic
the
London
Games.
Committee
Olympic
delegates
region.
for
Caribbean
Cuba
athlete
the
Olympic
responsible
has
teams
Jamaica’
s
rst
in
the
1948
the
100m
unit1.8,is
Caribbean
until
won
the
entered
International
and
entered
Crawford
The
send
competitions.
in
nations
and
of
Arthur
Wint,
Hasely
T
obago
Caribbean
to
win
region;
Fame.
as
you
each
1998,
see
in
however,
Olympism
Caribbean
will
participating
(see
unit
Association
1.8)
of
14
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09:46
National
OlympicCommittees
togetherthe
annually
PE
As
to
and
you
Olympic
discuss
sport
saw
extensive,
in
but
unit
it
and
in
improve
the
often
was
from
the
Caribbean
1.1,
has
(CANOC)
Associations
established,
across
the
Caribbean’
s
bringing
region.
Olympic
They
meet
Movement.
schools
benets
of
struggled
physical
to
gain
education
recognition
are
as
an
The
important
seen
as
units
1.5
school
be
school
the
place
and
was
a
nurtured
early
on
for
1.6,
and
across
academic
politicians
place
beginnings
the
subject
where
physical
PE
curriculum.
has
In
the
learning
and
the
education
the
world.
but,
as
and
was
and
is
of
way
becoming
Caribbean
have
slowly
health
one
School
you
educationalists
tness
grown
2011
modern
the
to
an
learned
nation
do
it.
in
(CARICOM)
providing
schools
a
framework
offer
there
taking
exams.
the
for
endorsed
all
is
now
the
CXC
CAPE
for
an
sport
addition
to
offered
PE
as
to
chance
have
exam
PE
schools
extra-curricular
know,
and
ofcially
in
gain
a
follow
to
(see
to
unit
be
PE
in
qualication
taught
in
mimic
of
EXAM
Read
draws
a
large
crowd,
Rings.
about
the
sporting
of
Caribbean
athletes;
learn
their
and
accomplishments.
Most
as
subject
since
names
you
their
by
2003
2014.
at
as
how
event
of
very
achievements
out
inter-school
Olympic
a
by
cricket
status
the
is
Common
Look
high
Association
Committees
TIP
ACTIVITY
This
Caribbean
its
subject
and,
the
the
that
From
1.1).
lessons
qualications
CSEC
began
important
of
Olympic
could
subject
and
clever
•
Market
logo
National
learned
equal
Community
was
further
underlining
it
BOX
the
in
development
the
much
has
of
Caribbean.
Find
as
about
you
beneted
can
the
region.
its
importance.
Across
the
persons
the
not
compete
the
event
example
and
the
a
major
opportunity
Inter-Secondary
“Champs”,
to
Caribbean,
the
in
only
the
very
the
to
Schools
Boys
provides
school
national
high
Islands’
School
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
the
What
are
benets
of
a
take
high
Girls
it
is
nations
School
place
level.
In
giving
with
also
have
the
or
opportunity
televized,
similar
Athletics
young
Jamaica,
Championships,
students
but
Other
Secondary
events
at
and
stadium
status.
Barbados
W indward
athletic
compete
giving
events
for
Championships
Games.
sport
to
the
individual,
society,
and
KEY
the
2.
3.
Caribbean
What
What
does
is
the
IOC
stand
acronym
organization
POINTS
region?
and
for
what
•
for?
the
does
joint
it
Caribbean
stand
for?
PE
is
the
region.
rising
in
status
across
Olympic
•
Sport
brings
benets
to
all.
15
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09:46
1.8
The
The
LEARNING
this
unit
you
will
learn
examine
the
major
developments
and
unit
Modern
of
historical
the
Olympic
1.3
we
Ancient
Games.
is
most
now
were
continued
they
free
not
to
take
born,
even
ve
is
pictured
of
its
artwork,
emphasizing
They
men
held
festivals
of
one
and
to
the
gods.
honour
the
god
and
day
(three
The
were
to
foot
in
and
just
if
and
even
allowing
a
races
they
the
running,
races,
were
competed
centuries
be
called
sporting
feasting,
and
but
Games
jumping,
(a
seen
naked
festival
singing.
women
attempted
jumping,
pancratium
Games
bc,
12
in
grew
and
the
and
the
as
Only
were
to
do
to
last
discus,
violent
as
Zeus,
776
participate
death
running
competitors
tactics
of
part
than
to
Starting
would
dancing,
risking
took
nearly
truce
more
to
Games.
for
a
allowed
racing,
wrestling).
illegal
victors
horse
as
were
were
Olympia
years
sacrice,
Competitors
pentathlon
at
Olympic
war
consisting
boxing
their
so.
boxing,
discus),
combination
pinnacle
took
a
of
strict
of
human
oath
not
win.
heroes
achievements,
and
they
rather
were
than
receive
presented
a
with
valuable
a
crown
reward
of
olive
its
Over
play
the
and,
on
their
centuries
disappeared.
include
return
the
Games
The
gladiatorial
home,
changed
Romans
violence
given
many
and
conquered
privileges.
the
strict
Greece
and
ghts
against
were
nally
banned
code
and
animals
of
fair
wanted
to
to
increase
KNOW?
the
spectacle.
Christian
Greek
Greeks
held
four
of
watch,
branches
YOU
the
in
importance.
DID
every
religious
racing,
for
much
Games
Ancient
times
place.
chariot
The
Greece
the
held
Greek
perfection
Ancient
that
these,
to
days.
use
of
allowed
wrestling,
to
as
during
included
Initially
in
learned
famous
known
Games
them
Sport
Olympic
to:
The
•
Ancient
Games
OUTCOMES
In
In
Olympic
women
had
their
The
Roman
Games
Emperor
Theodosius
I
as
he
in
ad
by
the
them
as
a
393
saw
own
paganfestival.
Games.
as
the
Not
as
well
Olympian
known
Games,
Heraean
Games,
originally
of
the
consisting
running
The
Modern
Baron
were
dedicated
to
Games
Pierre
de
Coubertin,
a
French
aristocrat
with
a
love
of
sport,
is
the
best
goddess
Olympic
events,
known
for
his
revival
of
the
Olympic
Games.
He
much
admired
Hera.
the
to
athletic
visit.
sport
His
of
He
practises
encouraged
attempts
his
love
of
Olympic
who
organized
inspired
revival
of
by
the
delegates
International
modern
four
the
era
years
he
wanted
perhaps
Games.
festival
this,
in
from
14
Olympic
were
social
Greece,
Olympic
ever
Games
a
because
of
met
he
countries,
in
Athens
of
only
the
with
in
a
to
in
First
and
schools.
because
the
idea
of
W illiam
Penny
Wenlock,
to
discuss
congress,
rst
and
Second
Games
have
being
the
attended
of
of
the
the
continued
the
World
a
Brookes
England,
establishment
The
1896
French
conceive
meeting
exceptions
went
also
Dr
the
(IOC).
into
and
organized
but
successful
led
it
by
that
this,
Much
called
This
on
to
schools
qualities
introduce
began
Committee
the
to
public
moral
spurred
games
1894
English
and
he
He
Games.
held
since;
in
the
and
Ancient
era
by
of
and
failed
new
and
undertaken
recognized
every
cancellation
Wars.
Like
of
the
16
836712_ch01.indd
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14:00
The
Olympic
Greek
also
motto
Olympian
included
medal
for
translates
Games,
art
and
literature
as
“faster,
the
new
cultural
in
higher,
stronger!”
Games
events;
were
The
for
Coubertin
male
himself
opening
athletes
won
a
ceremony
of
the
1896
Athens
Games.
but
gold
1912.
Olympism
Olympism
of
is
a
excellence,
way
as
wants
host
to
city
KEY
•
fair
to
the
that
improve.
and
to
and
play,
based
a
on
also
From
Olympic
this
we
aim
Olympic
is
to
and
values
get
the
cultural
understanding,
legacy
sport
the
excellence,
Inter national
lasting
They
focus
on
respect.
personal
inter national
Today,
ensure
countries
andthe
of
education,
participation.
thinking
friendship
Olympicideals
sport
of
and
exchange,
mass
Committee
developed,
improve
sport
education,
(IOC)
helping
in
the
developing
women,
peace,
environment.
POINTS
Ancient
Olympics
throwing,
boxing,
for
men
consisted
wrestling,
of
running,
pentathlon,
and
jumping,
pancratium
(pankration).
•
Olive
wreaths
•
Olympic
ideals
exchange,
and
mass
SUMMARY
1.
Why
awarded
did
of
sport
fair
as
to
play,
winners;
personal
education,
still
done
today.
excellence,
international
cultural
understanding,
participation.
QUESTIONS
Baron
de
Coubertin
want
to
bring
back
the
Olympic
Games?
2.
What
are
the
3.
What
does
Olympic
the
ideals?
Olympic
Motto
translate
as?
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1.9
The
of
The
LEARNING
this
unit
•
examine
the
Olympic
you
will
learn
place
modern
Games
are
a
major
world
era
issues
besides
the
sport
event
draw
and
the
often
world’
s
when
they
attention.
Paris
surrounding
Women
Modern
events
to:
1900
the
Games
OUTCOMES
take
In
Summer
Olympic
rst
competed
in
the
Modern
Games.
Games.
1936
Berlin
Adolf
Hitler
was
in
white,
supreme
black
American
1956
Melbourne
Held
during
Games
in
Hungary.
two
teams
1960
The
the
met
a
Trinidad
and
War,
ght
the
four
some
the
games
gold
out
Crisis
in
his
when
medals
countries
Suez
broke
and
challenged
the
in
Nazi
track
withdrew
and
the
ideal
Jesse
and
from
Soviet
water-polo
of
the
Owens,
a
eld.
these
invasion
pool
when
of
these
semi-nal.
the
costs.
Over
Games,
2000
two
podiumwith
widely
team
for
of
the
televized
athletes
rst
and
live.
from
The
British
Barbados,
last
time.
the
city
West
Indies
Jamaica,
and
City
riots
for
black
their
power
broke
individuals
moment
ceremony
black
be
T
obago
Mexico
pivotal
to
combined
Before
a
in
Games
entered
A
won
against
vicious
these
was
Rome
rst
1968
Cold
for
race
athlete,
protest
A
power
Aryan
civil
out
rights
American
heads
salute.
in
were
by
and
they
in
the
occurred
medal
bowed
Sadly,
shot
protest
when
winners
at
their
stood
clenched
were
against
the
police.
sts
expelled
by
medal
on
the
raised
the
in
US
OlympicMovement.
1972
Munich
These
team
games
resulted
in
all
policeman.
insisted
1976
The
colours
of
background
competing
the
were
nation
rings
on
chosen
has
at
a
white
as
every
least
one
The
linked
the
colours
rings
world
in
their
represent
joining
national
the
ag.
the
of
Not
them
by
and
being
wanting
Games
to
Palestinian
killing
killed
give
in
two
along
to
terrorists
others.
with
the
A
ve
threat
taking
failed
terrorists
of
nine
police
and
terrorism,
Israeli
rescue
a
the
IOC
continue.
Montreal
Canadian
loss.
marred
hostage
The
government
opening
hosted
ceremony
these
took
place
paid
off
Games
in
an
at
a
huge
unnished
nancial
stadium
and
of
the
these
were
members
$1.5
billion
debt
was
not
until
2006.
The
continents
of
T
wenty
two
against
New
African
countries
boycotted
these
games
in
a
protest
together.
Zealand’
s
link
with
apartheid
South
Africa.
18
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14:00
1980
Moscow
These
USA,
games
some
invasion
1984
The
a
of
Los
rst
huge
teams
of
a
the
withdrew
Cold
in
War
protest
when,
led
against
by
the
the
Soviet
be
that
that
funded
Soviet
the
they
by
Union
could
sponsorship,
and
not
commercial
many
of
guarantee
nature
of
these
its
the
the
Games
allies
security
games
made
boycotted
of
went
the
their
against
principles.
for
disabled
athletes
athletes
Africa
apartheid
as
countries
by
were
were
held
allowed
to
for
the
rst
time
and
compete.
Barcelona
South
fall
to
The
stating
professional
1992
affected
Angeles
and
Events
Western
Games
Olympic
again
Afghanistan.
prot.
Games
were
the
Berlin
single
1996
sent
policy
a
team
for
the
rst
had
meant
they
Wall
meant
that
time
had
East
in
been
and
over
30
years.
previously
West
Their
banned.
Germany
The
competed
team.
Atlanta
KEY
A
bomb,
detonated
in
Centennial
Park,
killed
one
person
and
•
over
100
others
during
these
Games.
Despite
the
bomber’
s
POINTS
injured
The
Olympic
World’
s
against
the
USA’
s
abortion
policy,
the
Games
Games
is
the
protest
greatest
multi-sport
continued.
event.
2000
Sydney
•
These
Games
Antonio
were
hailed
Samaranch,
Korea
had
a
Why
host
then
combined
as
the
best
President
team
for
the
Olympic
of
the
rst
Games
IOC.
North
ever
and
by
They
a
Juan
South
•
They
time.
table
hosting
below
the
lists
Olympic
some
of
Games
the
and
advantages
other
world
and
gain
T
o
unite
and
country
T
o
boost
sports
T
o
make
a
prestige
with
a
for
sense
host
of
May
pride
Big
facilities
prot
lose
relations
between
athletes
and
learn
SUMMARY
world-class
or
are
A
event
large
the
from
be
used
for
can
be
not
political
advantages
disadvantages
being
are
Events
to
host.
if
the
security
expensive
out
event
risks,
is
not
and
successful
may
attract
terrorists
puts
transport
Politics,
countries
T
o
can
There
of
prestige
events
e.g.
increase
city
events.
protesters
T
o
a
Disadvantages
publicity
the
disadvantages
sporting
Advantages
T
o
by
Games?
and
The
hosted
purposes.
•
the
are
country.
of
to
strain
systems,
the
organize
on
the
hotels,
host’
s
host’
s
water
control,
can
infrastructure,
supplies,
interfere
etc.
with
event
athletes
QUESTIONS
1.
What
does
the
2.
Name
two
Olympic
Games
and
describe
the
events
which
marred
3.
Name
two
Olympic
Games
and
describe
the
events
which
contributed
4.
Give
reasons
Olympic
for
and
Flag
against
represent?
hosting
an
international
even
such
as
them.
the
to
their
success.
Olympic
Games.
19
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14:00
1.10
Major
multi-sport
events
The
LEARNING
In
this
unit
Olympic
you
examine
major
will
the
learn
to:
developments
sporting
some
major
You
are
the
of
entered
Games
you
and
that
also
beat
aware
the
the
nishing
know
Antilles
in
In
the
next
multi-sport
unit
we
will
Commonwealth
held
lots
of
events
in
the
Caribbean
look
at
some
of
other
event,
the
events.
but
and
These
are
around
the
single-sport
events.
in
Hamilton,
and
Canada
Olympics
hosted
by
Games
in
a
that
city
in
1930,
they
and
are
not
a
these
Games
multi-event,
country.
are
held
similar
every
Previously
to
four
known
as
the
Friendly
the
Commonwealth
Games
and
are
the
the
Olympics
they
Empire
Games,
only
countries
from
bobsleigh
1988
last.
invited
to
compete.
A
major
difference
to
W inter
But
is
that
include
sports
that
are
largely
played
in
did
commonwealth
countries
sports
be
such
as
netball,
rugby,
and
squash.
Guest
theLesser
competed
Jamaica
in
that
the
can
also
chosen
by
the
host
city.
year
two
Winter
Olympics
event?
The
W inter
1994
so
skiing,
hosted
is
Olympics
that
gure
curling.
Not
the
fewer
they
are
fall
in
skating,
speed
surprisingly,
W inter
than
the
also
held
between
no
Games
in
Pan
the
every
are
countries
overall
of
the
2015
Pan
American
Games
The
in
on
England
the
for
since
In
1988
W inter
idea
the
Paralympics
soldiers.
include
snowboarding,
hemisphere
has
and
ever
countries
whose
holding
the
since
the
Summer
1951,
table
The
open
Am
to
committee
USA
Cuba
they
is
Sports
dominate
the
second.
American
disabilities,
Olympics
“Pan
American
with
Parapan
the
event
Olympic
Pan
(PASO).
with
Games
Games
tried
to
for
hold
T
oronto.
winter
Games
a
of
Paralympic
Based
in
Sports
participating
multi-sport
by
medal
athletes
before
a
Organization
ceremony
hockey,
of
changing
Games.
American
years
recognized
opening
years,
southern
number
year
four
Games”
Also
ice
the
the
four
Summer
Games.
Held
all
every
the
skating,
city
and
Summer
The
The
multi-sport
in
that
The
man
the
Summer
years
competition
greatest
place
in
KNOW?
probably
Jamaica
world’
s
takes
events.
First
YOU
the
competition
The
DID
are
international
world.
•
Games
OUTCOMES
1960
they
the
rst
they
have
had
to
stop
them
because
of
interest.
Games
Stoke
wounded
were
Olympic
of
lack
but
Mandeville
veterans
held
in
opened
up
giving
to
to
immediately
Games
of
1948
the
Second
help
other
Games
a
a
disabled
much
both
hospital
World
rehabilitate
followed
them
at
the
disabled
persons
the
higher
War,
in
and
Summer
and
status.
20
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14:00
The
Special
The
Special
and
adults
year
but
rather
who
than
on
Huntsman
Also
known
event
in
is
The
Still
a
not
in
its
in
their
focus
on
the
World
by
to
the
for
children
activities
Games
Eunice
what
held
all
every
Summer
four
and
Kennedy-Shriver
disabled
persons
could
in
do
Games
Olympics,
the
provide
not.
Senior
at
organization
They
pattern
founded
could
Senior
largest
over
oldest
this
is
50s.
a
multi-sports
The
athletes
competitor
being
compete
over
old.
a
barrier
early
Paralympic
to
in
style
members
Games
will
take
competition
at
a
high
level.
Games
veteran
to
international
years,
London
cancelled
to
aimed
with
in
alternating
they
World
the
world’
s
Games
disabilities.
were
wanted
Invictus
Harry
similar
what
as
the
World
culminates
They
categories
years
Age
a
specically
age
100
this
Olympics.
1950s
is
intellectual
following
W inter
the
Olympics
with
round
years,
Olympics
this
2014.
Based
competition
of
the
place
give
multi-sport
the
armed
annually
on
for
event
the
although
more
It
launched
Warrior
wounded,
services.
organizers
was
US
is
the
sick,
that
event
Prince
it
disabled,
hoped
2015
by
Games,
is
and
the
Invictus
was
time.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
POINTS
Multi-sport
held
QUESTIONS
events
allowing
competition
1.
List
some
of
the
sports
competed
in
at
the
W inter
Olympic
for
are
friendly
between
countries.
Games.
•
2.
Which
multi-event
games
cater
for
persons
with
additional
needs?
3.
List
some
Events
are
groups
including,
senior
of
the
Commonwealth
differences
and
and
Summer
similarities
Olympic
between
Games.
the
and
organized
persons,
those
with
for
young
able
all
and
bodied
additional
needs.
21
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14:00
1.11
Major
single
sport
events
Governing
LEARNING
regular
unit
bodies
of
sports
hold
international
competitions
on
a
OUTCOMES
In
this
you
will
•
examine
the
of
sport
learn
to:
TV
basis.
friendly
Many
or
to
of
these
attract
new
sports
are
evolving
spectators
and
to
make
them
more
players.
developments
Cricket
single
international
events
Cricket
is
one
of
the
oldest
sports
in
the
world
with
references
to
the
th
•
examine
how
evolving
to
sport
suit
is
modern
game
England
describes
but
times.
in
there
two,
three,
number
In
test
are
schools
offering
or
back
formats.
or
ve-day
overs
bowled –
young
persons
more
hassuffered.
Cricket
and
World
as
popular
the
before.
If
“most
will
you
attract
enjoy
in
cricket,
–
or
by
they
or
of
ICC
He
now
over
limited
they
more
believes
a
be
to
the
format
of
days,
one,
by
the
matches.
as
cricket
modern,
Mr
that
Srinivasan
the
game
to
–
see
format
a
ve
time
cricket
that
cricket
by
Chairman
persons
is
place
can
2015,
the
class
50-50
sports
history”.
young
take
First
limited
traditional
Cup
there
be
40-40,
the
reported
more
which
favour
so
Century.
can
matches
was
being
16
games
Games
often
excitement,
The
the
20-20,
50-50tournament,
tournament
to
international
other
four,
of
dating
suit
50
than
all
over
ever
tastes.
Football
The
11-a-side
players
sport
qualify
qualify,
to
and
most
But
is
their
not
the
the
the
only
world
the
game
World
taking
played
Cup
place
to
tournament;
in
In
all.
2006
the
side
the
group
to
do
is
the
so,
one
and
in
31
sides
automatically
Warriors
the
the
single
years.
of
hosts
of
professional
biggest
four
Socca
stages
by
the
every
become
nals
Caribbean
also
is
FIFA
compete
reached
of
competition,
past
Jamaica’
s
qualied.
football
cups
(the
world
and
the
Confederation
holds
Jamaica
CARIFTA
at
in
Association
The
The
world,
teams
the
and
team
the
Caribbean
region,
football
cup.
Beach
women’
s
soccer
world
cup
and
is
futsal
becoming
popular.
CONCACAF
football
32
have
own
increasingly
Jamaican
play
recent
Boyz
that
in
T
obago
Reggae
have
of
world.
associations
making
Trinidad
the
the
competition
208member
who
game
around
the
have
of
Football),
Gold
both
Cup
North,
the
governing
every
nished
Central
third
two
in
body
years.
recent
American
for
and
football
Trinidad
and
in
T
obago
years.
Games
CARIFTA
held
in
eld
athletics
(Caribbean
Bridgetown
Free
Barbados
Trade
in
Association)
1972.
They
are
Games
an
were
annual
rst
track
and
2015
competition
for
young
persons
competing
in
two
age
GoldCup.
categories:
under
17
and
under
20.
The
standard
of
competition
22
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14:00
Young
is
very
the
persons
high
athlete
winners
of
Shaunae
Bolt
and
competing
and
each
adjudged
this
Miller
of
the
year
to
award
CARIFTA
the
have
have
The
Veronica
at
Austin
been
been
of
Sealy
the
Award
most
Obadele
Bahamas,
Campbell
games
Kirani
presented
Thompson
James
Jamaica.
is
outstanding.
of
Might
of
Barbados,
Grenada,
you
be
to
Previous
and
Usain
next?
DID
As
CARIFTA
Swimming
YOU
well
CARFITA
competition
swimming,
Swimming
held
Championships
annually
synchronized
as
being
a
professional
Championships
sports
The
KNOW?
since
1985.
swimming,
are
an
Young
water
age
group
persons
polo,
and
aquatics
compete
open
in
other
you
person
careers
there
sport
are
many
could
lead
into:
water
•
Sports
cameraman.
•
Sports
journalist.
•
Sports
merchandising.
•
Sports
management.
•
Sports
administration.
•
Fitness
•
T
eacher.
•
TV
•
Coach.
•
Physiotherapist.
•
Sports
•
Personal
•
Lifeguard.
swimming.
Other
sports
Sport
is
a
make
money.
the
big
media.
events
and
business
In
T
elevision
and
some
television
the
as
and
players
sport,
and
developed
As
that
the
Fast5
the
very
sports
make
Beach
will
volleyball
format,
one
so
important.
is
and
sport
If
they
their
appealing
eld
a
and
very
games
have
adapted
to
do
SUMMARY
you
in
this
and
section,
evolved
throughout
live
stop
and
it
seems
likely
to
new
has
sports
that
and
they
will
Why
3.
In
the
winners
of
the
recent
major
think
of
more?
sports
KEY
sports
trying
out
new
formats
of
their
sports
are
Caribbean
nations
currently
POINT
games?
•
what
you
trainer.
QUESTIONS
know
are
Can
psychologist.
so.
tournaments?
2.
presenter.
games,
popular
hockey
history
instructor.
sports
keeping
adapted
now
to
broadcast
teams,
more
way
about
and
have
them
are
learn
record
to
is
pay
Hockey5.
learned
Do
to
to
goes
Some
who
you
pay
entertained
have,
has
have
1.
10.8
money
spectators.
you
continue
and
stops!
football
now
spectators
companies
money
to
netball
of
10.7
audiences
watching,
cricket
Units
and
performing
well?
Sports
players
evolve
and
to
attract
new
spectators.
23
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1
Summary
HISTORICAL
1.
DEVELOPMENTS
(a)
Dene
the
term
‘physical
(b)
Dene
the
term
‘sport’.
2.
What
are
3.
Participation
4.
In
5.
6.
the
Ancient
taught
to
(a)
Why
(b)
What
How
the
children
their
sport
between
boy
at
was
‘physical
school
taught
education’
can
offer
physical
and
many
‘sport’?
benets.
education.
List
Name
ve
ve
main
of
these
activities
benets.
that
were
Sparta.
activity
training
benetted
important
consist
the
to
Roman
males?
of?
Caribbean?
Give
two
examples
of
how
sport
has
benetted
following:
7.
(a)
Why
8.
(a)
Name
Give
11.
in
education’.
activity
every
physical
did
schools
10.
physical
Greece
(a)
9.
differences
in
was
has
questions
What
did
the
the
the
(a)
What
(b)
Who
(c)
What
During
the
two
are
Name
(b)
individual
reasons
ideals
rst
is
Christian
the
the
the
Theodosius
up
Country
the
that
the
which
for
TWO
the
of
the
the
Olympic
games
in
Committee
393
in
AD
?
1894.
Summer
Games
Olympic
and
the
Games.
Special
Olympic
Games?
1950s?
starting
the
Olympic
country.
Games?
Paralympic
in
the
Games.
entered
the
Olympics
reason
ban
Inter national
Olympic
between
Special
times
(c)
re-started
modern
founder’
s
pre-historic
set
he
difference
founded
was
that
Caribbean
the
Emperor
why
of
clubs
the
games?
following
physical
activities
were
important
to
man
for
survival?
(a)
Competing
(c)
Playing
for
survival
dominoes
(b)
Fighting
for
dominance
(d)
Hunting
for
food
24
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14:00
12.
The
(a)
13.
of
17.
of
is
likely
to
be
periods
was
known
1900
AD
(b)
1500
–
AD
(d)
2500
BC
changed
20th
(c)
Marketing
In
allow
statement
Boosted
did
776
Baron
to
century
(a)
When
is
not
economic
the
of
the
the
ancient
de
1968
in
1988
FIFA
(d)
Hunting
sport?
Jumping
Renaissance,
a
time
of
religious
change
and
thought
that
the
and
sport
has
up
the
did
Jesse
City
(b)
Paralympic
games
(a)
immediately
after
the
Olympic
(c)
immediately
after
World
In
movement
IOC
in
Owens
1972
have
pre-historic
brought
to
times
the
(b)
Promotion
(d)
Preparation
(c)
1500
(c)
1748
(d)
Ancient
Rome.
Caribbean?
of
Caribbean
for
war
and
unity.
protection.
in
AD
(d)
876
BC
(d)
1984
:
win
four
Munich
been
gold
medals
in
at
the
Olympic
Atlanta
Games?
(c)
1996
(d)
1936
(b)
immediately
after
the
World
(d)
immediately
after
the
Special
in
Berlin
held
Games
Athletics
in
begin?
AD
set
BC
(c)
region.
Games
AD
250
1894
country
Mexico
the
776
Coubertin
and
in
–
civilization
benet
Olympic
(b)
year
a
activity
(b)
Pierre
ancient
1700
region.
BC
which
independent
(b)
1784
Since
earliest
(d)
conict?
1600
Which
as
is
WICB
(c)
–
the
the
Running
–
PE
Caribbean
(c)
1861
(a)
20.
following
the
1300
(a)
19.
the
in
CONCACAF
activities
(b)
cricket
(c)
(a)
18.
following
for
(a)
(a)
16.
the
Wrestling
Which
body
(b)
political
15.
governing
ICC
Which
(a)
14.
regional
Championship
Cup
Olympics.
25
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09:46
The
skeletal
2.1
The
system
structure
organisation
human
The
LEARNING
human
this
unit
•
describe
and
you
the
the
body
the
learn
truly
made
amazing
up
of
lots
of
parts,
all
working
together
to
organisms.
to:
structure
of
us
the
Individual
Tissues
cells
make
up
make
tissues
up
organs
Organs
and
tissues
make
Systems
make
up
an
organism
up body systems
body
•
list
•
describe
how
will
organisation
human
is
of
OUTCOMES
make
In
body
and
nine
the
in
body
general
body
together
in
systems
terms
systems
sporting
work
activities.
e.g.
bone
e.g.
bone,
e.g.
a
skeletal
e.g.
tissue
ridged
the
human
system
organ
“animal”
Body
systems
metsys
lateleks
ralucsum
metsys
Skeletal
The
and
bones
muscular
tissue
ehT
ehT
to
cause
muscular
and
joints
system
around
of
bones.
the
us
consists
skin
lose
sweat
of
by
reference
to
sport
systems
the
skeletal
cause
They
system
movement.
contract
Movement
The
(shorten)
creates
heat
work
with
the
muscles
are
and
pull
on
and
this
is
the
the
red
bones
regulated
system.
system
skin,
protects
heat
particular
integumentary
Integumentary
The
of
to
movement.
bymeans
This
with
hair,
inter nal
nails,
and
systems
associated
from
glands.
bacteria
and
helps
using
glands.
LINK
Each
has
of
its
the
nine
body
systems
own
unit.
Look
at
contents
page
for
the
details.
26
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14:05
Circulatory
Your
system
circulatory
blood,
heart,
and
Respiratory
system:
Your
blood
the
respiratory
lungs
and
system
system:
breathing
tubes.
vessels.
This
Blood
carries
food
system
and
and
out.
body,
volumes
takes
We
need
gases
Your
the
Nervous
system
nervous
system :
brain,
spinal
and
a
The
system
network
and
around
carries
We
need
and
fuel,
the
waste
more
away.
when
of
gases
ner ves .
receiv es
greater
and
then
s ends
exchanged
messages
to
the
mu s cles
(and
places)
exercising.
other
cau s ing
oxygen
contractions
and
of
in
information
oxygen
co rd
create
and
th eref o re
more
movement.
waste,
when
exercising
Hormonal
Y
our
set
hormonal
of
glands
hormones.
help
in
system
to
the
which
These
control
a
Your
make
chemicals
activities
the
stomach
the
food
food
we
We
as
system
system :
and
eat
use
g u t,
gets
where
broken
diges ted
fuel.
Excretory
Your
the
excretory
lungs,
intestine.
or
get
the
an d
r id
o f,
waste
from
body.
asked
systems
to
that
name
body
produce
systems,
do
not
name
the
energy.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
1.
system :
kidneys ,
They
excrete ,
the
system
TIP
being
energy
digestive
down.
body
.
EXAM
When
system:
Digestive
Draw
a
QUESTIONS
ow
2.
List
nine
3.
What
are
4.
What
is
chart
systems
to
of
how
human
an
organism
is
made
main
parts
human
of
function
of
organism
systems
is
which
made
up
of
tissues
are
made
up
of
cells.
The
body
which
body.
each
each
of
are
systems
have
to
system?
work
the
up
up.
•
the
The
made
show
the
POINTS
system?
and
together
to
play
for
sport
us
to
live
efciently.
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2.2
How
body
work
Your
LEARNING
•
this
unit
you
will
describe
how
systems
work
learn
your
to
game
to:
you
be
or
to
or
for
effective
in
The
She
brain,
skills
amuse
to
system
muscles
the
to
ourselves!
defence,
systems
of
brain
them
which
it,
and
and
then
to
enabled
contract
bones
system
heard
the
causing
on
mankind
long
has
been
and
distances
We
have
have
made
to
on
earth
track
learnt
up
to
and
we
have
throw
games
ourselves.
need
to
T
o
work
do
these
together
activities
and
an
them
do
will
the
allowed
a
result
body
her
message
sent
a
in
to
than
sent
to
optimal
systems
respond
was
message
less
efciently
her
to
to
work
contract.
the
they
The
caused
YOU
you
than
gun
hormonal
blocks.
skeletal
as
levers
movement
to
system
and
allowing
come
out
of
the
has
for
up
the
fast
the
blocks
sec
after
been
shown
some
A
it
red
to
arguing
for
get
study
possible
this
the
quicker
the
you
recent
is
persons
than
to
react
and
IAAF
disqualication
0.080
her
start.
leave
has
which
mental
helping
0.100
quicker
the
a
system
adrenalin,
KNOW?
disqualied.
athlete
in
her
If
the
our
muscles
DID
act
of
the
have
bones
all
together?
process,
caused
when
these
injury/illness/defect
speeds
the
on
performance.
movement.
the
things
based
releases
W ithin
catch
sport.
nervous
gun.
pulled
escape
run
to
How
correct
Since
and
body
together
muscular
jump,
–
any
The
amazing.
sprint,
hunting
body
help
is
together
OUTCOMES
had
In
body
systems
some
to
are
reduce
time
to
sec.
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14:05
In
longer
distance
races
the
start
is
not
very
important.
In
addition
to
DID
your
muscular
and
skeletal
systems
the
following
are
also
In
The
integumentary
helps
you
Beijing
lose
heat
from
your
skin
100
2015,
metre
a
second.
sweat
as
it
evaporates
His
for
reaction
over
half
time
this
(Bolt
–
0.159
sec;
and
you.
Gatlin
The
won
0.01
to
margin
cool
Bolt
by
and
accounted
through
Usain
sprint
that
of
radiates
KNOW?
system,
the
which
YOU
used:
heart
beats
circulatory
more
O
faster
system
and
within
to
nutrients
the
the
deliver
to
your
energy,
and
–
0.165
same
(0.144
sec).
reaction
sec),
he
If
Gatlin
time
might
as
had
Powell
have
won!
2
muscles
carries
to
make
CO
away.
More
blood
also
is
2
DID
diverted
to
Breathing
the
skin
speeds
to
up
lose
to
YOU
KNOW?
heat.
expel
When
CO
we
experience
excessive
2
and
inhale
O
via
the
respiratory
stress
(whether
threat
or
it
is
an
external
2
system
body
Don’t
forget
the
part
system
has
a
breaking
down
and
the
in
expelling
footballer
react
quickly
can
to
easily
mark
run
10 km
individuals
or
in
a
game,
deal
with
and
an
is
the
excretory
called
response
ready
you
do
explain
how
his
body
systems
work
run
and
it
away
makes
from
has
to
sprint
unexpected
and
pass.
and
is
together
to
enable
or
ght
respiratory
directed
to
it.
the
sharpens
Heart
rate
rate
rise,
blood
muscles,
and
our
our
nervous
him
travel
quicker.
this?
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
KEY
1.
to
thewaste.
impulses
to
“ght-or-
system
sight
Can
due
response.
foodfor
danger
This
our
action
played
your
us
has
for
inborn
ight”
energy
prepared
primitive
This
by
worry)
your
to
digestive
is
internal
Choose
1
list
that
they
the
a
sport.
nine
need
work
to
Make
body
be
with
a
table
systems.
used
for
relevant
the
with
In
three
columns.
column2
sport.
examples.
In
tick
column
the
3
In
POINTS
column
•
No
system
works
•
All
systems
work
in
isolation.
systems
describe
how
optimum
together
for
performance.
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2.3
The
The
LEARNING
main
this
unit
•
label
you
the
role
of
the
of
skeleton
in
the
skeleton
sport
work
is
to
with
muscles
to
OUTCOMES
provide
In
role
will
major
learn
to:
bones
in
movement
functions
than
you
at
joints,
may
but
as
you
will
see
it
has
many
more
think!
the
skeleton
•
describe
•
explain
skeletal
the
particular
functions
function
cranium
with
reference
to
sport.
sternum
clavicle
scapula
EXAM
TIP
humerus
ribs
You
need
the
names
to
know
how
to
spell
pelvis
(ilium,
of
the
bones.
ischium,
T
est
pubis)
yourself
by
writing
the
proper
vertebrae
names
for
these
bones
and
radius
then
checking
using
the
your
diagram
spelling
on
the
right.
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
Skull
hips
collarbone
thigh
breastbone
knee
shoulder
shin
blade
another
phalanges
bone
femur
cap
(and
patella
next
forearm
to
bone
it)
(2)
ankles
wrist
(next
to
fibula
the
shinbone)
hand
tibia
foot
ngers
tarsals
back
toes
bone
metatarsals
phalanges
LINKS
There
is
in
6.4.
unit
The
proper
different
given
A
more
on
terms
types
of
in
unit
2.8
good
diet
can
related
body
anaemia
of
shapes
the
movement
prevent
(see
are
diet-
chapter
9).
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Functions
1.
Shape:
bones
sport
level
2.
The
we
it
are
does
tissues
as
The
3.
Protection:
of
our
bones
an
ribs
In
contact
thinking
of
some
Movement:
your
skeleton.
shorter.
makes
our
crash
When
the
Your
they
caused
by
menstrual
would
can
diet
performance
and
a
easier
low
in
A
strong
other
this.
or
of
cage
to
on
is
bones.
bones,
skeleton
soft
tissues.
The
brain
determines
our
basic
the
skull.
shape
and
supports
our
the
The
power.
white
bone.
type
Our
This
and
of
This
could
be
heavy
blood
exchange
to
getting
spongy
through
needing
or
possible.
red
One
red
Try
used.
generate
and
to
safety
attached
the
deciency.
iron
activities
pull
make
cavity
lack
gas
rmly
Our
organs.
mentioned.
that
is
acts
brain.
and
longer
Bones
iron
skull
our
contracting
they
it
our
equipment
are
by
areas
vertebral
additional
the
The
prevent
reduced
in
add
movement
by
bleeding.
mean
Remember
be
but
previously
marrow
caused
a
soft
The
and
exible
work
production:
is
the
lower
delicate
protect
kidneys,
move.
the
Disease/illness
to
contract,
bone,
the
just
the
cord,
muscles
Muscles
the
in
a
sports
shorter
cells
to
would
damaged.
often
of
anaemia
be
areas
range
Blood
we
surround
as
the
blood
a
bones.
heart,
greater
5.
at
connect
spinal
we
bones
although
of
what
much.
helmet
act
the
and
esh!
lungs,
to
for,
thickness
shape
supports
could
sports
and
framework
Bones
sternum
our
equipment
4.
of
surround
and
rigid
as
skeleton
that
internal
protect
suitable
organs
the
length
individual
matter
sack
body
our
must
the
skeleton
different
not
without
shapeless
as
the
determines
Support:
that
of
cells
and
a
poorer
O
2
KEY
is
protected
by
POINTS
•
There
•
All
are
are
ve
main
important
SUMMARY
1.
Label
a
2.
Write
the
functions
for
of
the
skeleton.
sport.
QUESTIONS
skeleton.
Check
common
your
name
spellings.
next
to
the
proper
name
for
each
bone.
3.
Describe
4.
Explain
your
the
to
ve
what
functions
extent
of
each
the
skeleton.
function
is
relevant
to
a
sport
of
choice.
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2.4
LEARNING
The
structure
and
types
Cartilage:
OUTCOMES
bones
In
this
unit
you
•
label
•
describe
will
learn
to:
thicker
as
with
to
•
a
typical
a
long
bone’
s
particular
from
we
so
This
our
run
is
smooth
rubbing
or
joints
of
and
together.
move
bone
slippery,
Exercise
more
but
also
causes
smoothly
and
tough.
cartilage
absorb
It
prevents
to
become
shock
jump.
bone
structure,
reference
sport
name
the
types
of
bone
The
end
part
is
called
•
explain
Compact
strong.
with
It
their
impact
thus
train
is
hard
helps
prevent
thicker
protecting
Denser
with
and
cemented
It
us
we
better
bone
heavier
as
from
means
weights.
The
Marrow
cavity:
This
is
lled
soft
It
makes
yellow
exercise
More
O
this
red
blood.
to
pulp
blood
cells
means
muscles
marrow.
W ith
process
blood
This
the
called
cells.
called
shaft
the
diaphysis
regular
speeds
means
up.
more
we
can
carry
more
and
get
rid
CO
of
2
2
quicker.
This
perform
sub-maximal
or
at
a
in
higher
skin
that
the
the
width.
up
this
thicker
This
covers
bone.
bone
turn
It
and
Once
all
is
work
helps
again
so
a
we
can
for
longer
tough
except
helps
growth
and
means
intensity.
Periosteum:
of
long
with
is
a
the
sport.
bres
becomes
injuries.
can
of
salts.
It
in
This
made
calcium
exercise,
role
bone:
is
breakages.
we
better
brous
the
tendons
the
join
bone
exercise
our
ends
to
grow
Epiphysis
in
speeds
bones
become
stronger.
Spongy
calcium
bone:
salts.
It
helps
it
contain
blood
It
absorb
red
cells.
stimulated
This
is
also
shock.
bone
Once
by
is
hard,
made
light,
Some
marrow
again
this
and
of
bones
which
bres
very
and
strong.
that
make
production
have
red
is
exercise.
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14:05
Types
Your
of
bone
bones
Long
can
be
divided
bones
Their
into
shape
epiphysis
why
so
mainly
Short
bone
act
arm
ne
netball
These
of
These
and
must
The
have
and
bones
and
vital.
patella
in
SUMMARY
a
carpals
the
for
leg,
of
of
the
and
example
with
help
nal
in
more
direction
shot.
very
strong.
They
directions.
the
hands
and
surface
stomach
in
tarsals
area
to
For
the
nal
to
(ankle).
protect
attach.
and
back
is
for
vertebral
protects
to
cranium,
shapes,
The
also
It
are
muscles
this
specialised
tendon.
or
for
bones
is
despite
height
objects
example
pass
pelvis,
irregular
bones.
a
your
with
(This
Think
organs
of
muscles
the
that
it.
Damage
is
long
page
shaft.
bones
you
hitting
(wrist)
large
Scapula,
and
for
out
long
a
pass.
very
to
and
variety
ball
by
movements,
smaller
a
shape:
previous
give
large
bones
the
space
all
have
face
support
is
a
attach
These
for
in
their
the
called
bowling
squat
on
bones
basketball
chest
Examples:
Irregular
or
icking
a
are
The
on
connected
movements,
provide
pelvis
in
movement
Examples:
bones
levers
based
one
end
Long
bats.
small,
example
stage
the
bones
bones
and
provide
Flat
like
either
as
delicate
a
groups
small!)
rackets
in
is
at
nger/toe
being
the
four
called
the
cord
type
a
example
column
spinal
can
of
ribs
cord.
result
bone
sesamoid
the
vertebrae
provides
in
that
In
sport
paralysis.
is
this
The
contained
bone.
QUESTIONS
KEY
1.
Draw
and
2.
Explain
how
each
3.
List
four
common
the
label
a
typical
long
feature
adapts
types
of
to
training.
bone
and
give
•
examples
•
Using
a
types
of
sport
bone
of
your
help
choice,
you
explain
perform
your
how
each
chosen
of
the
sport.
four
Each
has
of
each.
4.
POINTS
bone.
a
tissue
within
role
to
There
are
four
types
of
a
structure
play.
bone
common
in
the
human
body.
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2.5
LEARNING
Bone
growth
Prior
embryo’
s
to
birth
skeleton
In
this
unit
•
describe
you
will
learn
Bone
to:
how
bones
is
8
weeks
–
cartilage.
appear
and
begin
in
bone
cells
the
the
process
of
grown
changing
birth
mainly
cells
middle
from
the
OUTCOMES
the
skeleton
to
bone.
ossication
Theperiosteum
also
lays
down
periosteum
•
explain
during
•
the
bad
during
of
DID
an
the
older
bonecells.
of
of
good
exercise
benets
on
of
the
By
bones
person.
the
time
are
still
are
quite
you
mostly
soft
are
born,
cartilage.
and
easily
bones
They
bent.
KNOW?
cells
“osteo”
effect
types
exercise
YOU
Bone
grows
adolescence
describe
gentle
bone
adulthood
analyse
and
•
how
start
which
with
the
means
word
bone
In
inGreek.
a
young
person
bone
cells
Growth
Ossify
–
make
Ossication
–
into
the
appear
in
the
(ends).
Now
epiphyses
plates
bone.
process
of
of
cartilage
only
two
remain.
bands
These
15
making
bone.
are
called
“growth
epiphyseal
Osteopath
–
someone
bones
to
Bone
years
or
cells
who
are
manipulates
plates.
plates”
laid
downat
the
outer
treat
edge
so
bones
get
longer.
The
periosteum
growth
injuries.
periosteum
down
also
bone
grows
continues
cells
so
to
the
here
lay
width
slowly.
23
As
years
a
young
adult
twenties
the
become
bone
in
your
growth
and
early
plates
you
stop
growing.
protective
of
The
whole
growth
The
world’
s
smallest
and
largest
layer
cartilage
process
spurts,
but
is
controlled
if
there
a
giant
is
too
by
hormones.
much
or
too
It
is
little
normal
growth
to
have
hormone,
man.
you
could
become
or
hardly
grow
at
all.
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14:05
Bone
You
cells
would
twenties
are
think
but
broken
and
in
osteoclasts
already
Thetype
of
that
bones
for
life.
technique
distance
during
new
as
often
a
during
bone
growing
made
osteo b lasts
old
spurt
matter.
in
and
build
your
old
new
Exercise
early
bone
cells
bone
makes
the
is
with
with
regulated
promotes
is
quickly
in
in
–
the
in
can
growth
growth.
studies
to
keep
result
areas
contact
uneven
as
perhaps
example
weights,
result
–
the
bone
important
dieting
for
by
good
in
growth.
This
for
fragile
stressed,
sports
show
light
or
can
so
poor
long
cause
legs.
a
bit
your
centre
can
growth
grows
can
bow
become
and
the
boxing,
training
as
growth
stop
adolescence
coupled
running
growth
height
their
Also
such
away
childhood
sports,
hard
road
problems
People
or
would
continually
called
adolescent
active
training
category
cells
is
harder.
activity
extreme
weight
an
bones
bone
dissolve
stated,
but
your
new
Bone
work
hormone
exercise
that
fact
down.
osteoblasts
As
and
of
take
clumsy
brain
gravity.
a
while
as
can
teenagers.
take
Muscles
to
catch
a
This
while
and
to
is
because
adapt
tendons
to
your
become
tight
up.
Bow
high
Bones
Did
of
and
you
age!
that
know
that
Exercise
your
slows
bones
bones
this
and
the
menopause,
Thebones
get
so
can
Optimum
Bone
is
weight
but
that
slow
down.
it
to
it
get
down.
occurs
fragile
heavy
for
caused
by
whilst
too
much
young.
in
affect
break
from
just
Osteoporosis
rapidly
does
they
lighter
women
elderly
easily.
is
in
a
the
men
Gentle
30
as
years
condition
rst
few
well.
weight
bearing
a
which
5’7”
tall
is
why
adult
ideal
could
weight
be
varies
anywhere
so
much.
between
76kg!
In
Information
on
thinkwhy
boxer
a
build
and
would
sport
not
is
discussed
want
to
train
in
to
unit
get
6.4,
but
thicker
can
and
you
heavier
space
bones
why
weightlessness
and
an
muscles
exercise
astronaut’
s
leg
be
running
weight
extremely
Optimum
57 –
help
start
process
this
after
exercise
can
aging
weakens
years
legs
impact
will
means
weaken.
machine
space
is
part
that
both
This
of
is
the
kit.
bones?
KEY
•
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
POINTS
Bone
cells
made
through
1.
Dene
the
2.
Describe
3.
Name
4.
List
word
diagrams
the
process
of
three
explain
5.
Sarah
light
important
activities
not
nutrients
for
good
recommended
for
bone
growth.
adolescents
and
why.
is
80
shopping
your
she
always
home.
How
walks
can
to
this
the
help
early
Exercise
crucial
•
Some
are
but
bone
to
life
be
even
growth
stops
twenties.
ossication.
•
three
whole
ossication.
in
using
continue
your
shops
her
and
bone
carries
growth?
and
for
a
types
of
dangerous
quality
good
healthy
bone
diet
are
bones.
exercise
for
good
growth
during
adolescence.
35
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2.6
The
The
LEARNING
vertebral
vertebral
this
unit
•
name
you
all
is
commonly
known
as
your
“spine”
or
OUTCOMES
“backbone”.
In
column
column
will
the
learn
sections
(although
to:
It
is
your
made
tail
up
bone
–
of
33
bones,
coccyx
–
one
could
on
have
top
of
the
between
other
3–5
bones!)
of
How
many
A
trick
pieces
are
there?
vertebrae
•
explain
the
the
function
of
little
to
remember
is
7
•
understand
why
susceptible
to
the
spine
EXAM
saying
the
numbers
to
a
beat:
12
5
5
4
use
the
mnemonic
shown
in
the
table
to
remember
their
order:
injury.
Cute
Cervical
(neck)
Teddies
Thoracic
(attached
Love
Lumbar
(lower
Some
Sacrum
(pelvis)
Cuddles
Coccyx
(tail
TIP
Spellings
can
an
Be
exam.
the
keep
is
Now
with
to
spine
lose
careful
“coccyx”,
plural
of
you
and
marks
to
ribs)
in
back)
especially
remember
“vertebra”
is
remnants)
“vertebrae”.
The
parts
Cervical
This
It
is
also
atlas
us
our
Thoracic
These
are
Sacrum
fused
it
is
nod.
The
attachment
called
the
the
head
axis
ts
into
and
the
for
atlas
is
the
and
neck
the
attached
atlas
and
muscles.
axis.
to
the
pivots,
The
skull
allowing
us
the
largest
and
lots
[say
fused
of
“say
fused
for
“thaw
these.
individual
rass
They
ick”]
form
part
of
the
chest
area.
occurs
They
support
the
weight
of
here.
crumb”]
to
(Fused
“Kok
make
=
a
stuck
large
triangular
bone.
This
is
also
together)
siks”]
together
muscle
vertebrae.
movement
together
[say
-
to
[say
(5)
(4)
used
below:
all”]
of
(12)
attached
pelvis.
are
vic
the
bones
weight
explained
“sir
provides
your
Coccyx
These
the
[say
two
vertebrae
(5)
are
to
It
the
vertebrae
others
These
to
(7)
are
head.
are
Lumbar
the
neck.
supports
ribs
backbone
vertebrae
your
turn
The
the
includes
allowing
to
of
as
well.
This
is
the
remains
of
our
tail.
Now
attachment.
36
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Functions
of
the
vertebra
DID
The
vertebral
column
has
ve
section
and
has
four
main
YOU
KNOW?
functions:
•
Most
mammals
vertebrae
1.
Protection
The
spinal
bone,
and
but
cord
we
many
have
over
between
each
can
one
in
a
break
the
disc
there
each
a
surrounded
is
lot
of
of
we
was
of
to
have
of
–
even
the
supporting
head
This
is
condemned
hold
the
called
comes
mythology
forever
his
movement
movement
bone
atlas.
Greek
amount
Because
amount
a
the
cartilage.
small
one.
small
allows
a
top
weight
Between
seven
neck
giraffe!
The
vertebrae
cord.
of
•
by
have
their
from
where
Atlas
by
gods
the
the
Earth
on
shoulders.
overall.
Support
Not
it
stress
nerves
vertebrae,
between
2.
completely
we
bend
movement
so
the
vertebra
When
is
severe
damage
each
a
in
only
needs
does
to
ligaments
be
the
spine
rm
allow
a
support
enough
small
to
the
allow
amount
of
weight
us
to
of
our
stand
movement,
upper
upright.
but
not
body,
Over
too
but
200
much.
T
orn
ligament
3.
Movement
There
and
4.
are
x
it
over
in
120
muscles
attached
to
the
vertebra
to
help
it
move
position.
Transference
of
force
The
disc
is
squashed
From
the
upper
to
lower
body
and
being
out
of
viceversa.
position
too
A
by
far
slipped
standing
on
bending
the
disc
in
the
position
spinal
is
cord,
normal
pressing
causing
pain
Slipped
In
a
rugby
opposite
supported
Once
with
moved
each
scrum
vertebra
into
this
The
power
16
directions.
in
position,
In
line.
people
this
The
muscles
are
pushing
position
cord
and
is
the
from
body
protected
ligaments
is
by
work
Spinal
back
at.
of
the
legs
is
transferred
to
the
upper
If
keep
body
the
spinal
scrum
not
in
pushes
line,
a
when
slipped
the
disc
vertebrae
can
occur.
via
This
the
cord
bone.
to
are
the
disc
can
also
happen
with
poor
lifting
connection.
technique.
KEY
SUMMARY
•
1.
List
2.
Name
3.
Explain
to
a
the
POINTS
QUESTIONS
ve
the
regions
top
the
two
four
specic
in
the
from
a
of
the
column.
vertebra
chosen
sport.
with
vertebral
column
has
ve
sections.
bones.
functions
action
vertebral
The
reference
•
It
has
four
•
The
spine
with
poor
main
can
functions.
be
damaged
technique.
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2.7
Different
Before
LEARNING
looking
this
unit
•
describe,
joints,
which
are
of
where
two
joint
or
more
OUTCOMES
bonesmeet ,
In
at
types
you
will
learn
differently
to:
and
is
important
according
movement.
sketch
it
The
to
joints
to
realise
whether
and
we
that
need
muscles
are
each
to
are
restrict
made
or
“connected”
increase
by
label
connectivetissue.
three
different
types
of
joint.
Cartilage
This
either
bones
a
Ligaments
to
prevent
cushion
shock
covers
the
ends
rubbing
between
them
of
or
to
These
forms
act
as
to
a
T
endons
tough
bone
and
“bands”
prevent
join
too
bone
These
much
cords
movement.
bone
tough
join
rubbery
muscle
to
rmly.
absorber.
Three
Start
types
your
of
revision
joint
by
learning
to
draw
these
three
very
simple
diagrams.
fixed
of
joint
tough
bone
fibre
ligaments
bone
joint
cavity
bone
containing
cartilage
synovial
fluid
cartilage
bone
bone
Fixed
or
immoveable
joint
Slightly
Using
why
your
more
joining
can
to
moveable
knowledge
or
bres
happen.
absorb
Freely
less
but
no
The
shock
of
connective
movement
is
cushioning
slightly
and
too
or
joint
you
The
slippery
moveable
much
tissue
possible.
moveable
movement
a
is
should
xed
uid,
has
or
so
now
joint
no
cushion
synovial
has
see
tough
movement
of
prevented
cartilage
by
strong
38
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14:05
ligaments
(over
200
in
your
spine
alone!).
The
freely
moveable
fixed
of
joint
(synovial)
bones–
Fixed
ideal
or
As
stated
we
have
head
to
lots
above,
of
cartilage
no
In
They
then
skull,
uid
possible
between
birth,
fusing
vertebrae
moveable
is
gaps
during
start
sacral
a
lled
sack
joint
tough
fibre
between
joints
movement
the
and
movement!
compressed
skull,
Slightly
slippery
immoveable
be
the
for
them?
originally.
with
has
so
these
within
coccygeal
joints,
plates
movement
together
and
in
the
a
so
allow
was
year
–
why
the
do
baby’
s
needed
this
occurs
vertebrae.
joints
vertebrae
The
pad
of
cartilage
movement.
allowing
between
Likewise
the
ribs
to
the
ribs
move
your
are
during
vertebrae
joined
to
allows
the
a
small
sternum
amount
with
of
cartilage
respiration.
pad
of
cartilage
Freely
These
have
moveable
can
the
move
same
or
quite
synovial
freely,
there
joints
are
many
different
types,
but
all
features.
bone
•
Joint
capsule
keeps
synovial
–
like
uid
an
in
envelope,
it
covers
the
whole
joint
and
place.
ligament
•
Synovial
liquid
•
membrane
called
Joint
synovial
cavity
–
–
this
lines
the
capsule
and
oozes
a
slippery
uid.
lled
with
synovial
uid
that
lubricates
the
joint
joint
capsule
filled
cavity
with
joint
synovial
and
allows
for
high-intensity
fluid
movement.
cartilage
synovial
•
Cartilage
and
ligaments
membrane
Joints
and
•
can
injury
muscle
Joints
impact
be
injured
(acute
injury).
by
general
wear
and
tear
(chronic
injury)
or
by
patella
femur
•
Acute
injuries
dislocation,
–
torn
severe
contact,
ligaments,
or
e.g.
broken
falling
heavily,
could
cause
bones.
joint
•
Chronic
injuries
–
too
much
exercise
at
a
joint
or
an
unusual
synovial
capsule
use
fluid
synovial
of
it
(due
to
injury
or
poor
technique)
could
cause
cartilage
to
membrane
be
wornaway.
cartilage
tibia
W ith
both
stiffen
elderly
joint
–
types
this is
the
persons,
stiff
and
of
injuries,
body’
s
wear
the
way
and
joint
of
tear
would
telling
can
then
you
cause
to
swell,
stop
arthritis.
causing
moving
This
it!
it
to
In
makes
the
swollen.
KEY
SUMMARY
1.
Name
2.
Sketch
•
QUESTIONS
the
three
types
of
joint
in
the
human
label
the
three
types
of
There
are
in
body.
the
List
six
structures
in
all
synovial
types
of
joint
Every
structure
in
joint
the
joint.
must
3.
three
body.
•
and
POINTS
joints
and
explain
their
function.
its
help
it
move
or
add
to
stability.
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2.8
The
analysis
ofmovement
Flexion
LEARNING
The
At
the
end
and
of
this
topic
skeleton
be
able
analyse
the
right
is
in
the
normal
position.
to:
When
•
on
you
anatomical
should
extension
OUTCOMES
movement
at
a
joint
position,
the
is
go
How
still
joint
the
words
exed
could
only
a
there
is
was
slightly
them
to
ex
Moving
Think
more
about
hip
on
the
the
joint
one
from
back
into
the
and
on
the
knee
This
so
joint.
position
start
let’
s
e.g.
exed
right.
but
their
this
left
(see
right)
the
a
time.
Now
it
may
may
very
down
knee
and
as
they
elbow
was
their
you
you
in
this
this
cannot
elbow.
could
could
say
ask
biceps!).
joint
The
put
position
other
looks
neck
beyond,
elbows
in
in
the
obvious
too.
person
that
at
and
When
joint
exed.
the
break
some
the
ex
Itbecomes
Some
his
elbow,
(not
normal
at
isexed
sprint
Imagine
look
the
position
movement
been
If
joint.
and
exing
this
one
a
extended
are
the
back,
to
than
has
diagram
obvious
elbow
at
at
knees
elbow.
they
bend
get
left
mind
the
their
T
o
their
say
tiny
exed.
fully
used
you
it
are
The
are
has
that
away
occurs
moved
further.
person
If
is
any
moving,
your
moved
exion
extension.
position
This
is
joints.
be
and
not
complicated
joint-by-
very
hip
be
standing
so
in
obvious,
are
obvious.
an
upright
it
now
becomes
is
also
exed.
40
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Abduction
Imagine
away
and
a
line
from
around
wheel
is
an
is
back
several
sideways
Rotation
a
line
movement
Rotation
adduction
drawn
this
Remember
and
and
the
abduction
is
middle
(an
of
your
abducted
body.
person
Movement
is
taken
away)
adduction.
movements
your
or
through
neck
must
can
pivot
occur
and
together,
e.g.
to
look
down
ex.
circumduction
when
you
imaginary
turning
on
turn
line,
an
Here
e.g.
the
rotation
imaginary
is
around
an
In
axis.
order
must
axle.
This
is
done
belowyour
your
hand
by
=
if
pronation
pivoting
elbow.
as
(supination
and
the
radio-ulna
Supination
you
could
Inversion
allows
“hold”
joint
you
soup
in
and
occur
cup
of
the
joint
has
of
it
circumduction
the
the
shoulders,
bone
moved
i.e.
attached
in
a
circle
to
or
one.
eversion
heel
you
soup).
at
end
Inversion
to
bowl,
the
part
Supination
to
is
where
towards
twist
always
an
due
overdoing
Eversion
your
ankle
you
turn
midline.
it
is
your
When
almost
to
this.
is
the
opposite.
SUMMARY
1.
Ask
a
QUESTIONS
partner
to
take
a
KEY
picture
of
you
doing
a
sport.
Analyse
the
•
movement
in
the
main
joints
(hip,
knee,
elbow
and
POINTS
Movement
not
2.
List
the
range
of
movements
that
are
possible
in
occurs
at
joints
shoulder).
the
muscles.
following
•
Several
movements
may
joints:
occur
a)
neck
b)
vertebrae
c)
hips
d)
shoulders
e)
knees
f)
elbows.
at
the
same
time
at
ajoint.
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2.9
Synovial
Most
LEARNING
shape
much
this
•
name
of
unit,
the
joints
in
your
body
are
synovial
and
you
and
will
learn
describe
synovial
and
of
the
what
bones
type
of
tting
together
movement
is
is
the
locate
the
main
possible
are
six
types.
in
factor
these
in
how
joints.
to:
six
types
joints
Pivot
•
there
OUTCOMES
The
In
of
joints
joints
in
the
body.
–
top
of
Here
the
shape
a
on
rotation,
is
between
bone
has
a
ts
the
atlas,
to
unit
when
look
the
head
and
out
also
(see
and
juts
e.g.
head
There
joint
axis
that
notch
your
e.g.
spine
peg
into
allowing
you
turn
sideways.
radio-ulna
2.8).
P
B
&
S
P
H
C
G
S
C
B
&
S
KEY
B&S
=
Ball
and
socket
H
H
S
=
Saddle
C
=
Condyloid
G
=
Gliding
H
=
Hinge
P
=
Pivot
G
42
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Ball-and-socket
Look
into
hip
at
a
the
socket
Example:
hip
–
tail
What
the
of
in
like
a
joints
How
of
obvious
be
in
in
all
that,
due
to
directions.
dislocated
than
badminton,
the
The
the
javelin,
ball
tting
depth
of
the
shoulder.
netball
–
circumduction.
occurred
this
is
possible
the
may
to
have
able
this
nal
the
This
seem
be
the
bones
at.
however,
Example:
to
steps
previous
saddle,
are
are
It
appear
ankles,
the
is
hip
at
the
right
hip
and
right
shoulder
of
page?
found
except
at
the
base
of
the
thumb.
All
types
rotation
joint
surface
direction.
has
on
–
It
shoulder,
joint
Gliding
we
hurdling
e.g.
possible
likely
cross-over
movement
these
less
adduction.
movement
The
it
–
left.
is
–
footballer
Shaped
the
and
leg
Saddle
on
movement
makes
abduction
Hip
picture
socket,
joint
as
to
is
ick
gliding
that
slide
means
over
slight
though
a
lot
circumduct
due
of
to
joints
in
in
the
a
of
other
joints
chest
right
is
(articulate)
in
possible
every
movement
(move
other
wrists
each
movement
in
a
is
circle)
working
in
possible,
our
as
A
ball-and-socket
A
hinge
joint.
as
wrists
and
well.
pass.
ankle
been
used
by
the
footballer?
Hinge
These
joint
joints
hinges
on
a
In
the
elbow
in
the
knee
sliding
Other
e.g.
knee
and
only
allow
exion
and
it
is
is
tackles
meet
elbow
extension,
and
work
like
the
door.
it
hinge
bones
–
the
bone
shape
ligaments.
from
the
joints
are
your
feet.
that
prevents
Footballers
often
over-extension,
hurt
these
due
to
but
poor
opposition.
in
your
ngers
and
toes
and
where
your
joint.
leg
EXAM
What
movement
has
occurred
at
the
left
knee
and
right
ankle
in
TIP
the
Poor
spelling
can
lose
you
footballer?
marks
joints
Condyloid
joint
–
e.g.
between
radius
and
in
an
and
exam
check
–
try
your
to
list
the
spelling
carpal,
carefully
.
between
This
is
types
hand
shaped
of
like
andngers
a
movement
shallow
are
ball-and-socket
possible
(except
joint.
rotation).
This
means
Rotation
of
all
the
KEY
wrist
occurs
at
the
radio-ulna
joint
•
SUMMARY
POINTS
(pivot).
There
are
synovial
1.
Make
a
table
possible
2.
Describe
located
six
types
of
QUESTIONS
for
with
each
in
the
six
joints
and
state
what
movement
each.
the
joint,
body.
is
•
Each
types
giving
examples
of
where
they
are
on
joint.
joint
of
the
allows
movement,
bone
amount
certain
of
shape
based
and
connective
the
tissue.
43
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14:05
2
Summary
THE
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
1.
List
2.
Name
3.
(a)
Name
an
(b)
Name
the
(a)
Describe
long
(b)
Give
examples
(c)
Name
(a)
Dene
(b)
What
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What
10.
the
two
major
organ
bone
the
the
skeletal
systems
of
the
that
of
Draw
of
the
long
the
effect
What
Osteoporosis?
Select
(c)
Describe
Name
(b)
Select
12.
All
exercise
on
(b)
exercise
how
this
and
organ?
label
the
parts.
long
bones
are
found.
match
that
on
cartilage?
the
following:
periosteum
can
exercise
slow
is
describe
two
one
examples
of
denition
the
for
of
down
osteoporosis?
performed.
the
acute
injuries
each
cartilage
The
long
bone
that
transference
of
force
from
bouncing
the
shooting.
(a)
(a)
an
basketball
a
for
where
exercise
(b)
is
of
of
(a)
Give
a
protection
cartilage.
is
effect
to
body.
bones.
body
cavity
a
the
provides
bones.
part
of
system?
body.
the
In
is
ten
of
marrow
(a)
11.
functions
(a)
ball
9.
four
questions
of
the
(b)
simplest
unit
of
living
cells
systems
of
keep
alive
(c)
produce
us
the
body
organs
part
and
(a)
and
two
examples
describe
are
chronic
cause
of
injuries.
the
injury.
(c)
ligaments.
(c)
organs
called:
tissues
interact
the
of
following:
tendons
matter
(b)
(a)
from
injuries
with
one
our
another
(b)
keep
organism
(d)
complement
each
in
order
(d)
systems
to
healthy
other.
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13.
Which
(a)
system
nervous
protects
our
system
vital
(b)
organs?
respiratory
system
(c)
skeletal
system
(d)
excretory
(d)
long
(d)
ossication
system.
14.
The
(a)
15.
The
(a)
16.
17.
in
our
face
development
four
and
the
(c)
have
special
growth
no
of
the
body
use
following
of
column
are
known
bones
bone
is
as
(c)
short
bones
(c)
epiphyseal
bones
called
(b)
cartilage
(b)
support
the
rib
(d)
support
our
head
muscles
quadriceps
When
at
coccyx
support
Which
vertebral
(b)
(a)
(a)
and
bones
periosteal
The
(a)
18.
bones
irregular
our
(b)
muscles
isotonic
remain
contraction
when
and
a
same
(c)
length
isometric
neck
cyclist
trapezius
the
(b)
contracts
case
as
they
Åexes
contract,
competition
the
legs
at
the
hamstring
(c)
it
is
known
isotonic
knee?
(d)
biceps
(d)
isotonic
(d)
hinge
as
concentric
eccentric
19.
This
(a)
20.
type
ball
Which
(a)
of
and
of
joint
is
socket
the
found
joints
following
abduction
is
in
the
(b)
not
a
(b)
carpal
gliding
type
bones
in
the
joint
of
movement
extension
hand
(c)
pivot
associated
(c)
joint
with
exion
ball
and
socket
joint
joints?
(d)
rotation
45
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14:05
The
muscular
3.1
Different
of
we
unit
•
explain
you
will
learn
way,
to:
the
similarities
differences
•
of
the
–
but
though
other
of
think
of
muscles
we
often
only
think
of
one
there
–
muscle
are
another
contracting
to
two
types.
shorten
and
They
pull
all
the
differences
slow
on
three
(striped)
muscle
fast
or
skeletal
Cardiac
muscle
muscle
of
vessels
cells
contract
bre
runs
the
full
forms
layers
of
one
the
of
the
heart
your
the
muscle
thigh
of
a
(over
tall
a
to
adult!).
work
It
means
that
bre
contracts
when
the
muscle
great
amount
The
muscle
may
so
it
can
occur,
thus
over
200
As
the
bones
and
causing
and
so
cannot
they
cause
become
to
the
every
work
blood,
tube
in
Under
has
a
microscope
overlapping
strands
as
the
do.
involuntary
Therefore,
message
can
looks
is
or
striped.
stimulated
from
choose
muscles
as
and
muscle
the
brain.
whether
not,
voluntary
it
is
to
by
As
each
we
move
also
muscle,
a
our
known
muscle.
it
cell
it
also
spread
in
so
the
that
contract
other
in
so
the
heart
to
0.3seconds
and
can
nervous
learn
more
system
in
about
unit
the
5.1.
because
under
the
a
look
they
work
autonomic
(automatic)
nervous
are
involuntary
termed
system,
they
to
heart
go.
can
DID
YOU
KNOW?
Evenat
working
at
its
maximum,
has
20-year-old’
s
heart
has
less
contract!
than
You
muscles
special
impulse
only
to
these
end,
a
LINK
a
Under
that
When
rest
wave.
directions
whole
one
along
of
slowly
end
has
the
etc.
manner
skeletal
striped
causing
thus
muscles
like
shortens
however,
cells
is
vessel
narrow,
food,
the
Mexican
constantly
protein
to
contract
minute,
smooth,
bre
connected
they
hollow
more
microscope
movement.
are
when
contract
slow
on
they
width
cardiac
need
times
walls.
and
and
of
as
is
the
shortening
gut
short
length
other,
forcing
a
and
walls
such
without
thought,
involuntary.
the
has
to
This
are
in
organs
three
wall.
constantly
conscious
found
blood
they
in
are
hollow
The
muscle
muscle
muscle)
many
each
The
same
bres.
ways.
of
against
and
This
the
or
functional
between
twitch
Voluntary
pulling
bones
types
These
of
the
bres.
(smooth
metre
skeletal
in
and
Involuntary
length
–
work
muscles
describe
Each
type
OUTCOMES
muscle
this
types
muscle
When
LEARNING
In
system
0.1
0.2
of
a
of
a
second
second
to
to
ll
and
contract
andempty!
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14:09
Fast
and
slow
twitch
DID
muscle
YOU
T
raining
We
all
have
a
mix
of
slow
and
fast
twitch
muscle
bres
–
the
cannot
percentage
is
determined
genetically
(i.e.
we
are
born
with
them)
naturallyhave
more
of
one
type
than
the
at
the
pictures
of
the
calf
This
not
gastrocnemius
(A)
that
has
a
only
of
fast
muscle
bres.
fast
very
and
quickly
The
–
soleus
tends
to
(B)
They
have
is
a
means
that
the
train
in
the
hard
have
world
but
the
best
must
must
also
correct
bre
their
sport.
(It
is
thought
that
Bolt
has
80%
fast
twitch
twitch
for
a
bre!)
but
EXAM
TIP
tire
sprinters.
muscle
lot
muscle
contract
powerfully,
perfect
already
high
Usain
proportion
but
you
is
for
muscle
one
other
what
sportspersons
genetically
a
the
other
.
muscles.
The
to
improve
have.
Look
bre
and
can
muscles
change
individual’
s
muscle
some
KNOW?
bres
of
that
slow
Spellings
twitch
muscle
bres.
They
Gastrocnemius
contract
without
speed,
but
do
perfect
for
long
Can
you
tell
sprinter’
s
to
a
your
a
lot
not
tire
and
marathon
force
easily
distance
which
leg
of
is
has
a
silent
“c”.
or
–
running.
the
which
runner?
belongs
Justify
choice.
KEY
POINTS
There
bre:
SUMMARY
are
three
cardiac,
types
of
voluntary
muscle
and
QUESTIONS
involuntary.
Explain
the
similarities
and
differences
between
the
three
types
•
Skeletal
muscle
can
be
ofmuscles.
For
each
of
the
following
state
whether
slow
or
fast
stimulated
when
the
work
others
bres
would
be
most
useful
and
explain
football
2.
netballer
3.
long
Slow
4.
400
effort
distance
twitch
metre
to
bres
long
are
best
sub-maximal
events.
swimmer
•
Fast
twitch
bres
are
suitable
runner
for
long
thought.
goalkeeper
suited
5.
conscious
why:
•
1.
choose,
twitch
without
muscle
we
constantly
distance
cyclist
short
maximal
effort
events.
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3.2
The
A
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
name
muscle
must
cross
a
joint
system
for
OUTCOMES
you
will
learn
to:
movement
to
joints
be
at
the
muscular
major
muscles
it
both
will
occur.
joints,
If
it
involved
e.g.
crosses
in
rectus
two
movement
femoris
of
(seebelow).
the
•
body
describe
the
occurring
at
movement
joints
when
theycontract.
The
deltoid
caused
abduction
shoulder
The
deltoid
contracting
at
the
abduction
shoulder.
exion
at
Flexion
normal
the
is
and
extension
can
cause
shoulder
away
from
anatomical
andextension
itand
(It
is
(moved
it
at
has
the
away
from
has
the
caused
contracting
centre
line).
too).
the
position
back
towards
beyond.
Pectorals
(not
here)
your
draw
across
your
(known
as
bicep
has
exion
at
the
clapping
here),
up
femoris
one
the
across
of
the
(not
four
quadriceps
the
hip
you
and
arms.
working
making
group,
knee
goes
(not
Rectus
working
if
with
elbow.
straight
Rectus
e.g.
contracted
were
causing
arm
chest
horizontal
adduction),
The
working
abdominus
here).
(not
working
exion
at
vertebrae,
sit
Quadriceps
(not
only
be
two
lateralis,
to
can
vastus
extendthe
The
longest
duringthe
working
seen
medialis
knee,
one
kick
–
of
e.g.
All
and
There
four
–
vastus
standing
rectus
a
here).
here.
femoris
four
of
after
also
a
these,
femoris,
intermedius
up
–
are
rectus
–
squat
helps
to
up
ex
e.g.
cause
lumbar
during
a
crunch.
but
vastus
work
or
or
here)
your
to
together
jump.
the
hip,
e.g.
ball.
48
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14:09
Contraction
helps
your
(as
player
(draws
your
back
arm
at
wide-arm
the
the
the
pull
racket
ready
to
dorsi
ups
position
centre
or
trapezius
shoulders,
cervical
at
has
the
head
vertebrae
done
shuttle)
slightly
and
sideways.
line)
e.g.
bringing
from
to
up
your
the
adducts
shoulder
,
down
this
look
tip
latissimus
of
shrug
extend
to
The
you
the
being
able
to
Triceps
perform
an
underarm
net
(not
here).
These
(straighten)
The
to
hamstrings
ex
three
this
player’
s
muscles
biceps
have
in
femoris,
There
hamstring
semitendinosus
Gluteus
(under
and
more
The
gastrocnemius
point
your
helps
toes
drive
upwards
you
in
forward
in
more
to
in
eye)
EXAM
to
exion).
movement
the
contracts
(plantar
jumping
the
elbow.
are
group:
semimembranosus
The
extend
contracted
knees.
the
working
shot.
and
It
sprinting,
aesthetic
are
gluteal
gluteus
maximus
back
your
leg
They
all
at
the
the
hip.
together
leg
at
the
sidestepping
(pleasing
person
gymnastics.
two
muscles).
extends/pulls
work
makes
maximus
here
steps
or
of
a
in
to
hip
to
abduct
too,
e.g.
dodge
the
last
javelin
a
few
run
up.
TIP
Spellings
•
The
quadriceps:
similar
a
way:
different
two
of
lateralis
the
and
vastus
muscles
medialis.
Vastus
Hamstrings.
•
In
The
two
long
words
start
Semitendinosus
e.g.
•
spelt
in
a
has
ending.
•
an
are
intermedius
exam
do
“quads”,
Remember,
a
cannot
although
ex,
nish
the
same:
Semimembranosus
question
“hams”,
and
muscle
not
use
“pecs”,
can
it
for
the
muscle
names,
etc.
only
may
slang
contract
cause
and
exion
at
relax.
a
A
joint
muscle
KEY
•
contracting
or
POINTS
by
When
muscles
cause
movement
they
•
SUMMARY
Ask
a
Label
the
the
they
joint
Many
muscles
cross
a
joint
QUESTIONS
partner
describe
of
cross.
because
1.
contract
relaxing.
to
major
the
take
a
photograph
muscles.
movement
Analyse
that
has
of
you
which
been
doing
are
a
sport.
working
caused
by
and
each.
other
exion
muscles
extend
all
if
it
other
occurs,
are
again.
need
to
Likewise
with
movements.
49
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3.3
Muscles
There
LEARNING
are
this
unit
you
will
learn
describe
but
it
all
antagonistic
muscle
A
muscle
a
joint
has
and
attached
action
explain
different
types
muscle
contraction.
to
then
to
movement
•
lot
of
different
comes
down
•
When
a
can
How
usually
joint
to
see
or
no
occur.
biceps
are
by
in
is
the
When
towards
action
in
attached
where
All
a
knee
and
pair
the
is
the
the
latter
in
The
bone
to
the
is
place
where
called
moving
the
the
origin
bone
is
(A)
called
the
above
the
action
person
to
be
in
allow
position
opposite
this
the
is
to
out
exing
and
triceps
directions,
their
happen
in
the
elbow.
triceps
lengthened.
contract
pairs,
is
and
T
o
bicep
return
the
called
The
must
relax
to
biceps
the
relax.
antagonistic
action.
muscle
and
that
and
is
socket
position
working
agony).
are
joints
and
movers
called
is
in
pairs
(above)
prime
time
then
muscle
anatomical
working
elbow
can
above.
attached
stretched
ball
leap
is
itself
allow
Antagonistic
and
it
You
stationary
and
working
to
the
T
o
The
them
other.
diagram
(B).
illustration
muscle
knees
to
bone
(shortens).
This
just
the
the
muscle
one
contracts
normal
has
the
shortens,
Antagonistic
the
a
attached
place
insertion
In
relaxes
tendons
and
pulled
this
and
player
contracts
contracts
across
cords).
muscle
with
this
cross
bone
can
muscle
work
and
gets
quadriceps
in
muscles
contracts
antagonistic
learn
movement
bones
(strong
his
to
facts.
be
triceps
(extended)
names
basic
muscles
Voluntary
(exed)
difcult
few
onlypull.
cause
basketball
a
of
it
This
and
to
to:
•
•
a
movement
OUTCOMES
section,
In
quite
and
also
but
the
are
allow
you
the
prime
antagonist
needed
helped
the
called
are
for
is
mover
the
abduction
more
likely
to
or
relaxing
and
be
agonist
(it
is
muscle.
adduction
asked
about
at
the
knee.
synergists.
to
is
The
In
by
other
simple
prime
muscles
terms
mover
to
they
work
that
put,
work
or
at
keep,
the
the
same
joint
in
smoothly.
bent
straightened
the
air.
The
hamstrings
former
exing
and
the
extending.
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14:09
But
what
occurs
if
you
want
to
stay
still?
Or
what
if
you
were
carrying
DID
a
very
table?
full
If
glass
your
of
water
tricep
and
you
contracted,
wanted
you
to
would
slowly
slam
lower
the
it
glass
onto
YOU
KNOW?
a
down
spilling
Muscle
T
one
everything!
Even
a
Types
of
when
small
contracting.
contraction
muscle
this
and
Isometric
contraction
The
contracts
muscle
changes
tension
movement
stays
the
the
rings
in
occurs
same
position
but
in
a
static
Concentric
the
e.g.
above
gymnastics,
muscles
and
or
This
no
and
length,
shown
Isotonic
at
contractions
where
the
This
tone.
is
relaxed
bres
is
Exercise
more
are
called
strengthening
burning
rest
of
improves
posture
calories,
even
afterwards.
muscle
changes
length
–
happens
in
ways:
two
by
muscle
this
holding
on
your
rugby
muscle
is
a
number
the
leg
scrum.
muscle
Eccentric
muscle
contraction
contraction
How
This
is
the
normal
contraction
muscles
where
too
shorten
under
bicep
and
movement
and
occurs,
e.g.
bicep
So
curl’
s
phase.
we
lower
down
quickly
tension
upward
do
come
fast.
for
thousands
bicep
eccentric
is
a
of
weight
your
because,
relaxes
the
the
If
a
millisecond
so
working,
contraction,
bicep
a
and
and
is
the
muscle
quickly
it
curl?
extended
remember,
times,
still
in
tricep
then
that
still
the
Gravity
elbow
can
only
contracts
the
for
but
under
As
it
pull.
a
movement
agonist,
lengthening
tries
then
it
to
make
would
The
answer
millisecond,
appears
is
he
jumps
into
himself
slowly
performed
His
his
the
arms
an
–
are
his
held
has
the
working
perform
to
propel
reference
ballstill,
so
isometrically.
the
to
the
muscle
reference
explain
him
POINTS
Muscles
work
in
pairs.
QUESTIONS
antagonistic
W ith
an
have
•
2.
smooth.
an
his
antagonistic
W ith
be
contraction.
•
1.
the
thousands
theair.
KEY
SUMMARY
down
that
lowered
quadriceps
eccentric
have
biceps
player
is
concentric
contraction
picture
weight
tension
explosive
this
to
performing
quadriceps
In
the
come
to
a
different
upward
phase
of
a
pull
up,
describe
actions.
pull
up,
types
a
pause,
muscle
and
then
lowering,
contraction
being
used.
a
result
muscle
as
a
of
As
a
of
brake,
tension
contraction,
may
or
with
shorten,
even
no
act
change
movement
occurring.
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14:09
3.4
Posture
Were
LEARNING
you
straight!”
This
In
this
unit
you
will
learn
explain
the
benets
of
to
and
risks
of
is
a
you
“sit
simple
were
up
younger?
one
that
instruction,
could
save
but
in
billions
good
of
posture
told
when
to:
fact
•
ever
OUTCOMES
dollars
every
year.
Lower
back
poor
pain
is
one
of
the
most
common
posture
causes
•
describe
good
standing,
and
sitting,
lifting
the
postures.
by
of
sick
majority
poor
of
days
off
these
posture
or
work
are
poor
and
caused
lifting
technique.
Here
is
position,
the
spring
absorb
•
It
helps
to
clothes
of
good
make
look
you
good,
weight
Now
look
The
and
•
it
your
develops
to
at
its
normal
curves.
curves
work
shock
the
body
these
In
and
with
the
common
positions
alignment,
penalties
of
poor
do
not
or
look
hair
as
a
take
of
clothes
this
like
out
You
be
in
small
of
strain.
posture
i.e.
to
least
spine
benets
spine
with
the
The
the
position
causing
below.
strain
All
on
of
these
muscles
cause
and
the
joints.
posture
good
as
you
could,
no
matter
how
great
your
are.
self-esteem.
•
It
helps
and
your
heart,
digestive
•
Your
muscles
•
The
strain
e.g.
back
have
to
work
harder,
so
get
tired
quicker.
breathing,
systems
on
bones,
ligaments
and
tendons
can
lead
to
injury,
work
strain
and
fallen
arches.
properly.
•
•
It
helps
prevent
strain
and
There
is
Round
in
•
It
sport
uses
tire
and
less
quickly.
other
less
space
for
your
heart
and
lungs
to
work
properly.
injury
shoulders
make
it
hard
to
breathe
deeply.
activities.
energy
so
you
•
It
can
affect
•
Problems
your
digestion.
don’t
caused
by
poor
posture
can
take
years
to
put
right.
52
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14:09
Good
and
bad
Practising
posture.
good
Whether
you
are
themain
rule
is:
Keep
your
Good
spine
lifting
Stand
directly
•
Bend
you
•
Use
Good
Head
•
Chin
•
Spine
standing,
upright
front
knees
full
up,
as
in
to
of
as
walking
possible,
or
lifting
with
its
something,
normal
curves.
of
object,
it,
close
keeping
your
legs
to
to
it
the
help
and
spine
lift
with
your
feet
apart.
straight.
it.
posture
neck
tucked
the
reach
strength
standing
•
sitting,
posture
•
the
posture
in
lengthened.
a
little.
Pressure
Squashed
stretched
upwards.
(body
cartilage
•
Chest
•
Arms
•
Knees
•
Feet
high
and
loosely
by
your
so
that
you
can
breathe
freely.
sides.
relaxed.
about
15cm
betweenyour
Good
open,
weight)
disk
sitting
•
Sit
well
•
Spine
•
Thighs
•
Feet
•
Arms
apart,
heels
and
with
your
balls
of
weight
your
evenly
balanced
feet.
posture
back
in
your
chair
and
let
it
support
you.
Spinal
cord
and
box,
on
to
the
twist
in
the
This
the
in
front
oor
of
you.
under
you
(not
under
the
chair).
spine
your
spine
spine
is
violently
,
squash
cord.
lengthened.
relaxed.
curves
shape,
can
straight
at
Damage
The
neck
is
the
easily
or
a
it
strong.
damaged,
develop
cartilage
called
make
disc
slipped
poor
so
e.g.
if
and
that
is
when
you
posture.
much
disc
But
they
bend
Pressure
it
presses
very
are
over
out
to
lift
of
a
heavy
on
vertebrae
on
the
spinal
KEY
POINTS
painful.
•
Poor
posture
muscle
SUMMARY
and
What
is
2.
What
are
bad
3.
good
to
the
posture?
benets
of
good
good
posture
and
the
penalties
of
•
Good
lifting,
sitting,
time
off
work
and
sport.
posture?
Describe
lead
strains
QUESTIONS
causing
1.
can
joint
standing
and
lifting
posture
spine
posture,
especially
is
keeping
vital
in
in
your
injury-free.
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14:09
3.5
Muscles
LEARNING
In
this
unit
Muscles
and
Fatigue
feeling
explain
of
you
will
learn
how
starts
affect
pain
describe
the
between
how
•
bres
explain
why
exercise
•
explain
must
difference
slow
and
In
fast
fatigue
always
should
be
to
at
of
1500
able
to
usually
build
up
tiredness,
activity
,
can
In
metre
longer
to
you
go
too
it
can
happen
occurs
10
with
after
800
races
if
up
however,
optimal
physical
fatigue
due
to
the
seconds
muscle
performance.
is
of
build
up
activity
of
Fatigue
where
lactic
onwards.
of
you
acid,
This
fast
which
causes
contraction.
physical
occur
fast
keep
from
interferes
out
fatigue
it
can
occur
,
fast
one
and
but
too
early
training
linked
before
the
with
end
exibility
a
bres
and
take
muscles
muscle
is
longer
minute.
everyone
their
why
no
twitch
speed
contractions
twitch
fatigue
to:
performance
•
exercise
OUTCOMES
are
•
and
oftherace
forcing
you
work.
to
slow
down.
This
is
why
Fast-twitch
it
is
soimportant
to
muscle
bres
cause
powerful
pace
contraction.
yourself.
Speed
The
and
more
contract.
allowing
bres
fast
you
can
the
further
,
of
Speed
more
before
fast,
W ith
the
glucose
and
for
Slow-twitch
without
bres
can
work
the
end
a
faster
and
throw
your
explosive
further.
muscles
can
movement
However
fast
twitch
bres
undergo
powerfully
.
for
a
hit
balls
few
hypertrophy
This
will
harder
,
seconds
–
allow
etc.
a
Y
ou
long
(get
you
to
can
time
in
bigger)
throw
also
and
and
delay
sprinting
the
terms!
in.
bres
you
However
have,
a
slow
the
longer
you
contraction
can
does
continue
not
allow
for
actions.
twitch
training
adapt
sprint
and
of
the
powerful,
bres
quicker
,
acid
slow
Muscles
At
more
twitch
correct
glycogen
higher
training,
sets
explosive
Training
have,
performance
slow
fatigue
you
more
quickly.
sprint
lactic
in
twitch
even
and
bres
result
jump
correct
build-up
The
to
fast
contract
jump
will
(fatigue)
Training
With
twitch
This
tire
performance
fatigue
actually
result
as
and
use
diet,
fat
as
your
an
body
energy
can
store
source,
more
thus
saving
the
nish.
fatigue
many
causes
to
bres
long
distance
described
events
above,
but
there
long
is
a
sprint
bouts
of
nish
exercise
which
can
longer
in
you
running
out
of
glucose
which
is
stored
in
your
fatiguing.
body
as
glycogen.
54
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14:09
More
on
You
cannot
you
were
you
have.
larger
get
Strength
and
before
out
This
and
twitch
training
and
also
of
training
bres
genetically.
the
means
into
to
fast
However,
causes
cardio
nutrients
muscle
pumped
it
slow
them
(hypertrophy)
quantity.
Is
turn
given
oxygen
Cardiac
be
muscles
your
training
bres
can
voluntary
creates
–
remember
improve
the
muscles
more
blood
ones
to
grow
vessels
to
them.
hypertrophies
which
heart
the
you
twitch
you
to
can
reach
continue
means
voluntary
for
longer
more
blood
muscles
in
in
can
greater
endurance
events
fatiguing.
only
their
sportspersons
who
need
to
train
muscles?
The
Denitely
no!
We
all
need
strength
for
everyday
activities
and
if
we
thighs
whopping
not
use
our
We
reach
the
age
–
peak
of
regular
40.
not
If
Muscle
Poor
due
injury
both
has
to
work
can
combine
muscle
range
and
of
25
drops.
and
as
to
are
can
Strength
then
it
plateaus
important
or
to
until
keep
slow
Obviously,
gentle
painful,
individuals
to
Flexibility
injury
For
done
and
in
weight
a
is
is
become
prevent
those
some
endurance
then
things
the
exercise
work
like
is
swimming
poor
performance,
technique.
work
with
more
the
muscle
exibility
,
If
you
then
along
maximum
without
either
can
resistance.
strongly
provide
training
as
It
a
full
strength
become
exibility
can
Forstemann
also
has
the
exibility
very
full
range
of
very
less
important
elastic
many
weak
pool,
or
where
as
for
movements,
suffering
the
the
elderly
individuals
e.g.
from
warmth
as
age.
getting
arthritis,
increases
into
this
joint
tendons
This
may
and
bre
Why
Y
speed
through
a
car
training
exibility
and
or
a
can
and
bath.
be
body
Y
has
and
would
of
you
their
in
a
50%.
has
of
muscle
contraction
help
you
in
POINTS
to
race.
Halfway
Who
recommend
training?
speed
of
muscle
affects
performance.
10K
stop.
The
contraction
a
event?
compete
and
part
the
throwing
fatigues
as
power
QUESTIONS
would
named
3.
his
cause
•
How
X
apply
movement.
supported.
SUMMARY
2.
to
“muscle-bound”,
KEY
1.
a
movement.
training
ligaments
to
cm!
about
down,
a
withrestricted
71
exercising
Robert
cause
Robert
smaller.
prevent,
but
endurance,
contract
to
is
cyclist
exibility
overcome
strength
and
It
osteoporosis.
and
and
harder
get
sprint
hypertrophied
good.
cause
speed
or
can
persons,
poor/inefcient
movement
power
.
aged
it
activities
just
can
or
atrophy
exercise
older
training
exibility
to
for
are
hinder
the
bones
impact
cycling
this
bearing
suitable
excellent.
and
of
they
strength
After
load
weakening
is
muscles
of
Forstemann,
do
a
X
has
through
is
it
75%
the
likely
shot
to
putter
slow
race
be
one
and
does
•
twitch
of
exibility
•
work
and
bres
them
why?
Fast
W ithout
your
peak
slow
fatigue
twitch
exibility
muscles
muscle
differently.
training
cannot
reach
strength.
55
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09:53
3.6
Revision
You
LEARNING
have
now
this
unit
•
sketch
leg
a
lot
of
information
about
two
body
OUTCOMES
systems–
In
covered
update
you
and
will
learn
label
structures
in
the
for
to:
arm
under
the
skeletal
and
muscular.
On
these
pages
are
a
few
aids
revision.
and
one
The
skeleton
minute
You
•
combine
these
bones
sketch
full
•
to
with
other
and
label
a
skeleton
use
diagrams
analyse
to
help
will
really
not
help
getting
be
asked
your
everything
see
each
part
and
label
the
to
revision
–
to
this
draw
and
the
in
skeleton
correct
isn’t
diagram
a
but
understanding.
an
art
under
scale,
exam!
four
you
a
quick
Don’t
just
Practice
sketch
worry
need
until
to
be
you
can
about
able
can
to
sketch
minutes.
you
movement.
The
arms
•
Leave
a
gap
at
•
One
•
“Radius”
and
•
A
of
•
The
•
Fingers
•
It
is
•
If
you
each
joint.
Cranium
bone
leads
to
two
“ulna”
-
bones
the
little
in
the
word
forearm
goes
to
which
the
cross
little
over.
nger.
Clavicle
Hum
bundle
hand
bones
has
have
ve
“end
is
at
the
bones
wrist.
leading
joints”,
the
to
ngers
thumb
does
and
thumb.
not.
Ulna
Radius
important
to
make
the
thumb
obvious
when
labelling.
Carpals
always
before
Metacarpals
M
in
think
the
of
working
alphabet
so
downwards
carpals
come
in
order,
before
C
comes
metacarpals
Phalanges
Draw
Drawing
the
and
label
in
under
one
minute.
arms.
The
Pelvis
(ischium,
ilium,
Legs
pubis)
The
leg
bones,
three
has
the
group
for
the
same
of
arrangement
bones,
other
ve
in
foot,
as
the
two
arm:
joints
one
at
the
bone,
big
two
toe,
and
toes.
Femur
•
Make
one
of
must
be
the
Look
back
the
lower
leg
bones
thicker:
Thick
=
Tibia.
The
other
bula.
Patella
•
in
the
foot
at
it
the
is
wrist
tarsals
where
before
the,
carpals
are
before
metacarpals
–
metatarsals.
Tibia
Fibula
Draw
and
label
in
under
one
minute.
Phalanges
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Drawing
the
legs.
56
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14:09
The
Now
skeleton
put
each
section
together
with
a
few
extras.
Sternum
•
Ribs
•
Vertebra
•
Sternum
•
And
Ribs
the
Joints,
When
only
one
muscles
and
considering
drawing
“which
the
joint
piece
of
we
cannot
with
–
the
Vertebra
scapula
movement
what
muscles
the
elastic
see
cause
muscles
must
I
pull
as
to
a
movement,
piece
make
of
that
it
is
elastic
bone
worth
and
thinking,
move?”.
(Scapula
•
In
gure
1,
elbowex
this
if
would
the
the
helped
pull
tricep
tricep
by
gravity.
very
In
2,
“elastic”
let
weight
it
which
up?
Which
bicep
“elastic”
lengthen
gure
the
was
“elastic”
the
•
and
position
quickly–
•
you
You
it
would
i.e.
would
need
eccentric
would
have
would
be
to
straighten
working,
slowly,
one
to
“elastic”
to
to
make
it.
(Remember,
work
let
at
back)
the
in
Drawing
the
skeleton.
too
the
bicep
contraction).
be
pulled
allowed
to
in
Bicep
order
lengthen
to
lift
slowly
to
down?
In
gure
at
the
3,
exion
knee.
(hamstrings)
Think,
and
what
muscle
back
to
extension
would
work
(quadriceps)
as
a
brake
to
occurs
slowly
Tricep
bring
the
lower
leg
the
oor.
Figure
1.
Bicep
Tricep
Tricep
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
Figure
2.
Figure
KEY
SUMMARY
T ime
POINT
QUESTIONS
•
1.
3.
yourself.
In
four
minutes
sketch
and
label
a
Use
these
rough
(20
paper
in
your
on
exam
to
labels).
help
2.
sketches
skeleton
Sketch
would
a
diagram
occur
at
and
the
use
knee
to
it
to
help
kick
a
explain
ball.
how
movement
you
points
remember
on
specic
movement
and
bones.
57
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14:09
3
THE
Summary
MUSCULAR
1.
Explain
how
2.
How
3.
List
4.
(a)
Name
(b)
Describe
do
ve
muscles
Label
the
6.
(a)
List
(b)
Name
one
a
Which
type
8.
Name
the
9.
What
is
10.
How
11.
Which
(a)
three
sport
can
of
Your
of
the
of
muscle
of
Helps
(c)
Can
lead
prevent
(d)
Can
cause
to
an
Explain
on
a
named
diagram
main
the
action
bre
is
is
a
to
the
good
answer.
arm
for
in
of
part
the
(a).
body.
muscles.
of
in
all
the
muscle
directions
sprinters?
in
at
that
the
sport.
shoulder,
e.g.
bowling
in
cricket
Explain.
contraction.
on
our
muscular
sporting
benet
work
and
and
slipped
a
your
muscles.
types
the
move
example
system.
of
strain
strain
a
each
analyze
have
Give
describe
exercise
following
muscles
of
groups
muscular
of
help
(b)
types
muscle
deltoids
effect
ICT
the
and
pairs.
muscular
main
function
types
the
the
of
in
movement?
muscle
example,
7.
of
each
major
work
cause
functions
5.
For
SYSTEM
muscles
the
questions
of
system?
List
ve
effects.
movement?
good
posture?
harder.
injury.
injury.
disc.
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14:09
12.
This
(a)
13.
14.
part
of
the
muscle
Insertion
Which
is
(b)
body
system
attached
to
a
origin
enables
bone
(c)
us
to
move
our
Circulatory
system
(b)
Excretory
(c)
Nutritional
system
(d)
Respiratory
is
the
name
of
the
main
muscles
moves?
agonist
(a)
What
which
(d)
body
prime
mover
parts?
system
used
system
to
produce
movement
which
contracts
to
straighten
our
joints?
(a)
15.
16.
Which
Good
(b)
It
(c)
Good
(d)
We
18.
posture
allows
Name
use
the
20.
type
is
not
Synergists
true
reduces
body
a
the
puts
too
of
over
good
strain
to
much
involuntary
on
work
Flexors
our
on
easily.
our
muscles.
(b)
the
Smooth
hurdle
how
limbs
are
that
work
muscles
do
we
(c)
away
the
(c)
from
a
muscles
movement
Flexion
line
down
(d)
produced
(d)
the
Deltoid
by
muscle
our
limbs?
Circumduction
middle
of
the
body,
the
movement
is
as
the
(b)
following
adduction
are
two
(c)
types
of
exion
muscle
(d)
long
twitch
(b)
Long
and
short
(c)
Fast
and
slow
twitch
(d)
Slow
and
long
bowling
which
major
(b)
muscle
Pectorals
move
(c)
the
extension.
bre?
and
Biceps
Cardiac
describe
Rotation
moved
automatically.
Fast
(a)
extensors
muscles.
(a)
During
(d)
posture?
more
strain
muscles
(b)
dancer’
s
of
(c)
energy.
abduction
Which
about
systems
muscles
going
described
19.
less
(b)
Extension
When
(a)
our
posture
Skeletal
When
(a)
movers
statement
(a)
(a)
17.
Prime
twitch
twitch
arm
in
all
Abdominals
directions
(d)
at
the
shoulder?
Deltoids
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14:09
The
circulatory
and
the
4.1
system
respiratory
The
heart
system
and
double
circulation
You
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
draw
have
now
lear nt
However,
they
cannot
that
muscles
contract
to
move
bones.
OUTCOMES
you
will
learn
The
to:
circulatory
supplies
O
do
system
and
–
this
unless
heart,
nutrients
for
they
blood,
this
to
have
and
happen
fuel
to
blood
and
make
energy.
vessels
carries
–
away
CO
2
and
label
the
2
circulatory
and
other
waste.
system
Your
•
describe
how
the
blood
oxygen
pumps
works
non-stop,
24
hours
a
day.
It
carries
food
and
heart
to
your
body
cells.
It
carries
carbon
dioxide
and
other
waste
ows
along
blood.
away.
Blood
is
tubes
called
blood
together
are
pumped
the
round
vessels.
circulatory
the
The
body
by
blood,
the
heart.
heart,
and
It
blood
vessels
system.
LUNGS
On
the
left
is
a
simple
plan
of
your
circulatory
system.
Itshows
Pulmonary
pulmonary
pulmonary
just
the
heart
and
four
main
blood
vessels.
circulation
artery
vein
•
R
L
Notice
how
part
a
is
the
heart
pump,
so
is
the
divided
down
heart
is
a
blood
to
the
the
double
middle.
pump
Each
for
a
double
then
it
returns
aorta
circulation.
•
The
to
right
the
side
heart.
pumps
This
is
called
lungs
pulmonary
and
circulation
vena
•
HEART
The
left
side
pumps
blood
to
the
body
and
then
it
returns
to
the
cava
heart.
This
Learn
the
is
called
systemic
circulation
Systemic
circulation
•
aorta
help
you
with
from
the
heart.
and
the
vena
rest.
cava
The
rst.
aorta
is
Once
an
you
artery
have
and
done
arteries
this
go
it
will
away
BODY
The
vena
cava
is
a
vein
and
veins
go
towards
theheart.
•
Look
at
the
transported
Carbon
EXAM
See
the
if
you
can
sketch
draw
above
in
and
label
one
minute.
1
Always
order
and
draw
with
then
blood
lungs
it
three
link
vessel
into
in
top
down
chamber
and
visiting
same
into
body
does
double
the
is
picked
passing
up
through
opposite.
Use
in
the
the
the
lungs
heart
on
following
and
the
then
way.
guide
for
circulation:
Lungs
2
Lungs
rst
the
from
the
the
bottom
Heart
Heart
Muscle
Muscle
the
upwards.
it
the
Oxygen
body,
chamber,
leaving
chamber
the
with
arrows
the
the
same
“boxes”
them
dropping
bottom
the
to
dioxide
sketching
TIP
diagram.
repeats
After
the
order.
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14:11
The
structure
of
the
To
heart
the
To
lungs
the
From
the
lungs
body
PULMONARY
PULMONARY
•
The
heart
has
chambers
four
are
hollow
called
chambers.
atria.
Each
is
The
an
two
VEIN
AORTA
ARTERY
upper
SEMI-LUNAR
atrium.
VALVES
•
The
two
lower
chambers
are
called
ventricles
From
the
L.ATRIUM
body
•
The
walls
•
The
wall
of
the
heart
are
made
of
cardiac
VENA
muscle
CAVA
down
the
middle
is
called
the
septum.
It
divides
BICUSPID
VALVE
theheart
into
two
parts.
R.
ATRIUM
•
Valves
the
prevent
atriaand
valves,
back
ow
ventricles
andthe
ones
of
are
blood.
The
two
between
tricuspid
and
bicuspid
the
and
arteries
the
between
heart
TRICUSPID
are
L.
VALVE
semi-lunar
(half-moon)
VENTRICLE
valves.
R.
How
The
First
the
heart
the
heart
pumps
atria
ventricles
pumps
blood
contract.
contract.
by
The
SEPTUM
contracting.
Then,
VENTRICLE
blood
about
diagrams
a
It
does
tenth
below
of
this
a
show
in
two
second
what
stages.
later,
the
happens:
Arteries
Arteries
Arteries
Valves
closed
Valves
closed
Valve
closes
Atrium
contracts
Ventricle
Open
contracts
valve
1.
When
both
the
the
heart
sides
ll
is
with
relaxed,
blood
2.
The
from
veins.
atria
contract.
contract
where
atria,
blood
so
forced
into
the
The
they
from
veins
join
the
3.
the
atria
ventricles.
Then
The
is
the
ventricles
The
KEY
•
and
Set
a
all
atrium,
and
2.
Draw
these
left
and
labels
bicuspid
septum,
and
and
label
have
a
heart
been
tricuspid
right
in
used:
valves,
ventricles,
two
vena
minutes.
aorta,
left
semi-lunar
cava,
•
Now
There
from
your
the
are
to
the
two
the
and
right
pulmonary
diagram,
list
around
the
the
route
body
a
red
and
blood
back
cell
again.
would
lungs.
The
heart
and
out
of
the
arteries.
circulations
body
take
It
is
the
is
to
and
divided
keep
one
–
to
the
by
(double
blood
circulation).
contractions
heart
that
the
oxygenated
deoxygenated
separate
vein
•
lungs
the
septum
valves,
artery.
Using
forced
into
the
close.
QUESTIONS
timer.
check
is
atria
POINTS
one
1.
contract.
between
and
blood
heart
SUMMARY
ventricles
valves
keeps
of
blood
moving.
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4.2
The
There
LEARNING
are
this
unit
•
give
you
will
learn
volume,
vital
denitions
you
exercise
volume,
for
heart
and
and
cardiac
must
learn
off
by
heart:
heart
rate,
output.
to:
Heart
denitions
stroke
three
and
OUTCOMES
stroke
In
heart
rate
(HR)
rate,
cardiac
This
is
the
number
of
times
your
heart
beats
per
minute ,
output
i.e.
•
know
the
effects
of
bpm.
exercise
Every
on
them
them
•
know
how
age
to
your
heart
expand,
or
beats
pulse.
it
pumps
You
can
blood
feel
this
into
your
pulse
in
arteries
several
causing
places
in
affects
your
them
time
all
body,
see
below.
all.
By
DID
YOU
Age
and
pressing
lightly
with
pulses
(or
heart
beats).
At
an
average
your
Do
rst
this
two
for
ngers
one
you
can
count
the
minute.
KNOW?
cardiovascular
system
As
we
heart
get
rate
older,
that
our
This
means
exercise
for
as
our
drops,
cardiac
output
that
cannot
a
good
sustained
aerobic
-based
programme
can
the
transport
of
less.
intense
be
(endurance)
to
means
is
long.
However,
up
maximum
which
age
of
80
system
someone
20
training
give
a
an
person
oxygen-
similar
years
to
that
younger!
rest
increases
250
as
we
adult’
s
heart
exercise.
your
The
age.
exertion
)mpb(
oxygen
rate
is
about
70
maximum
heart
The
rate
heart
because
and
has
the
to
rate
is
and
220
increases
body
get
bpm,
rid
needs
of
this
minus
during
more
carbon
dioxide.
200
The
harder
must
etar
150
beat.
short
you
work,
The
raising
term
traeH
a
effect
effect
for
grows
bigger
of
trained
and
the
of
quicker
heart
exercise .
athlete
stronger
is
your
rate
A
that
is
heart
called
long
the
a
term
heart
(hypertrophy)
as
it
100
is
a
muscle.
contract
50
It
more
blood
out.
A
larger
stroke
can
therefore
strongly,
trained
and
heart
hold
it
more
can
blood,
pump
therefore
has
more
a
volume.
T ime
62
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14:11
Stroke
This
is
volume
the
ventricle
not
volume
during
completely
exercise
starts,
•
is
how
squirt
back
ll
during
more
At
every
and
out
of
rest,
the
the
contraction.
empty
more
heart
heart
by
each
chambers
As
soon
because
the
as
heart
is
strongly.
stroke
Contracting
pumped
volume
muscles
into
the
•
The
heart
gets
•
The
bres
stretch
•
Because
110
increases
squeeze
during
veins,
exercise:
which
causes
90
unfit
traeH
This
empty
they
more
blood
contraction.
etaR
contracting
of
one
130
)mpb(
do
(SV)
more
blood
70
to
heart.
fit
50
fuller.
T ime
more.
A
its
bres
are
more
stretched,
the
heart
you
stretch
elastic
more
blood.
contracts
more
graph
moving
of
at
weighed
strongly
–
just
as
when
an
band.
A
a
jogger
the
the
and
same
same
trained
speed.
the
t
athlete
Even
person
if
they
would
stronger
have:
contraction
Cardiac
forces
output
out
(Q)
•
a
lower
resting
•
a
lower
heart
•
a
faster
recovery
to
This
is
the
minute.
amount
This
can
be
heart
of
blood
ejected
explained
rate
x
e.g.
70
in
stroke
bpm
an
from
the
heart
in
the
other
words,
yourbody.
onet
–
we
they
4.9litres.
astheir
If
at
rest,
could
would
However,
heart
is
Look
as
at
what
many
are,
the
Now
volume
=
cardiac
x
=
4.9
70
ml
x
litres
of
identical
the
person
and
rate
same
will
blood
travel
persons
cardiac
DID
have
a
–
around
one
output
exercise
heart
returns
faster.
YOU
KNOW?
larger
unt
at
and
rest,
stroke
your
resting
has
slowed
this
is
to
known
heart
under
as
rate
55bpm,
‘bradycardia’.
i.e.
volume
stronger.
stroke
volume
=
cardiac
output
bpm
x
70
ml
=
4.9
litres
Fit:
55
bpm
x
90
ml
=
4.9
litres
–
the
t
supply
the
4.9
resting
happens
level
their
litres
70
your
what
two
need
t
ve
–
one
output
Unt:
to
slower
look
the
happens
times
get
still
bigger
heart
nearly
rate
during
equation:
When
In
resting
heart
rate
person’
s
litres.
heart
rate
heart
This
will
does
means
not
that
have
the
to
beat
tter
you
be,
during
maximum
stroke
volume
exercise
for
a
fteen-
year-old:
heart
rate
x
=
cardiac
output
Unt:
205
bpm
x
120
ml
=
24.6
litres
Fit
205
bpm
x
150
ml
=
30.8
litres
:
KEY
•
A
POINTS
larger
trained
The
t
person
has
more
blood
travelling
round
the
body,
more
oxygen.
They
can
keep
going
for
As
resting
stroke
due
QUESTIONS
to
Dene
“HR”,
“SV”
and
cardiac
“Cardiac
What
happens
to
them
all
3.
a
jog
b)
a
maximum
In
the
your
graph
heart
effort
opposite
rate
follow
output
can
the
increases
maximum
will
body
increase
to
before
continue
fatigue.
you
suggest
pattern
Training
can
of
on
aging
delay
the
the
effects
cardiovascular
system.
exercise?
the
volume
during
•
a)
in
rate.
Output”.
longer
2.
heart
training,
allowing
1.
in
results
longer.
•
SUMMARY
volume
and
lower
therefore
stroke
individuals
of
the
a
sport
dotted
that
makes
line?
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14:11
4.3
The
We
LEARNING
have
this
unit
•
name
•
describe
already
seen
that
vessels
when
we
you
the
will
learn
blood
to
cardiac
to:
their
working
output,
muscles.
but
the
This
blood
happens
similarities
vessels
also
have
a
to
to
get
very
an
more
increase
important
in
role.
structure
smooth
inner
their
role
lining
in
elastic
temperature
blood
need
due
and
differences
explain
we
partly
vessels
Basic
•
exercise
OUTCOMES
blood
In
blood
control
delivery
and
and
fibre
muscle
during
non-elastic
exercise.
fibres
lumen
LINK
As
Smooth
muscle
see
3.1.
unit
–
for
a
reminder
you
can
(smooth
blood
see,
muscle).
ows,
to
YOU
blood
an
can
hour
This
lose
in
and
it
of
a
much
contracts
more
it
thicker
causes
muscular
the
layer
lumen,
where
the
narrow.
blood
up
to
three
you
and
have
your
gone
for
a
temperature
run.
is
Your
rising.
leg
The
muscles
arteries
are
and
needing
more
arterioles
litres
(smaller
arteries)
causing
the
to
your
leg
muscles
relax
their
muscular
layer,
sweat!
makes
dizzy,
When
has
KNOW?
Imagine
You
artery
become
Redirection
DID
the
you
feel
obviously
weak
and
affects
performance.
get
to
your
leading
less
to
lumen
legs.
the
blood
At
to
of
The
blood
vessels
way
to
the
(vasodilate)
same
and
time,
the
kidneys
so
that
smooth
contract
more
muscle
blood
can
in
vessels
the
(vasoconstriction)
so
them.
temperature
direct
control
widen
stomach
goes
Control
to
to
work
blood
to
in
the
the
temperature
same
skin
and
in
keep
order
your
0
core
at
done
about
on
Types
We
the
of
have
shown
returns
Rehydration
while
running
a
When
to
the
See
this
is
vessels
said
that
these
heart
as
arteries
reach
capillaries,
diagram
the
how
page.
blood
called
in
C.
next
already
arterioles.
vessels
37
the
through
above,
the
break
down
muscles
which
these
are
capillaries
they
gas
only
join
into
smaller
split
into
exchange
one
cell
together
to
the
tiniest
occurs.
thick.
form
As
Blood
venules
marathon
(tiny
veins)
and
then
join
to
form
the
veins.
The
largest
vein,
the
vena
isessential.
cava,
delivers
blood
into
the
heart.
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Too
In
hot
the
example
muscles
it
goes
were
previously,
working
through
the
whole
body.
Your
reacts
to
to
you
and
muscle
core
imagined
producing
and
then
temperature
you
heat.
were
The
distributes
starts
to
running.
blood
that
rise
heat
and
Lots
gets
over
your
of
hot
as
your
body
0
try
The
blood
skin
and
sweat,
vessels
loses
which
water.
On
suffer
from
Your
is
Too
a
body
very
keep
it
to
heat
the
the
by
same,
skin
dry
day
dehydration,
temperature
serious
and
can
on
you
but
37
vasodilate
radiation.
evaporates
hot,
about
At
the
can
on
the
skin
lose
a
rising
too
result
in
so
blood
same
as
so
humid
high
C.
it
is
time,
mostly
much
day
can
ows
you
sweat
the
composed
sweat
cause
near
produce
that
won’t
heat
you
of
can
evaporate.
stroke,
which
death.
cold
What
about
if
you
coldcountry?
were
Your
standing
body
reacts
around
to
try
to
waiting
stop
to
your
compete
core
in
a
dropping
0
below
37
C.
This
time
heat
loss.
produce
blood
vessels
Your
muscles
heat.
reactions
and
again,
an
down,
The
skin
stop
ngers
impaired.
state
of
this
differences
vasoconstrict
perform
you
your
becomes
extreme
the
also
Obviously,
slow
thinking
to
don’t
can
is
work
result
between
valves
Lead
to
the
to
pulsate
Blood
ows
Have
thin
prevent
backow
are
properly,
in
(shiver)
too
and
and,
to
cold,
your
walking
once
death!
arteries
and
veins
Do
not
Go
away
have
valves
from
the
KEY
heart
under
muscle
low
and
pressure
Blood
elastic
Have
ows
thick
under
high
pressure
muscle
and
elastic
•
Arteries
•
Arterioles
•
Capillaries
•
Venules
•
Veins
•
Vasodilate:
•
Vasoconstrict:
tissue
carry
deoxygenated
Mainly
carry
oxygenated
blood
blood
SUMMARY
1.
WORDS
Pulsate
tissue
Mainly
you
ARTERIES
heart
Rarely
If
hypothermia
VEINS
Have
prevent
mini-contractions
sweating.
This
to
List
the
make
wider
make
narrower
QUESTIONS
ve
types
of
blood
vessel
in
order
of
them
leaving
the
heart.
KEY
2.
Describe
how
they
•
•
to
vigorous
POINTS
react
exercise
in
the
arms
It
in
•
to
exercise
in
hot
•
to
exercise
in
cold
is
the
arteries
a
table
of
muscle
arterioles
allows
listing
these
vessels
to
conditions.
change
Sketch
layer
and
conditions
that
3.
thick
only
the
difference
between
arteries
and
veins.
size
to
redistribute
blood.
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4.4
What
The
LEARNING
liquid
this
unit
•
name
of
you
will
learn
oating
and
describe
components
of
blood
This
their
know
their
in
it.
We
plasma
have
and
roughly
it
has
ve
red
litres
and
of
it
white
in
our
cells
and
bodies.
(55%)
yellow
watery
blood
substance
cells,
digested
food
roles
(e.g.
•
is
of?
the
carries
explain
blood
made
to:
Plasma
•
blood
OUTCOMES
platelets
In
part
is
glucose),
hormones,
and
relative
waste
importance
to
(e.g.
CO
,
urea).
2
sporting
performance.
White
blood
platelets
Red
blood
White
cells
cells
and
(1%)
blood
cells
(45%)
Some
These
the
carry
red
inside
cells
make
in
them.
marrow.
The
made
Each
could
in
that
red
(e.g.
measles).
bone
need
different
drop
Other
of
white
germs
contain
approximately
blood
antibodies.
chemicals
haemoglobin
are
blood
oxygen
white
by
cells
These
destroy
are
viruses
Different
germs
antibodies.
blood
“eating
cells
destroy
them”.
ve
Platelets
million!
These
This
blood
been
centrifuged.
obvious
consists
How
As
of
the
invariably
when
vitamin
can
form
clots.
stick
(See
of
special
together
to
below.)
It
is
blood
parts.
platelets
almonds,
fragments
that
has
different
blood
contain
fat),
that
do
sport
losing
sample
are
cells
K),
and
clot?
has
we
contact
cut
dairy
and
falls,
ourselves.
products
broccoli
can
(be
keep
platelets
Eating
leafy
careful
our
not
levels
stop
our
greens
to
of
have
body
(which
too
platelets
much
high.
platelets
1
When
to
the
each
you
cut
surface
other.
of
yourself,
the
platelets
wound
and
to
stick
2
They
tiny
produce
bres
trapped
grow.
in
a
substance
Red
these.
A
blood
clot
that
cells
forms.
makes
get
3
The
leg
clot
wound.
hardens
It
will
to
drop
a
scab,
off
as
when
on
new
this
skin
grows.
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How
The
white
body
the
do
in
white
blood
the
germ
blood
cells
blood,
they
destroy
(phagocytes)
through
can
cells
leave
the
the
that
blood
“eat
germs?
germs”
vessels,
but
travel
when
round
they
the
reach
vessel.
germ
nucleus
1
The
phagocytes
capillary
walls
and
pass
into
out
the
through
2
infected
They
germs.
tissue.
change
They
anddigest
Germs
can
be
passed
around
by
dirty
shape
produce
to
surround
enzymes
to
the
kill
Phagocytes
Dead
them.
sports
3
form
equipment,
and
live
phagocytes,
pus
in
the
for
only
dead
infected
a
short
germs,
time.
and
liquid
area.
can
LINK
enter
the
system,
of
body
How
cuts.
increasing
vitamin
(seeds,
via
C
grains,
do
both
(fruits,
terms
types
especially
and
red
In
2
The
oxygen
form
This
is
white
you
can
blood
and
boost
cells,
by
vegetables)
your
eating
and
carry
plenty
vitamin
You
can
diet
in
joins
in
with
the
the
red
3
cells
The
is
bright
In
It
Blood
is
to
lungs
the
up
the
capillaries,
to
and
passes
i.e.
pumped
oxygenated
pumped
blood
around
the
body.
gas
the
breaks
oxygen
out
to
is
the
exchange
set
free.
body
cells,
occurs.
pick
The
blood
is
now
red
because
it
It
pumped
back
is
to
get
more
is
dull
deoxygenated
to
the
lungs
oxygen.
KEY
POINTS
QUESTIONS
•
the
four
components
of
Blood
consists
Describe
the
function
of
red
blood
What
substance
4.
There
are
5.
Explain
helps
with
this
function
and
how
types
of
platelets
white
stop
blood
with
a
cell,
bleeding.
function.
how?
•
two
four
each
cells.
separate
3.
of
blood.
components,
2.
about
oxygen.
5
List
more
9.
red.
down
1.
out
chapter
oxyhaemoglobin.
oxyhaemoglobin
SUMMARY
nd
E
oxygen?
4
1
immune
oil).
cells
haemoglobin
to
of
diet,
citrus,
vegetable
blood
of
explain
each
function.
Eating
a
balanced
important
to
keep
diet
your
is
blood
healthy.
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4.5
The
importance
circulatory
An
LEARNING
this
unit
explain
you
the
will
learn
role
circulatory
is
brought
of
give
into
your
lungs
(see
unit
4.6)
and
passes
into
tiny
to:
through
the
which
the
are
only
one
cell
thick
(this
allows
oxygen
to
pass
walls).
system
The
•
system
overview
capillaries,
•
the
OUTCOMES
Oxygen
In
of
gures
for
average
blood
oxygen
afnity
to
attaches
itself
haemoglobin,
to
the
which
red
is
blood
the
red
cell
because
protein
in
our
it
has
blood
a
high
cells.
pressure
•
explain
term
the
short
effects
blood
and
of
and
The
heart
red
blood
exercise
veins
(remember
heart
beats
nally
The
has
KNOW?
red
textis
of
an
area
the
behind
human
(12cm
x
8cm)
Below
is
the
of
a
mouse
picked
it
the
blood
heart
around
the
body.
through
the
pulmonary
The
oxygenated
venules
and
this
is
the
only
up
has
all
vein
in
nutrients
hormones,
to
its
with
oxygenated
excess
through
skeletal,
provide
(from
way
blood).
cardiac
energy).
digested
water,
At
food
and
arteries,
The
and
the
to
arterioles
smooth
same
time,
store
or
white
cells
plasma
deliver
to
waste.
may
have
exited
destroy
been
used
to
make
scabs,
white
cells
may
have
to
germs,
cells
have
This
is
a
waiting
not
met
to
be
and
the
used.
before,
it
If
you
may
get
take
a
containing
time
new
to
virus
antibodies
make
that
the
your
are
white
antibody.
size
Can
the
such
on
(remember
oxygen
Platelets
why
we
gives
off
often
use
immunizations
(see
left).
At
the
muscles
the
you
the
oxygen
and
picks
up
carbon
dioxide
(mainly
in
the
same
plasma)
structures
blood
heart.
average
heart.
sends
size
blood
believe
to
the
approximate
adult
and
need
circulating,
•
moves
capillaries
all
muscles),
•
and
move
vessels.
muscle
YOU
cells
on
and
DID
beats
long
and
other
waste.
It
also
becomes
warmer
due
to
the
heat
small
from
cell
respiration/production
of
energy.
object?
As
the
gets
the
hot
kidneys
gets
are
of
often
Babies,
injected
bacteria
that
with
children
a
causes
or
white
cells
to
the
body,
The
blood
lungs
to
via
venules
the
waste
re-enters
excrete
and
gets
the
carbon
veins,
the
delivered
heart
and
dioxide.
heat
to
then
Then
it
all
continuously!
form
polio,
whooping
cough.
Their
make
antibodies
and
they
so
YOU
Some
become
5.2).
muscles
the
e.g.
DID
meningitis,
unit
back
again,
the
around
adults
weakened
illnesses,
leaves
all
(see
pushed
happens
Immunization.
blood
distributed
KNOW?
athletes
cheat
to
try
to
win.
Some
long
distance
athletes
immune.
have
their
parts
(see
cells
blood
the
back
carried
by
into
the
endurance
trying
to
in
a
in
centrifuge
unit
themselves.
body,
events.
dangerous.
are
put
picture
As
4.4)
This
potentially
Not
blood
squeeze
only
is
pressure
into
the
to
and
separate
then
means
allowing
this
more
a
all
and
these
capillaries
and
different
the
red
oxygen
better
cheating
rises
the
inject
be
performance
illegal,
extra
a
blood
can
clot
red
it
is
also
blood
may
in
cells
occur.
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Blood
and
exercise
DID
Short-term
effects
of
YOU
exercise
Constant
Exercise
cardiac
immediately
output
to
causes
rise.
This
heart
also
rate
makes
(HR),
your
stroke
blood
volume
(SV),
pressure
and
rise.
can
lead
risk
pains),
needs
a
certain
amount
of
pressure
so
that
it
can
travel
your
and
angina
heart
heart
against
gravity
and
reach
the
furthest
parts
of
of
pressure
called
increases
(sharp
attacks
chest
such
as
ngers
when
you
lift
your
arms.
The
(which
is
and
oxygen
to
caused
the
by
brain).
your
Blood
body,
of
blood
disease
back
lack
to
a
pressure
strokes
Blood
high
to
hypertension,
the
Blood
KNOW?
pressure
of
pressure
tends
to
be
blood
higher:
depends
Firstly,
(i.e.
on
how
things:
much
cardiac
Secondly,
two
blood
output)
the
is
going
increases,
amount
of
around
then
blood
the
blood
vessels
body.
If
pressure
that
are
the
blood
•
as
you
age
•
if
you
are
male
•
if
you
are
of
ow
rises.
vasodilated
Caribbean
vasoconstricted.
T
oo
much
vessels,
is
If
lots
of
dangerous
reducing
Blood
or
digital
heart
blood
mm
that
when
mercury
in
Long-term
Training
in
by
blood
pressure
vasodilating
rises.
ow
x
•
if
you
eat
a
lot
•
if
you
don’t
•
if
you
smoke
•
if
you
drink
of
salt
blood
exercise
enough
resistance
a
lot
of
alcohol.
The
cuff
blood
falls
is
relaxes.
pressure
when
it
is
in
mm
mm
artery
to
a
the
thin
80
your
tube
rises
values
the
mm
the
It
is
mercury,
when
are
heart
are
arm.
of
(pronounced
when
and
in
artery
Both
120/80
120
(120
an
relaxes.
around
pressure
at
attached
your
measured.
120
over
contracts
height
of
80).
and
the
tube.)
effects
results
increased
=
measured
rubber
pressure
the
reacts
or
origin
pressure
and
the
constricted,
body
pressure
always
a
device.
means
80
is
using
contracts
Normal
It
blood
pressure
measured
are
the
resistance.
Blood
Measuring
these
and
African
or
in
of
more
exercise
blood
capillarization).
and
This
capillaries
means
more
being
can
O
made
be
(i.e.
carried
–
a
2
great
benet
carbon
to
dioxide
aerobic/long-distance
can
be
athletes!
removed
quicker,
iron
meat,
and
It
also
thus
means
fatigue
that
can
bedelayed.
A
good
beans)
diet
enough
red
particular
during
containing
prevents
anaemia
blood
need
to
cells
–
or
ensure
(red
a
sh,
condition
haemoglobin.
they
have
a
poultry,
arising
if
Female
good
diet
peas,
you
athletes
as
lentils,
don’t
iron
have
in
is
lost
menstruation.
KEY
•
All
POINTS
parts
of
blood
have
functions.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
•
1.
Give
are
2.
an
two
Explain
blood
average
blood
pressure
value
and
explain
why
the
and
short
its
able
there
gures.
•
and
vessels.
long
term
effects
of
exercise
on
your
Blood
There
term
pressure
to
are
short
effects
blood
needs
to
be
change.
and
of
its
and
long-
exercise
on
vessels.
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4.6
What
is
the
respiratory
system?
This
LEARNING
is
the
perform
At
the
end
system
of
this
topic
gas
be
able
sketch
the
and
name
respiratory
the
parts
of
it
is
fat.
system
relate
the
structure
of
to
ventilate
(breath
in
and
out)
and
is
the
process
can
be
done
of
system
to
aerobic
into
the
with
releasing
or
without
energy
from
respiration.
body
and
move
A
oxygen.
system
CO
out.
is
If
food,
done
e.g.
therefore
Gas
with
glucose
oxygen
needed
exchange
to
needs
get
to
2
between
the
lungs
and
blood
vessels
for
this
to
happen.
The
the
O
respiratory
It
called
oxygen
occur
•
us
to:
and
•
allows
exchange.
you
Respiration
should
that
OUTCOMES
is
then
transported
to
the
tissues
(via
the
circulatory
system)
and
2
their
then
gas
exchange
needs
to
happen
again.
Once
the
O
is
in
tissues
2
functions.
it
can
be
used
for
Oxygen
respiration.
+
glucose
or
fat
→
energy
+
CO
+
H
2
O
2
1
Air
2
ows
from
the
atmosphere
to
the
lungs
as
shown
from
1
to
6
below.
3
3
4
4
5
7
5
7
5
8
1.
Air
passes
mouth.
through
The
moistens
it
nose
and
the
nose/
warms
traps
4.
Left
and
(plural
and
air
dirt
to
right
bronchus
bronchi).
smaller
These
7.
carry
tiny
hairs.
cartilage
A
small
called
the
ap
air
into
the
lungs
into
the
stomach,
organ.
prevents
the
opposite.
Bronchioles
larynx
(voice
a
sheet
muscle
helps
of
which
end
in
that
you
to
breathe.
and
sacscalled:
Alveoli.
that
The
Diaphragm:
and
6.
2.
spongy
epiglottis
tiny
food
soft,
called:
of
5.
directs
a
branches
8.
in
Lungs:
These
gas
can
are
so
diffuse
thin
through
box).
them.
3.
The
trachea
exible
tube
C-shaped
(windpipe).
is
held
rings
of
This
open
by
cartilage.
9.
10.
Ribs:
protect
Intercostal
contract
lung
with
them
rush
in
raise
walls
to
lungs.
muscles.
and
The
your
get
causing
ll
the
These
the
ribs.
pulled
air
to
space.
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Substance
Amount
(the
air
in
Oxygen
Carbon
inhaled
you
air
breathe
Amount
in)
(the
air
in
you
21%
dioxide
A
tiny
exhaled
breathe
17%
amount
3%
Nitrogen
79%
79%
Water
little
more
Atmospheric
air
at
sea
level
is
air
out)
high
in
oxygen
and
low
in
.
CO
As
2
we
gain
altitude
air
gets
“thinner”,
i.e.
there
is
less
O
.
If
you
look
2
at
the
table
above
you
will
see
that
you
breathe
out
less
O
than
2
you
breathed
energy
from
to
help
with
is
used
to
to
in.
Remember
food
this
make
and
–
most
aerobic
energy.
thepercentage
respiration
of
the
time
respiration.
What
breathed
do
out
if
is
it
the
process
uses
oxygen
So,
you
at
think
you
rest,
will
were
of
releasing
4%
These
are
alveoli
at
a
alveoli
with
tiny
are
blood
covered
called
vessels
capillaries
Why?
Oxygen
+
glucose
→
energy
+
CO
+
H
2
of
The
end
bronchiole.
Each
Look
the
exercising
of
hard?
the
happen
at
CO
the
in
equation
the
table.
above
Once
than
O
is
a
smaller
grain
of
Gases
salt.
the
can
pass
capillary
through
walls.
2
and
then
the
percentages
again,
what
do
you
think
2
would
happen
working
hard?
Hopefully
more
you
energy
to
these
percentages
if
you
were
Why?
worked
so
you
out
that
would
hard
use
work
more
would
oxygen,
need
therefore
One
breathing
more
out
even
less.
Vice
versa,
you
would
alveolus
create
Gas
CO
exchange
in
your
lungs
(between
alveoli
and
blood
vessels)
2
How
does
gas
Gases
always
diffuse
where
there
less
is
exchange
from
(low
where
occur?
there
concentration)
Air
Blood
Low
from
in
O
organs
used

is
–
to
a
lot
see
and
(high
concentration)
to
below.
from
atmosphere
to
2
Diffusion
make
energy,
and
High
relatively
high
has
occurred,
as
in
O
has
enforced
2
levels
CO
2
blood
of
waste
from
and
CO
2
oxygen
energy
has
O
left
it.
2
production.
Low
O
2
High
CO
CO
2
2
Blood
in
leaving
oxygen,
lungs
low
in
high
CO
2
Low
of
levels
Capillary
CO
2
KEY
POINTS
Alveolus
•
•
Breathing
air
in
and
Air
enters
mouth
SUMMARY
1.
Using
a
ow
Describe
the
the
and
of
movement
your
nose
passes
of
lungs.
and
through
QUESTIONS
atmosphere
2.
is
out
chart,
show
to
alveoli.
how
the
gas
the
exchange
passage
of
air
from
the
•
smaller
and
The
nishes
air
sacs
occurs
in
the
lungs.
where
smaller
up
gas
tubes.
in
tiny
air
exchange
occurs.
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4.7
LEARNING
In
•
this
unit
and
We
have
bodies
and
out
This
is
will
the
learn
to:
mechanics
dene
tidal
volume,
value,
total
lung
sometimes,
incorrectly,
called
of
It
by
works
that
air
that
maximum
capacity,
aerobic
know
the
of
rst
allows
us
making
rushes
to
ones
creating
rest
from
respiration
the
in
to
with
high
mechanics
space
ll
it
The
intercostal
and
the
low
in
your
chest
always
pressure).
so
(which
(thoracic
move
Then,
air
the
rushes
breathing
muscles
as
the
lungs
contract
lungs
are
muscle
with
pressure
it.
T
erm
pulling
the
attached
space
and
(TV)
The
air
rib
they
and
get
(RR)
T
otal
lung
capacity
deeply
aerobic
breathed
during
The
number
of
The
amount
breathed
The
maximum
as
reason
deeply
capacity
air
the
in
the
larger
of
high
made
ll
The
intercostal
diaphragm
The
chest
and
(thoracic)
and
air
upwards
you
is
more
the
less
carbon
The
air
in
The
maximum
The
maximum
and
use.
or
you
It
get
dioxide
rushes
out
of
in
a
tidal
rid
in
can
is
of
breath.
volume
carbon
When
of
left
air
a
minute
breath
to
in
in
a
The
pulls
increased,
out
smaller,
relax.
pressure
out.
you
term
effects
exercise
Rises
increases.
dioxide.
Increases
usually
=
out
TV
after
around
4.5
x
rst
few
RR
breathing
or
sportspersons
the
5
Rises
No
change
No
change
No
change
No
change
litres.
because
seconds,
you.
maximum
your
capacity
amount
the
get
after
of
out
it
and
space.
muscles
gets
minute.
rid
is
lungs
vital
to
per
in
amount
of
or
important
can
your
is
can.
very
you
in
is
the
breathing
cavity
too.
Again
lungs
to
of
exercise
this
amount
the
left
for
breaths
as
Combination
Maximum
air
main
Vital
volume
of
The
in
Residual
is
pulled
attens.
inside
rushes
cage
Short
amount
breathe
Capacity
areas
space
of
volume
actually
out.
Denition
Rate
is
cavity)
from
mechanics
increases
Vital
in
in
contracts
The
drops
The
Minute
air
ventilation.
food).
(gases
pressure,
of
diaphragm
Volume
or
and
exercise.
Respiratory
draw
values
outwards,
Tidal
to
breathing,
and
The
at
energy
i.e.
capacity
expected
three
releasing
lives,
residual
smaller,
during
our
our
pressure
the
in
throughout
process
so
•
mechanism
constantly
of
breathing
•
a
exercise
OUTCOMES
you
describe
Breathing
and
oxygen
lungs
can
residual
(O
)
exhalation.
hold.
volume.
you
can
take
in
2
capacity
(MAX
VO
)
2
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6
T idel
volume
during
exercise
5
T idel
4
Vital
T
otal
.stL
volume
capacity
lung
3
volume
2
1
Residual
volume
T ime
Lung
As
volumes
you
the
can
shown
see
respiratory
plenty
of
O
in
on
tidal
rate.
and
a
spirometer
.
volume
increases
Because
more
RR
×
important
during
TV
=
more
CO
2
But
1.
how
Cell
exercise
minute
and
volume,
so
you
does
can
get
out.
2
do
we
respiration
actually
increases
breathe
due
to
faster?
needing
more
energy.
Levels
of
During
CO
in
the
blood
long-distance
running,
gas
rise.
2
exchange
2.
Special
sends
3.
receptors
•
your
breathing
•
your
heart
Now
gas
lungs
inform
messages
to
brain.
Your
central
nervous
increase.
system
to:
muscles
beat
exchange
quicker
the
must
and
to
work
harder
and
faster
faster.
can
then
speed
CO
is
up
as
the
breathed
blood
out
is
reaching
the
faster.
2
Long-term
effects
respiratory
•
The
two
main
diaphragm,
additional
stronger,
•
Y
ou
•
training
on
breathing,
the
your
of
stronger
used
allowing
when
we
intercostals
deeper
work
and
breaths.
harder
and
There
these
are
also
become
too.
grow
This
Improved
longer
muscles
grow
muscles
don’t
them.
of
system
more
means
gas
before
alveoli
that
but
more
exchange
you
get
do
used,
means
you
grow
more
improving
can
do
capillaries
gas
stamina
around
exchange.
activities
for
tiring.
KEY
SUMMARY
POINTS
QUESTIONS
•
1.
Explain
the
mechanics
2.
Explain
how
of
Lungs
on
CO
production
causes
changes
in
Dene
TV
,
volume,
RR,
and
total
ventilation,
lung
vital
capacity,
residual
If,
at
be
rest,
your
your
TV
minute
own,
wider
they
and
need
to
be
squeezed
smaller.
capacity.
•
4.
their
pulled
minute
inate/deate
breathing.
2
3.
cannot
breathing.
was
0.5l
and
your
RR
was
12,
what
would
volume?
Breathing
is
of
volume
determined
CO
in
the
by
and
the
blood
speed
amount
and
is
2
5.
If,
during
would
be
a
jog,
your
your
TV
minute
was
1.5l
volume?
and
your
RR
was
20,
what
controlled
nervous
by
the
system
central
(CNS).
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4.8
Cell
LEARNING
this
•
give
the
and
anaerobic
explain
Respiration
is
this
our
would
you
will
learn
equation
the
for
You
only
aerobic
advantages
of
muscles
place,
what
the
how
of
in
food
debt
food
be
incur
e.g.
immediately
powerful
sprinting
the
is
as
After
muscles
will
It
and
lactic
tired
•
The
of
with
and
down
you
to
can
but
and
energy.
get
the
help
beat
will
nd
for
the
energy
move
to
blood
tirelessly,
out
more
that
moment
you
use
without
make
to
the
your
correct
and
the
skeletal
about
the
digestion
it
is
enough
carbohydrate
The
carbohydrates
and
rice,
and
sugary
stored
as
glycogen
to
and
know
fat
found
in
starchy
to
foods,
in
foods
the
are
broken
muscles
and
down
into
liver.
respiration
of
respiration.
When
contractions
acid
and
effort
makes
an
oxygen
body
has
glucose
a
cease
glucose
we
does
need
not
require
energy
fast
oxygen
and
for
it
is
called
very
powerful
energy
for
that
us
can
or
the
nal
up.
In
the
glucose
well
we
in
straight.
100
200
makes
tolerate
where
the
the
this
is
the
nasty
certain
cannot
immediately
harder
metres
you
you
by-product
amount
continue
400metres
The
metres
a
a
broken
you
do
may
with
the
build
to
of
lactic
down.
up
feel
who
more
The
near
can
slow
to
a
be
point
acid
is
seen
dramatically
lactic
the
acid.
until
This
enough
pain
lactic
acid
exercise.
those
work,
not
start
the
called
you
slow
you
end.
This
in
build
down;
is
why
debt.
on.
plentiful
stored,
is
especially
painful.
must
of
reached
so
it
long
who
Y
ou
start
must
too
work
supply
fast
at
in
the
the
400,
pace
Glucose
→
you
800
or
know
Energy
+
longer
you
events
can
Lactic
suffer
later
manage.
acid
can
periods
respiration
time.
When
•
chapter
breakdown
Aerobic
of
it
You
the
Each
60–90
advantages
supply
so
move.
how
muscle
anaerobic
those
Aerobic
food,
jumping
collapse.
creates
from
anything!
and
in
•
do
disadvantages
Maximum
you
to
contractions,
approximately
seconds,
muscle
can
next
pasta
problem
•
about
smooth
broken
you
muscle
Anaerobic
energy
energy
advantages
used
very
releasing
the
it.
When
for
know
the
you
Anaerobic
Can
of
have
is
glucose
•
not
and
such
Anaerobic
process
each
oxygen
we
to
cardiac
so
supply
and
need
work:
muscle
that
explain
cells
to:
respiration
disadvantages
•
the
OUTCOMES
In
•
unit
respiration
There
are
no
dangerous
the
breakdown
of
glucose
uses
oxygen
it
is
called
+
H
aerobic
byrespiration.
products.
The
is
breathed
is
lost
carbon
out
through
and
dioxide
the
sweat,
water
urine
Look
at
the
equation:
and
Glucose
+
→
O
Energy
+
CO
2
breathing.,
excretion
i.e.
and
2
O
2
perspiration,
Firstly
expiration.
look
at
the
waste
products
–
CO
and
water.
The
waste
does
2
Aerobic
•
It
takes
90
seconds
starting
exercise
system
to
Activities
e.g.
not
cause
The
other
be
for
problem
get
using
the
than
others!)
The
problem
aerobic
enough
like
in
so
again
that
the
we
after
last
method
can
about
so
continue
20/30
we
can
for
a
minutes
use
very
long
we
it
can
indenitely.
time
switch
(some
to
more
that
is
that
the
aerobic
system
requires
so
many
chemical
effort,
reactions
that
produces
any
is
it
slow
to
work.
It
does
start
straight
away
but
hardly
we
oxygen
energy.
It
starts
to
take
over
as
the
main
system
at
to
about
muscles
fat,
is
fully
.
all-out
mean
benet
after
working
requiring
sprinting,
cannot
our
a
disadvantages
one-and-a-half
minutes
so
you
always
use
the
anaerobic
time.
system
at
the
start
of
exercise.
74
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14:11
The
second
needed,
you
just
return
so
Muscles
into
the
to
do
the
the
turned
when
we
aerobic
up
enough
extra
get
is
glucose
How
get
called
acid
with
speed
anaerobic
need
is
needed
lactic
you
cannot
to
oxygen
problem
if
to
oxygen
system
to
oxygen
debt
body
get
back
carbon
enough
create
is
your
muscles.
build
up
lactic
of
lactic
is
the
its
and
lot
of
oxygen
maximum
This
acid
acid.
of
state .
water,
is
effort,
means
you
again.
This
amount
resting
dioxide
is
your
a
of
rid
to
that
80%
and
oxygen
an
to
and
oxygen
into
respiration
around
extra
oxygen
Most
and
a
of
little
the
back
available.
oxygen
debt?
Maximal
effort
anaerobic
•
By
taking
part
in
maximum-effort
activities.
As
soon
as
the
event
you
repay
the
debt
by
breathing
hard
to
take
in
extra
During
the
all
•
any
graph
long
thereactions
working
fully.
At
3,
point
•
the
you
start
create
of
necessary
an
oxygen
exercise,
to
get
the
while
debt
your
aerobic
at
point
body
is
respiration
1
remove
will
the
be
lactic
needed
acid.
in
doing
system
(2)
the
anaerobic
team
events
below,
oxygen
oxygen.
to
•
the
Later
,
is
extra
over
uses
system.
athlete
has
threshold
a
and
burst
is
of
speed
creating
an
and
has
oxygen
crossed
debt
their
(common
in
games).
At
point
so
slowly
4,
At
point
the
athlete
is
getting
in
enough
to
O
jog
and
is
going
2
•
return
that
5,
the
the
they
can
athlete
body
to
its
repay
has
a
bit
of
stopped.
resting
state
the
The
(point
debt.
oxygen
is
being
used
6).
to
Breathing
provides
remove
hard
the
the
at
the
extra
lactic
end
oxygen
of
a
sprint
required
to
acid.
3
Point
at
back
into
which
you
pass
anaerobic
work
RH
2
1
5
6
4
T ime
A
gentle
breath
KEY
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
•
jog
uses
Write
the
2.
Repeat
3.
What
are
4.
What
is
5.
Describe
equations
for
aerobic
and
anaerobic
sentence
Some
sports
e.g.
advantages
oxygen
the
and
disadvantages
debt?
ways
you
out
of
are
100
anaerobic
metres.
Some
sports
are
virtually
form.
aerobic
the
get
system.
respiration.
•
in
doesn’t
aerobic
POINTS
only,
1.
that
the
you
of
each?
•
can
create
one.
only,
e.g.
the
marathon.
Most
of
sports
both
move
energy
in-and-out
systems.
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4
THE
Summary
CIRCULATORY
1.
List
ve
functions
2.
What
3.
Explain
4.
Describe
5.
Dene
structures
how
the
Heart
(b)
Stroke
(c)
Cardiac
Rate
What
are
the
8.
State
ve
factors
9.
Describe:
the
two
short
(b)
two
long
functions
that
term
term
athletes
effects
effects
do
compete
at
sea
movement
of
blood
Our
blood.
heart.
amount
of
from
(b)
circulatory
affect
of
of
(b)
blood
exercise
exercise
high-altitude
pressure.
on
on
the
the
areas
blood
blood.
usually
have
an
advantage
when
level?
through
circulation
blood
volume
blood?
blood?
can
they
ventilation
of
of
Why
stroke
the
system?
(SV)
composition
(a)
(a)
13.
of
system.
circulatory
pumps
SYSTEM
Output
7.
The
the
RESPIRATORY
(HR)
Volume
is
(a)
THE
following:
(a)
11.The
AND
circulatory
up
structure
What
12.
the
heart
6.
10.
of
make
the
the
SYSTEM
questions
(c)
pumped
cardiac
system
is
the
heart
locomotion
by
one
output
made
and
up
body
(d)
ventricle
(c)
tidal
in
is
called
heart
one
pump
minute
volume
(d)
is
called
ejection
of
the
blood
of
(a)
blood,
blood
vessels,
and
lungs
(b)
trachea,
(c)
heart,
blood
vessels,
and
heart
(d)
heart,
blood,
blood,
and
and
heart
hormones
76
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14.
15.
16.
What
(b)
Platelets,
(c)
Arteries,
veins,
(d)
Plasma,
red
Which
platelets,
the
red
red
blood
blood
cells,
cells,
following
are
and
capillaries,
capillaries,
blood
cells,
and
four
and
main
antibodies,
(b)
Transportation,
protection,
temperature
(c)
Protection,
(d)
Muscle
The
A
contraction,
number
heart
short
of
times
term
(b)
effect
increased
the
heart
(c)
the
(d)
gas
What
of
beats
heart
blood
beats
Increased
to
our
depth
of
(c)
Builds
immune
(d)
Increased
(b)
rate
of
air
into
regulation
maintains
and
muscle
transportation
minute
is
cardiac
body
known
contraction
and
as
equilibrium
equilibrium
the
output
(d)
pulse
is
out
more
blood
quicker
system
when
we
exercise?
through
the
lungs
system
and
oxygen
oxygen
into
(d)
getting
oxygen
out
respiration
pumps
respiration
getting
oxygen
blood?
breathing
(c)
(a)
control,
cells
breathing
ow
pulmonary
exchanging
Aerobic
(c)
exercise
respiratory
blood
the
and
happens
Increased
getting
of
equilibrium
per
beat
blood
temperature
control,
beats
and
cells
slower
(b)
(a)
heart
faster
exchange
or
heart
blood
capillarization
happens
External
temperature
the
rate
regulation,
white
functions
protection,
temperature
white
plasma
platelets,
the
capillaries
and
Transportation,
(a)
20.
of
of?
(a)
(b)
19.
made
Plasma,
(a)
18.
blood
(a)
(a)
17.
is
out
and
the
of
uses
(b)
of
the
known
as
(breathing)
includes
lungs
carbon
dioxide
in
the
lungs
bloodstream
the
blood
stream
---------------------
water
(c)
to
produce
carbon
energy
dioxide
for
(d)
active
lactic
processes.
acid
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Other
5.1
body
The
We
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
name
they
know
two
will
learn
parts
of
system
consist
explain
that
to:
constant
stream
back.
The
the
and
of
what
nervous
system
the
nervous
of
role
taking
sketch
controls
of
the
part
in
and
label
a
messages,
system
(CNS)
–
except
consists
the
system
system
brain
(PNS)
the
brain
–
by
the
body.
of
means
two
parts:
and
spinal
see
the
and
spinal
of
The
brain
nerves,
sends
the
cord
–
central
and
the
diagram
below.
cord.
job
Its
and
a
is
a
nervous
peripheral
The
to
receives
PNS
relay
is
all
the
information
system
from
the
CNS
to
the
limbs
and
organs.
The
CNS
is
sport
protected
•
brain
stream
back-and-forth
when
the
constant
nerves
•
nervous
OUTCOMES
you
nervous
all
systems
by
bone
–
your
skull
and
spine
–
but
the
PNS
is
not.
neuron.
The
1.
peripheral
The
from
somatic
the
CNS
contractions
messages
of
things.
ball
and
next
to
other
movement.
a
opponents,
you,
i.e.
CO
2
in
our
game
of
from
the
also
made
a
other
call
the
this
for
level
of
time
brain
the
senses.
parts:
messages
causing
sensory
letting
it
include
ball,
But
know
also
about
muscle
nerves
an
pressure,
sorts
the
opponent
take
the
take
all
seeing
feeling
they
cells
blood
two
relays
could
specialised
the
of
nerves,
same
to
netball
ve
This
motor
the
senses
of
the
blood,
via
At
hearing
three
is
(voluntary):
muscles
from
During
back
amount
the
of
amount
of
2
movement
2.
the
and
back
system
system
to
information
and
O
nervous
The
are
the
joints,
autonomic
nervous
we
in
system
unaware
(sympathetic
system
that
of,
etc.
sends
e.g.
system)
or
(involuntary):
messages
speeding
up
reversing
this
from
heart
This
the
rate
is
the
CNS
and
part
to
do
of
the
things
breathing
(parasympathetic).
metsys
Brain
Central
nervous
system
(CNS)
Spinal
suovreN
Somatic
cord
system
(voluntary)
Peripheral
nervous
Sympathetic.
system
control
(PNS)
during
heart
Autonomic
rate
Acts
as
action,
speeds
a
e.g.
up
system
(involuntary)
Parasympathetic.
the
changes,
e.g.
rate
Reverses
slows
heart
down
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The
structure
of
a
nerve
neuron
cell
dendrites
(neuron)
All
types
of
neuron
The
cell
tiny
antenna.
the
end
The
body
of
receives
An
the
myelin
have
the
sheath
basic
information
impulse
neuron
same
is
are
sent
from
down
branches,
insulates
the
structure,
the
the
nerve,
in
shown
dendrites,
axon,
which
as
a
send
the
which
long
out
same
thin
here.
act
like
bre.
At
nucleus
signals.
way
plastic
cell
coating
length
to
insulates
(called
node,
nodes
thus
of
length
In
practice;
As
you
the
The
goes
the
up
HR
axon.
and
CNS
wiring,
faster
This
that
than
can
there
allow
they
give
us
are
signals
would
really
if
gaps
to
jump
they
quick
along
had
from
to
body
its
node
travel
the
reactions.
axon
(with
myelin
sheath
)
training
ready
sends
autonomic
raise
however
Ranvier)
cycle
changed,
session.
via
of
travelling
full
get
house
blood
to
train,
you
messages
system,
via
and
start
the
your
to
think
PNS
to
about
the
prepare
sympathetic
you.
nerves
This
speed
Nodes
of
Ranvier
pressure.
synapse
Once
you
because
start
you
automatic,
being
it
used
sensory
trafc
cycling,
learnt
isn’t;
to
you
this
this
movement
time
stimulate
nerves
sounds
are
and
balance
it
your
sending
the
is
and
years
the
back
of
ago.
somatic
muscles.
amount
pedal
All
the
in
of
time
the
you
about
your
thought
Although
part
messages
CO
without
it
feels
PNS
that
cycle,
potholes
muscles,
etc.
is
your
and
Your
2
autonomic
blood
once
you
pressure
you
What
heard
That
in
stop,
about
situation
it.
system
the
is
why
to
adjusting
this
via
parasympathetic
you
term
where
constantly
response
when
the
is
we
lear n
a
“sensory
have
when
so
new
skill,
lear ning
a
for
It
will
is
skill
reverse
used
you
we
to
rate,
the
changes.
Have
describe
be
and
and,
discus?
cannot
should
HR
system,
example,
information
new
breathing
sympathetic
system
overload”?
much
your
the
a
cope
with
Cycling,
and
nervous
system
or
“bend
knees
your
already
send
All
getting
this
KEY
use
to
a
movement
as
lot
if
you
of
were
other
unfamiliar
patter ns
about
sensory
places,
you
so
to
already
sit
on
a
information
doing
know,
chair”.
and
something
sport,
to
requires
send
a
the
constant
givensimple
stream
commands
all
such
You
are
messages
around
the
body.
are
trying
familiar
of
as,
can
to
help.
POINTS
different
produce
parts
of
the
co-ordinated
nervous
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
consists
The
PNS
system
work
together
to
movement.
of
the
somatic
and
autonomic
nervous
systems.
a)
b)
2.
Explain
the
training
session.
role
Explain
the
named
training
Sketch
and
role
label
your
your
somatic
system
autonomic
plays
system
within
plays
a
named
within
a
session.
a
neuron.
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5.2
The
Cells
LEARNING
this
unit
•
dene
constantly
take
in
substances
system
and
produce
long
periods
waste
–
even
more
OUTCOMES
so
In
excretory
you
will
learn
when
we
metabolism
to:
chemical
homeostasis
are
exercising
increases.
and
hard
for
Metabolism
physical
changes
in
is
the
our
word
body,
of
time,
used
some
to
of
because
describe
which
our
the
produce
and
waste
products.
This
waste
must
be
got
rid
of.
Also,
when
exercising
osmoregulation
in
•
describe
in
the
their
the
main
excretory
organs
system
hot
climates
concentration
and
Sometimes
we
lose
and
we
water
viscosity
replace
this
through
sweat
(how
easily
liquid
with
a
which
liquid
alters
ows)
unsuitable
of
the
the
blood.
supplements.
function.
Our
body
works
best
in
organs
to
The
organs
involved
•
main
Lungs.
Carbon
production.
diffuses
It
is
across
try
a
excretory
stable
to
in
dioxide
this
excretion
is
the
transported
the
environment,
maintain
capillary
the
and
it
is
the
job
of
our
are:
waste
to
and
environment.
product
lungs
alveoli
in
from
the
walls
aerobic
blood,
and
is
and
energy
then
breathed
out.
kidney
•
Kidneys.
removed
•
Liver.
As
blood
with
The
travels
waste
liver
through
substances
breaks
down
in
and
the
kidneys,
excess
water
is
waste,
eventually
it.
excretes
food
ureter
expelled
bladder
urethra
•
as
faeces.
The
skin
excretes
DID
YOU
KNOW?
Aries
Merritt
hurdles
at
sweat.
(USA),
the
winner
2015
kidneyreplacement
Fortwo
we
years
digest
remove.
he
this,
Also,
neededfor
World
just
had
toxins
he
the
bronze
Athletics
one
week
problems
are
could
muscle
of
not
that
process
contractions.
in
the
Championships
after
taking
released
medal
receiving
in
enough
the
an
a
had
metre
a
medal.
protein
kidneys
potassium,
What
his
110
as
when
normally
mineral
amazing
athlete!
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Homeostasis
All
the
excretory
homeostasis.
organs
This
like
temperature,
salt
levels,
Look
A
at
Red
responsible
pH
(acidity
a
for
trying
constant
levels),
water
to
keep
suitable
level
concentration,
of
things
sugar
and
experiment.
blood
cells
are
put
Because
the
water
concentrated
drawn
are
maintaining
etc.
this
water.
is
into
theyswell
solution
the
red
and
in
tap
is
the
blood
a
less
water
cells
is
until
burst!
A
B
Red
blood
cells
has
the
same
The
red
blood
are
put
in
a
solution
concentration
cells
stay
as
that
plasma.
normal.
B
C
Red
blood
saltier
is
drawn
they
cells
than
are
put
plasma.
out
of
the
in
This
red
a
solution
time
the
water
blood
cell
and
shrivel.
C
DID
So
how
hot
do
the
climate.
gets
more
organs
You
help
sweat
a
concentrated
lot
(as
homeostasis?
and
in
lose
C
Think
water
and
of
doing
your
sport
in
In
plasma
an
can
above).
drink
good
vast
amounts
hydrates
and
of
just
water
water
(see
(see
A
above)
or
you
kidneys
correct
simple
amount
terms
dehydrated
into
a
ureter
the
are
and
toilet
urethra.
of
uids
they
and
waste
absolutely
lter
liquid
–
collects
and
The
the
in
reduce
out
in
lungs
our
the
the
It
this
cells
salt
travels
bladder.
keep
–
process,
the
maintaining
osmoregulation.
production
leaves
help
in
excess
urine.
urine
vital
of
in
looked
dehydration
at
on
can
male
runners
over
the
B).
1500,
Your
done
researchers
effects
eight
drink
KNOW?
experiment
1985,
the
You
YOU
a
of
and
other
down
When
urine
a
homeostasis
is
by
by
we
waste.
long
this
bladder
if
tube
full
very
all
called
need
tube
expelling
During
in
goes
the
to
the
and
5K,
lost
10K
were
10,000
the
80
2
metres.
dehydrated
seconds
over
40seconds
they
go
called
the
runners
getting
This
you
another
In
are
the
5000
and
minutes
compared
properly
to
when
hydrated!
to
the
which
CO
2
would
The
otherwise
skin
helps
make
by
the
blood
secreting
very
sweat
acidic.
and
losing
heat
by
radiation.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
Excretion
Dene
2.
Explain
is
the
removal
QUESTIONS
of
1.
POINTS
homeostasis
the
part
the
and
play
in
made
from
metabolism.
osmoregulation.
kidneys
waste
osmoregulation
and
•
A
change
can
homeostasis.
in
cause
homeostasis
a
drop
in
sporting
performance.
3.
4.
Explain
the
part
the
osmoregulation
and
In
the
cold
isthis?
climates
lungs,
skin
and
liver
play
in
homeostasis.
skin
is
not
an
important
•
excretor,
why
Changes
can
be
in
homeostasis
dangerous,
e.g.
hypothermia.
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5.3
The
Of
LEARNING
In
this
•
name
the
unit
will
main
digestive
describe
needs
learn
to:
structures
of
sportspersons,
due
calories
and
their
Michael
Phelps,
2008
system
day
•
everyone
a
healthy
system
digestive
system,
but
OUTCOMES
you
the
course
digestive
the
functions
of
so
excess
digestive
winner
Olympics,
compared
to
would
to
an
of
energy
expended,
tract
put
eight
under
swimming
consume
average
is
as
gold
much
person
as
who
tend
more
only
need
more
strain.
medals
12,000
may
to
at
the
calories
need
a
between
the
1,600
–
3000
(see
chapter
9).
structures.
Digestion
LINK
This
is
the
bodies
For
more
about
calories
use.
of
Our
breaking
food
is
down
broken
food
up
into
and
substances
softened
in
the
our
mouth
see
and
chapter
process
can
stomach.
Enzymes
in
the
saliva
start
working
immediately.
The
9.
food
then
enzymes
enters
enter
the
from
intestines
other
into
the
blood,
and
then
and
the
waste
becomes
–
rstly,
organs
the
and
large
the
small
where
intestine
intestine
nutrients
where
where
get
water
more
absorbed
is
removed
LINK
Remember
unit
3.1
and
smooth/involuntary
contracts
in
waves
body
as
Look
at
This
is
the
solids
the
next
are
pushed
out
of
the
how
to
push
called
the
diagram
of
a
gymnast
on
page.
We
will
use
it
as
food
model
to
explain
digestion.
peristalsis.
1.
Adam
rice,
ate
a
peas
trained
Smooth
Finally
muscle
a
along.
solid.
faeces.
healthy,
and
earlier
mouth
as
he
Adam
put
balanced
vegetables
he
was
the
meal
of
night
before
starving
anticipated
and
lean
saliva
chicken,
his
wholemeal
competition.
began
to
form
Having
in
his
dinner.
muscle
contracting
2.
tract.
food
an
the
This
was
is
broken
enzyme
rice,
food
bread
into
called
his
mouth,
ingestion.
up,
As
moistened
that
begins
and
pasta,
the
the
he
by
the
digestion
and
formed
rst
part
chewed
of
into
saliva
ball
the
which
starchy
a
of
digestive
(mastication)
foods,
(bolus)
the
contains
such
which
as
he
Bolus
swallowed.
Smooth
muscle
3.
This
bolus
entered
the
esophagus,
a
stretchy
tube
that
relaxing
4.
transferred
the
peristalsis.
At
entering
his
Adam’
s
food
muscular
and
started
in
NOTE
his
the
to
to
top
his
of
stomach
the
in
2 – 5
oesophagus
seconds
the
by
epiglottis
means
of
prevented
it
airway.
then
walls
mixed
food
it
that
with
digest
stomach
entered
stomach,
continued
enzymes
the
for
his
protein
about
to
and
he
break
gastric
ate
–
a
up
stretchy
any
juices.
the
two-and-a-half
large
The
chicken.
hours
sack
with
pieces
enzyme
The
and
by
of
food
the
food
pepsin
stayed
time
it
BOX
left
Sometimes
esophagus
oesophagus
is
spelt
5.
it
The
was
a
chyme
liqueed
entered
his
the
duodenum
and
the
pancreas
came
and
fats,
and
bile
mixture
called
small
more
intestine
substances
enzymes
from
chyme.
where
to
it
now
break
was
via
a
mix
down
stored
section
in
with
it.
starch,
the
called
From
proteins
gall
bladder,
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14:13
The
Digestive
System
DID
T
o
Salivery
KNOW?
transmit
the
Oral
YOU
nerves
messages
a
through
substance
is
glands:
cavity
needed
Parotid
T
ongue
food.
from
Eating
well-digested
too
much
Sublingual
Pharynx
processed
food
lack
enzymes
results
in
a
Submandibular
of
the
necessary
Esophagus
for
is
this.
also
Therefore
essential
a
for
good
diet
mental
toughness.
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large
Intestine
Small
Intestine
DID
In
YOU
light
KNOW?
pre-match
meals,
fat
Appendix
should
be
avoided
as
it
takes
Rectum
longer
to
digest
than
starch
Anus
and
protein.
diverts
your
blood
to
actually
small
are
secreted
intestine
absorbed
extracted
why
6.
it
rst
takes
thin
last
minerals
he
went
6.5
metres
the
blood
but
fat
the
is
to
not
water
in
the
As
of
the
it!)
chyme
nutrients,
stream.
Starch
absorbed
digest
substance
and
faeces
to
liver.
(all
watery
as
the
into
longer
The
stored
by
a
left
were
fatty
until
water
and
along
and
protein
nearer
the
make
2.
Why
and
lead
end.
This
is
entered
and
his
large
making
pushed
intestine.
the
out
waste
of
the
The
solid.
anus
It
is
when
toilet.
POINTS
Digestion
starts
enters
the
the
moment
mouth.
QUESTIONS
rough
important
function
sick
are
•
a
feel
if
this
vomiting.
food
Sketch
and
occurring
vitamins
•
1.
still
you
from
system
his
KEY
SUMMARY
is
exercise
meal.
removed
rectum
moved
away
digestive
digestion
can
Intensive
areas
diagram
and
of
the
include
a
digestive
brief
system.
explanation
Label
of
what
you
limit
fat
intake
for
a
pre-competition
and
its
meal?
is
broken
mechanical
the
is.
would
Food
•
down
means
stomach,
and
chemical
means
–
Fat
longer
to
takes
–
by
mouth
by
enzymes.
digest.
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5.4
Integumentary
We
LEARNING
tend
•
this
unit
identify
think
of
our
skin,
or
integument,
as
just
a
covering
to
stop
OUTCOMES
germs
In
to
system
you
the
will
learn
to:
structures
getting
system
also
In
kg
a
60
in,
but
includes
person
it
actually
hair
over
and
7kg
does
nails
so
and
(12–15%)
much
is
will
the
be
more.
The
largest
made
integumentary
organ
up
of
of
our
body
.
it.
in
theskin
The
•
explain
how
they
layers
There
their
•
of
the
skin
and
their
function
perform
are
three
main
layers:
functions
explain
how
regulate
the
skin
helps
to
temperature.
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair
follicle
Sweat
gland
Hypodermis
Fat
Sensory
Blood
vessels
nerve
Epidermis
At
As
the
but
off
5%
and
helps
you
go
us
–
that
and
of
in
it.
blood
die.
us
sun
vessels
are
made
atter
epidermal
melanin,
sun.
to
the
protect
The
you
and
cells
produce
which
as
mainly
which
cells
from
gives
upwards.
reach
make
make
UV
push
they
new
skin
extra
its
the
top
“skin”
colour
melanin
if
rays.
layer
endings
what
from
(that
cells
from
nerves
away
new
become
The
nerve
about
These
us
layer
middle
our
layer
they
them
the
the
contains
pulls
this
higher
information
gripping
outer
protect
out
Dermis
This
of
move
ake
cells
the
bottom
they
they
–
we
also
hot
bring
O
or
and
are
they
work
touching
with
and
the
how
detect
pain,
and
are
sharp
pain.
The
dermis
and
nutrients),
oil
part
glands
CNS
hard
of
give
are
the
reex
also
(that
to
we
contains
produce
2
sebum
to
waterproof
Hypodermis
This
layer
insulates
is
–
the
made
and
inner
up
of
lubricate
the
skin),
and
sweat
glands.
layer
subcutaneous
fat
and
hair
follicles.
The
fat
us.
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14:13
DID
In
YOU
the
the
Marathon
251
to
be
controlled,
and
so
does
of
the
skin
Sensory
this
and
the
skin
will
let
force
can
thus
you
you
to
enter
.
brain
to
to
detect
the
try
The
make
that
to
it
this
take
heat
pain,
brain.
preventing
know
except
123°F
race
over
everything
water
and
a
they
tent.
YOU
KNOW?
bumps
action
brought
are
a
on
by
temperature
or
reex
by
a
drop
strong
Protection
receptors
information
carrying
Goose
in
Sensation
Sables
over
under-heating!
DID
Functions
is
Competitors
kms
need
needs
des
temperature
(50°C).
Overheating
KNOW?
In
pressure
a
from
may
action
sensors
sandy
,
hot
to
cover
again
air
by
you.
and
the
hot
and
cold,
marathon
protecting
happen,
detect
adjustments,
and
The
then
injury
the
means
of
blisters
the
relay
may
pressure
pain
before
temperature,
and
tear
receptors
receptors
possible
which
will
will
germs
allow
the
emotions.
Each
upright
tiny
by
that
the
The
contracting
the
hairs
hair
skin
rather
stand
down
the
is
pulled
muscles
on
so
end.
muscles
making
bumps
we
pulls
dents
think
are
occurring.
skin.
Thermoregulation
The
marathon
will
also
cause
the
runners
to
start
sweating.
The
LINK
sweat
in
the
glands
skin.
addition
has
The
the
been
vessels
secrete
evaporation
blood
lost
to
by
the
sweat
vessels
of
to
radiation
swimmer’
s
which
sweat
the
(see
skin
travels
unit
the
produces
skin
have
up
have
4.3).
In
ducts
a
to
cooling
vasodilated
contrast
effect.
and
the
vasoconstricted,
pores
In
heat
For
more
see
chapter
For
more
blood
deep
inside
where
it
is
unlikely
to
lose
the
role
hairs
heat.
on
The
the
the
have
stood
stimulate
making
Production
When
skin
sensors
Remember
warming
the
energy
up
(goose
heat.
shivering
for
–
bumps),
mini
contractions
muscle
also
In
information
vasodilation
and
addition
trying
to
to
heat,
thus
of
vitamin
is
D
exposed
KEY
bones
and
to
teeth
sunlight
strong.
it
produces
The
good
vitamin
news
for
D
live
in
sunny
countries
is
that
20 – 25
minutes
which
those
a
POINTS
not
Although
day
regulated
•
layers,
and
brain,
involved
Insulation
in
by
in
the
this
skin
process.
fat,
vasoconstriction
of
vessels
skin,
near
the
blood
the
QUESTIONS
sketch
hair
and
follicle,
label
a
sensory
diagram
nerve,
of
the
sweat
skin
gland,
showing
blood
three
all
vessel
help
of
in
hairs
and
keeping
shivering
the
body
warm.
fat.
•
2.
temperature
the
structures
raising
Roughly
by
isample.
are
SUMMARY
body
lucky
many
1.
3.
contractions.
makes
is
enough
unit
body.
skin
keep
see
trap
•
helps
vitamins
the
vasoconstriction
the
of
9.
blood
keeping
on
warm
on
Using
a
regulate
sport
of
either
your
choice
excess
heat
explain
or
cold.
how
the
skin
helps
Vasodilation
near
the
help
to
of
skin
keep
blood
and
it
vessels
sweating
cool.
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5
Summary
OTHER
BODY
SYSTEMS
1.
What
2.
Name
the
3.
Dene
Osmoregulation.
4.
(a)
What
(b)
Where
5.
What
(a)
are
is
the
the
relay
(c)
motor
7.
Name
the
8.
When
food
9.
What
Explain
11.
What
(a)
12.
function
are
parts
of
a
the
cells
of
the
system.
enters
the
mouth,
rst
function
that
a
of
player
the
role
the
inner
of
epidermis.
(d)
Nerve
the
is
the
fat
nerve
about
sensor
layer
The
of
basic
urinary
Subcutaneous
of
the
and
to
part
of
the
endings
make
neuron
skin
hair
nervous
a
at
in
system.
digestive
the
pass
that
middle
from
the
Name
tract,
the
parts
explain
of
what
the
neuron.
happens
to
the
food.
layer?
outside
court
to
another
player
on
court.
moment.
composed
of?
follicles.
endings.
the
following
carbohydrates,
(a)
Pancreas.
(b)
Saliva.
(c)
Pepsin.
(d)
Chyme.
the
The
melanin?
the
(c)
(a)
of
system?
system.
of
(b)
Name
digestive
excretory
(afferent)
the
dermis.
Which
the
neuron?
The
of
13.
is
function
neuron
neurons
Imagine
the
of
produced?
efferent
The
is
it
of
functions
neuron
6.
10.
the
is
sensory
(b)
general
organs
is
questions
two
fats,
main
somatic
is
The
central
(c)
The
sympathetic
(d)
The
voluntary
enzyme
nervous
and
of
the
system
system
system
secreted
by
the
stomach
to
assist
with
the
breakdown
protein.
divisions
system
(b)
an
and
and
and
and
the
nervous
autonomic
the
the
the
system.
system.
peripheral
nervous
parasympathetic
involuntary
system.
system.
system.
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14:13
14.
15.
When
19.
20.
produce
exposed
When
submerged
(c)
When
body
temperature
is
high.
(d)
When
body
temperature
is
low.
Name
the
The
two
The
brain
(c)
The
central
(d)
The
somatic
is
and
in
water.
system
the
of
the
and
spinal
nervous
peripheral
the
central
the
(b)
Maintaining
a
and
and
the
the
somatic
autonomic
and
correct
amount
of
constant
suitable
level
salt
levels,
(c)
The
process
of
(d)
The
process
by
are
the
four
Sensation,
which
carbon
food
in
of
is
the
across
protection,
thermoregulation,
(d)
Sensation,
protection,
digesting
A
(b)
An
(c)
A
liqueed
(d)
A
solid
water,
production
stretchy
tube
enzyme
in
that
the
mixture
mixture
transfers
food
to
of
of
partly
digested
concentration,
the
capillary
and
alveoli
walls.
and
production
vitamin
and
and
C,
of
vitamin
thermoregulation
production
production
of
of
vitamin
vitamin
C.
and
protection.
D.
D.
the
stomach.
digested
food.
food.
urine?
process
by
which
we
maintain
(b)
The
process
by
which
we
excrete
(c)
Solid
(d)
Liquid
body
temperature.
waste.
waste.
waste.
happens
to
the
watery
absorbed
into
the
(b)
Starch
(c)
The
last
(d)
It
excreted
is
water
stomach.
The
is
of
good,
(a)
It
pH,
chyme?
(a)
(a)
temperature,
skin?
thermoregulation,
Excreting
What
cells.
like
excreted.
Sensation,
is
our
things
dioxide
waste
functions
protection,
excess
of
etc.
diffusing
main
uids
(c)
What
system.
system.
(b)
is
systems.
system.
homeostasis?
Maintaining
What
nervous
nervous
cord.
system
system
(a)
What
D?
sunlight.
components
autonomic
(b)
What
to
vitamin
When
(a)
18.
skin
(b)
sugar
17.
the
(a)
(a)
16.
does
and
protein
minerals
are
and
from
the
substances
blood
that
enters
the
large
intestines?
stream.
extracted.
water
are
removed,
making
the
waste
solid.
body.
87
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14:13
Concepts
6.1
of
Health
Health
LEARNING
is
a
•
this
unit
dene
you
will
health,
describe
the
learn
of
and
three
and
not
exercise
parts
Exercise
helps
you
activity,
done
primarily
keep
and
how
you
achieve
each
one
explain
why
of
we
levels
healthy.
to
Exercise
improve
How
all
of
–
all
good
systems,
makes
our
etc.
and
are
helps
healthy
–
being
to
and
able
is
helps
with
form
of
physical
and
towards
good
health
fat
up
and
our
gives
us
bones,
posture
a
keeps
muscles,
and
lungs
joints
work
exible,
effectively,
rid
pressures,
control
is
get
all
emotions
–
or
of
life
stress
tension
stimulating
and
as
a
and
and
high
blood
expectancy.
lively
workout
aggression.
the
chance
to
enjoyable
have
and
experiences
you
to
not
get
elsewhere,
e.g.
success
and
emotions,
the
chance
and
being
part
of
a
team,
being
the
to
best
feel
disease
increases
relieves
you
adulation,
have
heart
stress
may
at
your
level.
experience
sorts
of
emotions
Exercise
helps
you
to
control
emotions
as
you
and
the
our
heart
and
Exercise:
wellbeing
you
accept
up
tones
prevent
pressure,
Exercise
to
inrmity.
tness.
cope
control
a
health
leads
burns
shape,
strengthens
circulatory,
Mental
have
social
or
require
strong
helps
is
one’s
exercise
Exercise:
digestive,
Sport
and
disease
wellbeing
e.g.
different
mental
absence
of
body
•
physical,
exercise
wellbeing
in
the
physicaltness.
Physical
helps
complete
merely
Health
health
tness
to:
tness,
performance,
•
state
and
OUTCOMES
wellbeing
In
tness
have
self-
you
will
get
too
get
sent
off
if
you
allow
yourself
to
consequences.
esteem
A
aggressive.
better
body
shape
can
help
you
feel
more
self-condent.
Social
is
and
but
having
also
that
value
a
team
great
have
time
had
socially,
a
physical
and
are
and
you
to
–
food,
clothing
friends
This
wellbeing
having
is
a
thought
themselves,
shelter,
a
are
There
helps
develop
cooperation
belief
of
groups
your
society
end
up
–
It
everyone
improve.
as
teamwork
as
for
achieve
therefore
make
sport
us
to
Sport
and
live
in
excellence
helps
friends
a
improves
will
needed
helps
and
You
if
such
things
level
using
that
society
skills
happily.
own
condence.
workout,
then
and
you
may
at
have
even
career.
mentally
relaxed.
All
types
control
in
you
if
wellbeing
having
mental
So
of
emotion,
and
that
to
you
do
social
was
are
interrelated,
wont
be
exercise
wellbeing
health,
what
asked
on
your
and
is
e.g.
to
if
take
you
do
part.
own,
which
your
choice
limit
not
This
could
of
learn
could
to
result
affect
physical
your
activity.
tness?
88
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14:15
What
is
Fitness
is
ability
to
Your
tness?
not
just
meet
environment
family
and
means
out
tasks
these
have
energy
divided
ability
cope
of
to
them
carrying
for
The
to
a
you.
and
without
Everyone
A
level
area
is
It
getting
then
needs
tasks
fast.
Fitness
includes
on
If
is
the
tired,
are
still
t.
because
of
can
and
the
tness
–
energy
extra
–
still
Fitness
develop
the
the
carry
tness
have
may
school,
Meeting
you
general
and
specic
too
you
home,
you.
activities.
sportsperson
higher
run
demands
tasks
everyday
or
environment
emergencies,
areas.
second
the
make
out
activities
out
tness
sit-ups
around
of
emergencies.
sport.
do
everything
All
two
to
of
over
carry
able
demands
and
left
into
with
general
their
is
friends.
demands
be
being
the
can
the
to
components
demands
ability
of
of
the
A
body
to
carry
out
set
tasks
effectively
and
person’
s
demands
would
Health
and
tness
are
hours
linked
cope
There
is
meet
the
a
very
close
link
between
health
and
tness.
If
you
cannot
on
of
your
environment
then
you
cannot
be
need
of
a
if
you
did
being
but
could
healthy
(low
demands
Finally,
goal
well
success
–
your
exercise
cope
task
your
well-being)
The
or
an
excellent
stressful
t
fantastic
emotions
is
it
whether
rst
with
had
(as
you
makes
job,
different
are
not
you
day.
to
day,
week,
to
cope
You
school,
training
playing
for
with
may
many
have
to
concentrating
for
your
school
sport
teams,
on
a
Saturday,
etc.
well-
are
coping
cycling
all
able
a
sportsperson
healthy,
physical
then
be
top
neither
with
the
environment).
similar
a
and
to
A
completed.
well,
that
ever
you
is
thing
regardless
will
If
you
be
breaking
5k
jog!
be
healthy,
of
about
set
world
is
we
can
Performance
yourself
satised
a
sport
ability.
and
a
get
record
challenging
a
or
all
is
feeling
of
managing
to
POINTS
We
all
levels
•
not
achieve
your
KEY
•
of
performance.
and
nish
lot
mental
of
experience
how
a
them.
training
with
working
e.g.
on
lessons
twice
demands
environment
efciently
need
of
W ithout
exercise
SUMMARY
1.
Dene
2.
Explain
3.
Give
to
but
individuals
sort
you
do
require
different
tness.
some
cannot
be
truly
healthy.
QUESTIONS
health,
how
your
of
tness,
exercise
own
performance
helps
example
of
to
and
make
how
all
exercise.
you
types
healthy.
of
well-being
are
interrelated.
4.
Using
of
specic
your
examples
environment
that
from
you
your
had
life,
to
be
explain
able
to
the
demands
cope
with.
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6.2
General
and
specic
tness
LEARNING
In
this
unit
Fitness
is
can
be
divided
the
ability
you
will
learn
to:
cope
•
dene
all
types
of
specic
identify
and
aspects
for
to
meet
of
explain
tness
different
to
with
two
the
carry
areas.
demands
out
Everyone
of
the
everyday
emergencies.
A
needs
environment
tasks
and
sportsperson
general
and
still
may
tness
have
develop
–
energy
to
components
general
tness
to
a
higher
level
because
of
the
extra
demands
of
tness
their
•
able
into
general
of
and
being
OUTCOMES
the
sport.
body
to
The
second
carry
out
set
area
is
tasks
specic
tness
effectively
and
–
the
ability
of
the
efciently.
required
sports.
General
“Cool
•
tness
men
show
t
Cardiovascular
of
the
ability
nutients,
of
e.g.
bodies”
tness/stamina/endurance:
the
body
walking
to
to
supply
work,
the
muscles
jogging,
This
with
running
for
is
a
measure
oxygen
90
and
minutes
in
football.
•
Muscular
and
shelves,
in
At
a
higher
level
training
on
tness.
Distance
good
you
certain
aspects
runners
cardiovascular
muscular
need
endurance
a
excess
of
general
•
good
and
ideal
an
little
fat
and
•
KNOW?
If
or
150
exercise
pull
You
shelf,
stify
ability
getting
when
of
muscles
tired,
running,
e.g
holding
to
maintain
stacking
your
position
is
the
amount
need
have
too
of
strength
little
force
to
lift
strength,
a
a
muscle
can
suitcase
or
you
risk
exert
push
injury
against
in
when
a
rugby
you
lift,
things.
or
suppleness:
need
or
and
exibility
playing
are
for
sports.
more
likely
If
to
This
is
tying
you
the
your
have
injure
range
of
movement
shoelaces,
poor
your
reaching
exibility,
tendons
you
and
at
a
up
to
move
ligaments
in
movements.
Health
Organisationrecommends
least
muscles
You
you
Flexibility
vigorous
World
the
no
a
The
This
resistance.
scrum.
muscle.
YOU
leg
is
without
tug-of-war.
joint.
DID
your
Strength:
a
need
tness,
i.e
This
contractions
more
push,
bodycomposition,
endurance:
repeat
minutes
per
week
of
at
moderate
for
adults.
•
Body
composition:
fat,
muscle,
we
put
chance
Sport
You
This
bone.
on
our
If
is
we
vital
the
percentage
have
too
organs.
It
much
also
of
body
fat
or
leads
weight
excess
to
a
that
is
weight,
greater
disease.
all
activity
quickly
EXAM
of
strain
of
improves
increase
walk
a
and
in
when
areas
of
general
everyday
life
shopping,
–
tness
get
off
but
the
you
bus
a
should
few
also
try
to
stops
early,
certain
type
etc.
TIP
may
be
tness.
asked
Note
e.g.
standing
You
will
not
on
get
to
that
a
a
name
this
is
balance
mark
for
an
activity
asking
beam
saying
for
in
that
an
needs
activity
gymnastics
gymnastics
a
not
a
sport,
requires
requires
balance.
balance.
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14:15
Specic/performance
This
of
It
is
also
the
usually
Think:
•
known
body
to
B,
C,
This
quickly
while
an
out
some
(miss
Agility:
skill-related
carry
requires
A,
as
is
set
tness.
tasks
learning:
e,
g,
h
f,
ability
to
the
in
or
rugby
change
whole
Remember
effectively
of
keeping
opponent
tness
sort
d),
the
related
the
body
position
under
it
and
of
is
the
ability
efciently.
the
control,
body
e.g.
dodging
netball.
Look
•
Balance:
This
is
the
ability
to
retain
the
centre
of
mass
above
at
support
base
of
support.
or
Co-ordination:
This
is
the
ability
to
move
two
or
more
body
tell
you.
ledge,
smoothly
For
you
•
(d
is
•
explosive
your
when
hand
body
or
in
response
climbing
foot
to
it
if
you
and
to
see
see
if
what
your
hold,
or
a
it
is
rm
above,
the
A
touching
base
bigger
small
the
the
of
base,
base
of
ground
the
better
support
parts
balances
like
this
more
difcult.
senses
small
before
Centre
of
mass
weight.
Power
or
explosive
performances
example,
you
discus
karate
fast
a
accurately
The
area
missed)
strength
•
example,
move
transferring
and
balance
the
stability.
makes
together
is
object.
the
•
the
the
or
need
Reaction
strength:
quickly.
power
to
Power
hit
the
This
=
ball
is
the
strength
hard
in
ability
x
to
speed.
tennis,
do
For
throw
a
strike.
time:
presentation
of
is
that
a
This
is
stimulus
the
and
time
the
taken
onset
between
of
the
movement.
A
way,
hot
stimulus
Base
something
causes
us
to
act
in
some
e.g.
a
oven
support
could
The
be
gun
the
stimulus
making
the
that
noise
makes
is
the
us
pull
our
stimulus
hands
that
away
makes
us
quickly.
The
start
the
running
in
the
sprints.
The
quicker
we
can
move
in
response
to
further
base
the
quicker
our
reactions
of
good
Timing:
This
is
the
ability
to
will
coincide
movements
in
relation
factors,
e.g.
choosing
the
when
to
tackle
in
the
moment
•
ball
high
is
slightly
Speed:
movement
further
This
or
is
cover
a
move
either
or
just
bit
of
it
shot
in
tennis).
strong
your
the
to
a
away
rate
at
the
A
body
upper
the
which
distance.
whole
(e.g.
from
be.
of
opponent’
s
a
short
(e.g.
person
burst
the
body,
is
of
in
able
to
speed
run-up
shoulder
feet
in
and
the
perform
In
the
of
moves
which
is
for
long
for
the
ve
2.
List
and
dene
the
seven
3.
Choose
one
your
of
general
are
needed.
of
sports
and
of
skill-related
explain
the
making
edge
it
why
you
fairly
cannot
very
hold
long.
POINTS
Everyone
needs
tness.
addition
In
in
general
may
certain
a
need
aspects
to
of
tness.
tness.
•
aspects
near
jump)
train
aspects
the
the
a
specic
dene
position
a
QUESTIONS
and
“set”
support,
sportsperson
List
inside
needed
•
1.
is
stable
football.
is
arm
mass
base
position
KEY
SUMMARY
mass
more
when
that
the
of
the
to
unstable
external
centre
support,
are.
centre
•
the
the
position
stimulus,
of
what
tness.
areas
of
tness
Even
a
need
150
non-sports
moderate
stay
minutes
exercise
person
of
weekly
to
healthy.
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6.3
Factors
affecting
tness
Many
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
list
the
we
have
OUTCOMES
you
will
learn
factors
control,
but
those
•
affect
control
we
explain
of
do
how
tness
over
t
we
how
are.
much
Some,
we
like
our
exercise,
age,
we
we
cannot
can.
over
which
we
have
no
control
that
•
and
not
these
how
like
to:
Factors
factors
affect
many,
factors
tness.
Age:
You
Peak
sprinting
are
-
muscles
-
bones
-
heart
rate
-
joints
get
-
body
fat
But
why
is
get
get
peak
is
of
lower
physical
tness
mid-twenties
in
your
because
mid-twenties.
from
then
on:
weaker
decreases
stiffer
increases.
the
in
your
age
lighter
peak
sportrequiring
maylose
at
very
age
ne
for
golf
skill
as
takes
strength,
etc.
you
If
and
female
high
as
35
years
to
develop,
make
up
for
years
with
old?
so
Any
what
technique
you
and
experience.
•
Gender:
raced,
-
the
a
Strength:
the
than
to
61
of
year-old
a
the
typical
study
discovered
triathlete
36
changes
had
year-old.
to
your
the
that
to
have
the
puberty
This
muscle
the
blood.
means
This
the
same
would
males
amount
produce
promotes
size.
extra
and
then
Men
typical
grow
a
lot
male
about
more
of
features,
50%
stronger
muscle.
endurance:
more
which
muscles.
trained
Why?
Men
More
more
help
have
red
larger
blood
oxygen,
to
can
explain
hearts
cells
be
why
and
means
more
transported
the
men’
s
world
a
tness
Exercise
and
due
haemoglobin,
Norwegian
reaching
Cardiovascular
and
win.
testosterone.
bone
women
lungs
A
should
Upon
hormone
particularly
-
male
male
marathon
age
can
slow
-
Speed:
record
is
Because
about
they
14
have
minutes
longer
quicker
bones
than
and
the
bigger
women’
s.
muscles,
body.
males
can
move
faster.
power.
means
they
also
generate
the
sprint
world
Flexibility:
Females
score
higher
Females
all
illustrate
-
This
Investigate
more
records
to
this.
of
ages
tend
to
be
for
more
exibility.
exible
than
males.
-
Body
body
composition:
fat
keeps
than
you
therefore
males.
warm,
puts
Females
Fat
but
extra
it
acts
is
strain
usually
as
extra
on
have
padding
weight
the
to
heart,
more
and
carry.
joints
It
and
muscles.
Which
one
has
the
physique
best
suited
to
long-distance
running?
Why?
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14:15
Factors
•
over
Physique:
physique
Find
•
out
which
We
is
inherit
ne,
more
of
time,
will
our
but
at
the
next
in
Environment:
we
Fumes
damage
have
physique.
higher
few
from
your
no
At
levels
it
control
a
low
will
(continued)
level
of
become
sport
more
any
important.
pages.
trafc
lungs
and
and
factories,
make
over
breathing
long
periods
difcult.
This
The
means
that
your
tness
suffers.
Your
performance
in
a
of
event
is
humid
also
day
affected
you
can
by
the
environment.
overheat,
which
For
makes
example,
you
weak
on
and
a
hot
dizzy.
think
what
a
windy
day
can
do
to
a
tennis
match.
At
the
the
air
is
“thinner”,
so
you
must
breathe
oxygen.
T
o
perform
well
in
sport
at
high
harder
to
altitudes
time
for
your
body
to
Physical
disability:
you
•
not
body
very
Illness
any
•
adapt.
A
disability
and
Many
but
disabled
fatigue:
Exams,
stress.
pressure
stress
are
t.
properly,
Silver
When
means
persons
you
in
that
part
are
can
of
are
tired
keep
your
the
rst-class
or
ill
you
still
possible
how
and
highly
2012,
and
Cuba
three
won
nine
Gold,
Bronze.
–
Alphanso
Cunningham
won
javelin.
Antigua
exercise
is
and
games,
Barbuda
Trinidad
made
and
its
debut
T
obago
at
entered
body
rest
of
team
for
the
rst
time
in
20
years.
the
athletes.
are
less
t
for
activity.
Stress:
to
function
coverage
rst
a
does
TV
shows
get
the
•
sport
London
gold
need
and
games
high
Jamaica
enough
interest
competitive.
ve
altitudes
in
Paralympic
top-level
In
And
growth
sports
and
can
heart
affect
tense,
good
quarrels,
Continual
you
way
to
will
disease.
your
It
affect
is
concentrate
with
stress
is
money
your
also
performance
cannot
deal
overwork,
stress
to
problems
health,
linked
in
to
sports
and
you
practice
–
all
causing
cancer
.
events.
make
can
high
lead
blood
Short-term
Y
our
muscles
mistakes.
One
relaxation.
LINK
Factors
which
we
can
control
•
•
Diet:
Your
body
needs
certain
substances
for
energy,
growth
For
more
side
repair.
your
You
body
get
them
won’t
from
function
food.
If
you
properly.
do
Find
not
out
eat
a
about
healthy
eating
•
•
Chapter
No
makeyou
tter
.
matter
Drug-taking:
your
List
the
and
their
10.5.
diet
For
more
see
3.5.
on
age
and
muscles
how
Discover
Alcohol,
unt
how
you
are,
training
cigarettes
regular
affects
and
exercise
your
many
body
other
in
will
Chapter7.
substances
tness.
SUMMARY
1.
drugs
see
9.
Exercise:
lower
effects
properly
•
in
on
and
QUESTIONS
factors
affecting
performance
you
can
and
cannot
control.
KEY
2.
Briey
3.
In
explain
how
they
affect
tness.
goalkeepers
reach
their
•
A
football,
striker
may
4.
be
Could
a
might
such
40
a
reach
his
peak
peak
aged
in
their
26/27.
early
Explain
be
tter
why
when
she
was
20?
can
control
affecting
your
some
factors
Exercise
can
tness.
there
•
than
You
thirties.
difference.
year-old
POINTS
Explain.
effects
of
slow
down
the
aging.
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10:02
6.4
Somatotyping
To
LEARNING
take
top
as
In
this
unit
part
you
will
learn
athletes
well
as
describe
sport
the
must
nding
you
can
be
of
any
build
or
any
shape,
but
also
the
genetically
sport
they
inherit
are
certain
suited
for
physical
and
attributes
having
the
to:
motivation
•
in
OUTCOMES
and
skill
to
succeed.
If
Usain
Bolt
has
always
tried
to
three
be
a
long
distance
runner
he
is
unlikely
to
have
been
the
best
in
somatotypes
the
•
explain
can
how
mean
suitable
your
you
for
are
some
extra
more
sports
place
(see
and
explain
an
in
a
he
has
a
weight),
would
lot
the
of
have
bone
incorrect
predominantly
the
wrong
and
is
body
composition
consequently
muscle
bres
fast-twitch,
and
(see
the
having
unit
3.1)
incorrect
(with
to
–
lift
as
a
his
lot
his
of
are
somatotype
below).
athlete’
s
We
position
as
he
obviously
than
others
•
world
height
somatotype
inherit
our
body
shape
from
our
parents,
but
obviously
training
somatotype
and
diet
affects
is
way
bone
thickness,
muscle,
and
fat.
Somatotyping
continuum.
a
how
to
linear
describe
you
are,
in
build.
that
It
looks
order.
at
These
how
fat,
images
how
show
muscular
the
and
extreme
examples:
Extreme
•
W ide
hips
endomorph
and
narrow
shoulders
Extreme
•
(pear-shaped).
hips
•
A
lot
of
fat
on
the
body.
•
A
lot
of
fat
on
the
upper
and
•
Broad
arms
mesomorph
shoulders
and
Extreme
narrow
ectomorph
•
Narrow
shoulders
•
A
thin
face
•
A
thin
narrow
and
hips.
(wedge-shaped).
•
A
large
•
A
muscular
•
Strong
•
Very
and
high
forehead.
head.
body.
chest
and
abdomen.
thighs.
Quite
slim
wrists
and
forearms
Mesomorph
little
body
thighs.
fat.
Somatotyping
Above
always
male
are
a
with
a
For
•
Thin
legs
and
arms.
•
Very
little
muscle
of
(the
body
male
position
like
fat.
as
Top
the
the
extreme
red
or
body
fat.
athletes
example,
mesomorphs
little
average
top
examples
mix.
gymnasts
extreme
Endomorph
and
ankles.
dot
as
the
on
they
somatotypes
diagram
the
gymnasts
crucix
in
the
a
tend
levers
lot
to
but
the
diagram)
require
longerthe
on
are
of
be
athletes
left
shows
close
strength
shorter
(arms),
the
to
that
top
being
and
harder
are
that
power
the
it
is
to
hold
rings.
Ectomorph
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Sketch
it.
your
Discuss
Levern
own
your
Spencer
continuum
and
place
the
following
top
athletes
on
decision.
(High
Keshorn
jump).
Walcott
(Javelin).
T
endai
Where
on
jumper,
and
a
the
continuum
long
distance
basketball
TIPS
•
a
would
runner,
you
a
place
football
a
sumo
wrestler,
goalkeeper,
a
a
Mtawarira
(Rugby).
long
netball
centre,
centre?
BOX
Any
sport
distance
enough
lifting
would
Bone
and
•
Power
•
Throwing
•
For
athletes
or
as
own
best
if
strength
muscle
sports
mass
be
muscle
•
your
are
body
it
to
very
were
do
muscle.
jumping
requires
requiring
to
balance
your
as
the
or
light
event
carrying
it
over
aspossible
with
just
well.
heavy.
need
near
weight
centre
long
it
is
as
levers.
best
to
possible
have
so
as
much
short
of
levers
your
are
better.
•
Where
contact
(at
hips)
the
is
required,
helps
prevent
having
you
the
being
centre
of
mass
lower
knockedover.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
What
is
Somatotyping
describe
QUESTIONS
•
1.
POINTS
There
Draw
help
3.
4.
way
to
are
three
extreme
somatotyping?
three
you
Could
a
build.
examples
2.
is
simple
remember
anyone
amounts
of
What
you
do
diagrams
a)
a
jockey
b)
a
fast
the
become
training?
think
bowler
with
three
an
descriptive
bullet
points
to
be
the
mesomorph
with
vast
•
T
op
athletes
inherit
ideal
build
for
•
the
can
must
correct
Motivation,
work
(cricket)?
mesomorph
and
ectomorph.
Explain.
would
build:
endomorph,
somatotypes.
extreme
of
build.
training
improve
regardless
genetically
of
and
hard
anyone,
build.
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6
Summary
CONCEPTS
1.
Identify
that
OF
FITNESS
your
can
be
sport
2.
Explain
3.
Compare
4.
Explain
what
5.
What
the
6.
Explain
is
is
it
would
8.
Using
factors
of
highest
under
ideal
Sumo
(b)
High
(c)
Professional
11.
Exercise
priority
best
‘body
be
for
and
4
the
specic
improvement
muscular
skill/performance
tness
components
of
endurance
all
and
aspects
explain
of
general
why
both
health.
are
important.
composition’.
Organization
fair
(four)
results.
to
have
recommendation
men
and
women
for
improved
competing
tness?
against
each
other
in
many
of
have
our
‘special
olympics’
control,
events
recommend
5
in
(ve)
each
country?
actions
for
improvement
and
maintenance
tness.
somatotype
for
the
following:
wrestler
jumper
three
has
(a)
work
(b)
manage
(c)
look
(d)
avoid
Which
of
the
endurance
Health
not
to
level
(a)
Explain
12.
important
the
10.
you
recommended
by
World
order
sports.
it
Identify
meant
main
Why
the
is
in
give
cardiovascular
7.
9.
is
list
to
‘exercise’
why
physical
and
improved
why
questions
factors
been
better
of
high
the
Meeting
(b)
Coping
(c)
Having
(d)
How
in
that
groups
and
and
feel
blood
with
daily
a
a
to
task
body
help
and
better
is
an
an
as
athlete
social
team
without
the
wellbeing.
‘ideal
This
somatotype’
means
that
it
to
helps
excel
us
in
a
sport.
to
members
better
about
and
aspect
our
heart
of
commitments
bodies
disease
performance
without
and
not
tness?
tiredness.
job.
physical
is
builder
improve
tension
stressful
excellent
well
may
pressure
following
our
weight
shown
stress
better
(a)
heavy
wellbeing.
completed.
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13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
General
tness
includes
(a)
Agility,
(b)
Speed,
(c)
Muscular
and
(d)
Flexibility,
agility,
Coach
body
composition,
speed
said
which
strength,
Ricky
power
has
ability
to
repeat
(b)
the
ability
to
produce
(c)
a
(d)
maximum
Which
of
of
the
motion
ability
Body
(b)
Balance:
(c)
Coordination:
(d)
Explosive
the
is
the
power:
Uncontrollable
you
to
exibility
his
to
affecting
Gender:
Cardiovascular
endurance:
(d)
Flexibility:
are
(a)
the
(b)
a
(c)
broad
(d)
an
The
to
pear
thin
narrow
shape
body
Endomorph
(b)
Ectomorph
(c)
Mesomorph
(d)
Combination
of
the
for
Extremely
(b)
Altitude
(c)
Heredity
(d)
Diet,
hot
affects
reaction
time
(a)
The
sprint
(b)
10k
running,
(c)
High
(d)
Sports
and
is
start,
true
for
for
most
which
set
of
composition,
exibility.
his
teammates
because
he
has
session
force
of
over
time
than
and
in
the
blood
and
fat
cells.
is
runner
smoothly
can
be
and
lifted
in
accurately.
one
repetition.
following?
and
women
than
be
early
forties.
because
of
improved
higher
by
levels
of
testosterone.
training.
women.
more
and
parts
that
desirable
running
because
events
events
well
to
strength
strength-based
is
which
training
events
of
the
following?
mesomorph
ideal
for
can
may
be
for
and
factors
capacity
limit
our
controlled
tactics
especially
by
being
accurate
tness
and
performance?
events
for
distance
events
performance
performance
passes,
shot
affecting
marathon
carrying
and
cricket,
and
of
cannot
respond
netball
throwing
organs,
body
weight
uncontrollable
are
important
plays
more
endurance
and
versus
which
exible
many
taking
bowling
javelin
that
every
mid-thirties
mass
hips
type
to
or
are
your
oxygen
body
drug
two
mesomorph
for
reacting
spin
jumping,
in
our
body
balance.
endurance
quickly.
amount
marathon
reduces
in
mass
gymnastics
temperatures
training
exercise
the
great
fat
inherited
endomorph
is
in
narrow
the
of
more
for
perfect
following
(a)
Fast
of
is
and
load
directions
muscle
usually
good
is
type
(a)
Which
more
body
shoulders
apple
ideal
is
suppleness
amounts
tness
tness
somatotyping,
shape
strength,
dynamic
and
denition?
move
(c)
According
and
strength
joints
change
(b)
men
or
training
amount
Age:
have
static
force
(a)
men
time,
cardiovascular
endurance,
maximum
peak
reaction
components?
performance.
correct
ability
the
factors
reach
a
the
ability
following
incremental
resist
composition:
the
and
same
about
to
following
(a)
and
greater
the
the
power,
skill
cardiovascular
(a)
range
of
the
individual
in
which
a
goalkeeper.
shooting
in
of
the
following?
netball.
putt.
are
most
important.
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Training
7.1
and
Principles
Y
ou
LEARNING
now
the
this
•
list
unit
you
will
learn
briey
of
to
explain
the
between
explain
differences
the
that
individuals
Now
important
principles
tests,
must
are
take
a
of
you
of
set
into
the
T
o
training
of
“rules”
account
anyone’
s
phrase
R”
to
help
Specicity
•
Progression
•
Overload
in
help
•
Reversibility
exam.
make
Rest
•
Recovery
the
you
tness
tests.
ahead
and
to
sport
Y
ou
start
and
the
know
about
different
require
for
everyday
health
or
to
take
part
in
learn
to
you
to
analyse
CAPE
develop
a
PE
a
person’
s
and
needs
Sport,
coaches
this
and
training
is
an
plan
a
extremely
programme.
are
three
sorted
in
terms
your
that
mind
are
often
otherwise
mixed
you
up.
can
It
is
lose
a
vital
will
Learn
these
off-by-heart
training
carry
You
out
before
will
what
going
then
any
lot
of
decide
method
of
further.
upon
training
is
needed.
when
example,
if
you
nd
a
Thissentence
will
help
you
training.
“SPORt
with
has
good
aerobic
remember
methods:
Interesting
cute
footballers
can
R
and
lacks
funny
you:
know
he
power
needs
you
will
more
work
win.
in
•
Interval
•
Circuit
•
Fartlek
•
Flexibility
•
Continuous
•
Weights
latter.
it
is
a
test
and
FITT
have
anything
•
to
help
an
specic
tests
variation
to
chapter
Remember
•
go
tness.
you
the
–
importance
continue
them
explosive
•
their
may
need
you
get
endurance
and
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area
this
you
footballer
Use
to
others
training.
For
planning
need
and
and
marks
These
you
own
of
that
methods
and
your
training
tness
Principles
knowledge
the
W ithin
training,
the
improving
systems
programme.
•
all
training
to:
sport.
principles
it
body
areas
and
have
of
OUTCOMES
applying
In
effects
result
the
I
do
in
Therefore
be
a
with
test,
test
a
e.g.
gives
a
cm.
Shall
weights
circuit
must
sit-and-reach
result
“Hmmm?
results.
measured
or
training?”
“My
standing
rubbish
and
can
more
get
I
broad
need
jump
to
power
was
improve
in
my
so
I
kicks.”
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Applying
On
the
but
briey:
S
–
with
R
pages,
and
Specicity:
needs
to
principles
following
SPORt
•
the
to
know
levels,
time
be
a
lot
This
about
available,
will
training
apply
some
of
these
in
more
detail,
R
specic
reasons
we
of
for
means
to
the
them:
their
wanting
etc.
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the
programme
individual
to
age,
get
needs
current
tter
,
questionnaire
you
of
is
and
a
to
plan
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ou
current
likes
interview
going
person.
health,
lifestyle,
and
are
that
need
tness
dislikes,
useful
start.
Training
must
individual’
s
•
P
–
Progression:
How
will
tests
can
you
Starting
know
help
you
the
at
the
correct
nd
a
correct
level?
starting
level
The
point.
and
build
questionnaire
Your
body
up
to
(i.e.
build
change
up
muscles
slowly.
and
to
become
By
joint
tter
over-doing
and
stronger)
exercise
you
so
run
you
the
O
–
Overload:
to
risk
of
torn
•
injuries.
Once
TIP
Many
and
your
body
has
adapted
to
your
current
load
do
of
training
more,
i.e.
you
will
stay
overload
at
your
the
same
training
level
of
tness
progressively.
Overload
this
by
using
is
good
“overload”
mixed
–
you
up.
training
more
load
heavily,
unless
You
over
and
above
what
can
you
do
get
level
or
you
students
“overtraining”
your
or
each
need
•
•
to
tness
time
EXAM
adapt
specic
slowly.
and
takes
be
needs.
were
doing
to
gradually
FITT
:
improve.
F
–
Frequency:
e.g.
more
sessions
in
a
week
•
I
•
R
–
Intensity:
T
–
Time:
Spend
T
–
Type:
Change
–
Reversibility:
train
will
slowly
•
t
–
be
the
training
longer
what
Any
reversed
on
if
harder
the
you
adaptions
you
stop.
are
sessions
are
Overtraining
doing
is
too
harmful
much
–
you
and
risk
injury.
doing
that
Be
occur
very
to
your
careful
body
after
as
injury
you
to
start
again.
variation:
effort.
•
Make
The
Variation
R+R
–
even
top
Rest
bodies
and
athletes
time
to
same
also
training
helps
Recovery.
must
recover
leads
prevent
have
and
to
boredom
overtraining
Overtraining
one
rest
rebuild
day
micro
can
a
in
make
week
tears
and
one
in
to
lack
of
full
area.
you
ill
give
their
and
muscles.
KEY
•
POINTS
Principles
“rules”
SUMMARY
of
you
training
must
are
take
into
account
when
planning
training.
(P
principles
for
and
QUESTIONS
planning)
1.
List
the
principles
of
training.
•
2.
Why
might
tness
tests
help
you
with
specicity
of
and
What
mnemonic
methods
of
(memory
technique)
training?
helps
you
with
the
•
acronym
Training
and
progression?
3.
The
List
the
methods
of
of
chosen
about
4.
Principles
SPORt
with
R
R.
Methods
be
is
for
your
training
once
can
you
only
know
client.
training.
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7.2
Planning
a
training
programme
The
LEARNING
rst
principle
previous
In
this
unit
•
describe
you
will
what
learn
would
training
to:
an
to
make
use
programme
is
specicity.
collect
As
information
mentioned
so
you
on
can
the
cater
for
out
about
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person
it
is
for
specic
for
to
a
design
a
Age:
You
person’
s
progress
their
injury
starting
know
mid
from
if
twenties.
unit
they
follow
a
A
6.3
that
young
a
person’
s
teenager
programme
or
tness
older
is
at
designed
for
person
its
is
peak
someone
at
risk
aged
of
25.
training
•
to
to
individual
FITT
point
training
need
a
in
•
you
information
need
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to
page
individualneeds.
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you
of
OUTCOMES
Current
level
of
health:
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or
in
Has
level
of
tness:
the
person
got
any
medical
condition
from.
or
•
•
injuries
Current
often?
How
will
shown
be
Why
does
reasons?
•
What
16
history
she
over
the
slimmer
but
is
within
want
to
weight?
old.
her
and
walking
like
She
body.
and
She
beach
She
tennis.
the
exercise
tter
training
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for
is
the
help
general
specic
How
–
they
health
sport?
Enjoyment
16
years
history.
at
hoping
and
does
week,
loves
a
high
get
three
level
selected
She
times
training
participates
available
all
No
already
team.
club
and
sport
old.
She
to
national
regularly
every
She
a
netball
week,
a
now?
may
plan.
Gwenna,
runs
training?
chapter.
dislikes?:
for
affect
tests
tter?:
and
be
games
the
in
plays
is
to
tness
medical
that
wants
team
try
a
times
distance.
to
to
could
person
get
and
medical
years.
that
become
likes
ankle
really
T
o
sticking
No
an
swimming
quite
to
several
tone
running
likes
would
and
the
where
person
key
two
is
later
for
and
years
Does
This
persons
are
few
detail
sprained
last
last
greater
lose
years
overweight
hates
the
except
has
in
the
motivation
Jane,
intensely?
T
o
are
the
at
a
once
in
school.
sport.
100
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14:17
Analyse
Jane
ago
would
it
was
exercise
it
has
with
burn
Jane
up
found
work
done
tennis)
not
level
also
until
she
is
of
tness
sure
high
her
but
along
if
the
You
have
You
can
to
think
and
now
considered
make
about
are
the
injury
and
and
there
T
oo
low
(do
more
•
F
–
nothing
frequency:
minimum
for
than
at
it
Fitness
herself.
direction
(the
I
–
of
intensity:
her
204
×
beno
power
long
tests
T
–
to
will
person’
s
times
to
individual
specic
at
the
result
be
normal)
body
Jane
maximum
60%
=
etc.
probably
(due
to
her
has
It
bursts
would
with
of
in
her
speed,
be
skills
a
running),
improvement
with
combined
even
work
better
or
pressure.
will
help
you
choose
wisely.
no
and
to
them.
the
correct
in
failure,
training
apply
needs
You
level.
them
nd
you
There
strengths
must
will
be
be
and
careful
more
on
to
this
later
chapter.
effect.
a
week.
are.
will
T
oo
thereby
need
high
affecting
Remember
FITT
.
therefore:
start
should
heart
122
training
time:
be
help
although
Gwenna:
This
is
the
•
adapting.
F
–
frequency:
times,
work
rate
bpm).
at
(220
Below
about
−16
this
=
club
does
A
204,
there
•
will
I
–
×
effect.
of
20
minutes
is
not
intensity:
25
min
longer
minimum
Gwenna
training
need
is
once
to
already
and
add
running
doing
any
other
more
three
sport.
sessions.
60%
At
the
runs.
she
reduce
•
some
throws,
be
under
to
She
tness
from
weaknesses,
She
•
healthy.
aerobic
benet
could
training
recovered.
start
can
present,
three
the
the
and
risks
tooverload
does
what
programme
progression
motivation.
Jane
of
and
programme
now
there
this
t
build
in
Plan
level
may
jumping,
However
,
to
is
explosive
continues
pushing
has
good
calories
need
of
Gwenna
years
rate
session.
changes
years
aerobic
heart
also
will
ankle
few
recent
more
the
and
a
gentle
more
before
avoid
until
body
nishing
to
in
burns
your
exercise
of
need
only
Up
slow
but
bursts
but
after
no
long
this,
that
need
weight.
that
for
exercise,
certain
will
lose
best
calories
has
a
She
to
thought
muscle
the
person’s
like
was
been
during
to
the
the
is
moment
Rather
better
time
off
she
than
Gwenna
make
trying
does
to
the
does
them
3
any
constantly
distance
in.
needed
effective.
•
T
–
time:
Gwenna
does
not
need
to
run
for
longer.
•
T
–
type:
cycle.
Once
muscles
then
are
start
muscle
KEY
Jane
to
likes
her
swimming
body
stronger
add
has
(4-6
some
and
adapted
weeks)
bursts
of
could
and
she
also
her
•
could
speed
T
–
half
or
type:
her
improve
work.
Here
runs
her
systems,
is
to
the
a
aerobic
and
her
main
skills
change.
circuit
and
By
Gwenna
anaerobic
footwork
and
ball
changing
will
energy
skills.
POINTS
•
A
training
•
You
•
Overload
must
programme
start
the
must
gradually
person’
s
QUESTIONS
1.
an
they
were
analyse
out
like
interview
aclient
their
or
with
wanting
needs
Jane’
s
before
current
SUMMARY
Conduct
be
and
a
specic.
building
level
family
to
plan
get
of
(progression).
exercise
member
tter.
their
up
Find
starting
or
using
FITT
.
friend
out
as
about
point.
Lay
if
them,
the
plan
Gwenna’
s.
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7.3
T
esting
your
cardiovascular
Fitness
LEARNING
this
unit
•
list
three
you
will
tests
very
learn
a
to:
programme.
the
every
to
useful
You
few
enable
way
can
you
to
to
nd
measure
months
once
nd
a
out
a
person’
s
starting
improvements
your
body
has
point
strengths
and
through
adapted
plan
regular
to
see
if
your
for
cardiovascular
describe
a
weaknesses
testing
•
are
OUTCOMES
and
In
tests
tness
programme
is
advantages
You
be
and
to
help
you
make
adjustments.
have
to
of
careful
in
your
choice
of
tests
and
not
make
and
assumptions
disadvantages
working
endurance
from
the
results,
e.g.
we
may
assume
that
a
person
each.
with
is
a
very
strong
predict
test
be
strong
–
perhaps
potential,
might
be
and
T
esting
to
going
with
good
an
or
at
but
arm
could
does
jump
the
be
wrestler!
who
high
have
it
–
well
but
that
T
ests
in
only
can
an
they
co-ordination
the
This
cardiovascular
endurance
oxygen
body
maximal
energy.
are
someone
train,
your
into
during
strong,
help
grip
you
explosive
might
to
their
put
not
jump
enjoy
together
it,
the
jump.
Cardiovascular
muscles
is
they
e.g.
really
motivated
run-up
grip
and
and
exercise
is
your
Max
can
take
in
is
the
ability
nutrients.
compare
you
VO
can
,
or
or
If
it
of
you
with
nd
the
aerobic
the
the
out
body
measure
tness
to
oxygen
how
is
amount
the
oxygen
coming
much
maximum
supply
the
used
of
out
to
make
oxygen
2
your
The
to
best,
to
test
but
most
aerobic
expensive,
tness
is
in
a
body
done
in
a
specialised
The
Cooper
and
use.
sports
test
(12
This
lab,
is
difcult
usually
minute
at
to
measure
but
can
be
universities.
run)
way
sports
Equipment:
A
measured
running
track,
in
the
gym
or
outside.
laboratory.
Astopwatch
and
whistle.
Method:
•
Jog
•
When
you
•
You
warm
the
can
After
are
•
to
12
can
they
they
Cooper
the
The
then
if
goes,
are
The
whistle
further
compare
you
start
minutes.
minutes
this
may
cannot
persons
The
12
is
you
your
above
running
laps
or
are
blown
run
in
result
below
around
again.
the
to
the
track
as
fast
as
counted.
a
the
The
time,
the
table
of
average
laps
and
distance
tter
you
are.
norms.
for
your
This
will
gender
and
group.
Because
as
whistle
for
counted.
indicate
age
up.
is
a
not
do
whose
maximal
be
any
test
motivated
more.
sports
do
It
a
to
may
not
non-sports
push
also
involve
person
themselves
not
be
a
running,
valid
e.g.
may
to
the
test
not
do
point
for
well
where
those
swimmers
and
test.
cyclists.
102
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14:17
The
multistage
Equipment:
Atape
start
A
distance
recorder
slow
but
thefastest
tness
and
a
speed
level
of
20
tape
up
test
(bleep
metres
with
over
marked
bleeps
time.
test)
out
on
recorded
The
slowest
the
on
are
it.
ground.
The
called
bleeps
level
1,
23).
Method:
•
Run
20-metre
touch
or
•
When
the
•
Stop
shuttles
cross
the
between
line
each
the
time
marked
the
bleep
lines.
Your
foot
should
sounds.
The
when
number
A
table
bleep
is
of
you
speeds
cannot
shuttles
used
to
you
keep
you
work
up
did
out
up
at
the
must
with
that
speed
the
level
max.
VO
up
bleep.
are
The
bleep
test.
too.
The
level
and
the
recorded.
higher
it
is,
the
tter
2
you
are.
This
to
test
run,
but
Cooper
suits
compares
because
test.
games
The
well
Also,
it
is
players
One
the
lab
maximal
there
is
than
Kasch-Boyer
Equipment:
to
a
lot
it
of
and
has
the
30
test
cm
it
is
cheap
same
direction
long-distance
step
bench,
test
A
easy
problems
changing
as
which
the
better
runners.
(3-minute
high.
and
step
stopwatch.
test)
Paper
and
pen.
Method:
•
Step
on
again
to
(up,
forthree
•
Five
The
of
the
up,
one
foot
down)
at
at
a
a
time
pace
and
of
then
once
step
every
down
two
seconds
minutes.
seconds
lower
bench,
down,
your
after
nishing,
heart
cardiovascular
rate
at
take
the
endurance
is.
your
pulse
end
of
The
results
this,
for
the
one
minute.
higher
can
be
your
level
compared
to
a
ratingchart.
There
are
estimate
many
your
step
level
tests
or
but
all
Max.
VO
rely
A
on
using
a
disadvantage
table
is
of
that
norms
they
do
to
not
2
usually
they
compare
are
ideal
compete
are
less
rate
likely
KEY
Not
a
do
not
to
it
to
the
non-sports
give
is
have
up.
easy
to
to
lab
tests
person
push
Another
make
a
as
as
the
they
previous
do
themselves
to
disadvantage
mistake
when
not
their
is
tests
feel
that
taking
do,
they
maximum
without
your
but
have
a
to
so
heart
pulse.
POINTS
all
tests
are
Cardiovascular
All
well
for
and
monitor
as
tests
have
SUMMARY
1.
Name
a
2.
Explain
suitable
tests
are
for
everyone.
either
advantages
and
maximal
or
submaximal.
disadvantages.
QUESTIONS
maximal
the
and
submaximal
advantages
and
aerobic
tness
disadvantages
of
test.
each.
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14:17
7.4
T
esting
Remember,
LEARNING
this
unit
are
several
types
of
strength
–
total
strength,
OUTCOMES
muscular
In
there
muscles
you
will
learn
to:
different
endurance,
test
and,
and
like
explosive
the
previous
power.
tests,
Each
each
requires
has
a
advantages
and
disadvantages.
•
describe
to
three
measure
strengths
needed
and
for
tness
three
tests
types
the
of
equipment
In
your
above
questionnaire
are
strength
each
and
therefore
•
describe
a
test
for
the
most
you
muscular
needed
should
suitable
for
for
have
your
endurance
everyday
are
life.
determined
client
–
which
remember,
types
of
general
T
oned
muscle
better
shape.
of
the
overall
tness
burns
more
and
calories
exibility.
even
at
rest
Remember,
and
tests
weaknesses;
at
a
your
only
skill,
give
body
you
motivation
a
an
and
idea
hard
of
your
strengths
work
turn
you
fairly
accurate,
and
into
being
good
sport.
The
This
gives
grip
tests
does
not
dynamometer
your
really
grip
strength.
mean
you
test
While
are
it
is
a
strong
grip
strong.
Equipment:
•
A
hand-grip
dynamometer.
Method:
The
grip
dynamometer
test.
•
•
Squeeze
on
preferred
hand
Repeat
The
This
three
sit-up
tests
There
are
the
the
time.
test
The
sit-up
times
two
as
hard
as
you
can
with
your
seconds.
record
or
the
endurance
tests
like
if
person
similar
involves
least
and
strength
many
A
at
highest
reading
of
the
three.
test
(orslow-twitch)
of
dynamometer
for
the
task
this,
can
performing
be
as
but
can
of
the
abdominal
they
can
only
actually
used
many
for
do
test
the
as
endurance
exercise
press-ups,
sit-ups
muscles.
for
burpees,
possible
in
an
a
period
etc.
This
allocated
test.
period
of
time,
and
then
comparing
the
results
to
a
table
of
norms.
Method:
•
Lie
on
the
oor
with
your
hands
touching
your
head
above
the
0
ears,
•
Get
•
Raise
knees
a
partner
your
yourself
•
Variations
in
technique
can
as
to
to
trunk
the
many
at
,
and
hold
your
until
your
oor
as
90
you
feet
feet
at
This
can
in
30
test
is
the
oor.
down.
elbows
again.
on
is
are
one
past
your
knees.
Then
lower
sit-up.
seconds.
Record
your
result.
produce
A
different
Do
bent
disadvantage
of
this
that
it
is
a
bit
subjective.
What
you
results.
count
as
a
sit-up,
someone
else
may
not.
It
is
hard
to
be
exact.
104
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14:17
The
This
tests
good
and
standing
leg
the
broad
power
power
for
or
jump
explosive
sports
such
strength
as
high
of
your
jump,
muscles.
long
jump,
You
need
basketball,
badminton.
Equipment:
•
A
tape
measure.
Method:
•
The
subject
stands
behind
a
line,
feet
slightly
apart.
Improved
results
•
A
two-footed
swung
•
The
on
and
subject
both
take-off
knees
has
feet
and
landing
must
be
used.
Arms
may
jump
as
far
possible,
Measure
•
Compare
A
problem
to
three
without
the
the
attempts
falling
of
this
quickly
The
and
This
sit
tests
hip
Remember
back
heel
results
improves
test
to
is
may
standing
cause
broad
invalid
jump.
be
to
as
LINK
landing
backwards.
exibility.
a
of
the
table
that
thereby
reach
the
the
bent.
For
•
technique
for
of
when
giving
foot
nearest
the
take-off
line.
more
exibility
on
see
muscles
and
3.5.
norms.
you
rst
unreliable
perform
it
your
technique
improvement.
test
There
important
are
link
other
between
tests
for
strength
different
and
joints.
exibility.
Equipment:
•
A
sit
and
reach
box
(or
make
your
own
with
a
bench
andruler).
Method:
•
Sit
with
•
Slowly
your
feet
reach
at
against
forward
as
far
the
as
box,
you
legs
can
straight.
and
hold
for
three
seconds.
•
Read
Like
the
off
sit-up
keepthe
toreach
your
back
results
test,
at
a
or
and
compare
disadvantage
allow
the
of
person
to
a
this
to
table
is
of
norms.
whether
round
their
you
back
further.
The
SUMMARY
1.
Why
do
sit
and
reach
QUESTIONS
you
think
a
test
of
exibility
was
included
with
the
KEY
muscle
2.
If
you
you
Karate.
3.
Which
for
a
POINTS
tests?
scored
mean
test.
very
have
highly
the
on
the
potential
to
standing
be
good
broad
at
a
jump,
sport
it
could
like
Explain.
of
the
cricket
tests
player
•
•
mentioned
and
why?
in
this
unit
would
you
choose
Each
type
of
strength
has
different
test.
All
disadvantages
have
based
on
validity
a
and
reliability.
105
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14:17
7.5
T
esting
body
composition
The
LEARNING
In
this
unit
nal
test
of
problem
with
these
you
describe
will
learn
trust.
to:
the
equipment
It
for:
ordination,
shuttle,
sprint,
is
simple
not
tests
suggested
method
that
is
is
that
that
you
and
This
also
has
problems
as
these
used
ways
to
adapt
depending
wish
to
on
The
on
your
the
class
BMI,
or
and
mates,
Body
but
Mass
it
is
worked
out
using
this
formula:
speed
problem
person
top
that
weighing
a
person
80
kg
weighing
with
only
would
come
out
with
the
same
of
norms,
and
both
would
be
These
areas
by
average
the
speed
of
The
give
an
idea
•
help
to
test
T
ests
for
are
whether
(rolling
and
weight
could
be
40%
who
body
were
fat
the
and
same
when
compared
to
a
gives
your
for
sport
–
some
of
results
are
tness
specic
will
very
“obese”!
these
tests
and
not
tests,
improve
really
e.g.
with
needed
those
explosive
for
muscle
sport-specic.
should:
whether
a
person
improvements
at
has
a
potential
later
in
an
area
date.
speed
numerous
you
start
something
both
of
In
other
tests
•
are
person.
many
following
There
tness
andpower,
training,but
–
with
fat
results
termed
Skills/performance-related
height
kg
body
speed.
table
BMI
80
8%
agility,
height
or
is
whether
measure
acceleration,
want
and
to
only
more
tests
test
over
start
related
various
acceleration
timing
to
a
distances
(20
once
games
depending
metres),
you
player
are
at
(e.g.
at
full
out
upon
speed
pace),
or
shuttles).
the
labelled
overweight!
EXAM
is
sensitivity
Weight
agility
a
same
composition.
great
co-
The
same
body
2
tests
The
for
Height
explain
you
is
require
try
commonly
tests
•
they
and
Index.
method
tness
skill
OUTCOMES
a
•
health-related
and
The
ve
metre
This
tests
shuttle
speed,
acceleration
and
agility
and
is
suitable
for
games
players.
TIP
Equipment:
When
of
tness
use
•
naming
the
the
being
proper
Incorrect:
component
shown
in
a
test
•
A
level,
non-slippery
•
Running
running
surface.
terms.
The
sit-up
lane
5
metres
long
and
1.2metres
wide.
test
Method:
shows
•
endurance
Correct:
shows
The
the
abdominal
of
sit-up
the
abs.
test
endurance
of
•
Warm
•
At
“quads”
do
or
by
jogging,
then
get
ready
at
the
start
line.
the
“Go”,
sprint
as
hard
as
you
can
to
the
end
line
and
back.
Both
muscles.
feet
(Similarly
up
not
write
must
cross
the
line.
This
is
one
cycle.
“hams”,
•
Do
ve
•
Your
cycles
altogether,
turning
as
fast
as
you
can
each
time.
“pecs”).
total
time
is
recorded
in
seconds.
106
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14:17
The
30-metre
This
measures
long
distance
sprint
your
as
top
they
players
in
positions
hockey
midelders,
test
speed
need
where
and
a
and
is
sprint
longer
wingers
suitable
nish.
runs
in
It
are
for
is
all
also
runners,
useful
common,
rugby,
hockey
for
e.g.
and
even
games
football
and
football.
Equipment:
EXAM
•
A
30-metre
distance
marked
out
on
a
level,
non-slippery
surface
For
and
a
TIP
all
the
tness
tests
you
stopwatch.
must
be
able
to
describe:
Method:
•
Stand
•
At
about
“Go”
20
sprint
metres
as
fast
behind
as
the
possible
start
to
•
the
test
method
•
the
test
equipment
•
which
line.
the
nish
line.
test
relates
component
•
A
partner
line
to
Illinois
records
the
time
agility
the
you
time
cross
from
the
the
nish
moment
you
cross
the
of
to
which
tness.
start
line.
test
start
Equipment:
•
Four
cones.
•
Stopwatch.
•
10
metres
on
a
non-slippery,
level
surface.
finish
10
metres
Method:
The
•
Lay
•
At
on
the
“Go”
cones,
ground
sprint
turn
sprinting
behind
to
the
far
after
the
last
the
full
length
the
end
start
and
cone
back
then
and
to
with
the
ngers
back
weave
behind
in-and-out
in-and-out
starting
the
of
Illinois
time
is
recorded
from
“go”
until
you
Why
the
nish
not
to
These
tests
tests
you
are
commonplace
choose
ones
that
but
are
there
are
suitable,
many
but
more
can
very
specic,
e.g.
co-ordination
is
vital
in
ball
or
for
you
skill
test
for
co-ordination
is
the
Alternate
Hand
Wall
racket
metres
from
a
wall,
you
toss
a
ball
to
the
wall
long
T
oss
–
and
do
30
catch
it
with
the
other.
Count
how
underarm
many
But
how
ball?
could
in
time
catches
takes
of
to
the
run
out
to
3-point
sidestep
back
and
jump
standing
with
touch
you
the
backboard
to
one
marking
an
opponent
can
and
in
it
points
simulate
hand
example
sport.
to
two
real
testing
line,
The
skill
available.
remember
any
own
improvement?
simulate
basketball
certain
is
your
measure
situations,
how
Ensure
create
line.
These
Other
route.
before
line.
cross
T
est
the
again
test
Your
Agility
line.
going
for
a
rebound.
seconds.
similar
is
Remember
that
these
to
the
tests
co-ordination
are
only
required
indicators
of
to
catch
potential
–
a
rugby
not
a
KEY
predictor.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
POINTS
•
Skills
testing
•
Speed
and
probably
1.
Describe
a
test
for
2.
Explain
disadvantage
3.
Why
is
than
for
the
ve
metre
sprinters?
very
agility
the
specic.
tests
most
are
accurate
agility.
as
a
is
of
the
shuttle
Body
test
Mass
better
Index
for
test.
games
players
improvement
about
due
instead
of
the
of
to
can
muscle
repeated
actual
come
training
practice
test.
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7.6
Training
and
energy
systems
In
LEARNING
unit
4.8
energy
In
this
unit
you
will
learn
name
the
energy
for
muscle
of
In
our
briey
describe
systems
that
sketch
training
a
rebuild
explain
from
food
that
was
using
aerobic
the
production
oxygen.
respiration
You
now
was
of
need
to
the
know
is
how
to
This
pyramid
use
is
a
released
we
substance
that
only
called
actually
have
ATP
.
causes
enough
When
our
for
this
muscles
2–3
is
to
seconds
broken
down
contract.
to
rebuild
it
so
that
the
process
can
happen
of
work.
again,
We
then
continuously
.
ATP
our
•
respiration
and
three
have
•
energy
muscles
Unfortunately
and
anaerobic
oxygen
detail.
energy
contractions
list
that
needing
substances
producing
•
learnt
without
production
to:
more
•
you
OUTCOMES
rebuilding
body
requires
supply
this
its
own
energy.
energy.
T
wo
are
Three
different
anaerobic
and
systems
therefore
in
do
not
training
need
oxygen
and
one
is
aerobic
which
does
require
oxygen.
zones.
•
The
PC
system:
substance
energy
DID
YOU
to
the
is
reached
our
PC.
rebuild
muscles
When
8–10
it
is
seconds
is
a
limited
amount
broken
down
of
It
ATP
.
is
it
of
a
produces
very
powerful
enough
and
KNOW?
produces
In
In
called
100
metres,
top
powerful
speed
the
energy
bursts
of
for
most
speed.
It
of
is
the
100
anaerobic
metres
so
no
and
is
O
any
short,
needed.
2
at
about
60
metres.
PC
After
this
muscle
PC
is
running
contractions
and
the
one
who
sprinter
slows
→
energy
out,
are
weaker
who
wins
down
the
is
•
the
least!
The
lactic
acid
in
our
muscles
a
few
chemical
then
take
speed
system:
is
over
broken
as
maximum
heart
PC
rate.
it
runs
event
It
already
down
reactions
endurance
Y
ou
or
without
takes
8–10
out.
We
any
time
does
know
not
about
oxygen.
seconds
would
we
use
work
require
O
The
Because
to
this
is
work
glucose
there
fully
system
over
and
this.
about
in
are
and
any
80%
of
our
anaerobic.
2
Glucose
•
The
is
to
aerobic
broken
1½
minutes
reactions.
fast,
system:
down
as
We
then
using
to
be
can
we
metres
energy
from
–
mainly
the
LA
uses
used
use
this
go
(or
(or
(so
it
properly
lactic
fat
is
as
fat)
→
into
about
aerobic).
indenitely
back
after
acid
there
if
we
do
anaerobic
energy
+
It
are
CO
anaerobic
20–30
takes
a
lot
not
of
try
minutes)
about
1
chemical
to
go
too
work.
+
H
2
Heart
YOU
Glucose
+
O
2
system.
Training
DID
energy
oxygen
would
Glucose
400
→
rate
and
is
a
heart
good
rate
guide
to
working
out
whether
you
are
working
KNOW?
aerobically
(with
oxygen)
or
anaerobically
(without
O
).
You
need
to
2
ATP
stands
for
adenosine
triphosphate.
PC
stands
Both
are
for
know
this
your
phosphocreatine.
molecules
storing
maximum
Maximum
So
heart
rate
(MHR),
heart
rate
=
which
can
be
found
using
formula:
at
16
years
old
your
maximum
220
heart
minus
rate
is
your
204
age
bpm.
energy.
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14:17
100%
Heart
rate
and
target
training
zones
%
This
pyramid
work
in
(with
a
represents
order
to
gain
the
target
certain
zones
effects.
It
that
shows
you
that
need
a
16
to
MHR
Speed
year
old
95%
maximum
above
60%
So
÷
of
heart
204
rate
and
of
204
below
bpm)
85%
of
85
100
would
204
to
need
gain
to
work
aerobic
benets.
Speed
60
100
×
204
=
122
and
÷
×
204
=
endurance
173.
85%
This
means
173
bpm.
they
can
The
heart
the
The
16
tter
work,
at
versa.
limit
this
should
individual
vice
the
Once
old
the
and
rates
thresholds.
year
of
is,
This
the
person
be
working
the
is
nearer
their
zones
crosses
between
to
their
aerobic
120
and
upper
limit
training
are
called
the
this
upper
limit
Endurance
zone.
60%
training
(the
No
anaerobic
start
If
to
this
train
of
build
wanted
in
the
level
Finally
system)
Knowing
–
to
heart
the
can
train
using
once
for
rate.
work
of
into
the
endurance
aerobic
athletes
principle
move
anaerobic
work
and
training
effect
will
acid.
speed
should
this
important
they
lactic
maximum
lower
again.
PC
up
person
mainly
their
the
threshold)
If
they
400
went
threshold
short
above
again
metres,
zone
help
of
you
they
between
too
and
bursts
95%
–
slowly
move
of
to
they
into
maximum
maximum
make
would
85%
want
and
would
aerobic
effort
to
95%
pass
work
(using
the
heartrate.
training
specic
–
an
training.
WARNING
Aerobic
training
•
an
Anaerobic
Choose
activity,
which
involves
the
large
muscles
of
the
of
and
where
you
can
work
rhythmically
for
a
long
time.
exercise
stress
on
walking,
swimming,
jogging,
cycling,
or
can
are
Work
for
at
least
15
to
20
minutes
a
be
Your
heart
means
you
it
get
rate
should
should
be
tter
you
least
three
at
can
be
within
least
up
of
to
aerobic
your
75%
training
maximum
or
even
zone.
heart
85%
This
Train
at
times
a
week,
rate.
once
Use
otherwise
it
will
not
be
effort
for
for
the
activity
Alternate
between
that
body
your
lactic
has
using
time
all-out
to
pay
(e.g.
effort
off
several
running,
and
the
lighter
swimming,
oxygen
effort
debt
or
and
training
If
you
weeks
before
you
of
start
training.
TIP
when
examiners
something
aerobic
such
ask
as
activities
“name
a
person
etc.).
could
•
means
effective.
training
maximum
This
As
two
•
lot
t.
Often
Anaerobic
do
anaerobic
EXAM
•
a
and
session.
your
60%
move
system.
dangerous.
unt,
aerobic
•
heart
skipping.
it
•
your
Examples
circulatory
are
puts
body
rest,
so
remove
do
students
Aerobic
to
reduce
name
fat”
anaerobic
requires
air
for
ones.
oxygen!
acid.
KEY
•
POINTS
ATP
is
that
provides
the
only
substance
energy
to
move.
SUMMARY
1.
2.
Sketch
Explain
in
a
QUESTIONS
training
what
cricket
to
pyramid
zone
work
you
in
labelling
would
and
why.
the
%
MHR.
recommend
a
batsman/woman
•
It
is
•
You
rebuilt
can
these
by
three
specically
systems
systems.
train
using
training
zones.
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14:17
7.7
Methods
Use
LEARNING
the
sentence
this
unit
you
will
learn
describe
two
types
of
and
how
you
•
state
they
a
Continuous,
question
paper
training
Funny
Footballers
Can
W in”
to
methods:
Fartlek,
Flexibility,
Circuit,
Weights.
on
this
area
comes
so
you
have
all
the
up,
jot
these
options
in
down
front
of
on
a
piece
of
you.
overload
what
areas
of
tness
target.
Jane,
16
medical
ankle
years.
really
and
She
in
as
it
two
and
the
to
try
netball
hoping
three
hates
games
years
to
at
old.
She
a
get
No
already
high
level
selected
and
for
the
national team. She runs regularly
slimmer
She
16
history.
times
training
but
beach
She
a
week,
once
a
participates
in
available
school.
all
at
does
week,
every
club
and
sport
She
loves
sport.
tennis.
training
to
speed,
it?
improve:
and
Intervals
The
explosive
of
work
aerobic
or
anaerobic
energy
power.
and
rest.
By
altering
the
effort,
distance,
this
and
method
is
and
like
medical
plays
last
overweight
be
an
sprained
body.
used
is
Gwenna,
for
the
distance.
quite
be
What
like
has
team
walking
systems,
not
her
No
except
over
to
and
Interval
would
old.
swimming
would
Can
is
wants
running
is
she
times
tone
likes
years
history
that
several
Jane
following
would
scrap
apply
the
tness
If
training
Cute
(1)
to:
Interval,
•
“Interesting
training
OUTCOMES
remember
In
of
requires
you
rest
you
can
make
it
suitable
for
different
types
of
tness
and
to
sports.
push
your
body
hard
and
it
•
also
causes
sports
up
if
pain.
person
the
She
and
is
not
would
experience
is
Extensive
intervals:
Work
for
intervals
of
3–5
minutes
within
your
a
aerobic
training
recover
fully.
zone
with
intervals
of
rest
where
you
do
not
quite
give
painful.
•
Intensive
intervals:
anaerobic
threshold
fully
recover
but
the
Work
with
rests
for
shorter
intervals
will
be
of
intervals
rest
longer
on
where,
to
allow
the
aerobic/
again,
lactic
you
acid
do
to
not
be
dispersed.
Each
repetition
(groups
of
is
called
a
“rep”
and
they
are
arranged
in
“sets”
reps).
110
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14:17
•
Overload
(Apply
FITT):
F
–
more
times
a
week.
I
–
decrease
the
This
rest
period,
or
increase
speed
of
running.
T
–
add
more
reps
is
could
sets.
T
–
for
a
change
(variation)
try
a
different
activity,
e.g.
a
ideal
for
Gwenna.
She
or
use
extensive
intervals
bike
during
the
pre-season
to
session.
improve
•
Advantages:
decreasing.
Due
You
to
can
the
set
adjust
patterns
it
is
easy
to
tell
if
effort
parameters
to
train
different
and
is
intervals
energy
aerobic
change
as
the
approaches,
systems.
move
•
her
then
Disadvantage:
They
are
painful
so
you
need
high
levels
to
capacity
intensive
season
as
in
constantly
netball
you
between
of
aerobic
and
anaerobic
work.
It
motivation.
does
Circuit
need
shouldn’t
training
week
Can
be
used
to
improve:
Aerobic
or
anaerobic
energy
power,
speed,
a
is
it?
different
A
Participants
be
is
•
rests
series
part
of
spend
between
important
to
stations
set
(Apply
at
T
–
Make
the
T
–
changing
and
F
station,
sessions
the
sit
set
–
of
each
press
time
playing
it
times
a
should
be
season
built
on
repeat
designed
ups,
each
the
and
to
so
up
as
approach.
exercise
on.
exercise.
circuit
events
There
several
may
times.
It
groups.
more
reduce
longer
exercises,
up,
ups,
you
muscle
FITT):
each
are
e.g.
amount
stations
alternate
more
the
three
so
skills.
body,
a
Overload
reps
of
the
done
during
instead
major
What
be
motivation
systems,
but
strength,
high
by
times
the
per
rest
adding
changing
week.
period,
another
the
I
–
do
try
to
do
another
set.
circuit.
effort/work
period/rest
period.
•
Advantages:
can
work
muscular
in
You
the
and
can
use
aerobic
weights
zone
cardiovascular
for
or
your
longer
body
with
endurance,
or
no
as
a
rest
work
load.
to
in
You
improve
the
speed
or
Jane
speed
endurance
zone
for
short
periods
with
longer
rests,
could
would
work
for
20
rest
for
30.
You
can
concentrate
on
relevant
You
can
adapt
it
to
practice
relevant
Disadvantage:
This
is
ideal
Needs
training
room
method
to
for
set
up
She
stations.
her
on
station
each
could
and
30
to
also
the
explosive
do
a
before
skills
anaerobic
seconds
touch
rest,
line,
(2)
energy
would
side-step
across,
run
to
out
for
want
focussing
on
ball
20
seconds
(1):
and
with
Sprint
leap
ball
to
to
partner,
and
so
net
(3)
steps,
on,
need
2.
be
muscles.
strong
the
ball
support
and
of
she
longer
an
rests
stations.
The
ball
makes
more
and
works
it
fun
to
core
strength
improving
posture
and
chance
of
lessening
the
She
back
problems.
footwork
work
edge,
and
lunge
For
example,
ups
on
the
(interception
with
most
Sprint
ball,
(3)
one-third,
zig-zagging
etc.
leaning
is
Station
ball,
of
(2)
the
back
a
on
wall,
(1):
Sit
Press
weight
Half-squats
against
the
ups
on
the
with
Jane
ball
which
etc.
POINTS
QUESTIONS
•
1.
her
not
between
KEY
SUMMARY
that
seconds
next.
skills,
circle
touch
cross-over
start
to
the
20
to
system
backward
at
on
passing
back
work
straight
Station
back
Sit-ups
and
moving
circuit,
e.g.
sprint
practice),
backwards,
power
tone
may
exercise
on
improve
circuit
skills
multiple
Gwenna.
help
she
may
•
a
muscle
As
groups.
use
e.g.
Outline
the
training
method
Explain
which
800-metre
ways
the
to
parameters
vary
method
runner
and
the
type
would
why.
be
could
of
most
What
be
tness
changed
suitable
about
a
in
targeted,
for
an
gymnast?
Not
all
types
of
training
suit
everyone.
each
•
Changing
in
parameters
different
being
types
of
results
tness
trained.
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7.8
Methods
Fartlek
LEARNING
this
unit
you
will
learn
describe
two
types
of
be
and
how
you
state
energy
Cardiovascular/aerobic
systems,
muscular
tness,
speed
endurance.
tness
is
it?
it.
The
word
W ithin
a
means
run
you
“speed
include
play”
in
changes
Swedish
of
speed
and
this
and
terrain,
overload
what
areas
of
hill
or
sand
running.
tness
•
they
improve:
would
e.g.
•
to
anaerobic
explains
apply
training
used
the
What
training
(2)
to:
and
•
training
OUTCOMES
Can
In
of
Overload
(Apply
number
times
FITT):
F
–
More
times
per
week.
I
–
Increase
the
target.
of
recovery
work
•
of
run)
your
to
about
your
of
set
6
tell
is
of
if
if
they
the
cheap,
fast
to
requires
it
is
are
a
easy
work,
sessions
or
have
longer.
you
can
change
slow
work
lot
motivation
to
working
running
this
from
is
they
minutes
can
of
drop
at
less
T
the
according
your
to
effort.
perhaps
hard
her
use
impact.
she
–
the
Good
every
runs
netball
next
warm-up
will
aerobic
or
–
jogging
Add
hill
activity
to
the
(swim,
needs
80%
work
The
at
these
workers
effort,
have
coaches
enough.
home
objects
set
sprint
coming
–
minutes
is
systems
every
exactly
will
be
minutes
effort,
•
2
•
10–15
on
–
the
minutes
–
as
one
around
would
body
hard
of
the
you,
great
e.g.
things
streetlights,
as
give
not
up
a
long
–
like
it
if
1
her
to
minute
into
–
just
this.
like
lamp
Again
a
and
As
are
then
you
netball.
is
body
sign
never
in
to
and
not
post
one,
sprint
aerobic
set
recover.
jog
she
number
know
are
and
the
then
Sometimes
you
and
needed.
jogs
sometimes
both
the
work
there
signs
on
“stop”
anaerobic
recover.
sprint,
hard
shoes
reaches
between
next
is
when
you
are
not.
one.
anaerobic
trained.
Gwenna
and
for
alternate
like
fartlek
running
gentle
up
hill
aerobic/anaerobic
minutes
Jane
hard
push
the
–
Gwenna
distance
is
pace
quality
system
4
Netball
time
really
this
before
would
It
so
recovered
3–5
of
working
sprints
the
and
mix
are
minutes
uses
Make
you
high
Like
–
harder
distance.
10–15
road
•
Easy
the
speed
fartleks
has
•
and
estimate
Gwenna
T
the
sport.
cannot
•
between.
Disadvantages:
bursts
•
in
repeat
off-road.
Advantages:
ski,
•
or
you
cool
this
also
the
sprints
down
paces
and
stretch.
as
pain.
experience
Gwenna
ve
method
causes
–
is
runs
at
about
75%
thresholds.
it
then
requires
She
is
not
jogs
you
a
ve
to
paces.
push
your
sportsperson
and
painful.
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14:17
Continuous
Can
be
used
endurance,
What
30
is
•
–
improve:
as
the
walk
(Apply
up
for
can
has
She
she
Easy
run,
and
catching
health
of
your
within
–
–
body
the
More
Do
as
possible
aerobic
times
per
same
pace
the
for
training
at
least
zone,
e.g.
week.
for
I
–
do
the
longer.
etc.
cheap,
She
this.
back
a
third
and
and
good
to
Not
of
even
before
fat
to
jetty
,
burner,
not
the
need
down.
cycle
her
after
to
is
calories
As
some
her
she
is
legs.
rest.
it
muscles
also
is
to
the
she
a
her
it
is
a
As
gradually
.
it.
Each
week
few
grows
week
not
beach.
repeats
times
another
twice
toning
over
and
tter
means
so
progress
three
After
gets
aunts
near
to
rest,
improving
This
exercise
a
work,
lives
needs
does
she
Jane
sprint
and
has
She
only
in
a
no
she
minutes.
and
starts
bus.
burning
state
forth
with
swimming
much
does
up
boring
likes
ten
endurance
calories
and
weeks
more
instead
of
cardiovascular
and
they
improving
will
maintain
her
continue
the
tone
to
(a
slight
contraction).
Gwenna
was
For
already
netball
distance
running
and
takes
weeks
burn
week.
be
exercised
the
muscular
Can
do
down
condent
faster
threshold.
KEY
of
F
T
players.
not
adds
work
muscular
run.
games
three
more
or
FITT):
instead
swims
and
after
tness,
endurance.
ideal
she
parts
pace
quicker.
Disadvantage:
Jane
many
same
row,
Advantages:
Cardiovascular/aerobic
composition.
distance
Swim
gain
•
Use
at
Overload
T
•
it?
cycle,
same
to
body
minutes
swim,
training
and
one
during
work
so
She
doing
but
that
would
to
the
three
season
instead
she
be
fartlek
this
is
always
better
as
try
off
these
times
there
to
for
is
no
increase
working
changing
are
25/30
better
need
the
close
one
for
minutes
to
add
intensity
to
her
session
games
a
any
by
anaerobic
to
interval
players.
POINTS
•
Fartlek
•
Circuit
training
one
the
of
training
is
excellent
only
simplest
really
QUESTIONS
1.
fartlek
Describe
training
games
improves
training
SUMMARY
for
cardiovascular
methods
and
list
players.
its
to
tness
but
is
use.
advantages
and
disadvantages.
2.
Devise
a
starting
3.
Would
fartlek
from
session
your
continuous
for
school
a
or
training
named
sport
of
your
choice,
home.
be
suitable
for
you?
Explain.
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7.9
Methods
Flexibility
LEARNING
this
unit
•
describe
you
will
learn
be
two
types
of
and
how
you
is
Flexibility
it?
Static
for
about
stretching
30
is
seconds
where
a
without
muscle
jerking
is
or
held
in
a
stretched
bouncing.
active,
where
you
hold
the
stretch
or
passive,
where
It
you
may
use
a
overload
what
areas
of
of
equipment
to
apply
the
force.
tness
•
they
improve:
would
partner
state
to
tness
be
•
training
used
position
apply
(3)
to:
What
training
training
OUTCOMES
Can
In
of
Overload
(Apply
for
T
FITT):
F
–
more
times
per
week.
I
–
hold
target.
of
longer,
–
stretching,
repeat
but
the
these
stretch.
do
have
T
–
There
injury
are
risks
other
and
so
methods
will
not
be
explainedhere.
•
Advantages:
more
•
power
A
muscle
and
Disadvantage:
for
example,
Types
of
No
of
type
improve
can
training
muscular
systems.
In
First
power
or
this
is
resistance.
slowly
bres
in
we
with
be
in
more
movement
imparted
some
and
sports
a
will
better
could
be
allow
technique.
a
problem,
shoulders.
isolation,
endurance
as
well
endurance
you
must
the
is
you
amount
Strength
weightlifting,
It
exibility
player’
s
works
spread
all
to
training
muscular
of
joint
will
look
as
or
aerobic
power
look
at
continuous
at
would
endurance.
as
well
to
train
how
specicity
running
again,
as
the
Circuits
energy
muscles
i.e.
in
more
strength,
endurance.
Strength
sports.
Over
rugby
muscle
improve
detail.
a
and
momentum
sumo
the
on
force
own
wrestling
force
apply
of
its
it.
that
is
or
that
is
can
rarely
holding
important
Strength
training
be
exerted
needed
in
someone
and
it
down
does
makes
your
against
sport,
not
fast
a
perhaps
in
combat
matter
twitch
how
muscle
bigger.
Power
is
the
ability
to
do
strength
exercises
quickly.
By
contracting
Jane
strong
muscles
objects
Power
thrown
training
Muscular
the
training
Many
goal
makes
sports
areas,
in
e.g.
a
their
season
to
a
power
ability
to
sports
power
will
to
jump,
for
try
90
in
their
improve
their
as
the
playing
muscle
where
using
need
their
in
spring.
tennis.
at
types
to
bigger.
maintain
better
different
and
sports
minutes
endurance
to
in
footballers
endurance
power
lift
rowing,
bres
e.g.
run
to
momentum
bres
and
it
cycling,
require
aerobic
muscular
it
to
give
muscle
need
muscle
combination,
to
repeat
Y
ou
running,
muscles
convert
and
twitch
tired.
twitch
needs
and
fast
the
e.g.
slow
Some
using
and
is
create
accelerate
your
getting
leg
boxer
power
sportsperson
off
your
net.
you
action,
require
in
the
explosive
hit,
without
same
endurance
a
or
makes
endurance
contractions
repeat
quickly
and
in
oxygen.
power
and
smash
different
leg
arm
you
Endurance
muscles
muscles.
strength
season
but
Any
during
the
approaches.
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14:17
Weight
Can
be
What
used
is
weight
training
it?
to
improve:
Lifting
free
Muscular
weights
strength,
(barbells
or
power
,
and
dumbbells)
endurance.
or
using
machines.
Type
of
strength
%1RM
Number
of
reps
Strength
90
6
Power
75
12
50–60
20
Muscular
•
endurance
Overload
I
–
lift
Be
it
(reps)
muscular
to
nd
one
So
to
–
key
the
to
muscular
the
Very
(see
Disadvantage:
needs
do
a
weight
Gwenna
to
and
weight
does
a
training
Jane
training
lifting
plates
fuse
If
to
Jane
As
slowly
her
raiser,
trainer,
she
Gwenna’
s
season
she
is
would
improve
she
on
a
range
she
or
a
start
be
then
start
and
less
to
improve
but
would
power
for
be
Free
16
–
Y
ou
weights.
and
or
weights
should
not
Bones
time
stimulates
will
on
can
a
adapt
muscle
Gwenna
growth.
cause
up
her
to
the
growth
tone
her
muscular
20
her
exercises
a
one.
stair
At
better
off
year
or
Lifting
with
a
pulse
or
cross
health.
the
still
reps.
muscles.
climber
end
strength
must
another
T
free
reps.
eccentrically,
training.
every
her
she
six
growth.
cardiovascular
power
their
than
(sets).
of
–
intensity
.
terms).
improving
burst
youneed
more
group
of
bone
building
alternated
the
reps
you
or
growth.
movement
reps
Gwenna
off
more
lifting
injury.
young
stunt
adults
instead
age
weight
too
times
power
,
training.
to
the
which
and
her
lift
these
because
start
quick
improve
could
explosive
of
lead
week.
of
exercise
muscle
about
a
calculate
on
the
circuit
uneven
and
to
go
weight
under
when
early
weights
should
each
concentrically,
will
bone,
for
can
not
correct
can
if
for
repeat
do
you
muscle
weight
her
the
and
should
light
also
could
to
and
you
cause
too
once
body
training
weights
full
growing.
own
remind
as
skipping,
session
in
still
a
times
can
pulls
programme
you
persons
16
improves
as
she
increase
this
lifting
with
tness
such
it
heavy
by
it
lift
weight
technique
well
together
enjoyed
endurance
them
are
as
contraction
However
as
a
times
number
strength,
once
you
Young
improving
strength,
needs
Poor
partner.
the
above
of
to
more
and
table
specic
3.3
are
lift
the
your
endurance
exercise
you
can
use
your
number
muscle
isometrically
in
increase
the
setting
they
Then
or
Do
you
When
1RM.
the
–
whether
machines
Advantages:
•
amount
the
intensity
would
use
whether
F
as
maximum
or
increase
increase
For
FITT):
endurance.
max
you
could
•
careful
is
out
rep
reps
T
(Apply
very
of
with
no
the
an
overdo
using
a
this
circuit
as
to
so.
KEY
SUMMARY
•
QUESTIONS
POINTS
Most
types
1.
What
bres
2.
Name
3.
How
are
adapted
by
each
type
of
muscle
training?
weights
might
he/she
and
sets
apply
a
sprinter
overload?
would
use.
of
require
several
tness.
How?
•
the
sports
Loads
and
changed
types
of
reps
to
can
target
be
different
strength.
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7.10
The
training
and
recovery
In
LEARNING
this
chapter
this
unit
you
will
learn
of
to:
describe
training
the
three
parts
of
tests
training
would
•
be
to
list
ways
•
describe
you
may
•
do
A
plan
start
really
heat.
to
•
•
tear.
increases
a
the
range
of
joint.
to
tears
a
to
to
a
shooting
drill
Keep
our
training
burn
as
fat
must
cannot
end
run
out
of
person’
s
to
use
needs,
what
look
the
use
principles
methods
at
the
of
training
session
itself.
body
as
muscles
and
long
events
the
joints
e.g.
types
fast-break
training
–
may
shots
performing
a
Psychological
of
muscle
the
for
applicable
warms
muscles
heat
at
passing
a
about
nervous
making
training
tness
in
your
or
to
synovial
less
around
likely
the
joint.
30
This
helps
to
seconds.
impulses
travel
reactions
quicker
and
shooting.
where
a
to
taken
skill
do
a
against
under
already
“psyched
session,
training
set
up”.
is
a
–
of
an
important
continuous,
under
in
a
e.g.
principle
interval,etc.
corners
pressure
very
goalkeeper
short
from
situations
in
as
time,
it
different
such
as
is
e.g.
in
a
angles
shooting
in
breath.
learning
or
e.g.
moves,
put
Practice
thoughts,
is
be:
etc.
task
difcult
out
preparation
calm
variation
could
basketball,
have
task
when
too
the
activities:
activity
by
with
so
some
–
of
created
and
oxygen)
following
anything
movement
interesting – remember,
You
the
–
heat
each
muscles
preparation
number
of
Hold
warm-up
relevant
T
actical
adds
The
mobile
transfers
range
•
game.
with
cycling
do.
more
strains.
a
Pressure
warm-up
(with
rises.
–
a
aerobically
do
to
how
the
recognize
to
slow
opposite
to
when
your
you
heart
raise
are
rate
it.
fat
T
echnical
preparation
designed
to
–
a
series
of
increasingly
difcult
practices
be
be
means
rate
preparation
that
we
improve
a
technical
aspect
such
as
a
netball
player
used
on
her
footwork
technique
and
skills.
at
can
The
of
also
energy
ow
Physical
working
This
blood
•
•
own.
your
to
joints
Different
getting
bodies
about
training.
down
the
and
going
rowing,
of
•
its
up
Making
the
co-ordinated,
training
KNOW?
glucose
are
and
the
basketball
on
a
weaknesses,
warm-up
exercise,
increase
The
or
when
a
heat
game-related
more
pressure.
too
now
jogging,
heart
prevent
a
defenders
you
Stretch
Do
–
makes
and
quickly
•
energy,
to
exible.
Increased
football,
used
are
with
raiser
and
body
for
programme,
We
Before
activity
uid
Even
a
want
more
pulse
the
YOU
analyse
recovery.
creates
DID
to
and
fatigue
become
Adding
learnt
strengths
a
You
in
nd
session
•
movement
to
suitable.
Always
Stretching
have
OUTCOMES
tness
In
you
session
cool-down
glucose.
This
A
is
few
gentle
acid,
just
as
important
minutes
jog,
and
Stretch
to
will
of
exercise
keep
prevent
loosen
as
the
to
oxygen
blood
tight
warm-up.
keep
your
travelling
pooling
in
heart
to
your
the
up,
such
as
muscles,
rate
clear
lactic
a
veins.
muscles.
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14:17
Fatiqu
e
g
We
fatigue
system
acid
our
the
more
body
rate
Lactic
why
this
•
is
Glycogen
may
•
take
Micro
tter
you
must
called
tears
be
in
to
how
long
its
walk
or
to
is
they
It
on
which
build
running
up
out
of
of
energy
lactic
glucose,
were
before
the
exercise
takes.
resting
is
slowly
the
a
of.
this
normal
removed.
pulse.
better
jog
to
to
do
keep
This
an
you
happens
“active
heart
rate
up.
muscles.
Oxygen
better.
is
needed
(Remember
for
from
this
unit
which
4.8
that
events
this
is
debt”).
must
48
to
are:
and
store
individuals.
going
“oxygen
to
limited
depending
reasons
contracting
how
recovery
stores
up
is
return
for
active
a
often
main
bodies
rate
oxygen
acid
the
has
our
where
keeps
reasons,
The
muscles
must
quickly
many
used.
only
returns
recovery”
•
for
being
recovery
Heart
This
recovery
prevents
Recovery
and
(tire)
was
that
which
•
and
be
hours
muscles
replaced.
(see
must
After
graph
be
prolonged
below).
repaired.
In
marathons
you
Tips
for
•
Follow
•
When
•
Always
get
your
you
can
pace
run
out
of
glucose
if
wrong.
recovery
a
heavy
starting
training
training
day
or
with
a
light
recovering
day.
from
injury
train
alternatedays.
DID
have
a
rest
YOU
KNOW?
day.
Gentle
exercise
removing
lactic
is
better
acid
at
from
the
100
body
during
than
standing
“active
rest”
where
walk
featured
still
you
so
jog
or
marathon
is
in
most
training
methods.
)%(
ydob
after
marathon
ni
serots
50
negocylG
marathon
complete
0
0
6
12
18
24
Time
30
36
42
48
54
(hours)
KEY
•
SUMMARY
POINTS
Warm-up
potential
QUESTIONS
helps
1.
List
the
2.
Name
3.
For
three
stages
of
a
your
these
ve
ways
sport,
you
describe
preparations.
a
recovery
injury
cool-down
time.
warm-up.
•
the
reduces
and
can
an
prepare
activity
for
you
sport
might
through
do
for
training.
each
of
The
be
training
varied
many
to
activity
can
address
different
aspects
of
performance.
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7.11
Summary
of
training
effects
Remember
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
describe
exercise
causes
immediate
effects
on
the
body
such
as
OUTCOMES
you
will
the
aerobic
and
training
on
learn
effects
increased
heart
which
summarized
are
and
breathing
rates.
It
also
has
long-term
effects
here.
to:
of
The
effects
of
aerobic
training
anaerobic
the
Muscular
body.
The
system
muscles
get
better
at
using
oxygen.
Circulatory
They
system
can
without
The
heart
gets
bigger
and
a
work
harder
for
longer
fatigue.
bit
Muscles
stronger.
get
better
at
using
fat
for
energy.
Resting
heart
heart
can
each
beat
out
rate
hold
more
(increased
This
also
falls
more,
can
the
the
Fat
with
gives
than
come
stroke
means
as
so
a
volume).
large
output
energy
and
amount
per
your
gram
body
has
stored.
maximum
More
cardiac
more
glycogen,
increases
capillaries
grow
around
the
so
muscles.
youcan
work
aerobic
zone,
longer
thus
in
the
More
delaying
fatigue.
food
More
blood
muscles
blood
and
red
blood
can
reach
bringing
whilst
also
the
oxygen
and
removing
carbon
cells
dioxide.
are
created.
Oxygen
can
efciently,
be
delivered
again,
Effects
more
delaying
of
the
above
mean
body
fat
fatigue.
The
Both
on
basal
metabolic
rate
is
that
increased.
after
to
exercise
normal
heart
rate
returns
You
quicker.
burn
when
Arteries
grow
larger
and
pressure
falls.
Muscles
get
More
is
as
Respiratory
breathing
intercostals,
fat
faster,
even
resting.
fat
well,
so
better
burnt
you
at
using
during
get
fat.
exercise
slimmer.
system
Effects
The
are
more
elastic.
Blood
stored
you
on
bones
and
joints
muscles,
and
diaphragm
get
Bones
get
stronger.
stronger.
Cells
You
can
take
expelling
deeper
more
CO
on
breaths,
capillaries
Ligaments
grow
around
so
more
are
exchange
again
delaying
build
makes
new
the
bone
cells
osteoblasts
–
training
work
puts
extra
stress
harder.
get
stronger.
puts
stress
on
ligaments
and
they
respond.
used.
Cartilage
Gas
which
the
Exercise
alveoli
osteoblasts
bones,
quicker.
2
More
called
your
occurs
fatigue.
gets
thicker.
quicker,
This
makes
it
better
at
absorbing
shocks.
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The
effects
of
anaerobic
training
The
heart
Remember
Muscular
heart
Your
muscles
can
tolerate
higher
levels
of
lactic
means
longer
–
you
vital
in
can
work
speed
at
and
maximum
speed
effort
endurance
for
well
gets
ventricle
team
muscle
get
strength
is
training:
if
and
then
they
will
bigger.
you
stop
known
to
as
can
contract
with
allowing
greater
T
endons
get
An
thicker
increase
hypertrophy
muscles
return
explosive
bres
called
Muscles
in
so
thicker,
of
the
the
left
the
heart
in
can
a
beat
larger
more
stroke
muscle
size
output.
and
hypertrophy
training,
their
original
atrophy).
more
force
strength
or
DID
thicker
and
YOU
them
from
being
being
at
results
as
altitude
for
gives
anaerobic
there
is
less
air
damaged
pressure
force
KNOW?
Performing
good
extra
cardiac
(remember
power.
get
and
therefore
prevents
the
especially
resulting
athletes
by
layers
muscle.
overall
stronger.
This
of
games.
muscles
–
the
wall.
means
volume
Individual
size
of
made
as
strongly,
many
is
events,
This
as
wall
acid.
This
This
one
system
supplied
by
to
“push
through”.
the
Many
world
records
in
muscles.
anaerobic
when
Effects
Bones
on
get
bones
and
joints
stronger.
the
held
in
very
high
On
Mexico
the
called
osteoblasts
bone
cells
–
puts
extra
stress
which
on
Ligaments
makes
work
get
puts
This
makes
it
athletes
train
on
the
happen
quite
athletes
do
big
events,
on
ligaments
and
they
Using
lost
at
absorbing
be
information
aerobic
suggested
fartlek
the
However,
at
altitude,
previous
the
page
faster.
this
Some
leading
but
the
once
up
effects
back
at
to
are
sea
in
level
action).
POINTS
QUESTIONS
the
was
and
of
shocks.
from
training
this
runs
unit,
explain
(three
lots
the
of
25
effect
of
•
Training
•
Long-term
what
mins).
your
It
lack
results
thicker.
Gwenna’
s
2.
a
respond.
KEY
1.
at
the
stronger.
better
SUMMARY
were
is
harder.
stress
gets
the
poor
athletes.
(reversibility
Cartilage
which
your
soon
Exercise
hand
means
aerobic
effects
osteoblasts
City
training
if
bones
broken
games
build
for
new
were
altitude.
other
oxygen
Cells
events
Olympic
she
training.
changes
on
changed
What
her
these
would
body?
to
intensive
is
very
adaptations
makes
sport
specic.
you
or
better
are
at
healthier
.
intervals
•
All
changes
training
are
reversible
if
stops.
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7
Summary
TRAINING
AND
1.
Explain
why
2.
Identify
the
beginning
3.
List
‘If
the
you
‘You
‘No
4.
EFFECTS
‘overload’
main
of
will
get
stress
that
use
it,
what
leads
18
is
important
components
for
no
years
lose
train
testing
for’
Principle
of
………………………..
Principle
of
………………………..
age
by
and
has
training
session
based
on
interval
8.
Design
a
training
session
based
on
circuit
9.
Explain
the
components
advantages
health
body
we
bigger
is
affected
by
are
concerned
muscles
mental,
(c)
professional
treatment
for
(d)
our
body
how
letting
(b)
safely
(c)
building
pride
(d)
building
up
and
getting
social
and
mental
emotions
rid
of
eating
protocol
for
the
intensity.
training
Calculate
the
heart
rate
he
must
aim
programme.
session.
training.
training.
aerobic
training
only
energy
that
system.
targets
the
anaerobic
energy
systems.
with
vegetables
it
injuries
functions
in
an
and
as
it
under
results
uncontrolled
stress
in
manner
aggression
experience
and
75%
well-being
our
tension
at
your
mainly
well-being
loose
through
tension
and
to
training
the
(b)
(a)
a
training
rowing
inuences
of
of
(a)
physical
FITT
train
a
the
applying
to
Design
main
our
tness
………………………..
7.
12. Exercise
a
of
the
physical
design
Principle
Describe
dening
and
training.
it’
6.
11. In
sport
of
following:
progress’
of
meant
the
Explain
how
principle
your
5.
10. Describe
is
you
to
session.
what
most
matches
you
for
this
the
season.
Jonathan
in
is
tness
the
principle
don’t
questions
with
losing
to
other
persons
aggression
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10:12
13. The
Principles
of
(a)
adaptability
(b)
specicity
(c)
overtraining
(d)
fartlek
14. Overload
is
achieved
(a)
repeating
(b)
reducing
(c)
making
(d)
pushing
15. Tristan
Training
the
the
the
wanted
by
same
body
to
load
suit
specic
to
work
weight
to
do
on
Circuit
(b)
Fartlek
and
continuous
(c)
Weight
and
interval
(d)
FITT
in
the
to
more
her
(a)
16. When
and
training
challenge
training
the
include
every
session
competition
the
demands
repetitions
endurance.
of
and
What
the
sets
sport
than
method
of
before
training
would
be
most
useful?
training
training
training
training
Coach
Henry
set
up
tness
testing
for
aerobic
endurance
he
included
which
of
the
following
tests?
(a)
Kasch
(b)
Sit
(c)
Dynamometer
(d)
Illinois
17. The
Boyer
and
Reach,
and
chemical
(a)
Glucose
(b)
P
(c)
Glucose
C
→
and
Cooper
and
and
1
5
Alternate
reactions
→
Energy
Rep
Max
meter
shuttle
run
Hand
in
+
the
aerobic
Lactic
energy
system
18. If
Oxygen
twenty
(or
Fat)
+
Oxygen
→
year
old
Maxine
270
beats
per
minute
(b)
120
beats
per
minute
(c)
200
beats
per
minute
(d)
140
beats
per
minute
effects
represented
as:
→
Energy
+
CO
+
H
of
O
2
Energy
(a)
19. The
be
Energy
2
(d)
can
Acid
anaerobic
(a)
Hypertrophy,
(b)
More
capillaries
(c)
More
efcient
(d)
Atrophy,
use
thicker
to
use
of
is
training
ATP
more
oxygen
and
at
70%
include
tendons
get
of
training
and
more
which
muscle
oxygen
for
intensity
to
of
her
the
target
heart
rate
is
following?
bres
the
muscles
energy
endurance
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10:12
Skills
and
affecting
8.1
What
this
unit
factors
performance
Skill
LEARNING
In
other
is
in
sport
skill?
OUTCOMES
you
will
•
dene
•
classify
skills
•
explain
the
learn
We
often
describe
but
what
do
someone
as
skilled
or
their
performance
as
skilful,
to:
we
mean
by
that?
skill
Co-ordinated
phases
of
Controlled
Good
technique
skill
learning.
Characteristics
of
Aesthetic
Consistent
skill
Pre-determined
•
Controlled
•
Good
•
Consistent
many
•
•
•
•
–
–
the
–
the
the
performer
–
the
the
in
performer
–
with
with
intent,
Aesthetic
–
the
the
Co-ordinated
all
of
The
with
has
this
the
repeat
the
an
acceptable
movement
the
was
able
does
not
born
waste
learned
performance
a
goal
in
performance
–
the
pattern.
correctly
skill
to
to
develop
it.
It
was
do.
energy
or
time
performing
can
be
and
to
you
is
“in-between”
skills
an
part
as
open
is
change
the
out
deliberately
to
watch.
Spectators
ows
and
up
about
smoothly.
with
a
denition
of
pre-determined
minimum
outlay
of
skill:
results,
time,
energy
both.
skills
environment.
pitch,
carried
pleasing
come
bring
certainty
classied
what
was
sight.
performance
ability
maximum
Learning
the
follows
movement.
skill.
together
Classifying
your
the
practised
or
Open
of
skill.
and
Skills
control
can
performer
Pre-determined
Put
is
performance
performer
something
appreciate
•
performer
Learned
times.
Efcient
the
the
technique
Learned
not
–
Efficient
a
bit
every
In
crowd,
open,
or
more
time
team
your
closed
closed
skill
or
somewhere
looks
like
is
in
quite
between.
easy,
but
the
difcult.
you
games,
perform
for
opponents,
them.
example,
and
the
They
your
depend
upon
environment
opposition.
Each
is
time
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14:19
you
so
pass
this
might
the
ball,
requires
change
Closed
skills
therefore,
an
the
are
open
direction,
the
same
environment
is
relatively
for
a
vault
example,
you
In
can
repeat
sport,
levels
of
the
however,
somewhere
your
skill.
in
action
Each
speed
every
skill
in
many
in-between,
environmental
and
time
unchanged
gymnastics.
exactly
will
time
to
be
perform
a
different
pass,
and
you
trajectory.
you
each
The
perform
time
them.
you
the
same
not
simply
are
on
continuum,
way
is
xed
each
open
The
perform
equipment
skills
a
need
you
or
because
the
and
skill,
so
time.
closed.
they
They
have
lie
varying
inuence.
closed
open
Tennis
Saving
serve
a
penalty
open
This
it
is
can
it
closed
be
does
not
because
factors.
because
repeated
movements
change
of
The
not
Although
and
repeated,
outside
oor
timing
will
move!
time
more
This
skill
it
placing
each
a
the
this
making
and
change
of
can
closed,
of
so
open
the
it
be
is
open
the
the
shot
start
player
becomes
a
speed
the
going
does
or
bit
more
because
and
is
keeper
skill.
little
play
ball
is
goalkeeper
to
not
direction
environmental
closed
the
shoot.
know
of
knows
in
This
at
affected
the
The
trajectory,
shot
change
and
be
these
with
When
time
and
we
we
the
of
skill
learn
spend
amount
The
we
each
of
go
through
phase
practice
Cognitive
ball
could
each
by
swerve
The
a
is
environment.
could
next
or
shot
completely
speed,
and/or
the
movement
the
have
different
because
trajectory
direction.
learning
skills
in
open
deected.
penalty.
Phases
is
goalkeeper’s
the
However,
the
the
factors
than
static
play
distinct
depends
we
stages.
upon
the
The
skill,
amount
our
of
abilities,
do.

The

This
skill
involves
is
new.

You
have

You
begin
to
practice
trial
and
error.
Phase
to
think
carefully
understand
about
what
what
the
skill
you
are
trying
requires
you
to
do.
to
do.
to
your
L
E

This
is

You
learn
the
phase.
A
from
errors.
R
The
Associative
Phase

You
connect

You
make

It

The
skill

You
do

You
have
(associate)
your
knowledge
of
the
skill
movement.
N
fewer
errors
with
more
practice
and
help
from
coaches.
I
is
important
to
get
things
right
as
learned
faults
are
difcult
to
correct
later.
N
G
The
Autonomous
is
now
not
much
spare
cognitive
about
you,
QUESTIONS
1.
Dene
2.
Give
examples
3.
How
are
4.
Describe
the
of
open
affected
phases
and
by
of
capacity
thought
e.g.
to
think
to
perform
opponents,
about
it
team
other
as
it
has
mates,
things
become
tactics,
such
closed
the
skills.
environment?
learning.
as
automatic
the
(autonomous).
changing
etc.
KEY
“skill”.
skills
conscious
Phase
environment
SUMMARY
learned.
need
POINTS
•
Skill
is
learned.
•
Skills
•
Learning
can
be
classied.
goes
through
phases.
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8.2
Other
factors
affecting
performance
There
LEARNING
are
Some,
In
this
unit
•
explain
you
will
some
of
learn
affect
the
such
covered
to:
in
as
things
your
that
body
will
affect
Chapters
6
type,
and
9.
diet,
your
Here
age
performance
we
and
tness,
in
sport.
consider
have
some
been
more.
factors
The
that
many
OUTCOMES
environment
performance.
Altitude
In
1968
of
2240m
jump
the
and
Olympic
above
throw
signicantly
research
At
high
This
the
altitude
means
the
in
air
but
of
were
A
level
effect
the
that
level.
events
below
into
Games
sea
new
in
performance
normally
altitude
pressure
aerobic
held
record
is
events
Mexico
was
in
set
in
at
an
nearly
endurance
expected.
on
City
This
altitude
all
sprint,
events
was
prompted
performance.
lower
and
such
as
contains
5000m,
less
oxygen.
competitors
LINK
will
in
Look
back
at
units
4.8
and
struggle
anaerobic
revise
aerobic
and
get
sufcient
events,
such
oxygen
as
to
sprints,
perform
jumps
well.
and
Performance
throws,
is
less
7.6
affected
to
to
in
this
way
and
also
benets
from
the
reduced
force
of
the
air
anaerobic
pressure
acting
upon
the
body,
slowing
it
down.
Hence
performance
respiration.
in
endurance
At
3600m
66%
of
Exposure
You
may
where
by
to
at
this
high
highest
your
red
allows
improve
in
make
is
you
and
individuals
before
blood
your
power
stadium
capacity
nausea
weeks
blood,
football
can
ignored,
for
however,
exercise
altitude
This
to
the
and
are
more
help
suffers,
headaches,
signs
bigger.
can
has
altitude
creating
grows
Paz
oxygen
suffer
the
training
La
the
events
a
the
feel
of
ill
that
until
fatigue
have
world.
to
and
at
died.
The
sea
in
more
can
air
improve.
contains
level.
acclimatise.
extreme
However,
your
capillaries
carry
it
you
and
competition
cells
blood
in
84%
events
body
and
oxygen
cases,
by
adapts
your
and
heart
so
stamina.
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Weather
At
the
2014
Brazil,
the
various
FIFA
World
climatic
host
cities
performance.
In
Cup
in
conditions
had
Rio
an
the
at
the
impact
on
maximum
o
temperature
weather
was
was
dry
around
25
whereas
C and
in
the
Manaus
o
the
temperature
the
weather
T
eams
found
from
the
would
The
2022
Qatar
intense
was
stormy
countries
conditions
you
to
reached
probably
World
and
in
controversially
C
and
not
used
struggle
Cup
was
to
heat,
scheduled
to
just
in
this
as
snow!
awarded
avoid
the
and
humid.
difcult,
order
summer
40
the
event
for
was
the
The
winter
Performing
you
on
to
in
adverse
change
the
wind.
car,
The
your
and
or
extreme
tactics.
imagine
A
weather
wet
track
competing
in
decisions
you
make
in
extremelyimportant
and
could
mean
and
Other
heat.
in
a
conditions
F1
requires
sailing
situations
the
may
event
such
as
force
different
if
there
these
difference
is
will
between
tyres
no
be
winning
factors
factors
surface
these
by
adapt.
in
their
There
affect
you
For
performance
perform
ensuring
to
that
boots
in
order
to
many
factors
point
is
but
to
cope.
to
occur
ensured
As
if
we
you
It
is
prepare
your
they
temperatures
aware
with
can
able
for
to
the
prepared
levels
drier
pitch.
in
the
T
eams
by
and
the
in
the
at
the
are
able
the
studs
where
weather
you
are
2014
a
likely
expect
World
and
competition
play
more
you
altitude
and
of
the
adapt
conditions
training
before
of
performance,
eventualities,
train
and
length
and
wear
impact
the
them
altitude
you
the
conditions
or
your
clothing
reduce
change
softer
affect
performance.
humidity
a
seen,
you
of
can
the
can
recognize
different
that
were
and
cope
already
important
during
that
are
that
being
have
including
Performers
footballers
are
possible.
on.
they
example,
important
part
of
losing.
Other
the
effects
months.
Cup
in
high
began.
KEY
•
A
POINTS
person
control
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
What
are
the
immediate
2.
What
are
the
effects
•
effects
of
altitude
on
a
A
person
training
at
altitude
on
the
How
does
altitude
affect
performance
b)
endurance
power
events
events?
necessarily
in
environment.
must
learn
to
adapt
changes
are
to
in
be
conditions
if
successful.
in
•
a)
not
their
body?
they
3.
is
person?
to
of
of
Altitude
can
have
positive
and
negative
on
both
effects
performance.
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8.3
Psychological
LEARNING
Psychology
is
personality,
the
this
unit
•
explain
you
will
learn
to
how
of
outcomes
you
the
mind
are
interact
and
some
with
of
behaviour.
others,
Your
psychological
approach
factors
activities,
and
that
can
an
unit
we
have
on
your
performance
in
PE
and
sport.
In
this
take
a
motivation
look
stress
way
to:
effect
and
study
OUTCOMES
react
In
the
factors
can
at
two
factors
in
more
detail.
affect
performance.
Motivation
Motivation
sprinter
is
what
wanting
drives
to
win
a
you
to
race.
achieve
There
a
are
set
two
of
goals;
for
example,
a
types:
Motivation
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Comes
from
Comes
within
external
Enjoyment
from
sources
of
Praise
the
Rewards
activity
Pride
at
your
Recognition
Prizes
performance
from
others
Satisfaction
Payment
Extrinsic
rewards
often
sport
they
to
and
as
certicates.
enjoy
the
are
all
someone
have
the
right
One
lack
way
Following
to
it
is
this
the
and
Highly
what
help
physical
who
so
intrinsic
extrinsic
may
do
motivation
well.
and
even
that
you
will
badges,
not
work
not
to
that
keeps
driven
they
want
participate
in
medals,
they
individuals
stopped.
may
are
abilities,
as
sure
have
They
motivation
not
to
such
make
rewards
individuals
them
lacking
and
to
motivates
attributes
are
interest
persons
rewards
however,
motivated
to
motivate
that
this
direction,
your
important,
when
young
tangible
motivate
to
achieve
hard
can
and,
if
perform
perform
well.
participate
at
and
they
well
They
all.
setting
remember
you
as
order
Those
probably
Goal
in
encourage
receive
is
different
goals
sport.
even
else.
have
in
It
activity
performing,
We
like
all
is
goals
method
help
progress,
and
to
to
set
must
of
goal
make
goals
be
feel
you
targets.
You
need
to
SMARTER.
setting
you
motivate
or
to
will
in
ensure
control,
work
that
allow
your
you
goals
to
give
assess
hard.
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S
M
A
R
Specic
Measurable
Agreed
Realistic
This
you
helps
to
You
know
be
should
able
to
exactly
assess
what
progress
are
to
you
aiming
do.
“Run
faster”
is
too
You
and
coach
your
agree
by
should
your
goals.
measuring
are
or
with
they
timing
yourself.
vague.
your
If
not
you
happy
T
Time
Goals
A
must
of
be
schedule
what
challenging
are
but
to
also
phased
them,
you
should
will
capable
motivate
you.
of
by
R
Exciting
Recorded
goals
too
will
bored.
when
you
help
your
motivate
you.
Keeping
a
get
As
improve,
written
record
allows
you
track
to
progress
goals
should
achieving.
are
easy
you
achieve
and
are
you
trying
something
not
If
E
and
remember
get
your
goals.
harder.
Stress
Stress
is
what
we
feel
when
we
Fear
cannot,
or
believe
we
of
letting
Frustration
cannot,
people
cope
put
with
upon
degree
the
us.
of
demands
We
stress
all
at
down
being
experience
some
a
point
Possible
in
The
lives
helps
and
sometimes
it
causes
of
Winning/losing
crowd
stress
our
in
a
sport
competition
even
performance.
Stress
is
a
psychological
factor
Aggressive
but
it
can
bring
symptoms
that
we
way
of
others
get
heart
it
so
focuses
rate,
is
very
that
a
in
stress
hand
and
and
and
what
affect
including
himself
does
not
is
very
sick
athletes
exercises.
imagines
There
go
or
no
set
quiet,
have
an
more.
adversely
techniques
muscular
person
task
not
and
physically
sweat
Coaches
does
relaxation
and
feel
or
your
stressed.
withdraw
some
faster
cause
stress
becoming
persons
breathe
adopt
the
are
important.
the
which
on
we
some
aggressive,
meditation
rehearsalin
affect
when
or
situations
important
situations
athletes
exercises,
physical
stress,
angry
what
with
together
or
is
recognise
Knowing
Some
it
noticing
increased
cope
and
about
helps
need
to
work
performance.
breathing
Others
practise
performing
allow
you
mental
successfully,
distractions
to
concentration.
KEY
SUMMARY
•
1.
What
is
POINTS
QUESTIONS
meant
by
Psychological
different
2.
Explain
the
factors
are
motivation?
difference
between
intrinsic
and
for
everyone.
extrinsic
•
Motivation
determines
amount
effort
the
motivation.
3.
Give
examples
means
of
something
tangible
you
rewards.
can
touch
or
Remember
tangible
your
Explain
5.
Give
6.
What
what
is
examples
methods
meant
of
by
some
can
SMARTER
possible
individuals
you
put
into
activity.
hold.
•
4.
of
in
relation
causes
adopt
to
of
to
stress
help
cope
goal
in
setting.
sport.
with
stress?
•
SMARTER
goals
likely
successful.
to
Stress
be
can
negative
be
a
are
more
positive
or
factor.
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8.4
Motion,
force
and
stability
Motion
LEARNING
Motion
In
this
unit
you
will
learn
apply
the
motion,
principles
force,
enhance
and
the
means
effect
produced
of
stability
to
stop
its
performance.
and
by
motion
is
the
100 m
and
the
is
law
the
ball
The
one
•
is
plenty
of
force
2 kg
The
law
push
that!
Force
a
laws
it
it
and
to
as
or
keep
a
object
exerted
to
create
faster
,
you
lot
of
we
often
motion:
will
remain
until
stops
a
use
it,
the
such
air
or
both.
and
spin
still
another
player
force
(force)
running
the
of
change
apply
pulling
and
matched.
sprinter
as
and
can
backwards
until
by
order
evenly
such
moving
still
often
as
forwards.
and
until
force
kicks
it.
a
twist
in
force
stops
It
another
ground,
Linear
the
it.
will
player,
which
slows
stops.
is
A
throw
sport
laws
something
the
strong
in
are
pumping
remains
force
weaker.
of
action
opposite
pull
The
force
able
the
acceleration
acting
to
person
will
and
upon
apply
shot
it.
more
putting
men’
s
the
more
push
reaction.
reaction.
something,
trampoline
higher
will
until
the
a
is
is
it
there
happening,
body
make
but
such
Newton’
s
in
it
the
than
of
an
For
force
shot
the
object
example,
to
will
the
a
shot
shot
than
need
women’
s
depends
to
use
which
is
lighter.
and
or
A
is
sport
motion,
sides
and
in
force
down,
no
the
arms
acceleration.
is
is
by
it
if
and
apply
tug-of-war
the
football
until
mass
who
over
equal
Newton’
s
of
who
more
or
down
its
putter
of
and
a
is
straight,
turning
move
net,
law
upon
of
there
another
motion
there
rotary,
is
inertia.
move
In
or
governed
to
slow
movement
that
of
it
goal
to
force,
action
example,
the
must
linear
means
The
We
no
throwing.
motion
muscles.
resulting.
discus
•
each
sport
on
movement
continue
this
in
has
also
Rotary
For
to
and
body
Without
either
makes
apply
and
sometimes
means
•
to
one
our
motion
Motion
All
motion
movement
that
direction.
without
Try
force
to:
is
•
and
OUTCOMES
you
it
This
pushes
downward
into
the
For
every
means
or
pulls
force
action
that
whenever
back.
you
there
put
is
an
you
For
example
on
into
the
the
bed,
air.
of
sport.
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Stability
LINK
Stability
is
the
ability
of
the
body
to
balance
itself
while
still
or
moving.
Look
T
o
understand
this
we
need
to
think
about
the
centre
of
mass
at
unit
yourself
of
gravity)
directly
they
to
and
the
base
of
support.
above
the
base
of
support
are
to
stand
easily.
each
up
Now
other
straight
ask
the
and
them
to
more
gently
When
we
crouch
are
stable
push
and
the
of
balanced,
we
become.
them;
then
centre
they
gently
will
mass
and
the
their
balance
more
easily.
This
is
someone
lose
balance
them;
their
KEY
is
when
the
closer
to
they
centre
will
Motion
is
their
of
base
mass
is
of
support.
lower
and
It
is
also
when
the
easier
base
to
of
produced
by
of
force.
balance
•
centre
remind
POINTS
applying
mass
to
balance.
nearer
Ask
push
because
about
is
•
maintain
6.5
(centre
support
Motion
can
be
linear
or
is
rotary.
larger
or
wider.
•
Stability
of
Applying
the
principles
to
the
maintenance
balance.
performance
•
The
base
centre
Linear
is
of
of
support
mass
and
combine
to
motion
provide
•
She
ran
in
a
straight
•
Her
limbs
and
forwards.
moved
stability.
line.
backwards
Rotary
•
Her
motion
arm
rotated
as
she
bowled
Force
the
•
Her
muscles,
the
•
mass
of
the
the
ground,
the
air
all
•
applied
centre
of
to
balance;
started
•
her
of
spun
the
ball
applied
leg
very
is
as
of
Law
support
when
the
quite
light
caused
of
action
and
•
reaction
she
feet
of
the
to
force
travel
She
applied
As
she
pushed
against
to
force
begin
with
her
running.
the
apart
it
pushed
•
back.
She
applied
force
to
the
ball.
As
the
ball
hits
the
ground
maintained
forces
cause
it
gripped
it
to
keep
the
hold
opposing
of
it.
to
throughout
bounce.
•
She
applied
force
and
action.
direction
the
SUMMARY
Dene
the
terms
motion,
ball
force
and
She
What
3.
How
is
the
can
base
you
of
support
increase
your
during
she
cause
the
it
released
to
travel
air.
applied
force
with
her
stability.
muscles
2.
when
to
through
QUESTIONS
•
1.
so
it
inertia
muscles
•
the
travelled
air.
balland
balance
it
quickly.
Law
ground,
She
planted
acceleration
she
•
•
she
maintain
her
bowl
as
she
base
placed
to
ball
The
running.
widened
turned
foot.
and
mass
forward
moved
Her
The
Law
forward
•
back
through
moved
she
body
her
and
Stability
Her
Her
ball,
force.
•
ball.
a
to
stop
herself.
handstand?
stability?
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8.5
Preventing
Nobody
LEARNING
this
unit
•
describe
to
get
injured;
it
is
painful,
it
could
spoil
your
chances
OUTCOMES
of
In
wants
injuries
you
will
learn
success,
career.
to:
We
for
of
you
to
are
a
top
completely
avoid
them
athlete
prevent
and
it
is
it
could
injuries
essential
to
mean
but
the
we
exhibit
end
can
of
take
safety
your
every
principles
the
and
prevention
if
cannot
precaution
procedures
and
practices
at
all
times.
injuries.
There
are
two
categories
injuries,
for
caused
by
ill-tting
footwear,
example
or
example,
overuse,
a
tennis
poor
or
fracture
of
chronic
elbow,
tend
technique,
badly
or
injury:
designed
dislocation,
to
and
be
acute.
long
insufcient
term
and
recovery
equipment.
happen
Chronic
Acute
suddenly
are
time,
injuries,
through
for
accident
violence.
Learn
this
mind
map
and
ensure
you
can
explain
each
point
with
examples.
Appropriate
Safety
equipment
rules
Appropriate
playing
area
Preventing
injuries
Hydration
Proper
Adherence
of
Adherence
Look
back
principle
and
build
much
train
to
do
do
it
tness
while
fully
YOU
is
any
and
less
training
revise
the
principles
you
that
and
the
you
to
start
your
of
need
in
of
will
at
lower
to
a
your
to
to
lost
allows
The
start
yourself
by
by
slowly
doing
too
ensuring
you
performance.
progress,
level
good
training.
specicity
have
training
having
of
need
reversibility
you
a
you
injure
for
order
principle
prone
could
principle
reason
and
of
taught
systems
Varying
work,
training
going
The
down
but
areas
recovery
that
tness,
you
of
must
remember
means
some
until
You
build
your
if
so
up
when
your
body
ensures
not
you
that
to
rest
you
are
injury.
rules
KNOW?
Each
Safety
body
training,
again.
others
Safety
DID
for
to
this
are
quickly.
train
rested
and
warm-up/cool
principles
principles
Follow
you
your
return
7.5
Ignore
soon.
too
not
you
unit
areas
overload
the
progression
up.
too
the
at
of
to
to
one
standards
CARICOM
for
of
the
PE
(see
four
laid
unit
down
1.1).
by
sport
has
Ensure
you
outlaw
violent
are
punished
serious
its
know
injury
own
rules
these
conduct
which
rules
and
and
some
has
resulted
and
are
keep
improper
have
even
from
there
to
use
found
their
to
them
of
protect
at
all
equipment;
themselves
participants.
times.
in
Sports
offenders
court
when
actions.
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Appropriate
Any
equipment
purpose.
hammer
cricket
of
equipment
used
what
throwing
failed
bat
ew
equipment
off
use
that
and
the
that
been
told
even
on
equipment
area
right
lying
sports
injury.
Gum
pads,
worn
and
if
sport
that
for
activity
the
your
is
so
ball
or
is
throw,
a
injury
ball.
is
and
t
for
discus
or
the
or
body
Regular
of
a
inspection
avoided.
checked
appropriate.
be
gear
the
danger
of
for
Y
ou
house
is
that
hazards
have
not
because
water
clothing
and
be
to
help
headgear,
them.
not
for
before
probably
appropriate,
of
could
broken
cause
but
glass,
slipping.
gear
examples.
will
repair
cage
(environment)
pools
requires
and
hitting
that
inside
could
good
the
thoroughly
protective
are
in
if
wayward
when
used
a
there
a
area
protective
shields,
ensure
with
playing
gloves
the
stop
area
be
happen
place
around,
have
must
handle
being
area
Appropriate
Some
to
playing
playing
left
sport
might
take
playing
the
that
the
the
must
Appropriate
Ensure
in
Imagine
These
You
prevent
cricket
must
must
footwear
is
a
to
danger
be
also
suitable
you
or
others.
Fitness
You
level
must
be
t
and
healthy
to
perform
in
your
Warming
sport
have
how
otherwise
the
to
injury
correct
look
is
skills
after
more
and
yourself
likely.
You
techniques
whilst
must
and
up
and
cooling
down.
also
know
performing.
LINK
Proper
Look
warm-up/cool-down
to
These
are
vital
components
of
training
and
performing.
Look
back
see
7.11
for
more
information
on
how
to
do
them
units
tness
6.3
can
to
6.5
vary
at
according
unit
at
how
to
your
activity.
properly.
Hydration
Keeping
prevent
your
heat
EXAM
•
hydrated
exhaustion
and
by
drinking
plenty
of
uids
will
help
to
cramps.
TIP
Ensure
may
body
you
miss
answer
answer
out
each
on
each
marks.
separately
part
of
Look
and
at
not
a
question,
the
in
otherwise
summary
one
long
you
questions;
paragraph.
KEY
SUMMARY
•
1.
Name
2.
Describe
3.
Give
the
an
POINTS
QUESTIONS
two
one
categories
of
these
example
of
an
of
sport
injury.
categories.
injury
from
category.
can
be
chronic
or
acute.
•
each
Injuries
Precautions
reduce
the
can
risk
be
of
taken
to
injury.
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8.6
Sport-related
Bone
LEARNING
and
this
unit
you
will
learn
identify
some
sport-related
Closed
with
common
in
injuries.
Injury
and
the
a
result
blunt
A
break
does
injuries,
the
force,
fracture
as
sprains
participation
or
A
the
bone
even
Pain,
puncture
break
force
and
in
heavily
dislocations,
sport,
athletes
they
into
lack
movement.
where
the
the
bone
As
skin.
a
can
early
a
fall
result
deformity,
of
Dislocation
A
break
where
often
injury
body
part
a
rib
A
bone
its
to
in
normal
is
addition,
piercing
is
there
As
another
May
have
a
An
forced
out
position
injury
but
with
an
and
part.
As
injured
support
Make
the
comfortable.
above,
any
but
signs
of
possibly
other
plus
bleeding
Treat
injury.
but
e.g.
of
control
by
applying
around
the
bone.
as
for
other
look
for
additional
fractures
symptoms.
Pain,
at
to
the
a
swelling,
inability
ligaments
joint.
W ith
to
deformity,
move
Support
affected
the
Pain,
swelling,
bruising,
inammation.
all
of
casualty,
the
call
necessary
above,
an
(see
it
is
important
ambulance.
unit
Watch
and
position
immobilise
in
found.
a
cracked
to
RICE.
You
will
this
the
next
calm
out
for
in
and
signs
learn
reassure
of
about
unit.
shock
the
and
treat
if
8.8).
skin
is
struck
break
area.
surrounding
This
long
lung.
ajoint.
Sprain
a
the
casualty
wound.
above
with
in
Immobilise
protruding
fracture
are
being
retirement.
dressings
Complicated
or
snap.
above
open
from
Treatment
swelling,
bruising,
skin.
punctures
landing
Common
heard
Open
such
e.g.
Recognition
where
not
of
object.
Description
fracture
joint
to:
often
•
injuries
OUTCOMES
Fractures
In
joint
injuries
skin
simple
but
the
or
closed
skin
is
fracture.
not
The
damaged.
bone
is
This
is
is
an
open
damaged
or
and
compound
the
bone
fracture.
may
stick
The
skin
out.
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Muscle
Because
and
sport
common,
as
skin
damage
involves
are
skin
body
injuries
Injury
Description
Strain
A
tear
in
a
movement,
such
as
muscle
cuts,
An
open
muscle
and/or
Pain,
Skin
off
wound.
Bruises
appears
the
Blisters
is
is
important
of
it
spreading
may
be
to
is
Cramps,
Generally
look
and
Bleeding.
faster
serious
and
•
are
the
is
breathing,
after
•
caused
muscle
massage
W inding
a
Stitch
few
is
painin
hard
and
is
side
exercise,
The
serious
the
the
bleeding,
injury
.
blood.
swelling,
discolouration.
RICE.
(see
Using
a
8.7)
dressing,
pressure
to
Clean
and
Apply
ice
stop
apply
apply
the
a
bleeding.
dressing.
by
of
and
compression
if
a
if
may
leak
and
Allow
to
broken,
rst
aid,
possible
need
other
to
strains
treating
be
injuries
excessive
the
pressed,
and
an
for
where
reduce
the
dry
naturally.
clean
and
If
dress.
there
risk
ambulance
shock.
stitch
the
do
when
uid.
giving
cuts
may
when
by
minutes
serious
can
and
caused
the
gloves
and
bres
caused
when
wear
stitch
often
pain,
Pain
friction.
to
than
winding,
skin
by
casualty
winding,
performance.
when
more
Pain,
yourself
With
the
sporting
Cramps
caused
after
cramps,
•
cramp,
bruising.
Oozing
under
uid-lled
infections.
less
scraped
swelling,
serious.
necessary
needed
be
Treatment
skin.
Raised,
bleeding,
to
bleeding
pockets
It
blisters.
body.
Internal
the
very
and
inammation,
the
Grazes
are
grazes
Recognition
tendon.
Cuts
injuries
bruises,
not
relax
only
blow
painful
to
the
and
strain
after
treatment
sometimes
described,
is
can
put
affect
on
exercise.
nonetheless
the
your
muscles
Gentle
or
stretching
needed.
abdomen
nausea.
The
causing
casualty
difculty
will
in
recover
rest.
cramp
the
to
the
abdomen.
especially
after
diaphragm,
It
is
eating.
often
Rest
causing
as
is
a
result
often
a
sharp
of
the
only
treatmentneeded.
Cramp
KEY
can
stop
you
in
your
tracks.
POINTS
•
Bone
and
•
Muscle
joint
and
injuries
skin
are
injuries
fractures,
are
strains,
dislocations,
cuts,
grazes,
and
sprains.
bruises,
and
blisters.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
What
is
the
cause
of
most
2.
Explain
the
difference
fractures
between
a
in
sport?
strain
and
a
sprain.
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8.7
Treating
It
LEARNING
is
important
remember
that
an
injury
should
be
treated
by
a
OUTCOMES
trained
unit
to
injuries
In
this
you
will
learn
•
outline
common
for
treatment
to:
to
professional.
preserve
life,
However,
prevent
the
knowing
condition
some
from
basic
rst
worsening
aid
and
can
help
promote
recovery.
the
sport-related
procedures
of
common
injuries.
There
are
several
interested,
The
treatment
always
The
A
have
rst
rst
aid
rst
aid
kit.
a
It
depends
•
a
•
20
•
two
•
six
wrapped
•
six
medium
•
two
•
six
•
disposable
eye
the
injury
so,
if
you
are
qualication.
and
it
is
important
to
hand.
in
a
container
after
Minimum
to
use,
keep
it
clean,
checked
suggested
dry
regularly
contents
and
and
out
are:
individually
wrapped
and
of
varying
sizes
sterile
triangular
and
and
sterile
sterile
bandages
wound
wound
dressings
dressings
pins
gloves.
items
dressings,
such
but
tissue
sprains
kept
wrapped
burns
reduce
training,
ofcial
pads
and
Other
For
upon
to
restocked
dressings
wrapped
safety
an
leaet
adhesive
large
be
be
discarded.
sterile
close
proper
gain
kit
should
guidance
offer
can
kit
aid
should
items
that
you
rst
date
Soft
how
needed
of
necessary,
agencies
out
aid
kit
dust-free.
A
nd
no
blunt-tipped
micropore
creams,
scissors,
tape
lotions,
may
or
antiseptic
be
wipes,
included
medicines
are
if
it
is
special
deemed
permitted.
injuries
and
pain
as
and
strains
and
remember
swelling
to
to
enable
use
RICE.
thecasualty
The
to
objective
make
a
is
to
quicker
recovery.
For
a
sprained
R

Sit
or
lie
Rest
down
to
I

prevent
body
uid
leaking
as
this
will
cause
the
ankle
at
time
to
swell.
Ice
Apply
a
as
can
ice
ankle:
cold
compress/ice
be
C

Bandage

Raise
reduce
swelling.
Ten
minutes
a
is
enough
Compression
the
ankle
E
the
to
painful!
rmly,
but
not
too
tightly,
to
reduce
swelling.
Elevate
foot
to
prevent
body
uid
draining
into
it
and
causing
swelling.
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Bandages
and
and
grazes.
stop
bleeding.
bleeding
The
The
slings
and
Slings
recovery
can
appropriate
reduce
support
for
swelling
an
soft-tissue
and
injured
apply
arm
or
injuries,
pressure
raise
it
to
cuts
to
reduce
position
position
breathing.
preventing
be
can
swelling.
recovery
normal
may
Bandages
It
choking,
is
used
to
allows
vomit
and
the
is
maintain
to
drain
safest
a
clear
away
position
airway
from
for
and
the
an
assist
mouth,
This
unconscious,
but
breathing
casualty.
If
spinal
injury
is
suspected,
however,
it
is
bandage
must
leave
them
untouched
unless
their
breathing
is
will
be
help
too
to
tight
reduce
as
it
swelling,
would
safer
restrict
to
not
circulation.
compromised.
Choking
In
sport,
casualty
choking
was
becomes
casualty
may
If
be
the
If
the
may
or
if
need
ve
gum
or
have
throat,
and
sharp
blockage
at
is
not
take
the
has
but
it
be
the
casualty;
been
place
hand.
Pull
sharply
up
to
ambulance
KEY
just
ve
and
RICE
•
The
the
to
both
2
and
3
4
the
speaking,
very
they
the
inwards
times.
If
them
the
will
distressed.
become
If
not,
the
and
and
give
to
may
them
upward
to
it
up
Check
repeat
lean
fully
force
has
to
if
back
Stand
them
with
the
not
see
the
thrusts.
and
grasp
obstruction
they
forward
blades.
you
If
blockage
abdominal
around
and
cough.
hand,
shoulder
ribs
the
to
the
casualty
one
perform
arms
below
continue
assists
breathing
choking
and
in
recovery
comfortable
A
be
1
airway
the
blows
behind
forwards.
your
other
obstruction
cleared,
call
out.
for
an
procedures.
POINTS
•
•
will
release
with
dislodged.
necessary
st
not
Lean
chest
between
one
object
difculty
quickly,
encourage
does
action.
upper
Place
Repeat
cleared
other
The
the
consciousness.
able,
blows
may
their
because
playing.
They
lose
is
whilst
the
coughing
to
supporting
by
gum
caused
breathe.
grasping
casualty
cannot
you
blocked
cannot
and
commonly
chewing
blockage
weak
is
the
reduction
position
stable
until
help
casualty
abdominal
for
an
position,
of
pain
and
unconscious
which
swelling.
casualty
encourages
is
a
normal
arrives.
needs
thrusts
prompt
(formerly
treatment
known
as
with
the
back
blows
Heimlich
manoeuver).
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
1.
What
does
RICE
2.
How
would
you
3.
Under
what
stand
use
for?
RICE
to
circumstances
treat
would
a
sprained
you
wrist?
perform
abdominal
thrusts?
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8.8
Some
dangerous
conditions
Some
LEARNING
learn
In
this
unit
•
identify
conditions
can
be
life-threatening
and
so
it
is
important
to
OUTCOMES
you
will
some
learn
to:
about
recognise
them
them
so
that
you
can
and
take
action
avoid
if
they
them
altogether
begin
to
shaking
of
and
also
develop.
dangerous
Concussion
physical
know
conditions
how
to
treat
and
them.
Concussion
a
brief
the
loss
head
is
of
best
and
all
Sporting
bodies
rules
in
until
are
they
Rogers
West
Indies
signs
of
it
memory,
position
if
breathing
and
seek
three
You
sit
they
must
be
which
the
are
not
and
In
the
2015,
to
play
appear
mild
cold
may
be
casualty
weak
response
medical
be
danger
from
in
the
he
to
brain,
by
of
as
continuing
to
blow
to
serious.
and
their
sport
cricketer
tests
too
leading
direct
concussion
against
sustained
be
a
treated
Australian
or
headache,
and
in
the
training.
serious
at
rst,
The
but
down
after
or
place
unconscious
levels;
an
nausea,
clammy
skin
loss
and
a
of
brief
loss
of
delayed.
do
assistance,
call
monitored
be
should
concussion
may
vision,
minutes,
sometimes
of
the
caused
kill.
dizziness
consciousness,
a
often
individuals
allowed
of
a
is
head
aware
prevent
not
disturbed
Treatment:
as
It
the
recovered.
was
can
to
very
because
Symptoms:
than
to
concussion
ignored,
sports;
are
fully
Chris
if
injuries
place
are
described
consciousness.
not
but
let
if
them
(see
them
they
in
unit
the
8.7);
recovery
monitor
continue
are
their
playing
unconscious
for
more
ambulance.
head
injuries
for
signs
of
concussion,
which
can
delayed.
Shock
Shock
is
through
caused
emotional
loss
of
by
a
lowering
overstimulation
distress.
bodily
uid
of
Shock
due
to
the
can
of
blood
Vagus
also
burns,
pressure.
nerve
be
head
caused
or
This
caused
spinal
by
by
can
severe
injury,
be
pain,
fright
blood
and
and
loss,
excessive
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vomiting
organs
or
are
diarrhoea.
starved
Symptoms:
weak
and
cold
of
As
and
confused,
a
result
of
lowered
blood
pressure
the
vital
oxygen.
clammy
nausea
skin,
and
rapid
thirst,
but
rapid
weak
pulse,
shallow
breathing,
unresponsiveness.
Treatment:
allow,
tight
lay
treat
the
clothing;
smoke;
the
cause
casualty
keep
monitor
the
vital
(bleeding,
down
and
casualty
signs;
burns
raise
and
warm;
calm
and
do
or
injuries);
support
not
let
reassure;
the
them
call
for
if
injuries
legs;
eat,
an
loosen
drink
or
ambulance.
Hyperthermia
Although
individuals
can
vary,
hyperthermia
means
that
your
o
body
temperature
potentially
heat
•
salts
conditions
exhaustion
by
pulse,
the
sweating.
the
above
such
as
and
develops
39
C.
heat
water
loss
Lay
support
containing
is
the
a
Dehydration
feeling
This
can
lead
exhaustion,
the
can
give
salt
be
and
shock
casualty
lose
dizzy,
to
several
dehydration
and
in
seek
moderate
much
skin,
cramps
water
rapid
and
and
but
weak
headache.
develop.
a
casualty
solution;
too
clammy
may
down
the
mild,
you
include
weak
severe,
legs;
weak
when
Symptoms
casualty
Treatment:
•
risen
stroke.
Heat
If
fatal
has
cool
place
frequent
medical
or
and
sips
raise
of
water
assistance.
severe
depending
upon
DID
the
amount
uids
your
body
light-headedness,
dark
is
casualty
simple:
replace
•
of
give
lost
the
sugars
Ifthe
symptoms
Heat
stroke
exercising
control
rises
on
of
a
severe,
seek
and
drink.
can
sweet
help
medical
that
a
hot
and
day.
body
humid
Your
sweating
Treatment
drink
replace
YOU
KNOW?
thirst,
can
lost
help
salt.
Hyperthermia
whereas
headache,
Treatment:
call
outer
casualty
for
in
a
rapid
medical
clothing;
ifunconscious,
hypothermia
subnormal
and
can
so
arise
body
loses
your
the
ability
to
temperature
wet
cool
sheet
place
in
help;
the
or
the
strong
pulse,
move
body
towel;
to
a
down
keep
recovery
delirium
cool
by
the
or
place
confusion,
and
wrapping
cloth
wet;
position.
•
SUMMARY
POINTS
Concussion,
List
are
three
prevent
3.
How
it
can
shock,
and
QUESTIONS
hyperthermia
2.
is
temperature.
when
KEY
What
overheating,
control.
skin,
1.
is
assistance.
condition
through
are
tiredness.
A
dangerous
unconsciousness.
the
Symptoms
the
hot
remove
to
snack
Symptoms:
dry
urine,
plenty
salty
lost.
is
temperature
out
coloured
and
are
has
the
causes
symptoms
while
a
thebody?
of
concussion
of
and
dehydration
how
and
would
state
one
you
treat
way
to
life
it?
•
person
guard
against
heat-related
conditions
in
•
Treatment
If
potentially
threatening.
medical
exercising.
are
must
be
assistance
unconscious,
recovery
swift
and
sought.
place
in
the
position.
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8.9
Emergency
procedures
Resuscitation
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
What
In
this
unit
you
will
learn
follows
support
•
outline
procedures
emergency
action.
is
a
description
of
emergency
procedures
to
help
to:
for
taking
heart
a
a
has
person
stopped
person’
s
training
The
to
no
life,
and
is
not
beating.
however,
ensure
procedures
country,
who
they
to
be
many
it
Cardio-pulmonary
principles
ow
of
air
owing
of
out
of
the
lungs
vital
organs.
It
and
who
not
has
call
stopped.
for
an
It
are
is
vital
ambulance
is
that
By
depressing
the
•
Kneel
by
•
Place
the
centre
•
Place
rst
•
of
that
the
Compress
a
rate
of
minute.
hand
the
arms
chest
to
on
and
the
100
keep
chest
good
third
of
30
so
recommends.
are
maintain
the
blood
on
who
normally
to
to
oxygenated
persons
and/or
assistance
help
the
lying
is
sought,
casualty.
on
oxygenated
are
whose
their
blood
Chest
back
will
on
be
body.
your
the
bodyweight
on
ngers
times
from
rell
and
over
the
and
abdomen
clear
of
the
not
or
just
your
bottom
end
of
ribcage.
at
per
compression
pressure
heartto
the
This
with
amounts
of
chest
will
blood.
releases
compression
the
to
–
chest.
compressions
each
Compressions
A
CPR
the
above
your
losingcontact.
equal
the
of
pressure
the
take
according
the
lean
are
without
the
on
top
using
apply
and
After
receive
interlocked.
release
allow
•
casualty.
casualty’
s
not
sternum
the
shoulders
the
keep
casualty
chest,
around
hand
try
the
and
one
ngers
your
your
Try
of
of
save
chest.
other
Compress
arms.
•
heel
the
of
heart
side
their
your
with
centre
•
the
Straighten
so
the
to
performed
you
a
of
vary
resuscitation
professional
before
with
out
you
hands-only
country
breathing
performed
forced
that
could
correctly.
your
only
are
surface.
important
resuscitation
and
compressions
rm
whose
resuscitation
the
so
and/or
procedures
encourage
what
unresponsive
heart
to
for
now
cardio-pulmonary
in-and-out
these
extremely
followed
Find
normally
administered
countries
mouth-to-mouth.
The
Following
is
are
breathing
should
time.
should
be
to
a
depth
of
approximately
one
chest.
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14:19
•
Immediately
two
rescue
following
breaths
the
30
using
chest
compressions,
mouth-to-mouth
or
perform
mouth-to-nose
ventilation.
•
Continue
allow
It
is
the
this
procedure
someone
unlikely
blood
that
else
this
to
until
take
action
will
to
vital
circulating
the
the
over
emergency
if
you
restart
Mouth-to-mouth
ventilation
•
Open
the
airway
tilting
•
Pinch
the
casualty’
s
by
the
nostrils
the
organs
head
heart,
until
back
together
services
arrive
or
tire.
however,
medical
and
with
lifting
your
it
help
the
thumb
will
keep
arrives.
chin.
and
forenger.
•
T
ake
the
a
deep
chest
T
ake
your
•
Repeat
•
Continue
begins
Keep
with
and
Breathe
seal
out
your
lips
smoothly
rmly
and
around
rmly
until
the
you
mouth
see
of
the
rise.
•
•
breath
casualty.
mouth
one
breath
the
to
every
procedure
breathing
checking
your
away
six
until
in
and
seconds
help
for
arrives
notice
one
or
the
chest
fall.
minute.
until
the
casualty
naturally.
for
breaths
breathe
signs
and
that
watch
the
for
chest
is
natural
rising
and
breathing
falling
in
line
resuming.
KEY
•
If
breathing
until
help
resumes
arrives.
place
See
unit
the
casualty
8.7.
in
the
recovery
POINTS
position
•
Only
perform
someone
CPR
whose
on
heart
has
stopped.
•
Mouth-to-mouth
may
be
ventilation
performed
on
someone
who
has
stopped
breathing
or
not
breathing
is
normally.
•
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
Performing
life
1.
What
does
CPR
stand
and/or
What
is
the
purpose
of
could
save
prevent
a
damage
for?
caused
2.
emergency
procedures
CPR?
to
the
by
oxygen
starvation
organs.
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8
Summary
SKILLS
AND
OTHER
the
(four)
1.
List
4
2.
Describe
Open
(b)
Closed
3.
The
4.
Explain
5.
Describe
is
8.
Newton’
s
the
skilled
movement.
terms:
of
learning
in
possible
are
cognitive,
endurance
benets
for
associative
events
include
athletes
who
and
altitude
travel
to
autonomous.
training
the
in
Describe
their
Caribbean
each
stage.
preparation.
to
train
for
their
a
triathlete
who
is
extrinsically
motivated.
Give
3
(three)
examples
of
the
ways
to
increase
motivation.
how
goals
law
of
can
be
inertia
set
using
explains
the
some
SMARTER
actions.
process.
Use
this
law
to
describe
an
action
in
a
sport
of
choice.
Describe
soft
the
tissue
10.
Describe
11.
Mary
13.
by
of
events.
Explain
12.
meant
athletes
the
7.
a
is
stages
Deandre’
s
9.
characteristics
PERFORMANCE
skills
why
Deandre
your
AFFECTING
skills
three
sports
6.
what
(a)
FACTORS
questions
sequence
how
was
you
very
slow
(b)
aesthetic,
(c)
controlled,
(d)
both
Skills
enough
can
so
at
efcient,
be
taken
if
a
person
was
involved
in
sports
and
sustained
classied
Open
if
athletes
(c)
Closed
if
equipment
(d)
Closed
if
only
depend
means
easily
be
that
copied
with
her
by
suspected
movements
young
hyperthermia.
were
players
consistent
to
new
you
(a)
Autonomous
(b)
Associative
(c)
Cognitive
(d)
Expertise
‘open’
on
is
or
other
compete
team
learning
would
sportsperson
This
could
as
(b)
the
a
pre-determined
they
learning
to
C
if
was
for
netball.
Open
connecting
care
they
(a)
Peter
actions
coordinated,
and
be
would
skilled
(a)
B
of
injury.
in
xed
their
or
members
play
skills
place
road
to
‘closed’.
people
own
he
and
or
are
access
to
while
already
of
things
lanes
conditions
have
tennis
what
Which
and
the
in
following
the
take
turns
dynamic,
the
he
knew
is
correct?
at
they
performing.
change
each
time.
skills.
was
as
denitions
environment.
a
practicing
table
and
tennis
making
player.
At
errors
which
he
was
stage
of
Peter?
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14.
The
athletes
which
15.
of
17.
19.
altitude
following
effects?
Fewer
red
(b)
Higher
air
(c)
More
(d)
Easier
Shaniqua
red
blood
cells
pressure
blood
was
high
because
Money,
(b)
T
o
(c)
T
angible
(d)
The
in
she
medals
impress
in
and
of
was
experiencing
(a)
he
was
overcondent
(b)
he
thought
(c)
everyone
(d)
both
Andy
B
the
ball
was
and
(a)
Inertia
(b)
Action
(c)
Acceleration
(d)
Rotary
Harriet
break
(b)
A
bone
(c)
The
(d)
Ligaments
During
linear
suffered
A
a
is
of
to
achieve
immunity
carry
oxygen.
there.
means
that
she
participated
in
exercise
for
work.
and
sports
performance.
praise
and
and
her.
medals
to
show
satisfaction
coming
her
hard
from
within.
his
to
the
fans
win
task
was
if
did
he
but
he
for
six
did
too
not
not
easy
get
a
think
to
waste
medal
he
had
at
his
time
Carifta
the
skills
on
Games
to
do
it
to
hit
the
Newton’
s
ball
laws
runs
would
so
apply
he
to
swung
his
the
bat
as
hard
as
he
could
to
hit
action?
motion
another
out
of
broken
its
but
surrounding
netball
dizzy
seeking
because
him
complicated
which
forced
bone
the
became
in
were
Reaction
and
(a)
wanted
Which
and
This
her
pride
for
they
following?
would
thought
down
expecting
for
they
to
training
the
cells
because
C
cricketer
further.
and
let
of
and
stress
would
of
certicates
enjoyment
Stefan
he
as
blood
capacity
prizes
so
programme
content
motivation.
other
such
their
white
days
which
people
in
oxygen
more
rst
intrinsic
rewards
feelings
with
their
more
more
wanted
other
training
and
with
cells
breathing
(a)
the
18.
included
(a)
mostly
16.
the
match,
and
could
fracture.
body
usual
it
not
joint
Donna
not
is
and
in
a
show
are
best
describes
this
condition?
joint.
through
the
skin.
injured.
Shakira
remember
statement
affected.
position
does
the
Which
part
what
collided.
had
Shakira
happened.
briey
What
was
injury
unconscious,
has
she
most
then
likely
sustained?
20.
(a)
Hyperthermia
(b)
Shock
(c)
Soft
(d)
Concussion
tissue
injury
Cardio-pulmonary
unconscious
resuscitation
(a)
Placing
the
heel
(b)
Placing
the
other
(c)
Applying
(d)
All
the
includes
the
helper
doing
which
of
the
following
to
the
person?
30
of
one
hand
chest
hand
to
on
the
interlock
compressions
center
the
at
of
their
chest.
ngers.
the
rate
of
100
compressions
per
minute.
above.
141
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14:19
Health
9.1
and
nutrition
Diet
and
on
LEARNING
In
this
unit
the
Diet
exam
Food
consists
dene
you
a
will
learn
explain
used
pass
nutrient
how
in
list
•
describe
by
the
the
•
nutrients
A
is
meant
needs
down
•
list
the
of
different
the
digestion.
chemical
body,
but
Some
those
we
are
not
elements
use
to
useful
keep
to
that
us
us
are
and
healthy
just
are
nutrient
is
“a
substance
growth,
Nutrients
are
obtained
maintenance,
therefore
and
by
food
repair
of
and
used
body
by
the
body
to
tissues.”
needed:
by
children
for
bones,
muscles,
and
all
body
systems
to
grow
guidelines
the
as
they
approach
adulthood
differences
eating
habits
and
•
by
sportspersons
grow
disorders
six
variety
nutrients.
healthily
eating
a
and
•
between
of
during
through
provide
nutrients
what
nutritional
explain
tips
are
body
seven
nutritional
•
body
to:
called
•
effects
OUTCOMES
broken
•
its
Caribbean
food
•
groups.
for
for
muscles
to
grow
larger
and
for
bones
to
stronger
maintenance
120days,
digestive
skin
–
cells
system
cells
don’t
about
only
4
14
live
long,
days,
days.
This
and
red
cells
some
constant
only
cells
about
inside
rebuilding
your
requires
nutrients.
NOTE
BOX
•
Many
marks
are
lost
in
for
repair
have
topic
through
the
use
to
an
injury
is
more
After
any
am
can
torn
for
needed
10
years
old
too!
muscles,
but
seven
a
them
to
are:
minerals,
will
suffer
and
repair
tiny
nutrients
and
grow
carbohydrates,
bre,
and
proteins,
water.
is
a
a
nutritional
than
a
of
full
you
to
keep
need
may
use
or
means
more
is
the
need
Sportspersons
grown,
This
to
and
energy
non-sports,
they
have
different
needs.
Nutritional
guidelines
are
a
set
of
body
“rules”
rebuilt
one
children
nutritional
the
substance
each
healthy.
person.
years
needs
healthy
growing
completely
you
muscles
nutrient
remain
7–10
your
nutrients
vitamins,
amount
every
sportspersons.
stronger.
Nutritional
you
that
for
only
If
have
Anyone
bones,
and
exercise
are
fats,
I
hard
in
The
cells
tendon,
common
micro-tears
back
say
tissues.
broken
terms.
it
Some
–
of
ligaments,
incorrect
body
this
that
would
guide
you
to
meet
themselves,
Why
your
so
in
essence
you
have
a
“new”
nutritional
does
this
lady
have
greater
needs.
body!
nutritional
needs
than
other
people?
142
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14:22
Eating
habits
and
eating
disorders
EXAM
All
of
us
have
habits–
and
are
regularly
some
eating
eating
have
junk
much,
view
eating
bad
food.
illnesses
e.g.
not
is
a
Some
of
“5-a-day”
habits
mix
mental)
anorexia
as
our
eating
Do
(often
themselves
habits .
this
that
–
have
and
not
snacking
up
with
result
condition
overweight,
us
in
where
even
good
junk
on
eating
food,
sweets
eating
individuals
when
etc.
they
are
little
–
•
or
which
too
Students
about
and
disorders
too
TIP
eating
•
mentally
often
food
get
questions
groups
and
nutrients
mixed
up.
All
of
nutrients
seven
found
in
the
food
are
groups.
severely
•
You
will
the
next
need
to
learn
(from
underweight.
high
Food
Food
with
The
groups
similar
six
refer
Caribbean
in
the
•
Legumes,
•
Vegetables,
•
Fats
•
Food
•
Fruits,
high
the
is
in
e.g.
and
oils,
be
and
the
are
right:
peas
carrots
e.g.
coconut
e.g.
oil
meat
grapefruit
dealt
some
food
with
in
which
nutrients,
oils
more
detail
groups
e.g.
are
fats
from
group!
KEY
•
POINTS
The
same
required
at
SUMMARY
•
QUESTIONS
to
answer
without
looking
at
the
book.
Once
you
have
seven
found
your
own
answers
in
a
different
colour
and
repeat
until
stages
of
nutrients
in
the
six
are
amounts
our
life.
may
all
Caribbean
groups.
they
•
all
nutrients
different
tried,
food
mark
seven
in
different
The
be
are
is
nutrients.
pasta
animals,
e.g.
of
groups
on
dried
e.g.
obvious
fats
Try
group
values.
food
rice,
e.g.
from
will
groups
diagram
Staples,
it
to
nutritional
•
but
which
which
groups
shown
This
in
unit)
The
seven
nutrients
are:
correct.
1.
Dene
a
2.
Explain
how
3.
List
seven
4.
Describe
the
-
Carbohydrates
-
Proteins
-
Fats
-
Vitamins
-
Minerals
-
Fibres
-
Water
nutrient.
nutrients
are
used
by
our
bodies.
nutrients.
what
is
meant
by
nutritional
needs
and
nutritional
habits
and
eating
guidelines.
5.
Explain
the
difference
between
eating
disorders.
6.
List
the
six
Caribbean
food
groups.
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9.2
Nutrients
in
the
Remember
LEARNING
this
unit
•
describe
you
will
the
learn
role
carbohydrates,
•
list
in
our
foods
organs–
to:
that
proteins,
and
each
1.
and
that
are
seven
foodgroup,
diet
where
which
nutrient
each
food
is
–
these
a
nutrients
state
nutrients
of
that
the
unhealthy
body
needs
are
all
found
tissue
in
the
and
six
groups.
Carbohydrates.
one
is
and
groups
found
but
Carbohydrates
glucose
identify
there
of
found
•
role
diet
malnutrition
Caribbeanfood
fats
their
OUTCOMES
toprevent
In
and
in
used
the
as
a
carbohydrate:
in.
in
sweet,
cakes
an
with,
used
fuel
for
simple
your
rise
body
causing
cell
and
foods,
found
and
energy.
as
respiration.
complex.
mainly
in
the
staples
nuts.
They
glycogen
in
are
broken
the
muscles
There
Simple
are
two
down
and
into
liver,
types
carbohydrates
of
are
found
cause
blood
sugar
swiftly
deals
blood
sugar
the
be
e.g.
They
in
may
legumes
for
stored
biscuits.
immediate
which
are
in
gut,
sugary
and
These
also
wasbefore!
The
second
type
carbohydrate
carbohydrate.
It
starchy
e.g.
foods,
cereal s,
and
It
is
often
for
you
thought
long
energy
due
to
–
that
high-glucose
well,
your
they
body’
s
do,
but
sta rchy
tubers
–
is
Sweet,
sugary
carbohydrates.
fo undin
fruit,
rice,
drinks
pasta,
give
of
iscomplex
bread,
roti,
not
potatoes,
breadfruit,
bananas,
sweet
potatoes,
green
response!
bananas,
plantains,
legumes,
e.g.
peas,
also
All
and
a
of
far
are
goodsource.
these
sugar
nuts,
beans
relea se
slo wly,
more
simple
so
are
u sefulthan
carbohydrates
forsport.
The
banana
energy
supplies
than
cake
more
and
slow-release
biscuits
snacks,
is
Complex
more
lling,
has
less
calories,
less
fat,
also
packed
with
vitamins,
and
is
high
in
carbohydrates
is
have
the
role
of
bre.
supplying
food
must
bulk
which
choose
better than
potato
is
to
our
satises
in
hunger
,
carefully
.
chip
For
form,
better than
but
because
example,
abanana
crisps,
is
they
baked
are
sweet
better than
high
in
calories
potatoes
chocolate,
will
a
you
be
far
jacket
etc.
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14:22
2.
Protein.
in
the
This
may
be
found
foods
from
animals
and
legume
food
groups.
Our
bodies
are
made
up
cells,
many
of
billions
of
have
short
is
a
needed
these
both
lifespan.
both
cells
from
to
and
of
which
Protein
replace
for
growth
childhood
to
–
adult
Although
and
the
growth
that
body
when
our
bodies
adapt
to
the
effects
of
exercise.
Protein
stored,
but
in
times
of
great
need,
e.g.
extreme
body
attempt
used
actually
to
for
carbohydrate
leads
to
without
Protein
eggs,
3.
having
be
Fats.
the
These
fats
food
and
it
fat
protein
would
(again
to
resort
in
found
oils
group,
own
muscle
needed.
Protein
a
in
mainly
if
peas,
the
and
organs
can
actually
body
anorexia).
fact
meat
still
plenty
of
fat
most
in
if
the
you
of
glycogen,
then
fat
cannot
be
run
used
T
oo
had
its
own
for
energy.
an
be
run
much
individuals
in
out
of
protein
eat
enough
diet.
and
and
events,
dairy
products,
poultry,
lentils.
in
also
animals
this
high-protein
like
but
do
extreme
beans,
are
from
to
its
only
and
things
legumes,
obtained
down
problems,
found
seafood,
the
but
and
kidney
can
breaks
provide
energy,
is
endurance
anorexia,
on
the
during
cannot
out
be
there
occurs
in
(meat
anddairy).
Fats
be
with
after
be
are
used
used
on
for
their
glycogen.
30
In
minutes
using
activity,
fat.
the
energy
own,
gentle
you
The
woulduse.
At
end
used
exercise
mainly
intense
glycogen
the
cannot
are
would
more
more
but
they
of
the
you
EXAM
•
runners
are
sometimes
TIP
marathons
Make
sure
words
staggering
–
this
is
because
run
out
of
their
limited
in
use
the
proper
examinations,
e.g.
they
use
have
to
seen
“carbohydrates”
and
not
supplies
“carbs”.
of
glycogen,
not
SUMMARY
fat.
QUESTIONS
KEY
1.
Name
2.
For
three
nutrients
and
their
main
functions
in
the
•
each
nutrient
in
question
1,
name
two
food
POINTS
body.
groups
Carbohydrates
be
it
can
be
Describe
4.
Why
used
for
three
roles
that
staples
play
in
the
would
it
not
carbohydrates
Vegans
their
6.
eat
no
in
be
the
a
good
form
animal
of
idea
to
cakes,
products,
eat
all
of
biscuits,
how
can
your
Starchy
and
they
than
sweets?
get
protein
diet?
Name
can
complex
diet.
carbohydrates
5.
fats
energy.
found.
•
3.
and
where
three
in
•
foods
hypertrophy.
that
would
help
develop
muscle
sugary
are
better
simple
carbohydrates
as
released
slowly.
Protein
and
for
more
is
used
repair,
energy
but
energy
for
is
growth
could
be
used
too.
145
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14:22
9.3
Vitamins
role
While
LEARNING
In
this
unit
the
name
you
the
will
learn
to:
as
and
keeps
most
and
important
•
list
our
and
they
here
bodies
mineral
in
allow
us
are
working
to
not
use
energy
order.
supplements,
the
providers
energy
There
however,
is
a
a
in
they
other
are
huge
good
foods
market
balanced
for
diet
lead
to
you
getting
everything
you
need
from
your
normal
diet
and
often
too
much
is
dangerous.
functions
some
foods
and
food
Vitamins
groups
that
vitamins
•
described
as
important
vitamins
and
their
diet
nutrients
just
should
minerals
their
OUTCOMES
vitamins
•
in
and
the
and
in
name
foods
minerals
can
Vitamins
be
rich
in
are
a
group
of
chemical
substances
which
are
vital
to
our
bre.
These
and
can
fruits
vitamins
and
D
some
A
minerals
bodies.
found
Vitamin
and
main
Found
liver,
milk,
and
and
cheese,
dark
orange
fruit,
are
e.g.
yoghurts,
coloured
vegetables
carrots,
are
and
and
in
Fish,
be
green
and
mango,
found
in
all
especially
minerals
the
dangerous
Required
for
This
with
helps
healthy
skin
too
sources.
some
some
much
food
can
have
is
be
to
groups
The
be
our
and
T
oo
much
in
bones
Night
immune
can
when
e.g.
eaten
vegetables
thing
about
vitamins
regularly
A
and
consumed.
vision,
the
but
strange
stored,
Effects
system.
brittle
that
iron,
if
Caribbean
important
is
mineral
the
skin.
result
of
a
shortage
blindness
Growth
retarded
in
and
aking
childhood
is
(slowed).
old.
callaloo.
C
Fruit
and
vegetables.
surprisingly
,
Cherries,
D
Acerola
callaloo,
green
peppers,
better
source
Oily
sh,
mainly
guava,
and
kiwis
than
citrus
and
eggs,
liver,
from
Perhaps
(WI)
are
a
This
helps
and
gums,
with
and
building
and
teeth.
healthy
healing
skin
Walls
wounds,
strong
bones
but
under
skin,
For
strong
(you
bones
cannot
and
absorb
teeth
Rickets
calcium
it).
chicken,
dark-green
dairy
products,
vegetables.
T
o
help
fats,
metabolise
and
proteins,
carbohydrates.
T
o
gums
cases
–
vessels
spots
a
break
appear
bleed,
sets
in.
scurvy.
bone
disease
affecting
children
where
the
of
bones
and
the
Not
being
body
ends
limb
become
skull
to
hard
and
enlarged
becomes
able
after
teeth
In
mainly
rib
Fish,
red
fatigue
extreme
without
B
blood
so
loosen,
fruits.
sunlight.
of
down
fragile.
repair
your
workouts.
complex
repair
Some
found
are
be
vitamins
mainly
water
water,
red
are
in
fruit
fat
food
soluble,
e.g.
one
blood
compound
components
–
soluble,
this
e.g.
containing
e.g.
and
cells.
vitamin
but
is
now
it
referred
fat,
C,
vegetables.
is
to
vitamins
e.g.
and
found
Originally
as
the
and
animal
so
thought
A
in
have
vitamin
and
products.
vitamin
to
D,
B
so
are
Some
things
taking
B
thought
at
was
least
13
up
to
different
complex.
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The
role
Vitamin
vitamin
B
B
exercise
of
helps
can
and
which
C
in
far
in
can
vitamin
that
you
less
high
D
vitamins
Steamed
of
Steamed
with
cells
is
illnesses,
A
lack
of
high-intensity
for
prolonged
increases
such
common
to
be
density
An
colds,
deposited
can
produce
sunlight,
and
it
of.
the
On
UK,
the
need
is
in
of
hand,
ensure
this
the
large
therefore
other
to
resulting
excess
skin
much
as
bone
activities.
calcium
to
too
e.g.
lost.
Human
is
blood
amounts
a
vitamin
those
their
diet
living
is
D.
vitamin-rich
and
good
skins
C,
–
broccoli
–
vitamin
starchy
D,
and
minerals.
carbohydrate,
bre,
minerals.
bre,
(coronary
meal
fat,
on
and
carrots
CHD
carbohydrates.
blood
high-impact
causes
places,
with
B
it
from
time
exposed
protein,
Potatoes
and
struggling
red
calcium,
consume
vitamin
–
immunity
arteries.
when
sunny
in
protein
enough
from
as
athlete
work.
with
harden
an
athlete
training
along
may
Salmon
and
less
injuries
Healthy,
risk
aerobic
in
use
an
having
dangerous
which
of
D,
fewer
really
to
in
increases
means
Vitamin
us
result
not
high-intensity
Vitamin
vitamins
numerous
heart
vitamins
and
minerals,
reduces
disease).
–
reduces
cholesterol,
non-dairy,
spread
(not
contains
numerous
vitamins
minerals.
Dairy,
or
too
much)
–
protein,
fat,
vitamin
D.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
The
Why
might
their
diet
someone
in
the
Caribbean
need
less
vitamin
D
someone
in
work
List
three
foods
rich
Eating
a)
vitamin
A
b)
vitamin
B
c)
vitamin
C
d)
vitamin
D.
of
the
the
right
groups
above
where
State
5.
A
the
main
vitamins,
they
uses
name
one
or
two
that
you
of
vitamin-rich
would
nutrients
in
makes
a
can
be
these
enjoy
meal
that
is
an
active
becoming
and
making
aware
changes
found.
vitamins
is
is
of
Caribbean
to
a
sports
given
equally
above.
as
Describe
good.
a
healthy
and
person.
fullling
healthy,
it
balanced
towards
4.
seven
proportions
Wellness
of
food
for
efciently.
process
each
regular
complex
•
For
a
vitamins
in:
diet
3.
needs
many
England?
the
2.
of
in
•
than
body
intake
to
1.
POINTS
a
meal
life.
Eating
from
the
six
food
step
toward
this.
sensibly
groups
is
a
147
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9.4
Minerals,
water,
bres
and
and
their
role
indiet
As
LEARNING
mentioned
remain
In
•
this
unit
name
you
the
will
most
learn
to:
and
healthy,
salt,
which
T
oo
can
result
much
list
some
groups
•
name
foods
that
minerals
of
minerals
are
needed
to
foods
and
the
can
too
much
consists
in
high
of
of
two
blood
many
of
minerals
pressure
them
–
is
dangerous,
sodium
and
type
2
and
chloride.
diabetes.
we
know
food
soups,
main
be
rich
snacks
such
as
crisps
are
very
salty,
it
may
be
functions
in
in
salt
learn
pickles,
and
there
sausages,
Some
fat
that
are
popular
listed
on
are
high
salami,
in
processed
Caribbean
the
levels
food
following
most
tomato
cheeses,
often
sauces,
and
containing
salad
too
much
page.
bre.
Found
Calcium
Milk,
in
cheese,
sardines,
Liver,
to
dressings!
found
Substance
Iron
amounts
important
their
surprising
•
regular
however,
especially
While
minerals
previously,
OUTCOMES
for
sh,
For
bones
vegetables.
and
dried
green
kidney,
Required
water
plain
chocolate,
fruit,
cereals,
cress,
for
muscle
Essential
dried
green
strong
and
leafy
for
Effects
for
the
red
blood
For
thyroid
and
teeth,
Fragile
of
a
shortage
bones.
contractions.
blood
production
haemoglobin
T iredness
and
anaemia.
A
thyroid
in
cells.
vegetables.
Iodine
Seafood,
grown
and
near
vegetables
the
sea.
control
burn
Sodium
Cheese,
cured
smoked
sh,
meats,
This
salt.
the
up
is
for
water
and
at
that
which
you
swollen
gland
(goitre).
energy.
needed
correct
body
hormones
rate
to
maintain
balance
helps
with
in
the
Heat
the
cramps
extreme
this
–
at
can
its
be
most
fatal.
muscle
contraction.
The
role
Calcium,
fewer
Iron
of
along
injuries
–
this
muscles.
before
means
crossing
need
up
the
until
Sodium
sodium
at
Fibre
–
to
its
–
with
from
mineral
It
11–18,
and
minerals
vitamin
high
the
endurance
there
extreme
are
two
blood
to
of
low
types
cells
density
resulting
any
sodium
bre:
This
can
be
soluble
at
in
a
a
can
to
in
far
the
higher
children,
higher
blood
activity
body.
oxygen
work
need
menstrual
or
carry
Growing
women
the
of
bone
aerobic
threshold.
and
due
out
increases
activities.
red
events,
sweated
most
D,
athlete
continue
iron,
menopause
be
the
can
aerobic
of
an
impact
helps
you
plenty
in
level
especially
levels
than
men
loss.
hot
climate
result
in
causes
heat
cramps
fatal.
and
insoluble.
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14:22
We
do
bread,
it
not
helps
mass
digest
bran,
with
that
the
can
constipation
also
helps
When
root
we
and
levels
in
of
Water
few
store
for
all
and
green
brous
over
be
waste
it
the
can
be
as
it
into
makes
intestine.
absorbs
found
passes
it
a
This
poisonous
in
the
whole
gut
more
helps
waste
grain
and
bulky
to
prevent
from
food
it
cancer.
bre
found
vegetables,
foods
high
half
without
it
of
It
in
it
foods
can
such
help
to
as
oats,
reduce
barley,
fruits,
cholesterol
blood.
is
are
also
bulky
of
our
weight
drinking.
We
is
for
all
body
to
take
more
when
water
must
reactions
drunk,
they
help
us
feel
full
so
we
eat
foods.
essential
chemical
should
bowel
which
seeds.
along
because
soluble
calorie
as
pushed
eat
days
bre,
and
elimination
be
prevent
our
–
nuts
leafy
Because
less
insoluble
cereal,
and
we
continually
uids,
place.
e.g.
On
exercising
in
can
saliva
and
average
hot
only
replenish
litres
such
a
water
blood,
2–3
climates
survive
our
and
a
day
as
theCaribbean.
A
list
too
of
some
much
popular
salt
and
African
saturated
Caribbean
dishes
that
often
contain
fat:
Ask
your
grandparents
“Popeye”.
a
Region
decimal
Due
point
Antigua,
Montserrat,
Nevis
Fish
soup,
pepper
pot
for
untrue,
Barbados
Jug-jug
Grenada
Callaloo,
Guyana
Mellagee
Jamaica
Brown
black
Vincent
&
and
the
Grenadines
sauce
George,
Stewed
T
obago
other
vast
and
palouri,
pelay,
four
minerals
each
mineral
and
explain
how
they
help
to
keep
b)
name
one
or
each
•
where
two
it
can
Caribbean
be
mineral
the
above,
food
describe
groups
its
Ros
c)
d)
from
the
(in
of
diet)
of
all
the
has
Erin
cut
time
to
When
terms
feels
tired
had
two
herself
where
it
can
be
particular
use
to
last
two
these
units,
athlete’
s
what
could
same
amount
as
any
Eating
fractures
swimming
and
this
the
runs
at
twilight
he
does
wound
is
taking
not
as
a
long
well
as
others.
regular
minerals
expel
waste
essential
the
for
it
from
seven
for
life.
nutrients
proportions
in
makes
balanced
Wellness
and
is
of
an
fullling
a
active
becoming
making
towards
year.
see
is
right
diet
of
time.
stress
helps
•
•
many
a
efciently.
process
problems?
needs
body.
Water
the
be
of
•
a
heal.
Don
Fibre
a
information
cause
b)
the
body
work
the
found
sportsperson.
Sarah
is
contains
vegetable.
intake
us
above:
foods
a)
spinach
POINTS
The
to
two
the
spinach
This
QUESTIONS
name
Using
iron.
pakoras
found.
4.
–
of
shark
Kachouri,
a)
For
was
that
saltsh
healthy.
3.
years
roasted
ackee
•
Name
30
amount
however
leaf
KEY
SUMMARY
For
it
remember
placing
pudding
lambi
breadfruit,
2.
they
incorrectly,
about
approximately
1.
if
scientist
soup
contained
Trinidad
a
Dish
believed
St.
to
healthy
life.
aware
changes
Eating
from
the
six
food
step
toward
this.
and
sensibly
groups
is
a
149
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9.5
A
A
LEARNING
balanced
this
unit
you
will
learn
supplied
explain
the
factors
energy
needs
to:
know,
use
examples
to
energy
balance
list
steps
explain
in
a
is
needs
us
kilojoules
correct
amounts
change
with
this
and
energy,
is
of
so
far
nutrients
must
which
from
our
can
be
you
eat
simple.
diet.
As
measured
in
(kJ).
balance
If
you
need
vice
2000
versa.
If
C
a
day
your
and
needs
and
2500
intake
C
are
you
equal,
diet.
weight
alive
Age
our
high
in
calories
but
of
you
–
we
to
crave
fatty
energy
to
the
known
the
expended
move
are,
same.
as
the
and
more
while
digest
require
most
high-calorie
need
at
rest)
calories
you
at
and
(working
calories
to
rate,
BMR
then
further
energy).
–
keep
the
calories
The
more
need.
caloric
T
eenagers,
enough
metabolic
food
calories
affecting
declines.
You
basal
needs
about
the
especially
age
during
of
25,
after
growth
which
spurts,
also
needs.
it
Gender
body
stay
is
factors
need
have
alcohol
will
(this
needed
Main
the
or
and
active
causes
(C)
simple.
are
also
our
supplies
weight,
amount
is
lives
very
you
only
our
gain
your
Not
the
Unfortunately,
healthy
will
balanced
where
individual.
the
It
the
one
affecting
Energy
•
is
an
food
kilocalories
•
to
Throughout
you
•
diet
diet
OUTCOMES
are
In
balanced
–
males
have
less
body
fat
and
10–20%
more
muscle
than
foods.
females
The
Body
A
and
so
exception
when
with
trying
at
–
burn
more
when
the
weight,
of
it
is
In
are
more
good
this
to
way
(fat
does
pregnant
fat-free
burns
mass.
calories
women
ratio
muscle
muscle
level
calories
Type
lose
is
mass
do
all
This
body
will
burn
calories).
breast
feeding.
compared
calories.
you
not
and
is
to
fat.
why,
workouts
burn
more
to
calories
rest.
Activity
more
more
to
increaseyour
will
this
composition
person
even
they
to
of
–
exercise
you
burns
calories.
individual
6-year-old
The
more
active
you
are
Male
moderately
active.
1600
1400
2600
2000
3000
2400
moderately
15-year-old
active
25-year-old
moderately
active.
2800
2200
40-year-old
moderately
active.
2600
2000
is
easy
to
accidently
put
weight.
Eating
C
would
result
gaining
eating
a
about
3500
of
week!
the
with
lunch
extra
active.
Female
15-year-old
It
a
week)
Someone
and
a
the
burn.
glass
of
on
wine
in
chocolate
in
the
an
bar
evening
extra
about
500
½
kg
C
mid-morning,
would
easily
a
by
day
the
(or
end
crisps
reach
that
500.
150
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14:22
A
healthy,
•
Reduce
little
or
salt
no
provided
yams,
•
Eat
•
no
by
e.g.
salt
eating
fruit
has
diet
and
been
–
what
more
can
natural
vegetables
added),
you
foods
(fresh,
and
do?
as
they
frozen
starchy
or
foods,
contain
dried,
e.g.
cassava,
oats.
less
processed
cereals,
food,
e.g.
biscuits,
white
ready
bread,
meals,
smoked
meat
sh,
products
most
like
bacon
sausages.
Eat
more
These
•
intake
salt,
breakfast
or
balanced
Try
will
to
fats,
fruit
ll
eat
e.g.
and
you
up
“good”
those
vegetables
as
fats,
found
well
e.g.
in
–
as
a
minimum
supplying
olive
and
processed
of
ve
portions
a
day.
vitamins.
rapeseed
oils
and
avoid
“bad”
Anorexia
foods.
Some
•
Cut
down
on
sugar
as
it
is
high
in
calories
and
is
being
linked
persons
weight.
heart
Eat
the
correct
10–35%
of
amount
your
of
calories
nutrients.
should
USA
come
guidelines
4
on
very
harsh
diets
dangerous
from
and
45–65%
from
carbohydrates.
protein,
Remember
to
anorexia.
contains
calories.
9
calories
but
the
same
Carbohydrates
are
also
weight
a
lot
of
more
You
carbohydrate,
so
fat
When
20–35%
though
for
energy.
to
and
lose
can
do
your
not
body
eat
enough
uses
that
carbohydrate
bulky,
take
1g
is
this
it
runs
out
of
stored
fat
from
starts
using
proteins.
It
takes
these
of
proteins
fat
is
recommend
it
fat,
This
disease.
lead
•
go
to
only
organs
from
stop
your
body
working
tissues
so
your
properly.
into
Bulimia
consideration
when
planning
portion
size.
Persons
•
Finally
,
a
few
sports-related
tips.
If
you
have
to
lift
your
own
what
weight,
e.g.
high-jump,
so
yourbuild
do
endurance
should
not
work,
carbohydrates.
you
require
then
Drink
won’t
have
huge
increase
plenty
of
huge
amounts
your
water
a
muscle
of
before,
mass,
calories.
percentage
during
of
suffering
from
bulimia
also
restrict
body
If
then
you
or
they
try
using
to
eat,
get
but
rid
they
of
the
can
binge
food
by
eat
and
vomiting
laxatives.
starchy
and
after
exercise.
Underweight?
You
are
your
underweight
height.
time.
You
Exercise
information
KEY
on
will
you
be
make
the
ideal
are
below
the
underweight
you
feel
weak
normal
and
and
weight
overfat
tired.
range
for
at
the
same
See
unit
9.6
for
weight.
POINTS
•
Optimum
•
Caloric
•
It
is
never
Give
weight
needs
SUMMARY
1.
if
could
as
too
depends
change
late
to
on
the
throughout
switch
to
a
correct
energy
balance.
life.
healthy
balanced
diet.
QUESTIONS
many
reasons
as
possible
against
a
diet
high
in
readymeals.
2.
Choose
caloric
3.
Explain
three
age
groups
and
explain
the
difference
in
needs.
four
factors
that
could
affect
the
nutritional
needs
of
ateenager.
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9.6
A
A
LEARNING
healthy
healthy
lifestyle
can
this
•
list
unit
you
will
learn
be
to:
passed
from
cardiovascular
the
to
prevent
many
of
the
major
OUTCOMES
non-communicable
In
help
lifestyle
features
of
a
diseases
person
to
diseases,
in
the
world
(i.e.
person).
Some
of
such
as
heart
a
disease
the
attack
most
and
that
major
cancers,
cannot
are
diabetes
healthy
and
hypertension.
Whilst
there
are
many
factors
that
cause
these,
lifestyle
a
•
explain
can
how
reduce
certain
a
healthy
the
risks
lifestyle
of
healthy
lifestyle
describe
explain
sleep
can
help
eating
and
a
rest,
to
reduce
healthy
the
diet,
refraining
risk.
taking
from
Features
regular
alcohol
and
of
a
healthy
exercise,
having
drugs.
diseases
event
day
the
benets
of
the
most
important
points
to
consider,
even
in
a
healthy
diet,
meals
is
•
include:
enough
One
•
lifestyle
of
balancing
too
carbo-loading.
many
tables
for
calories
calories
your
appropriate.
If
a
supply
oxygen
Obesity
large
lead
is
a
to
on
your
to
heart
all
of
–
to
being
it
has
strokes,
Body
if
to
Extra
for
liver
the
is
and
what
normal
weight
is
this
to
to
be
heart.
with
30%
and
for
muscle)
than
extra
the
individual
disease
Mass
faster
just
on
is
Eating
Weight
guidelines
weight
beat
fat
male
spread).
overweight.
strain
an
a
previous
rough
(even
putting
20%
the
give
describe
over
attacks,
as
muscle.
again,
on
you
will
heavy
heart
used
fat
in
age
too
the
step,
term
amount
result
are
every
described
and
you
strain
with
can
height
places
lifted
(as
joint
an
for
abnormally
a
female.
It
can
pains.
Index
130
Obese
120
Obesity
is
the
end
energy
balance
step
dealing
result
wrong,
of
getting
exercise
is
Overweight
the
the
Normal
rst
110
in
with
Underweight
it.
100
gk
ni
90
thgieW
80
70
60
50
40
150
160
170
180
Height
Remember,
T
ype
2
for
some
engaging
in
a
healthy
The
regular
is
lack
risks
the
those
is
of
200
cm
exercise
will
in
your
which
increase
as
symptoms
lead
body
you
by
to
get
eating
weight
cannot
older,
a
loss.
break
but
healthy
you
diet
down
may
and
exercise.
constant
and
and
condition
over
lifestyle
a
a
energy.
persons
smoking,
is
diet
control
Hypertension
older
healthy
diabetes
glucose
have
a
in
190
high
of
essential
exercise
blood
African
as
and
pressure.
or
large
The
Caribbean
amounts
being
risk
origin,
of
overweight
salt,
is
higher
but
for
again
alcohol,
increase
the
risk.
152
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14:22
Eating
disorders
EXAM
Some
individuals
have
bad
eating
habits,
i.e.
they
eat
at
poor
hours,
Do
eat
the
wrong
things,
for
example
junk
food,
and
eat
the
not
eating
of
nutrients.
disorders
abnormal
–
eating
a
However
range
habits.
of
The
some
persons
psychological
most
actually
suffer
disorders
common
of
these
up
eating
with
disorders
eating
habits.
from
shown
are
get
wrong
mixed
balance
TIP
by
anorexia
and
bulimia.
DID
YOU
KNOW?
You
might
improve
your
Carbo-loading
performance
This
the
is
an
body
athletes
eating
in
diet
train
endurance
problems
Event
and
be
low
meal
as
it
high
During
but
the
possible
e.g.
to
by
The
cause
a
3
days
to
in
the
so
try
adjust
This
is
e.g.
of
dietary
over
them
things
and
manipulation,
carbo-loading,
optimum
involves
on
type
diet
such
the
as
the
runners
to
the
event
glucose
drinks
the
effect
them
drinking
that
out
or
many
Many
have
top
different
specically
for
stations.
increasing
this
can
before
cause
the
event!
than
is
in
system
any
of
of
event
food
the
instead
by
risk
longer
e.g.
(not
the
than
drink
fatigue,
of
to
of
the
muscles.
digest.
a
meal
e.g.
blood
Keep
Make
wholegrain
or
the
chicken
jam,
so
energy
time.
drinks
–
digest
carbohydrates,
and
delay
water
to
carbohydrate
period
and
given
carbohydrate,
glucose
of
time
high
e.g.
just
time
45
in
minutes
sugary
feel
dehydration
small
carbohydrates
bananas,
you
have
sports
ones).
thirsty
and
to
Do
it
is
keep
to
jelly
not
too
forget
late!
yourself
Sip
at
banana
eat
itself
carbohydrate-rich
cereal
and
plenty
a
bar.
restore
of
In
vitamins,
the
the
meal
minerals
balance
snack
itself
and
of
as
you
quickly
should
protein
everything
to
as
try
help
used.
possible,
to
the
Do
replace
body
not
forget
water.
KEY
•
A
POINTS
healthy
the
SUMMARY
risk
of
lifestyle
many
What
with
lifestyle
type
reduces
non-
QUESTIONS
communicable
1.
on
individual
environment.
marathon
at
however,
depends
has
muscles,
it
in
Although
down
prior
This
downside
pain
glycogen
tournament
cutting
carbohydrates.
fast-release
long
–
carbohydrate,
drink
and
of
performance.
e.g.
repair
in
reduce
–
to
a
reputable
to
2
store
carbo-loading.
carbohydrate
digestive
amounts
Post-event
the
of
is
event,
by
Then,
of
enough
the
low
importance
optimal
lot
the
performance.
it
carbohydrates
fatigue.
longer
glycogen
frequently
diet
endurance
hard.
slow-release
over
frequent
beans,
to
exercise
replenish
increase
improve
balanced
of
a
kidneys
ensure
and
released
body
eat
to
to
marathon,
amount
takes
in
a
try
some
meals
directed
sandwich,
is
–
big
delaying
the
day
a
training
the
to
good
or
and
and
to
Pre-event
fat
a
to
your
lightly
increasing
will
eat
aiming
event
days/weeks
your
of
an
prior
depleting
you
strategy
to
should
habits
several
rst
eating
prior
through
2
recommendation
diabetes
or
would
you
make
to
a
person
•
Dietary
result
hypertension?
diseases.
manipulation
in
increased
can
stores
of
glycogen.
2.
You
are
playing
numerous
your
in
games
eating
and
a
5-a-side
from
11am
drinking
plan
football
tournament
onwards.
for
the
Describe
day.
with
and
explain
•
Planned
event
optimise
performance.
day
meals
can
153
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14:22
9
Summary
HEAL
TH
1.
2.
3.
AND
Dene
(b)
List
three
(a)
List
the
(b)
List
three
(a)
Name
the
two
(b)
Name
the
main
Dene
5.
Why
6.
(a)
What
(b)
Name
7.
8.
9.
NUTRITION
(a)
4.
is
a
the
nutrients.
reasons
Caribbean
(3)
food
(2)
of
a
to
lack
foods
to
your
classmates
your
answers.
Name
Explain
three
(a)
Name
the
than
Explain
Dene
11.
Substances
Which
(a)
two
obesity.
nutrition
of
the
Vitamins
factors
each
group.
provides
carbohydrates.
athlete?
vitamin
B
complex
provide
three
(3)
can
affects
athletes
use
guidelines
affect
our
to
lead
vitamin
for
energy
energy
store
to?
B.
pre-event
meals,
and
give
needs.
need.
more
glycogen
for
a
long
event
lasting
hours.
method
What
found
food
that
can
that
factor
method
the
10.
(a)
(3)
how
needed.
carbohydrates.
an
of
that
for
(b)
each
group
reasons
(a)
are
diet.
can
(2)
nutrients
groups.
of
types
food
important
illness
two
why
examples
balanced
calcium
more
12.
term
(3)
Suggest
(b)
questions
in
name
are
the
food
(b)
following
above.
negative
that
are
required
the
Minerals
of
for
nutrients
regulates
(b)
effects
obesity
the
(c)
chemical
efcient
the
Fibre
of
body
system?
functioning
health
reactions
(c)
on
(d)
our
of
the
body
are
called
diet
body?
(d)
Fruits
154
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14:22
13.
14.
15.
Why
(a)
T
o
(c)
For
Why
17.
19.
is
repair
bre
It
keeps
Which
of
need
their
and
energy
(a)
physical
(c)
basal
The
11,500
Which
of
in
following
needed
activity
need
the
(b)
diet
per
of
to
track
is
of
an
needed
control
Fats
keep
(c)
our
(PAL)
rate
(BMR)
body
day
(b)
is
a
T
o
help
It
increases
(d)
It
provides
body
systems
going
is
active
2600
of
15-year-old
C
per
day
is
more
(b)
When
a
person’
s
weight
is
30%
(c)
When
a
person’
s
weight
is
more
than
50
%
greater
(d)
When
a
person’
s
weight
is
more
than
30
%
lower
A
Energy
balanced
reason
(b)
diet
refers
why
than
Repairs
to
the
(a)
enough
(b)
the
adequate
(c)
the
appropriate
amount
(d)
the
appropriate
types
20%
greater
we
greater
than
need
(c)
intake
weight.
and
to
cool
working
muscles?
Water
Working
Energy
(WE)
(kcal)
8800
C
per
day
(d)
1800
C
per
day
obesity?
weight
a
body
is
(c)
person’
s
not
muscles.
called
male
a
is
and
clots.
and
(d)
kilocalories
When
answer
bones
blood
size
Carbohydrates
(a)
Which
their
energy.
temperature
(c)
denition
form
(b)
(b)
moderately
following
to
strengthen
athlete?
clean.
level
a
T
o
(d)
the
(b)
C
diet?
temperature.
digestive
metabolic
caloric
their
growth.
Calories
The
in
appetite.
the
the
protein
body
important
(c)
(a)
20.
control
Increases
(a)
18.
athletes
(a)
(a)
16.
do
the
than
the
standard
than
the
standard
weight
the
for
weight
their
standard
standard
weight
for
height.
height.
weight
for
their
for
their
their
height.
height.
food?
Good
health
(d)
T
o
store
fat
of
drinks
amount
of
of
vitamins
of
food
food
and
and
and
mineral
bre
an
adequate
amount
of
them
155
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14:22
Trends
10.1
and
Sport
Politics
LEARNING
refers
unit
In
this
•
understand
you
will
the
government
understand
in
learn
role
PE
the
to:
and
and
Policy
of
and
why
sport
and
it
will
activities
refers
a
to
the
if
is
politics
of
the
necessary
you
government
to
how
much
importance
for
understand
decisions
legislation
a
the
country
introduce,
to
you
place
on
how
PE
to
of
a
terms
or
country,
and
what
policy
region
much
both
they
and
makes.
money
sport.
provision
of
money
and
the
decisions
on
to
do
and
funding.
It
determines
provide
Funding
and
refers
how
it
will
be
to
spent.
“funding”.
on
PE
schools
country’s
on
Provides
facilities
for
all
sport
Supports
What
Promotes
know
terms
in
policy
help
It
much
Legislates
Writes
the
locally.
how
the
“policy”
to
and
OUTCOMES
nationally
•
issues
does
international
athletes
a
participation
government
do?
Provides
Provides
training
for
ofcials
to
teams
funding
Helps
to
Fosters
relations
other
Promotes
send
international
events
with
countries
individual
Creates
employment
Less
crime
self-esteem
Improved
of
Less
the
health
nation
money
spent
Provides
on
a
Why
is
a
tool
government
concerned
and
with
PE
sport?
Promotes
Attracts
political
healthcare
sporting
tourism
Increased
visitors
spending
money
goodwill
Increased
a
and
peace
prestige
Increased
for
international
patriotic
pride
country/region
156
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14:24
Caribbean
As
you
can
policy
see
from
governments
have
reason.
nation
which
Each
makes
its
money
and
spend.
Certain
sport
is
mind
contribution
in
the
and
take
as
maps
funding
do
not
sport
on
to
Caribbean
government
seen
and
the
countries
often
often
PE
big
policy
small
employment
a
on
the
previous
make
has
its
to
own
decisions.
necessarily
policies
such
as
priorityover
sport
as,
page,
sport
and
for
good
government
However,
sport
have
of
a
lot
education,
despite
costs
money
health
its
to
and
benets,
non-essential.
The
CARICOM
represent
Because
the
Caribbean
region
is
comprised
of
lots
of
small
governments
unite
15
It
the
member
sees
for
region.
as
created
CARICOM,
states
sport
young
have
and
being
persons,
associate
states
important
part
and
in
(COHSOD),
at
for
schools,
various
drugs
and
increase
the
physical
education
The
The
impact
CARICOM
CSME
is
a
Caribbean
5
group
look
the
organizations
an
Development
to
larger
2000
a
at
taken
Single
Council
sport,
testing,
sport
are
of
all
seriously
Market
development
and
levels.
and
policy
one
of
of
Human
ways
This
to
the
by
years
to
is
the
represents
are
widen
to
its
work
towards
membership
a
and
single
Caribbean
life,
of
the
economic
Caribbean
in
the
set
crisis
of
2007–8
and
resulting
that
up
on
hold,
but
it
is
thought
that
together
of
the
member
states
One
a
single
key
states
is
no
for
Vocational
can
of
which
the
longer
be
expertise
the
allows
needed.
T
o
to
and
means
gain
and
single
persons
of
vegetation
in
the
region.
(CSME)
and
in
and
1989.
Its
The
put
the
mind
economies
If
a
for
question
your
asks
for
single
will
and
maps
global
the
there
TIP
economy,
increase
market.
eventually
market
to
gaining
assist
Qualications
accredited
region
of
purposes
movement
the
yellow
be
reasons
why…,
you
have
a
answers
in
the
mind
map.
perhaps
you
have
to
“explain”
them,
currency.
component
agreement
ring
region.
If
even
the
green
and
the
bringing
the
a
three
economy
the
and
and
sport
CARICOM
recession
sun
guidelines
exam.
nancial
blues
sea,
Social
strengthen
market
strength
global
The
especially
and
Learn
development
the
organization.
EXAM
aims
and
comprising
policy
shows
Economy
up
the
CARICOM,
including
within
set
such
community
subcommittee
aspects
drug
of
the
Community,
is
of
over
Standard.
sky
nations,
circle
their
the
coaches
meaningful
this
has
recognized
that
move
the
a
–
system
been
across
and
free
within
employment
with
(CVQs)
is
movement
the
a
the
employment,
reason
given
what
the
means.
permit
region.
can
allowing
so
that
This
freedom
move
them
skills
within
to
share
experience.
KEY
•
POINTS
Government
the
•
SUMMARY
state
Caribbean
established
teachers
you
CARICOM
work
of
ensure
Funding
and
refers
to
made.
refers
provision
QUESTIONS
policy
decisions
to
the
distribution
of
money.
Look
at
the
exam
tip
above.
•
1.
Explain
three
development
2.
Give
with
three
PE
ways
of
which
physical
reasons
and
in
sport.
why
a
government
education
a
and
government
assists
the
sport.
should
CARICOM
give
be
concerned
and
areregional
strength
Caribbean
smaller
COHSOD
bodies
by
to
which
the
uniting
member
the
states.
157
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14:24
10.2
Gender
Gender
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
evaluate
differences
you
the
will
learn
world.
In
in
1.3,
unit
sport
education
it
this
is
and
sport.
Although
•
and
there
is
not
•
roles
Lack
of
for
Body
will
•
men
areas
of
life
dominate
throughout
and,
as
you
the
learned
high
jumper
in
physical
less
than
activity
men.
by
Here
are
Women
not
traditional
who
spend
minders
A
them
on
Some
Some
not
religions
on
are
may
have
role
brought
into
of
women,
up
physical
leave
much
this
to
adopt
activity.
time
or
recreation.
have
myth
not
and
paid
work
recreation.
held
and
If
transport,
by
so
many
they
communal
often
they
do
also
costs
girls
avoid
not
is
need
to
increase.
that
exercise
participation.
changing
areas
which
like.
surrounding
participation
Girls
public
masculine
facilities
do
not
use
common
look
role
physical
and
traditional
men
encouraged
physical
do
the
some
activity.
always
in
have
For
do
body
the
not
encourage
exposure,
Sabbath
or
participation
especially
on
in
front
because
of
men,
Sundays.
Lavern
does
masculine.
are
This
to
women
beliefs
and
exercise
participate
mother.
physical
Women
image.
Religion.
of
participation
still
participation
child
make
some
look
recreation
that
they
and
with
and
Facilities.
•
wife
in
money
employ
•
signs
attitudes.
time.
Expense.
have
Olympic
t
these
energy
woman
many
new.
physical
are
Traditional
•
a
in
that
reasons:
does
that
say
nothing
increasing,
homemaker,
make
evident
to
physical
some
prove
fair
gender
in
women
like
is
to:
Women
Spencer
are
sport
OUTCOMES
differences
Women
and
not
Women
in
Sport
Attitudes
towards
in
years.
recent
be
included
for
pleasing”.
In
2012
ski
are
and
currently
rhythmic
all
not
ways.
men
and
Prize
for
jumping
gender
of
Media
money
a
it
and
when
inclusion
2014,
which
the
are
are
women
that
women’
s
sport
women
is
of
is
are
in
Go
see
can
only.
to
sport
that
examples
women
nd
as
still
harder
equal
in
the
who
that
is
a
that
men’
s
behind
in
that
of
sponsorship.
sports,
There
and
world’
s
take
and
but
to
many
coaching
in
in
equality
sport
men.
to
“aesthetically
sports
nd
greatly
sport
boxing
lags
to
for
a
swimming
however,
than
be
Gender
viewed
it
for
Olympic
organization,
towards
you
is
nd
less
frequent
attitudes
if
the
had
Olympic
new
improving,
signicantly
involved
any
women’
s
still
it
changed
order
women’
s
only
of
women
of
have
in
synchronised
inclusion
there
and
Olympics
specic
coverage
sport
the
the
in
top-end
days
in
discriminatory
online
in
the
the
result
for
women
sport
in
mean
example,
fewer
after
gymnastics
as
are
women
fact,
consideration
does
women
Gone
up
are
golf
still
ofciating
media
these
of
roles.
some.
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14:24
Increasing
Over
the
participation
years,
women’
s
recognition
of
the
associated
•
greater
•
increased
opportunities
•
increased
and
•
more
•
improved
economic
has
health
attitudes
increased
because
of:
benets
independence
improved
role
changing
participation
•
female
and
facilities
and
activities
models
These
media
coverage
of
women’
s
events
and
girls
so
are
are
participating
•
more
childcare
Changing
when
years.
and
•
In
are
•
Better
A
that
–
by
women
Realisation
try
these
the
that
activities
three
woman
right
positive
need
to
is
participation
are
and
to
in
sport
and
can
hundreds
women
in
assist
stars,
continue
leave
school.
of
sport
focus
the
enjoyable.
need
accessible
to
be
facilities
that
facilities.
–
girls
and
women
need
enjoyable.
change
good
on
of
for
so
is
continue
attitude
her
is
possible.
able
to
access
likely
to
develop
is
more
participation.
Positive
role
Although
makes
greatly
in
this
process
and
so
successful
coaches,
ofcials,
administrators
and
teachers
violent
the
crowd
media
behaviour
headlines,
occasions
allow
often
many
fans
from
female
opposing
sports
they
especially
back
and
participation
are
doing
and
to
enjoyable
a
is
fun
for
they
place,
exercise
have
needs
childcare
is
that
process,
going
girls
affordable,
provide
realise
of
benecial
of
slow
view
sporting
models
when
themselves
to
happen:
education
provision
to
attitude
–
and
and
historical
participation
things
knows
facilities
difcult
an
opportunities
things
who
a
exercise
appeal
the
a
three
increased
to
If
increase
provision
to
be
upon
understanding
recognition
•
to
recreation,
Better
can
based
order
likely
facilities.
attitudes
they
enjoying
more
sides
to
mix
without
trouble
should
arising.
encourage
KEY
the
More
•
Historical
•
men
Suggest
women
beliefs
by
and
women
at
all
levels.
and
participate
attitudes
regularly
contribute
to
in
physical
the
activity.
stereotyping
four
Participation
How
this
women
is
increasing.
QUESTIONS
reasons
recreation
why
3.
than
Participation
and
2.
girls
women.
SUMMARY
1.
of
POINTS
•
of
participation
is
by
the
would
is
why
lower
the
than
women
is
participation
that
of
of
women
in
sport
men.
increasing.
Suggest
four
reasons
case.
you
encourage
girls
to
participate
in
sport?
159
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14:24
10.3
Behaviour
In
LEARNING
unit
this
unit
you
will
learn
to:
a
and
way
evaluate
issues
violent
relating
education
and
and
to
of
learned
building
self-control.
exact
•
you
that
physical
sport
education
and
sport
are
used
OUTCOME
as
In
1.1
in
opposite
character
However,
being
all
shown
and
too
by
teaching
sportsmanship,
frequently
those
we
see
associated
fair
examples
with
sport
play
of
at
the
the
ethical
highest
level.
rules
the
Sportsmanship
refers
to
the
written
and
unwritten
physical
of
game;
it
is
about
behaviours
which
show
the
spirit
of
the
sport.
game,
its
values
and
ethics.
Violence
Why
is
violence
in
some
of
the
sports
nature
individuals
exhibit
violent
Reactions
to
•
Deliberate
attempt
•
External
•
Sporting
rivalry
•
Physical
contact
•
Substance
•
Attention-seeking
•
Learned
If
the
to
as
within
participants
others?
about
behaviour.
at
all
spectators
be
because
personalities
given
Causes
or
to
of
to
those
violence
of
the
who
include:
perceived
unfairness
opponents
crowds
“mock
and
could
costs
others
family,
It
the
consequences
of
the
in
also
intimidate
from
seen
is
win
violence
pressures
and
the
media
war”
sport
turning
into
aggression
abuse
behaviour
behaviour
crowds,
from
role
models
and
a
to
it
Inrugby,
side
causing
rivalry,
have
interest
for
know
seen
often
who
the
unpunished
actions
violence
it
seen
will
and
copying
and
that
example,
that
no
the
but
result
is
in
also
sport
of
a
strong
often
but
planned
are
using
it
and
to
cause.
important
commonly
is
one
political
is
hooliganism
groups
aggression,
sport,
be
it
the
to
seen
others
W ithin
they
but
and
desire
amongst
ever
aggressive
•
ght
search
and
consuming
involves
and
sport
concerned
afliation
online
the
of
All
•
Go
hardly
•
of
ACTIVITY
commonplace
but
this
hooliganism
all
incidents
players
not
be
rarely
do
not
tolerated,
when
to
be
with
whereas
As
removed
punished
argue
punished.
behaviour
are
are
a
the
in
result,
they
from
appropriately.
referee
football,
children
it
because
is
can
often
play.
for
Racism
recent
examples
aggression,
and
out
against
action
the
violence,
racism,
hooliganism
what
of
in
terrorism,
sport.
was
Find
taken
perpetrators.
Racism
origin
means
treating
and
sadly
we
deliberate
racial
abuse
persons
despite
from
the
different
work
persons
can
done
nd
to
a
lack
races
by
differently
many
of
face,
many
according
examples
of
it
understanding
racism
to
is
combat
still
a
in
to
their
sport.
of
the
major
racial
From
problems
problem
it.
160
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14:24
One
notable
from
the
event
crowd,
friendly
football
players
off
the
fans
the
that
occurred
in
Kevin-Prince
match.
eld
this
in
His
a
type
AC
show
of
2013
when,
Boateng
Milan
of
team
support
behaviour
as
a
walked
the
captain
for
would
result
off
the
not
of
led
the
player
be
racial
eld
abuse
during
rest
and
to
of
a
his
show
tolerated.
T
errorism
T
errorism
sporting
headlines
money
is
becoming
events
and
trying
terrorist
events
There
are
are
are
bad
media
has
as
youth
by
cause.
terrorism
prevented
than
intelligence
part
groups
of
our
life
wanting
Governments
and
it
is
all
the
spend
that
Security
are
occasionally
make
thought
succeed.
information
and
to
used
lots
far
of
more
checks,
to
media
video
ensure
that
safe.
far
but
more
examples
unfortunately
It
is
education
its
“…to
the
are
and
increasing
their
combat
headlines.
physical
an
targeted
publicise
to
plots
surveillance
are
it
of
is
the
important
adopt
the
good
behaviour
bad
that
behaviour
all
values
in
persons
and
ideals
sport
that
often
involved
of
than
in
there
hits
the
sport
Olympism
and
which
goal:
contribute
through
Olympic
friendship,
to
building
sport
spirit,
which
solidarity
a
peaceful
practiced
and
without
requires
fair
and
better
world
discrimination
mutual
of
by
educating
any
understanding
kind
with
a
and
spirit
in
of
play.”
–
International
Olympic
Committee
KEY
•
POINTS
Sportsmanship
and
This
etiquette
of
rivals
shaking
hands
is
evident
in
most
unwritten
•
QUESTIONS
2.
Give
is
one
players
3.
sportsmanship?
What
personal
to
do
insport?
act
you
and
one
needs
written
the
fair
and
values,
play.
aggression
unwanted
behaviours
insport.
social
factor
that
inuences
•
aggressively.
think
and
Violence
are
What
of
incorporating
ethics,
1.
the
sports.
game
SUMMARY
is
rules
to
be
done
to
encourage
fair
play
Sports
events
are
targeted
by
or
groups
racist
their
sometimes
terrorist,
to
political
publicise
cause.
161
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10.4
The
ght
drugsin
Drugs
LEARNING
In
•
this
unit
to
be
social
sport
drugs
such
as
alcohol,
tobacco,
such
stimulants
and
cannabis
OUTCOMES
you
evaluate
can
against
will
drugs
physical
learn
or
performance-enhancing
In
all
sports
there
are
very
drugs
strict
rules
as
concerning
drugs
and
as
steroids.
their
use
to:
issues
education
poses
many
Why
is
problems.
related
and
drug
taking
(doping)
against
the
rules?
sport.
After
a
number
International
1967
which
T
o
competition
fair
–
T
o
actions
protect
risk
health
T
o
image
The
the
the
side
The
carries
also
of
for
(IOC)
drugs
doing
drugs
when
means
are
allegations
as
athletes
that
not
morally
and
so
a
of
set
take
taking,
the
commission
in
performance-enhancing
of
cheating,
banned
are
wrong;
a
were:
way
only
drug
up
they
they
thus
drugs
they
breaking
know
making
they
are
the
rules
should
but
not
be
it.
protect
leading
damages
doping
of
psychological
of
by
This
use
reasons
use
doing
Cheating
the
the
their
•
Their
and
Committee
eliminate
cheating.
•
deaths
banned
substances.
•
of
Olympic
the
a
healthy
its
of
athletes
effects
of
life
–
which
sport
and
–
so
drugs
can
be
can
have
participating
the
use
physical
damaging
of
in
or
sport
drugs
and
even
is
within
a
fatal.
means
sport
reputation.
consequences
consequences
of
of
taking
doping
drugs
or
doping
fall
into
three
of
categories:
being
caught
which
has
many
stressful
consequences.
1.
Physical
–
depending
consequences
heart
attack,
dehydration
also
as
2.
brings
stroke,
and
and
Psychological
–
consequences
anxiety,
and
3.
with
of
is
now
disgraced
the
confessing
enhancing
drugs
to
taking
and
risk
of
serious
increased
diabetes
death.
contracting
on
the
addiction,
(cannot
other
If
you
associated
loss
respect
of
and
and
sleep),
as
The
well
use
infectious
substance
increased
mood
risk
as
of
of
pain,
needles
diseases
used,
such
serious
aggression,
swings,
psychological
aspects
are
of
your
life
caught,
then
you
disgrace
and
sponsorship,
acute
reduced
memory
the
effects
slur
on
such
will
your
suspicion
your
consequences
actions
as
your
have
to
relationships
cope
reputation,
from
will
other
have
will
loss
with
of
athletes,
on
your
lack
family,
after
yourcommunity
nally
of
depending
physical
upon
others.
income,
Armstrong
risk
failure
the
used,
imbalance,
hepatitis.
include
insomnia
–
impact
Lance
kidney
the
substance
motivation.
Social
the
the
hormonal
ultimately
about
HIV/AIDS
on
include
and
your
country.
performance-
throughout
his
career.
162
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14:24
Anti-doping
The
World
their
the
Anti-Doping
vision
law
in
is
to
sport
Anti-Doping
anti-doping
try
and
doping
Agency
all
relating
sports
to
has
15
stop
the
authorities
competition.
A
e.g.
use
of
was
free.
they
Lucia
drugs,
test
established
They
have
Barbados
countries.
St
regularly
owchart
and
(RADOs);
member
committee,
(WADA)
doping
drugs
Organizations
Agencywhich
To
have
divided
sports
the
this
and
for
Regional
Caribbean
has
its
own
Committee.
associations
during
1999
into
country
Anti-Doping
in
responsible
hosts
Each
athletes
describing
are
and
training
process
can
anti-
and
be
The
in
WADA
colours
by
seen
a
referee
signifying
on
the
the
right.
order
authorities
themselves
and
or
In
is
athlete.
to
as
a
for
sign
samples
this
their
available
taken
blood
as
for
Throughout
the
take
place
whereabouts
testing.
of
taken
to
guilt.
from
at
Refusal
Tests
are
athletes
all
to
is
supervised
so
carried
out
identity;
to
conrm
this
is
to
the
during
test
else
to
take
the
worn
colour
sports
eld.
make
serious
urine
and/
athlete
is
is
notied
to
be
that
tested
athletes
or
sample
the
of
blood
or
urine
getting
is
someone
and
a
athlete’s
prevent
the
health
with
The
colour
the
A
cheating
together
equality.
usual
inform
very
on
the
documents
he/she
checked
and
is
signies
the
process
and
times
do
The
athlete
must
logo
represent
test
for
sport
is
taken
sample
and
A
divided
and
into
sample
B
them.
The
The
ght
against
drugs
in
samples
laboratory
hampered
are
new
by
the
drugs
fact
that
continually
involved
and
nd
are
new
found
being
guilty,
appeal
battles
is
tested
the
result
athlete
negative,
and
If
governing
the
the
result
is
positive,
athlete
is
told
and
caught.
are
told
and
the
suspended
and
the
athletes
and
have
is
of
samples
can
A
trying
ways
body
If
the
those
the
avoiding
to
tested
there
If
to
sent
be
being
Sample
developed
are
to
are
destroyed
governing
body
informed
legal
hindered
A
the
ght
against
drugs
as
professional
An
cite
their
areason
right
not
to
to
be
be
able
to
earn
a
hearing
takes
place
athletes
living
as
investigation
place
banned.
be
and
tested
sample
at
the
takes
B
here
may
his/her
athletes
a
request
the
athlete
case
If
punishment
The
athlete
presents
found
ill
has
be
the
guilty,
given
right
to
appeal
SUMMARY
1.
QUESTIONS
T
aking
drugs
meant
by
is
against
the
rules
and
morally
wrong.
What
is
KEY
2.
Describe
morally
three
psychological
3.
Describe
the
POINTS
wrong?
consequences
and
one
process
of
doping;
one
physical,
one
social.
undertaken
during
a
drugs
•
The
use
•
There
of
are
drugs
cheating.
physical,
psychological
test.
is
and
social
consequences.
4.
What
is
the
name
of
the
leading
authority
on
anti-doping
in
•
sport?
WADA
drug
5.
Some
persons
anyone
stance
believe
caught
and
two
that
doping.
to
a
Write
argue
life
ban
two
against
should
be
statements
it.
given
to
leads
the
ght
against
use.
to
support
this
•
Athletes
using
are
blood
tested
or
regularly
urine
samples.
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14:24
10.5
Drugs
Why
LEARNING
this
unit
you
will
learn
evaluate
to
take
drugs?
would
drugs
physical
issues
education
think
that
deter
persons
the
risks
and
consequences
of
doping
would
be
to:
enough
•
athletes
sport
OUTCOMES
You
In
do
in
relating
are
to
prepared
to
take
the
from
risk
using
for
drugs,
several
however,
some
athletes
reasons:
and
•
T
o
gain
a
physical
advantage.
Drugs
can
help
persons
train
harder
sport.
and
recover
•
Drugs
are
•
Pressure
now
to
community
•
Belief
to
•
that
a
lot
easier
succeed,
and
their
the
to
either
obtain.
from
themselves
or
coaches,
so
they
family,
media.
competitors
are
taking
drugs
have
to
do
so
compete.
Financial
rewards
Whatever
the
accepted
by
your
also
faster.
own
be
for
reason
all:
you
body.
If
prepared
a
to
outstanding
athletes
are
give
performance.
for
doping
responsible
person
accept
is
for
prepared
the
one
what
to
take
fact
you
must
put
drugs,
be
inside
they
must
consequences.
Medicines
We
all
become
careful
these
and
list
or
about
medications
even
is
constantly
can
also
be
nd
an
app
recommends
medicines
In
2014
18
reduced
to
for
at
to
time
and
them
could
so
check
to
but
athletes
supplements
substances
updated
can
that
are
result
in
before
see
download.
if
an
it
is
a
the
Go
Asafa
banned
Powell
and
stimulant
the
to
and
uses
Sherone
a
up-to-date
RADO
will
also
specic
look.
Simpson
After
The
medicine
An
where
a
of
list
ban.
whereathletes
take
oxilofrine.
be
Many
banned
use.
TheCaribbean
online
to
use.
competition
athlete
OK
need
they
on
http://www.globalrdo.com
checked.
sprinters
using
time
http://www.wada-ama.org,
they
be
of
must
visiting
can
Jamaican
months
use
being
they
found
from
medicines
contain
accidental
supplement
list
unwell
which
were
appeal
their
banned
bans
for
were
sixmonths.
164
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14:24
Banned
substances
In
see
order
easier
to
to
Type
look
of
Social
the
at
benets
them
in
substance
drugs,
alcohol,
Desired
e.g.
No
tobacco,
cocaine,
athletes
they
gain
from
drugs
it
is
effect
positive
although
cannabis.
feel
categories.
as
Disadvantages
effect
those
cocaine,
on
that
can
performance
are
Alcohol:
stimulants,
increase
such
alertness.
sense
poor
reduced
of
danger;
co-ordination,
reaction
time;
Smoking:
tness,
oxygen
blood
e.g.
Stimulate
the
circulatory
amphetamines,
systems
which
ephedrine
reactions
and
can
harder
work
can
and
speed
make
you
nervous
up
your
more
without
alert.
feeling
You
pain
or
fatigue.
Narcotic
analgesics
Allow
you
injured,
Anabolic
steroids
Allow
Diuretics
blockers
and
hormones,
mimetics
and
excreted
lose
Erythropoitin
human
e.g.
other
you
to
They
can
help
reduce
by
Natural
or
(EPO),
and
of
amount
As
or
a
the
sports
you
ability
cancer;
and
increased
increased
and
heart
heart
Lack
fatigue
of
can
lead
or
Addiction,
injuries
can
weakened
immune
kidney
increased
Dehydration,
headaches,
to
of
strain,
death.
be
made
worse,
system.
imbalance,
aggression,
and
anxiety,
awareness
injuries
Hormone
rate
failure,
increased
damage,
blood
cramps,
heart
pressure.
nausea,
dizziness.
out
body.
reduce
stress
of
efciency,
carrying
worsened
disease,
result
ush
the
anxiety.
and
like
hormones
strength
repair
recover
increase
muscles.
the
in
when
pain.
disease;
and
help
Reduced
weight
archery
blood
gain,
fatigue,
pressure,
breathing
heart
failure,
difculties,
addiction.
shaking.
articial
by
your
and
in
and
can
urine.
with
the
feeling
harder
quickly
relax
improve
oxygen
of
drugs
body
increase
even
you
in
errors
caused
compete,
the
increase
weight
of
muscles,
growth
to
Help
to
analogues,
strength
you
to
Peptide
train
result
water
traces
tranquilizers
a
and
mask
Allow
can
Beta
to
As
and
train
they
you
faster.
size
to
as
lung
illness;
pressure,
aggression.
pain
balance
pressure.
Addiction,
blood
to
reduced
and
dehydration.
reduced
resistance
Stimulants,
inhibition;
cancer
and
damaged
your
body’
s
increasing
red
that
size
body
ability
work
of
your
tissue
to
blood
Thickening
of
stroke
growth,
of
and
the
blood,
heart
diabetes,
increased
failure,
risk
abnormal
impotence,
arthritis.
carry
cells.
hormone
Blood
doping
Not
actually
injecting
to
increase
your
SUMMARY
a
your
ability
drug
own
red
to
this
involves
blood
blood
carry
into
cells
Kidney
your
and
body
failure,
pressure,
Give
two
blood
failure.
boost
oxygen.
QUESTIONS
KEY
1.
increased
heart
reasons
why
a
person
may
wish
to
cheat
by
POINTS
taking
•
The
use
of
drugs
can
give
drugs.
an
2.
What
are
the
risks
associated
with
the
unfair
advantage
to
an
useof
athlete.
•
alcohol
•
steroids
•
stimulants?
•
Different
types
different
affects
make
sure
you
of
drugs
and
have
risks
know
–
them.
165
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14:24
10.6
Factors
affecting
participation
We
LEARNING
for
In
this
unit
are
all
you
will
learn
in
to:
us.
our
At
evaluate
affect
the
factors
participation
physical
that
school
leisure
inuence
•
taught
participating
in
sport
and
recreation
is
good
OUTCOMES
education
physical
time
is
our
education
choice
and
is
compulsory
there
are
but
many
participating
factors
that
will
us.
that
T
wo
in
factors
means
and
and
sport.
that
to
consider
all
persons
accessibility
means
regardless
of
In
these
the
world
past
is
age,
much
are
that
gender,
factors
more
inclusion
should
have
facilities
religion,
may
aware
of
not
and
the
accessibility.
opportunity
should
race,
have
be
be
available
Inclusion
involved
to
socio-economics
been
individual
to
considered
differences
and
everyone
or
but
we
disability.
today
work
the
hard
LINK
to
Look
at
unit
physical
1.1
to
include
everyone.
revise
education
and
sport.
Special
populations
Age
LINK
Age
should
There
Look
at
unit
1.10
to
may
events
held
a
barrier
to
participating
restrictions
in
some
in
sport
sports
to
and
recreation.
protect
from
injury
whilst
they
are
growing
–
in
young
power-lifting,
for
for
special
be
age
revise
persons
multi-sport
not
be
example
–
but
for
older
persons
there
are
no
restrictions.
populations
Stereotyping
being
that
be
can
physically
age
is
not
provided,
community
mean
that
active,
a
but
barrier.
specic
groups
T
o
older
persons
examples
like
encourage
activities
developed
could
and
are
discouraged
Kathy
participation
be
arranged
access
to
from
Harper-Hall
are
transport
for
age
facilities
proof
could
groups,
improved.
Disability
There
are
unit1.10,
A
bell
the
facilities
Jamaica
still
international
in
1938,
regularly
level.
some
Kathy
competes
Having
a
at
dedicated
the
to
she
Star
sport
was
in
in
2015.
athlete;
Jamaica
awarded
I’ll
She
nish
the
and
as
an
“I
“can
that
others
do”
sports
with
or
access
around
and
can
to
the
world.
lifts
and
be
towards
easily
those
and
is
dedicated
made;
for
with
disabilities
are
promoting
total
able
football
sport
in
to
to
It
as
change
a
Adapting
areas,
with
is
barrier,
See
if
and
disabilities
the
important
compete
inclusion.
designed
mind.
is
for
seated
changing
harder
disability
equally
a
see
developed.
and
persons
disabilities.
see
as
disabilities
rules
with
not
such
basketball
Boccia
physical
ofciating
disabilities,
specically
sports
wheelchair
with
ramps,
approach
those
persons
adapted
and
persons
providing
for
are
to
and
in
alongside
you
can
nd
her
current
examples.
Barbados
Barbados
says,
of
able-bodied
some
life
provides
persons
participation
of
held
sports
popular
adjustments
have
in
are
by
attitudes
Harper-Hall
ball
needs
adapting
Born
a
events
some
impaired
volleyball
are
and
inside
visually
with
many
Service
started
as
an
athlete”.
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Social
Our
inuences
background
activities
we
community
sports,
Strong
For
sports
in
sports
such
Sporting
a
also
exist
rugby
more
likely
in
goat
since
dancing,
popular
culture.
to
strong
by
our
inuence
family,
participate
nd
what
for
in
on
the
friends
and
activities
such
as
so
exist
parts
you
they
the
are
world
eld,
participation
which
racing
less
may
are
attracting
of
are
are.
of
and
and
is
making
netball
high.
popular
as
activities
are
strong
Conversely,
they
have
not
participation.
crab
1925,
parts
track
skiing
Quadrille,
in
If
and
and
also
and
different
cricket,
tradition
regions
out
a
dance.
Caribbean
as
Easter
Maypole
are
have
encouraged
culture
customs
T
obago,
are
example,
the
established
are
and
and
upbringing
we
we
traditions
popular.
every
and
If
then
games
Tradition
In
do.
and
the
not
Do
many
games
region.
familiar
you
not
been
traditions
know
tourists
such
These
with
of
seen
that
as
any
to
the
Warri
look
been
held
island.
and
customs
them,
elsewhere.
have
are
Draughts
part
them
up
of
the
and
others?
The
design
of
participation
sports
by
hijabs
those
allows
Muslim
for
women
who
Religion
follow
Religion
is
part
participation.
whereas
others
specically
in
particular,
needed
KEY
•
see
holy
fasting
not
energy,
and
in
can
which
as
on
sport
be
have
the
be
where
effect
day
mean
with
and
wearing
the
hijab.
are
that
The
to
of
forbidden,
for
women
religious
physical
water
tradition
on
is
events
hindered.
problem
food
an
holy
clothing
can
a
enough
can
on
festivals
rules
pose
had
rules
active
days
Strict
have
their
being
participation
of
may
activity
provide
as
the
dangerous.
POINTS
Participation
race,
•
culture
some,
organised.
observance
persons
of
For
the
is
culture,
Inclusion
and
inuenced
and
by
age,
gender,
religion,
disability,
tradition.
accessibility
are
key
to
removing
barriers
to
overcome
in
participation.
SUMMARY
1.
2.
Outline
QUESTIONS
three
order
to
How
can
sports
disabilities
3.
State
barriers
participate
two
to
a
in
person
sport
adapt
in
or
may
have
to
recreation.
order
to
encourage
persons
with
participate?
aspects
of
culture
that
affect
participation
in
sport.
167
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14:24
10.7
Sport
The
LEARNING
media
is
information
magazines,
this
unit
you
will
learn
examine
media
to
physical
to
group
cinema
delivered
and
to
together
music,
the
all
the
but
population.
the
most
It
different
ways
includes
in
inuential
in
books,
the
internet,
television,
newspapers
and
radio.
sport
are
Persons
the
world
have
access
to
the
media
in
on
sport
one
form
or
another
education
and
and
is
issues
around
relating
used
media
to:
probably
•
term
the
OUTCOMES
which
In
a
and
that
makes
it
very
powerful.
sport.
The
There
effects
are
of
both
the
positive
media
and
negative
effects
on
sport
by
the
media:
LINK
Have
you
noticed
connection
the
between
and
sponsorship?
unit
10.9.
Positive
the
Look
effects
media
•
The
media
•
They
help
to
promote
and
popularise
sport.
at
create
sports
stars
who
become
lot
media
role
models
and
encourage
participation.
•
Sports
which
sponsorship
•
Media
•
The
coverage
media
T
elevision
rights
•
to
air
be
and
The
media
to
around
The
media
creates
•
The
media
can
•
Media
costs
This
sport
•
Negative
in
through
negotiate
develop
deliver
from
interest
us
coverage
nd
it
easier
to
obtain
deals.
a
sport.
documentaries,
coaching
books.
events.
used
of
raises
companies
can
events
a
marketing
educates
programmes
•
get
and
the
raises
the
deals
huge
specic
amounts
of
sports
revenue
for
the
which
sport.
into
our
homes
giving
everyone
access
to
world.
employment
raise
with
interest
in
opportunities
a
minority
in
sport.
sport.
effects
attention
attitude
may
may
bring
be
about
pressure
encouraged
to
perform.
A
rather
than
playing
coaches
and
captains
win-at-all-
fairly
and
for
enjoyment.
•
Pressure
and
•
failure
Sports
Rule
by
put
to
stars
constant
•
is
upon
managers,
produce
lose
results
privacy
and
could
may
mean
feel
them
that
they
can
be
losing
are
to
do
their
well
jobs.
under
scrutiny.
changes
television
and
the
timing
companies
and
of
events
sponsors
in
order
determined
to
maximise
viewinggures.
Usain
Bolt:
Media
attention
can
stars
celebrities.
turn
•
successful
sports
into
The
media
persons
can
into
over-sensationalise
buying
their
events
in
order
to
tempt
product.
168
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28/06/2016
14:24
•
Popular
sports
dominate
the
media
and
smaller
sports
nd
it
harder
ACTIVITY
to
attract
interest
from
new
supporters
and
potential
sponsors.
1.
•
Being
able
to
read
about
an
event
or
follow
it
on
TV
,
the
Collect
a
number
newspaper
or
the
radio
may
mean
supporters
do
not
go
and
of
different
internet
watch
events
titles
for
any
in
one
week.
For
each
title,
person.
determine:
•
“Trolling”
via
social
media
some
way
can
have
a
negative
impact
on
sports
•
stars
who
in
have
upset
their
the
number
sports
•
How
the
media
present
is
on
or
important
TV
,
to
listening
magazine,
reading
a
remember
to
it
on
the
somebody
journalist’
s
that
whether
radio
has
or
you
reading
packaged
account,
the
viewing
watching
about
that
a
are
chosen
angle
or
covered
percentage
it
event
camera
in
for
a
newspaper
you.
You
operator’
s
listening
to
a
reporter’
s
and
•
the
are
the
experience
more
minority
exciting
than
watching
opinion.
the
get
the
benet
of
expert
opinion,
close
up
action
This
event
and
the
percentage
live
dramatic
commentary.
However,
it
is
possible
that
opinion
of
an
event
may
be
inuenced
because
you
facts
seeing
enabling
you
Information
the
to
full
come
technology
are
smart
W iFi
and
getting
are
4G
at
us
is
We
any
part
phone,
technology
easier.
and
allows
a
to
can
time
a
watch
using
live
to
get
involved
and
our
opinions
for
The
media
are
part
inform
of
our
us.
of
means
publish
and
fully
our
tablet
and
educate
a
and
being
presented
informed
opinion
your
are
everyday
lives.
Look
at
the
the
main
week.
Is
technology
all
never
an
or
that
and
increased
access
the
listen
to
streaming
to
everyday
However,
it
in
different
List
on
2.
3.
three
or
world’
s
we
how?
events
catch-up
directly
TV
.
with
to
events
is
wherever
we
Social
media
sports
stars
and
no
as
such
longer
they
one-way
entertain,
allows
us
to
become
involved
in
trafc
ways
as
media
even
dreamed
allows
us
to
communicate
our
with
our
sporting
heroes.
of.
POINTS
QUESTIONS
ways
in
which
the
media
can
have
a
positive
effect
The
media
television,
includes
radio,
newspapers,
ways
in
which
the
media
can
have
a
negative
magazines,
effect
sport.
When
so,
we
access
sport.
List
on
three
If
see.
life
is
to
sports
communicate
others
Whether
computer,
•
1.
story
event.
KEY
SUMMARY
sports
reported
the
directly
grandparents
it
view
Social
interactive
sport.
not
with
of
local
technology
Information
using
picture
and
replays,
newspapers?
necessarily
of
as
differently
or
share
can
of
anda
sports
and
2.
you
of
sports
covered
international
make
share
female
coverage
sport
•
producer’
s
different
sport
male
It
of
fans.
•
watch
sport
on
TV
,
who
is
deciding
what
we
see?
They
can
negative
internet,
lm,
have
a
impact
and
books,
music.
positive
on
or
sport.
169
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10.8
Sport
T
elevision
LEARNING
In
this
unit
•
evaluate
and
probably
has
the
TV
biggest
impact
on
sport
of
all
the
media.
OUTCOMES
you
will
issues
television
and
learn
to:
relating
How
to
Unit
sport.
TV
10.7
benets
showed
benets
from
•
often
Sport
viewers,
•
Sports
from
you
how
sport
sport
benets
from
TV
,
but
television
also
sport.
lls
such
slots
as
when
Saturday
programmes
are
TV
would
otherwise
have
fewer
afternoons.
much
easier
to
make
than
dramas
or
documentaries.
•
Sport
as
the
that
•
can
Olympics
are
•
TV
in
We
can
of
Media
serve
When
not
and
we
watch
realise
what
spectators
something
it
to
is
like
have
for
the
on
the
TV
we
do
athletes
to
the
on
use
for
(MCTV)
on
TV
to
is
sport
major
good
for
attracts
advertise
being
events
TV
such
channels
companies
during
associated
such
the
make
the
their
viewer,
by
is
an
for
all
a
with
who
big
events.
the
wholesome
other
and
watch
TV
from
the
Network
fee,
in
which
and
usually
about
on
St
so
Lucia
are
satellite
a
and
Multi-Choice
pay-per-view
which
events
others
in
Barbados.
example
operate
by
Caribbean
(NTN)
(CBC)
for
or
whereas
advertising
however,
and
as
region,
channels,
others
channels
such
Corporation
subscription
CBC,
cable
whole
National
argument,
to
the
money
but
and
channels
serve
Broadcasting
offered
TV
as
satellite
Some
(CMC)
viewers
There
free
digital,
internet.
nation
charge
system.
be
on
channels
cable,
prices
from
This
for
other.
audiences,
benet
TV
Caribbean
Some
Games.
each
higher
especially
Caribbean
watch
one
PanAm
with
large
pay
Corporation
the
TV
and
audiences,
sport.
the
watching
free
the
to
companies
image
or
of
willing
TV
large
competing
Because
are
attract
events
should
be
should
for
only
cameras
those
who
subscribe
which
sports
to
satellite
and
cable
TV
.
If
you
should
be
free
could
decide,
there.
events
The
number
of
and
satellite
technology
sport
and
TV
on
Fox
and
events
if
stations
Soccer
coverage
world
TV
would
such
individuals
why
should
The
region
broadcast
channels
from
as
they
has
local
available
viewers
other
us
to
always
the
can
say
in
is
the
countries
growing,
and
Caribbean
such
as
for
all
to
view?
through
can
ESPN,
also
cable
watch
NBC
sports
Channel.
allows
CMC
you
follow
reports
Olympic
watch
pay
local
even
responded
events
live
sports
on
Games.
sport
more
to
if
the
in
that
However
,
the
money
this
there
by
are
a
go
of
and
allowing
tickets
still
staged
of
local
problem
comfort
to
not
are
being
performance
their
watch
TV
around
athletes
arises
own
the
in
the
in
that
home,
sport
companies
live?
to
available.
170
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14:24
Broadcast
In
order
to
show
broadcast
body.
it
If
no
footage
the
event.
some
is
of
W ith
If
TV
the
maybe
it
as
drugs
want
to
distance
less
on
in
a
the
Sports
use,
persons
possible,
is
realise
star
that
suffers
moment
star
is
of
for
but
the
serious
no
See
longer
enough
events
occur
which
they
sports
company
it
as
if
you
event,
can
then
highlights
can
recently.
want
be
or
live
for
governing
competition
made
could
or
TV
pay
sport’
s
for
after
sports
nd
out
Look
for
sports
soccer.
attracting
from
the
broadcast
viewers,
damaging.
match
may
to
bring
xing.
sport
focus
a
TV
in
more
then
There
sport
a
the
are
into
order
to
the
nancial
also
disrepute,
companies
on
sport,
may
avoid
being
scandal
and
celebrity
view
it
sport
will
very
not
best
injury,
celebrity
the
high.
a
show
channels,
have
or
to
The
can
sport
TV
may
only
it.
must
the
itself.
to
This
they
themselves
sport
Young
very
cheating
scandal
star
is
to
rights
lm
TV
company
paid
who
in
cost
not
when
such
can
companies
that
TV
exclusive
basketball,
is
for
consequences
involved
the
a
usually
companies
decides
because
consequences
buys
TV
eld,
company
is
increase
and
deals
and
event,
company
other
erce
track
a
other
to
the
like
sports
Payment
company
sell
events
a
rights.
the
means
rights
young
is
the
gone.
and
so
as
a
means
happen
gain
that
media
More
it
is
to
to
stardom
everyone.
celebrity
attention
often
than
important
It
and
not,
If
and
being
they
riches.
important
status.
drops
that
is
plan
a
to
sports
their
a
sports
for
their
Shelley-Ann
Fraser-Pryce
prominence
when
Caribbean
future
when
they
may
no
longer
be
able
to
generate
income
to
win
the
100m
rst
gold
Olympic
at
Games.
sport.
KEY
POINTS
•
TV
•
Costs
coverage
of
TV
allows
more
coverage
subscription
fees
or
are
QUESTIONS
1.
two
Describe
broadcasting
How
might
people
high
to
and
watch
are
sport.
paid
through
advertising.
SUMMARY
2.
to
rose
became
from
the
their
woman
she
ways
in
which
TV
companies
may
benet
from
sport.
intense
TV
scrutiny
be
damaging
for
an
individual?
171
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14:24
10.9
Commercial
and
legal
issues
As
LEARNING
you
sport,
In
this
unit
learned
you
will
learn
and
evaluate
10.7
and
Control
to:
of
sport
coverage,
10.8
there
is
no
television
particularly
is
a
lot
longer
with
companies
those
and
television,
of
taking
those
is
money
part
who
the
in
but
main
is
reason.
with
sponsor
the
sport.
This
the
is
commercialisation
•
units
media
managers,
•
in
OUTCOMES
understand
legal
of
called
the
commercialisation
of
sport.
sport
issues
in
Sponsorship
sport.
Sponsorship
a
business
a
brand
involves
and
name
an
at
a
deal
event,
an
being
team
event
or
or
on
made,
usually
individual
the
nancial,
athlete.
players’
kit
or
When
between
you
see
equipment,
the
ACTIVITY
company
Do
some
research
to
that
of
of
sport
region.
the
in
major
the
What
can
amounts
may
transport
such
form
does
the
form
be
of
are
on
team
or
wear
their
TV
and
to
the
benet
image
do
in
Sponsors
events
and
the
from
the
sport.
not
have
to
will
elite
sports
Sponsors
when
advertising
seen
•
get
they
Sponsors
sports
forms:
can
it
is
often
money
also
be
clothing,
and
huge
Sponsorship
for
a
equipment
ights.
young
person
and
may
to
a
university
or
centre
of
be
excellence.
is
performing
advertisements.
their
be
very
if
you
are
be
very
hard.
sports
and
are
a
big
pay
tax
on
with
the
and
This
star
will
Sponsors
often
female
companies
equipment
is
even
called
will
pay
drink
for
their
product
lucrative.
not
like
be
difcult,
sports
male-dominated.
athletes
has
its
benets
but
Disadvantages
association
well,
in
can
their
often
nd
but
if
you
that
feature
This
means
attracting
sponsors
difcult.
sponsor
of
it
the
•
The
•
An
money
sponsor
event
weather,
in
the
for
their
products
when
a
good
sponsor
benet
events
a
there
to
is
may
are
the
a
risk.
cancelled
hooliganism
disadvantages.
sponsor
taking
be
also
or
or
disrupted
by
the
terrorism.
athlete
may
in
a
be
caught
cheating,
doping
or
be
scandal.
media.
name
local
from
which
An
involved
•
•
it
sponsorship.
get
are
but
use
and
•
•
sponsor.
brand,
sponsorship
Sponsorship
give
several
individual
appear
smaller
more
they
in
scholarship
a
unknown
that
Sponsors
air
to
Finding
•
come
involved,
as
a
endorsement
healthy
a
take?
drinks
Sponsors
be
the
them
•
will
Caribbean
When
Advantages
brand
sponsors
in
sponsorship
that
identify
Sponsorship
some
owns
in
The
team
or
individual
may
perform
badly.
community
event.
getting
they
a
can
good
use
to
seats
at
entertain
clients.
172
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Advantages
•
The
to
to
money
develop
would
the
from
and
sport
Disadvantages
sponsorship
allows
otherwise
be
allows
events
too
to
the
take
sport
place
•
that
expensive.
T
alented
athletes
can
afford
to
deals
athletes
have
about
train
their
•
careers
sponsorship
person’
s
can
deals
nancial
be
short
can
help
so
When
a
money
at
these
event
have
coverage.
protect
a
sports
•
Some
security.
However,
may
another
spends
a
company
examples
in
Go
and
online
sponsored
the
rights
other
without
marketing
company
is
exclusive
events
ambush
and
may
how
wish
things
to
are
products,
pass
T
eams
on
and
an
athletes
lot
of
it
see
if
the
money
it.
can
gain
There
nd
have
some
ways
an
or
team
when
agreement
the
a
The
contract
wishes
to
those
pay
to
a
is
made,
new
their
of
contract
the
that
a
been
drink
recent
do
and
have
the
sport
and
tobacco
for
example,
image.
feel
If
lot
exploited.
of
called
one
not
want
famous
sports
brands.
examples.
stars
taking
a
a
can
sip
earn
from
match.
each
can
be
its
is
side
or
of
has
compensation,
agent
terms
and
In
before
which
in
could
be
This
seek
order
to
is
a
a
lot
of
money
sponsor’
s
Wearing
a
soft
just
drink
legal
ensure
a
the
the
rights
contain
for
sponsor’
s
has
a
for
and
failing
of
how
team
nished
will
who
have
high.
•
and
two
drawbacks
to
sport
a
lot
of
advertised
money
in
this
to
have
way.
POINTS
Sponsorship
the
benets
pay
brands
and
QUESTIONS
two
them
deal
KEY
State
earn
more.
and
fair
their
SUMMARY
can
length
details
example,
contract
shoes
by
advice
consequences
even
sports
involved
out
also
deal
done
set
football,
the
everyone
involved,
the
may
to
which
money
They
terminated.
manager
player,
sponsorship
protected.
important
contain
amounts
responsibilities.
sack
It
are
a
or
Companies
1.
not
advertise
is
some
and
example
professional
lawyer
will
for
interests
contract.
services
agreement,
full
the
that
legal
responsibilities
to
signs
ensure
up
made.
the
a
to
drawing
of
may
issues
Whenever
is
and
thinking
media
to
This
they
a
and
controversy.
event,
famous
nd
paying
sponsor.
much
an
is
publicity
often
ofcial
on
concerning
you
business
to
causes
“hijacking”
past
a
it
businesses
being
and
to
clothing
on
control
may
during
take
T
eams
be
done.
alcohol
by
needs
they
unhealthy
Sports
Legal
short.
marketing
sports
to
deal
be
continually
lucrative
•
Ambush
next
may
to
this.
Sponsors
dictate
Sports
may
sport
and
compete.
•
the
Sponsorship
timefor
•
to
has
advantages
disadvantages
sponsor
and
to
the
both
sport.
of
•
Sport
is
big
business
sponsorship.
and
2.
State
two
3.
What
is
benets
the
benet
and
of
a
two
risks
of
contract?
sponsorship
to
a
sponsor.
those
protection
involved
from
need
legal
contracts.
173
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14:24
10.10
T
echnology
The
LEARNING
one
thing
this
unit
you
will
learn
is
to:
evaluate
the
impact
assist
in
much
be
and
with
it
is
certain
hard
winning
is
performance
to
with
technology
keep
up!
important
and
fair
By
for
its
is
that
nature,
it
is
many.
play
and
be
good
If
give
sport
technology
spectators
an
of
improved
technology
so
competitive
can
•
can
sport
OUTCOMES
advancing
In
we
in
experience,
then
that
may
a
thing
but
it
is
up
sport.
to
the
governing
whatis
of
sport
to
determine
what
is
allowed
and
not.
Clothing
The
bodies
and
equipment
improved
inboots
equipment
we
use
technology
or
changes
swimsuits,
and
over
in
the
the
rackets,
technology
is
clothing
years.
racing
helping
we
wear
Whether
cars
sport
to
it
has
is
beneted
orshark’
s
become
from
improvedstuds
skin
safer
and
be
performedmoreefciently.
T
echnology,
It
Players
today
have
the
benet
of
a
is
aerodynamic
ball
than
those
just
have
seen
the
players
who
can
ofciating
the
introduction
benet
of
video
from
improved
referees
in
technology.
rugby,
goal-line
used
technology
in
the
and
lighter,
We
more
not
training
in
football
and
Hawk-Eye
in
tennis
which
assist
ofcials
past.
when
making
adapt
be
their
used.
potentially
rules
More
cameras
and
determine
if
to
vanishing
free
combat
kick;
including
brought
the
Hawk-Eye
this
is
from
the
shirt
gather
but
a
up
can
it
also
the
in
these
the
ground
ball
within
a
talk
to
training
analysis
of
each
as
In
In
systems
a
referee
also
referees
for
sports,
have
during
high-speed
it
placed
other
to
can
stump
the
ball;
football,
been
other
of
help
and
minute.
communication
to
which
has
had
technologies
bat
players.
a
have
introduction
between
where
disappears
used
in
the
between
show
ofcials
seen
contact
abuse
to
has
around
improved
biggest
data
been
match.
recording
and
performance.
by
data
and
such
the
data
is
has
been
analytics.
Wearable
technology,
Football
match
heart
rate.
on
staff
the
car
in
is
gathers
training.
body
data
Similar
gathered
teams,
and
rate,
The
coaching
data
years
during
the
as
recent
machines
programmes.
collects
of
data
in
and
English
during
inuence
also
persons
breathing
training
gigabyte
as
some
players
advancement
from
known
used
future
is
of
E-39
and
spray
assist
the
collection
build
cricket
Sports
analytics
Perhaps
and
how
determine
been
verbal
allowing
T
echnology
Data
has
spray
hockey,
in
to
microphones
there
use
a
decisions.
order
recently,
helps
a
in
controversial
with
as
well
a
the
substitution
technology
during
Sensors
on
as
race,
is
the
the
such
biometric
temperature,
collated
in
performance
lactic
side
the
acid
lines
decisions
used
driver.
assisting
in
in
and
Formula
As
the
as
data
much
team
1
as
to
174
836712_ch10.indd
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14:24
determine
when
to
change
tyres
and
how
much
fuel
to
put
in
as
well
ACTIVITY
as
how
the
driver
is
performing.
Do
Similar
technology
is
available
for
anyone
to
buy.
Smart
phones
you
use
technology
be
used
to
gather
your
own
biometric
data
and
wrist
wear
the
Fitbit
calculate
The
allow
how
decision
during
the
to
bring
is
able
to
something
and
a
listen
allows
big
teams
apps
are
has
for
able
car
your
you
into
to
the
the
activity
have
pits
referee
been
and
sleep
patterns
here?
partner.
and
been
based
upon
the
data
gathered
allowed
to
exists
predict
imagine
to
in
fantasy
the
needs
on
may
be
an
to
time,
become
but
rugby
more
involved.
events.
their
fans
using
preferred
kick-off
sales
bathroom-wait
and
decisions
American
by
times,
match
recent
Social
man-of-the-match
sports
of
international
some
inuence
concession
what
for
spectators
information
in-seat
during
football
mobile
potential
times.
next?
Is
this
his
The
a
burned.
has
possible
spectators
gather
sales,
Canyou
track
with
spectators
has
business
that
ticket
this
and
that
advancement
media
to
calories
the
race.
T
echnology
Being
you
many
of
mentioned
such
Discuss
as
any
can
arguments
for
and
against
improved
fan’
s
app
or
experience
is
it
just
improved
allowing
him
by
to
using
be
technology
exploited?
Not
everyone
On
the
but
these
can
one
is
in
hand
are
benet,
favour
we
expensive.
and
argue
an
of
the
human
unfair
of
it.
of
can
that
and
that
Only
means
advantage.
body
advancements
see
those
they
For
they
in
technology
improvements
who
gain
purists,
believe
can
an
are
afford
the
advantage
sport
is
–
about
technology
in
being
sport.
made
technology
some
the
should
would
capabilities
not
be
a
part
KEY
Fans
available
of
to
data
the
analytics
fans,
it
believe
could
that
increase
if
biometric
the
data
spectator
was
experience.
Is
•
that
going
a
step
too
T
echnology
has
a
part
to
play
far?
in
•
SUMMARY
POINTS
made
Its
sport.
use
may
bring
QUESTIONS
controversy.
1.
2.
Name
a
Explain
recent
one
enhance
innovation
way
in
which
performance.
and
describe
technology
its
has
use
been
in
sport.
used
to
•
Governing
decide
bodies
what
must
technologies
to
allow.
175
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14:24
10.11
Sport
and
the
environment
Looking
LEARNING
more
In
this
unit
after
you
will
learn
aware
enjoying
to:
than
the
evaluate
between
the
the
ever
that
is
to
there
a
global
and
has
to
issue
be
ensuring
a
and
today
that
balance
we
are
it
is
between
there
for
future
enjoy.
relationship
environment
The
and
environment
environment
generations
•
the
OUTCOMES
impact
of
the
environment
on
sport
sport.
The
choice
of
environment
sports
skiing
not
The
Air
such
and
the
as
live
track
of
pollution
open
in.
In
and
ice-skating
only
state
activities
you
to
the
eld
are
not
you
is
dependent
Caribbean
and
the
cricket
major
and
sports.
upon
climate
it
But
is
the
lends
no
itself
surprise
choice
of
to
that
activity
is
consideration.
the
environment
may
cause
for
in
can
have
respiratory
participants
rivers,
lakes
dangerous
to
the
sport
loss
of
layer
is
a
outdoor
lead
to
The
and
and
and
is
and
Climate
The
consideration
activities
skin
as
of
change
and
depletion
for
of
anyone
UV
including
sport
sports.
result
too
brings
about
conditions
may
practice
increased
problems
impact
to
on
breathing
may
being
weather
difcult
areas
in
pollution
oceans
extreme
lost.
impact
difculty
water
the
activity
natural
biodiversity
signicant
enjoy.
unpredictable
making
a
illness
lead
sport
the
to
as
ozone
participating
exposure
in
could
cancer.
on
the
environment
The
environment
enjoyable,
butit
makes
also
the
drains
pursuit
of
valuable
golf
and
resources
other
sports
suchas
more
water.
Every
time
education
we
we
environment.
the
clothing
resources
being
built
in
take
part
make
an
The
we
wear
have
way.
or
on
we
physical
the
use
depleted
When
managed
beingorganized
sport
equipment
some
and
in
impact
and
and
natural
facilities
events
consideration
must
are
are
be
madeto:
•
the
use
of
land
development
•
•
and
of
the
potential
soil
as
the
consumption
well
for
as
fragile
ecosystems
for
the
sport
pollution
noise
and
of
the
light
air,
water
and
pollution
of
natural
resources
of
non-renewable
such
as
water
The
use
of
renewable
development
of
any
energy
should
newfacility.
be
a
consideration
in
the
•
the
consumption
such
as
metals
resources
andfuels
176
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14:24
•
the
emission
electricity
•
soil
of
and
erosion
greenhouse
gases
from
the
consumption
of
fuel
caused
during
construction
and
by
large
numbers
of
spectators
•
ozone
layer
•
waste
generation
that
•
the
use
caused
from
the
by
the
use
construction
of
of
refrigeration
facilities
and
from
those
them
continued
Olympic
The
depletion
use
of
facilities
after
major
events
such
as
the
Games.
IOC
and
the
environment
rd
The
environment
and
there
This
means
is
an
now
Olympic
that
environmental
is
the
issues
minimal
environmental
In
2009
the
Awarded
organizers
have
IOC
every
environment
Pressure
facilities
will
are
impact
introduced
years,
project
be
and
convince
and
the
Olympic
Committee
before
the
that
of
Sustainability
Olympic
seriously,
must
for
IOC
a
city
that
facilities
will
Movement
and
Legacy.
(IOC)
is
are
taking
awarded
they
will
have
a
the
ensure
use
after
nished.
two
upon
used
dimension
Commission
very
the
Games
3
International
Games,
the
the
from
the
beyond
their
they
each
organizers
the
Sport
were
and
Environment
established
to
awards.
recognize
a
local
continent.
of
the
Olympic
Games
to
ensure
that
the
event.
KEY
•
SUMMARY
Our
Give
two
ways
participation
2.
Outline
upon
3.
two
the
Outline
choice
of
sport
may
QUESTIONS
be
1.
POINTS
in
in
which
specic
ways
in
the
Caribbean
environment
which
•
sport
can
have
a
detrimental
environment.
two
uponsport.
ways
in
which
environment
can
impact
Sport
and
impact
effect
•
the
by
the
environment.
inuences
sports.
inuenced
We
must
protect
future
the
upon
all
the
environment
each
work
other.
together
environment
to
for
generations.
177
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14:24
10
Summary
TRENDS
AND
1.
List
three
2.
What
3.
List
4.
(a)
What
(b)
Give
ve
5.
Explain
6.
What
7.
8.
ISSUES
(3)
are
ways
the
(5)
is
roles
ways
•
Psychological.
•
Social.
(a)
What
(b)
Why
does
(c)
Suggest
was
of
national
women’
s
contributes
gover ning
to
the
bodies?
participation
the
the
sportsmanship
media
can
Acronym
(2)
from
positively
consequences
WADA
two
of
the
negative
Physical
Complete
your
why
example
•
Social
of
Gover nment
in
development
List
sports
ve
has
(5)
of
sport
in
your
country.
roles.
increased.
sportsmanship?
ve
Types
that
reasons
an
are
questions
of
WADA
game
impact
doping
stand
a
in
in
which
you
participate.
sport?
sport?
Give
one
(1)
example
of
each
below:
for?
established?
ways
table
you
would
stop
the
use
of
drugs
in
sport.
below:
substance
Desired
effect
Disadvantages
drugs
Anabolic
steroids
Stimulants
9.
Discuss
why
10.
Discuss
three
11.
Which
(a)
12.
13.
of
the
age
(3)
not
negative
following
is
be
a
effects
not
a
barrier
that
form
of
to
the
participation
media
has
on
in
sports.
sport.
media?
Magazines.
(b)
Music.
(c)
Sport.
(d)
Film.
Which
of
the
following
(a)
Sponsors
(b)
Helps
(c)
Athletes
(d)
Sponsorship
Which
(a)
should
of
not
feel
set
(b)
The
amounts
(c)
The
rights
(d)
Data
out
of
and
advantage
to
pay
tax
of
on
sponsorship
the
money
to
they
the
give
athlete?
in
sponsorship.
security.
exploited.
deals
following
that
an
have
nancial
may
the
T
erms
do
with
is
may
are
the
be
not
short.
in
length
money
a
of
legal
the
contract?
agreement.
involved.
responsibilities
that
each
side
has.
analytics.
178
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14:24
14.
15.
16.
Which
18.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
following
(b)
Refereeing
(c)
T
eam
(d)
Length
of
the
(a)
An
active
(c)
Sport
of
the
is
not
is
us
a
following
do
not
Sponsorship
helps
Athletes
feel
(d)
Sponsorship
Sportsmanship
(a)
helps
(c)
leaves
another
an
drugs
use
only
during
(c)
tested
only
after
(a)
Small
incidents
(b)
Sport
stars
(c)
Media
(d)
The
of
the
can
can
have
a
following
Man-of-the-match
written
can
a
interest
of
the
interest
of
all
following
Improved
can
for
studs
damage
(a)
the
(c)
construction
continued
in
the
walks
known
of
to
they
kicks
off
the
give
international
goodwill.
crime.
athlete?
in
sponsorship.
another
the
eld
player
before
deliberately
the
empire
instructs
him
to
do
so
as
(c)
blood
doping
(b)
tested
regularly
(d)
tested
if
media
and
desire
inform
is
player
sides
not
speed
(d)
doping
they
coverage
of
in
and
out
of
competition
volunteer
sport?
sensationalized.
to
us
win
about
inuence
at
all
cost.
sport.
through
(b)
Refereeing
(d)
Length
a
(b)
in
way
the
in
technology?
decisions
of
the
match
events
(b)
protect
the
interest
of
facilities
in
after
facilities
the
technology
Improved
following
major
(d)
(d)
of
protect
can
Hydrodynamic
(d)
environment
sporting
to
agreement
which
shoes
the
use
of
creates
to
the
Aerodynamics
is
effect
decisions
the
(c)
(b)
(d)
game
spectators
protect
(a)
promotes
Sport
are
won
and
protect
Sport
ground
cause
(c)
the
Sport
(d)
player
exaggerated
(a)
of
a
line-ups
is
(b)
security.
injured
negative
be
may
T
eam
Which
is
athletes
educate
(c)
contract
money
sport?
privacy.
(a)
A
the
hormones
they
exposure
media
sponsorship
competition
not
lose
of
on
performance
drugs
is
country.
in
short.
the
off
who
increase
statement
be
player
of
our
tax
nancial
may
(b)
the
pay
when
tested
Which
technology?
involvement
nation.
advantage
to
with
opponent
to
an
Government
about
displayed
(a)
Which
through
exploited.
testing
stop
healthy
is
deals
is
about
good
have
(c)
may
true
feel
(b)
T
o
inuence
match.
nation
makes
Sponsors
T
aking
spectators
line-ups.
statement
Which
can
decisions.
decisions.
Which
(a)
19.
the
Man-of-the-match
(a)
17.
of
(a)
for
the
the
improve
sponsor
interest
sports
swimming
of
fans
clothing?
events
nutrition
ways
events
disturbance
except
(b)
of
noise
natural
habitats
of
plants
and
animals
179
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14:24
Glossary
1
Historical
Physical
developments
which
Ancient
Olympic
Games
sporting
festival
held
Education
aims
to
Greece
every
four
years
as
a
tribute
to
recreation
leisure
their
the
segregation
of
people
according
human
process
development
through
physical
and
activity
the
gods
apartheid
educational
in
performance
Ancient
an
improve
any
time,
activity
for
you
pleasure
do
voluntarily,
and
in
your
enjoyment
to
Renaissance
race
a
period
of
history
from
1300
to
1600
AD
athlete
someone
who
participates
in
any
sport
Soviet
boycott
to
abstain
from
something
often
as
a
Union
(USSR)
Union
of
Soviet
Socialist
form
Republics
of
protest
spectatorism
British
Empire
historically,
the
region
of
the
the
participating,
under
British
colonial
Caribbean
in
of
watching,
rather
than
sport
rule
sport
CANOC
practice
world
Association
of
National
structured
physical
activity,
usually
Olympic
competitive,
that
requires
complex
skills
and
a
Committees
high
CARIFTA
Caribbean
Free
Trade
–
altius
higher
Cold
–
War
–
fortius
Olympic
motto:
faster
Clarendon
report
–
into
and
political
western
tension
political
2
between
The
military
human
status
a
or
Industrial
taking
place
in
basic
across
entitlements
the
structure
that
all
people
time
world
showing
cartilage
ranking
according
to
to
Revolution
changed
International
how
you
you
a
period
of
history
towards
dense
industrial
the
centre
line
of
the
centre
line
of
the
connective
tissue;
it
can
take
a
long
damaged
move
a
limb
in
a
circular
manner
Olympic
bone
spend
solid
bone
with
few
gaps
the
movement
of
the
sole
of
the
foot
away
practices
the
midline
of
the
body
Committee
your
free
time,
when
you
straightening
a
joint
can
bending
a
peasant
class
violent
game,
with
a
joint
in
Renaissance
for
German
hormone
a
hormone
that
stimulates
growth
few
cell
reproduction
times
government
controlled
plates
(epiphyseal
plates)
the
growing
by
parts
of
bones
or
joints
found
in
children;
these
Hitler
then
Oxbridge
melting
pot
the
combining
of
the
rules
ossify
in
Oxford
and
Cambridge
literally
meaning
wrestling
ground,
Greek
the
in
midline
capsule
Ancient
boxing,
Rome,
and
a
martial
in
adults
of
of
the
the
sole
of
the
foot
body
a
combination
American
Sports
a
sort
of
synovial
envelope
surrounding
and
joint
of
cavity
a
small
gap
between
the
bones
that
is
arts
lled
Pan
bone)
gymnasium
joint
wrestling,
movement
the
protecting
pancratium
‘normal’
an
joint
Ancient
to
universities
towards
palaistra
(turn
of
inversion
sports
PASO
if
dense
growth
Adolf
from
please
played
name
movement
compact
and
Nazi
government
where
growth
game
rules,
away
to
exion
mob
movement
heal
extension
as
1864
schools
system
circumduction
from
do
an
British
body
eversion
leisure
in
authority
machines
IOC
motivation
body
adduction
schools
times
the
have
Hierarchy
the
activities
lesson
rights
should
and
systems
exercises
Extra-curricular
outside
commitment
Commission
education
skeletal
abduction
drill
individual
stronger
post-1940s
eastern
the
of
Association
The
citius
level
with
synovial
uid
Organization
joint
where
two
or
more
bones
meet
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ligament
elastic
another,
it
tissue
stabilizes
connecting
movement
one
at
bone
to
slow-twitch
joints
less
for
origin
and
insertion
where
the
muscle
joins
a
long
either
bres
that
contractions
periods
of
time;
but
they
provide
can
are
slower,
keep
used
working
mainly
in
bone
aerobic
at
muscle
powerful
exercise
end
smooth
osteoblasts
a
type
of
cell
responsible
for
muscle
muscles
of
the
internal
organs
bone
which
work
automatically
formation
static
osteoclasts
a
reabsorbing
pronation
type
of
cell
responsible
strength
strength
involving
isometric
for
muscular
actions
in
which
does
change
and
the
length
of
the
muscle
bone
rotation
of
the
forearm
so
the
palm
faces
at
not
the
there
is
no
visible
movement
joint
downwards
striped
rotation
the
circular
movement
of
a
limb
around
muscle
synergist
central
tendons
rotation
of
the
forearm
so
the
palm
the
joint
a
a
joint
range
of
containing
membrane
surfaces
without
the
soft
cartilage
muscular
synovial
uid
the
tissue
in
that
muscle
antagonistic
synovial
The
identify
system
that
contracts
to
muscles
that
work
with
the
movement
the
at
joints;
as
the
muscle
to
bone
that
work
under
our
antagonist
relaxes
heart
muscle:
and
beats
and
Respiration
cells
and
used
by
destroy
and
the
immune
foreign
system
objects,
such
to
as
viruses
microorganisms
on
earth
and
that
are
found
throughout
the
in
every
human
body;
cause
vice
some
illness
are
and
disease,
some
are
helpful,
neutral
versa
without
tiring
vessels
tubes
that
transport
blood
around
–
body
stops!
cardiac
fast-twitch
muscle
bres
that
provide
powerful
mainly
contractions,
used
for
temporary
resulting
exibility
from
the
range
isometric
loss
hard
ability
of
of
tire
of
easily;
strength
your
they
or
and
to
in
circulatory
evaporate
energy
mental
joints
heart
liquid
work
move
through
a
into
expiration
a
of
blood
ejected
from
blood
liquid
distribution
vapourizes;
turns
network
from
a
gas
out
air
and
waste
products
motion
in
no
muscular
movement
but
bres
contraction
at
heart
the
organ
heart
rate
remain
the
muscular
movement
at
a
that
pumps
blood
around
the
body
contraction
a
joint,
the
same
number
of
heart
beats
per
minute:
muscle
with
exercise
length
contraction
the
increase
of
the
size
of
an
organ
that
or
causes
a
the
breathing
hypertrophy
isotonic
amount
minute
system
when
changes
contracts
the
one
are
activity
physical
contraction
results
but
anaerobic
output
fast,
the
that
a
agonist
the
full
joins
agonist
blood
fatigue
mover
produce
bacteria
muscle
it
prime
Systems
joints
and
contracts
that
muscles
Circulatory
some
control
until
the
lines
habitat
cardiac
helps
which
movement
to
that
tissue
muscle
bacteria
agonist
body
control
antibodies
The
the
movement
4
3
muscle
brous
voluntary
direct
synovial
of
faces
upwards
allows
muscles
axis
supination
synovial
skeletal
a
in
a
select
area
of
the
tissue
as
its
cells
grow
joint
bigger
muscle
tone
the
amount
of
tension
or
resistance
inspiration
in
a
muscle;
certain
enables
us
to
keep
our
bodies
in
maximum
position
under
muscle
air
into
the
lungs
aerobic
capacity
(max
VO
)
the
2
amount
skeletal
breathing
a
muscles
voluntary
control
of
the
skeleton
that
of
oxygen
you
can
take
in
and
use
are
minute
per
volume
minute
–
the
tidal
amount
volume
of
×
air
you
breathe
respiratory
in/out
rate
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phagocytes
part
of
cells
the
pulmonary
destroy
immune
circulation
deoxygenated
where
that
body’
s
carbon
blood
the
movement
from
dioxide
is
pathogens
(germs)
as
digestion
the
heart
of
to
exchanged
the
for
the
oxygenated
blood
is
returned
to
the
beating
surface
of
the
of
heart,
felt
at
homeostasis
the
process
point
a
at
near
the
pulse
when
energy
emitted
by
can
one
be
through
a
space
and
is
nerve
of
tough,
see
outer
protective
peripheral
the
uid
in
nervous
maintenance
our
nervous
absorbed
neurons
stable
layer
system
body
of
the
correct
cells
that
system
carry
a
complex
information
to
network
the
CNS
by
nerve)
and
from
the
CNS
(motor
nerve)
else
peristalsis
residual
a
source
(sensory
something
maintaining
felt
of
travels
into
the
peripheral
radiation
a
osmoregulation
which
food
heart
body
point
of
down
use
environment
lungs,
amount
pulse
can
oxygen,
the
arteries
breaking
bodies
motor
pulse
of
our
integument
and
process
substances
system
volume
air
left
in
the
lungs
after
a
the
wave-like
relaxation
and
contraction
maximal
of
intestine
muscle
to
push
the
contents
along
its
exhalation
length
respiratory
rate
the
number
of
breaths
per
minute
relay
stroke
the
volume
heart
systemic
blood
by
the
volume
each
ventricle
circulation
from
the
of
blood
during
movement
heart
to
pumped
the
rest
one
out
nerve
CNS
of
to
return
of
deoxygenated
of
oxygenated
of
the
blood
to
body,
sensory
nerve
volume
during
total
the
normal
lung
amount
i.e.
have
your
air
somatic
nervous
the
breathed
in
and
skeletal
out
the
vital
total
capacity
amount
of
plus
air
it
6
residual
is
possible
the
see
system
the
part
of
system
the
peripheral
system
responsible
with
voluntary
for
things
control
of
we
the
do
body
e.g.
muscle
Concepts
of
tness
the
ability
to
change
the
position
of
the
body
lungs
vasoconstriction
to
nervous
of
to
quickly
used
peripheral
part
heart
agility
in
one
breathing
capacity
volume
of
from
and
associated
tidal
messages
contraction
nervous
the
carries
another
the
conserve
narrowing
body
heat
of
or
blood
without
losing
control
vessels,
redistribute
balance
the
ability
above
the
base
to
retain
the
centre
of
mass
the
of
support
blood
body
vasodilation
the
widening
of
blood
vessels,
used
composition
that
get
rid
of
excess
heat
or
redistribute
the
is
fat,
muscle,
infections
of
cells
that
cannot
survive
their
host
cell.
Not
all
viruses
cause
the
many
system;
do
and
vaccines
they
are
can
also
fought
by
protect
the
capacity
be
forcibly
the
maximum
exhaled
after
against
amount
breathing
of
in
viruses.
air
as
that
Exercise
autonomic
as
nervous
system
system
do
without
concious
of
one’
s
the
together
the
the
part
of
responsible
exibility
the
for
the
a
measure
muscles
of
with
the
ability
oxygen
physical
health
activity,
and
done
physical
primarily
tness.
ability
to
smoothly
ability
to
meet
move
and
the
two
or
more
body
accurately
demands
of
the
thought
e.g.
the
range
of
movement
at
joint
things
Fitness
the
ability
to
carry
out
everyday
breathing
tasks
and
form
coordination
General
we
supply
environment
systems
nervous
peripheral
a
improve
parts
body
endurance
to
nutrients.
tness
Other
body
can
much
possible
5
weight
immune
to
vital
body
illnesses
and
but
of
bone
outside
of
of
percentage
and
blood
cardiovascular
viruses
the
to
and
still
have
energy
to
cope
with
digestion
emergencies
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
the
brain
and
spinal
health
chord;
responsible
for
sending,
receiving,
a
social
interpreting
information
from
all
parts
of
state
of
complete
physical,
mental,
and
and
the
well-being
and
not
merely
the
absence
of
body
disease
or
inrmity
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muscular
endurance
maintain
and
the
repeat
ability
of
muscles
contractions
without
to
passive
getting
stretching
pushing
against
exibility
exercise:
stretching
by
something
tired
Preparation
Performance
power
the
how
ability
well
to
a
task
perform
is
done
strength
•
physical
•
tactical
activities
to
improve
physical
tness
exercises
activities
to
improve
tactics
or
plans
to
quickly
outwit
reaction
time
presentation
the
of
time
a
taken
stimulus
between
and
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MHR
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•
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184
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working
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terrorism
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WADA
World
Anti-Doping
Agency
185
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Index
red
A
abduction
acceleration
128
accessibility
166
action
and
activities
activity
acute
128,
body
41
tness
aerobic
respiration
102
aerobic
system
108
aerobic
training
109
aerobic
training
effects
118
92,
151,
training
agility
Illinois
alveoli
zones
test
75
109
6
6–7
7
anorexia
to
antagonistic
muscle
action
system
36
bone
(involuntary)
and
bone
cells
bone
growth
joint
biceps
test
blood
60
blood
bone
diaphysis
32
of
do
platelets
red
gen?
66
cells
carry
oxy-
the
plasma
platelets
destroy
132
35
blood
of
blood
exercise
pressure
69
sport
the
Caribbean
on
PE
and
118,
sport
36–7
38,
nervous
ancient
breathe
chronic
injuries
training
breathing
in
breathing
out
10–11
171
73
72
72–3
82–3
111
system
vessels
of
training
heart
and
exercise
tem
is
of
blood
made
66–7
91
12–13
ambush
153
of?
36
War
legal
sys-
41
30
commercialisation
150
circulatory
174
collarbones
needs
60–1
62–3
66
co-ordination
coccyx
the
circulation
68–9
circumduction
clotting
29
118
double
Cold
148
27,
64–5
and
clothing
78
130
heart
faster?
(CNS)
36
39
training
what
of
74–5
system
6
135
importance
actually
C
Championships
39
vertebrae
effects
32
151
22–3
respiration
blood
72–3
rights
Econo-
171
circulatory
30
Empire
and
157
choking
circuit
35
33
effects
schools
26
chyme
32
column
we
32,
joints
32
bone
Caribbe-
170
Market
Swimming
China,
33
bones
Caribbean
Games
central
119
33
weight
the
Caribbean
CARIFTA
cervical
cavity
in
Single
(CSME)
cell
of
calcium
the
and
CARIFTA
cells
32
33
carbo-loading
66
policy
Games
celebrities
of
caloric
66
in
cartilage
35
38
61
69
to
23
38–9
broadcast
tness
14–15
and
TV
152
mechanics
bulimia
pumps
effects
measuring
cells
67
heart
long-term
blood
test)
15
mechanics
British
67
white
germs?
how
clot?
blood
(bleep
cardiovascular
sport
Caribbean
PE
73
do
test
14
of
Olympic
exercise
bones
long-term
69
how
do
together
32
bones
do
102
(3-minute
14
my
training
bones
how
pressure
Caribbean
118
30–43
aging
compact
breathing
103
how
how
work
fat
34
32,
breastbone
43
48
bleep
body
injuries
and
and
vertebral
joints
test
92
run)
103
tness
your
benets
36
cartilage
spongy
36–7
91
ball-and-socket
on
(BMI)
axis
optimum
30,
refer-
94–5
Index
and
short
90,
minute
step
test)
CARICOM
marrow
78
B
balance
particular
142
system
periosteum
backbone
102
an
bone
long
axis
testing
30
joints
36
autonomic
151
106–7
92,
142
irregular
55
(12
157
Mass
at
50–1
83
resuscitation
endurance
test
step
26–7
systems
epiphysis
151
bone
with
sport
training
body
effects
30
atrophy
systems
bones
6
developments
Rome
ankles
body
atlas
74
119
Greece
Cooper
multistage
64–5
90,
bones
173
threshold
training
and
64
vessels
tests
skeletal
55
63
103
maintenance
100
107
respiration
cultures
early
blood
composition
Body
marketing
effects
of
somatotyping
anaerobic
arteries
Kasch-Boyer
blood
of
46,
(Q)
cardiovascular
64
between
composition
repair
anaerobic
output
28–9
programmes
anaerobic
muscle
cardiac
138–9
body
166
agility
cardiac
cardio-pulmonary
66
body
how
69
91
effects
109
71
ancient
of
26,
exercise
65
ence
124
ambush
atlas
74–5
91
altitude
anus
70,
cells
structure
types
of
60
redirection
130
39
aerobic
age
blood
veins
150
66
effects
differences
level
adduction
cells
vessels
basic
129
3
injuries
joints
white
blood
reaction
2,
blood
short-term
41
172
marketing
issues
sponsorship
173
173
172–3
186
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14:25
commitment
sport
2
Commonwealth
compact
bone
competitive
complex
condyloid
contracts
event
43
116,
(12
esophagus
113
day
gliding
82
meals
run)
102
system
88,
27,
and
cells
exercise
culture
167
breathing
and
heart
exercise
and
muscles
extension
D
data
analytics
dehydration
deltoids
diet
blood
fast
93,
fatigue
142–3
balanced
diet
minerals,
bres
nutrient
digestive
and
sport
27,
why
is
feet
29
54–5
substances
of
activities
3
doping
doping
and
recovery
against
the
injury
tness
heart
tness
prevention
94–5
specic/performance-related
164
tness
rules?
91
your
cardiovascular
tness
Egypt,
143,
151,
muscle
contraction
processes
ancient
endurance
90,
energy
balance
energy
systems
PC
acid
England,
sport
the
100
40,
90,
114
48
143
exhaustion
heat
stroke
joints
training
65,
rate
108
109
137
137
43
30
81
160
system
27,
human
development
human
rights
hunting
skills
28
2
13
6
World
Senior
Games
21
131
hypodermis
137
84
108
I
G
8–9
124–5,
on
heart
heat
hyperthermia
30
156
target
109
and
hydration
129
61
62
and
thresholds
Huntsman
22
128,
rate
hormonal
92
63
heart
61
(HR)
hooliganism
training
(SR)
the
training
hips
61
61
homeostasis
106
33
groups
funding
the
131,
176
environ-
environment
gall
bladder
gas
exchange
how
does
Illinois
82
illness
70
gas
exchange
on
gastrocnemius
occur?
muscles
49
agility
93,
inclusion
India,
71
176–7
of
shuttle
55,
forearms
108
impact
food
force
108
system
93,
impact
exibility
football
108
environment
of
138–9
150
Medieval
ment
bones
exibility
92
system
system
metre
at
exion
procedures
lactic
51
ve
2
6
emergency
aerobic
153
of
training
hinge
programmes
blood
61
zones
131
119
pumps
volume
rate
heart
90
63
training
ventricles
92–3
61
(Q)
61
heart
valves
162
143
of
the
89
102–3
habits
output
88,
training
disorders
muscle
cardiac
structure
98
100
61
cardiac
stroke
affecting
152–3
60
septum
tests
151
78
134
E
eating
programmes
how
testing
eating
training
effects
general
drugs?
lifestyle
chambers
117
68
healthy
atria
47
93
somatotyping
take
bres
67,
89
30
165
104
diet
heart
112
78
tness
test
healthy
kit
164
athletes
educational
88,
rst
163
6–7
49
ngers
162
eccentric
30
health
148–9
aid
49
142
hands
54
factors
measures
ancient
hamstrings
30
bre
146–7
162
medicines
do
feeling
tness
consequences
why
148–9
93
anti-doping
banned
water
144–5
82–3
drug-taking
in
and
minerals
system
digestion
drugs
62–3
exercise
muscle
54,
fatigue
150–1
groups
vitamins
training
training
32
muscles
126–7
haemoglobin
72–3
40
twitch
90
43
dynamometer
hearing
fartlek
67
84
diaphysis
and
exercise
35
F
48
158–9
89,
H
69
exercise
137
deoxygenated
dermis
and
extra-curricular
174–5
recreation
93
blood
bone
79
sport
setting
growth
22
training
grip
80
81
cricket
cycle
29,
in
maximus
Greece,
41
exercise
goal
153
homeostasis
minute
physical
tness
joints
gluteus
65
excretory
133
151
and
women
general
174
eversion
131
92,
women
176–7
158
131,
evaporation
training
test
cramps
51
173
cool-downs
Cooper
contraction
136
environment
32
equipment
joints
continuous
the
84
epiphysis
2
2
gender
176
and
epidermis
muscle
concussion
IOC
20
32
activities
skills
concentric
Games
inertia
test
107
143
166
ancient
6
128
187
836712_glossary_index.indd
187
28/06/2016
14:25
information
ingestion
injuries
technology
39,
bone
and
recovery
shock
soft
injury
linear
and
stitch
procedures
skin
damage
the
marrow
principles
appropriate
playing
media
131
area
(environ-
playing
warming
gear
TV
and
cooling
International
(IOC)
interval
Invictus
26,
29,
84–5
involuntary
types
bones
isometric
isotonic
role
33
contraction
51
contractions
51
effects
xed
of
or
freely
joint
training
moveable
38,
or
39,
38,
synovial
39
joints
cavity
and
146–7,
moving
slightly
more
than
moveable
types
of
one
joints
joint
joint
38,
40
39
test)
knee
step
test
of
caps
step
and
motion
129
motion
motivation
2,
acid
system
108
31,
of
28,
mus-
48–9
muscle
training
118,
46–7
119
and
exercise
and
movement
posture
52–3
27,
79
54–5
50–1
of
a
28,
78
neuron
79
79
142
144
145
protein
athlete
128,
145
nutritional
guidelines
nutritional
needs
142
142
O
129
obesity
128,
1900
129
129
exion
and
adduction
muscle
cause
41
action
extension
and
supination
139
37
muscles
or
ventilation
and
antagonistic
fast
26,
types
carbohydrates
82
50–1
40–1
movement
eversion
circumduction
41
and
41
tness
pronation
test
50
41
103
46
cardiac
L
system
nutrients
126
antagonistic
30
114
(striped)
55
training
114
reaction
128,
rotary
muscles
81
46,
skeletal
muscles
fats
an
inertia
multistage
103
80,
(3-minute
104–5
muscles
Olympic
atrophy
lactic
in
action
rotation
Kasch-Boyer
54
training
system
148
acceleration
inversion
K
or
of
114
50
muscle
structure
training
of
how
38–9
performance
muscles
of
neurons
114
law
abduction
39
and
cycle
115
minerals
movement
39
injury
speed
nervous
113
110–11
muscle
mouth-to-mouth
39
50
128
linear
119
joints
90,
N
112
training
of
mouth
joint
kidneys
168
98
law
law
132
39
capsule
three
118,
immoveable
joint
joints
injuries
endurance
effects
129
and
51
muscular
muscular
168–9
sport
training
training
of
motion
38
bone
sport
55
contraction
different
148–9
J
joints
169
169
111
training
of
minerals
148
irregular
sport
54
muscular
origin
46
88
training
training
weight
46
on
on
training
interval
21
muscle
effects
exibility
41
Games
effects
of
fartlek
110–11
present
technology
continuous
Committee
177
inversion
iron
system
Olympic
training
media
wellbeing
circuit
fatigue
training
voluntary
108
84
methods
integumentary
(MHR)
170–1
mental
down
131
and
and
cle
the
melanin
130
up
how
positive
131
rate
168
negative
131
131
rules
heart
muscle
muscles
types
50
133
muscles
testing
32
82
movement
(smooth)
damage
synergists
144
information
131
level
72–3
cavity
maximum
equipment
hydration
36
80
mastication
of
130
appropriate
tness
33
malnutrition
134–5
130
to
appropriate
muscle
cause
50
involuntary
129
vertebrae
70,
55
muscles
insertion
39
83
breathing
133
how
M
prevention
ment)
bones
54
exibility
49
135
injuries
training
long
lumbar
136–7
adherence
motion
80,
muscles
173
38,
liver
lungs
position
tissue
safety
133
138–9
134
and
issues
47,
83
dorsi
ligaments
132
136
winding
kit
muscle
injuries
135
emergency
aid
legal
134
joint
concussion
cramps,
intestine
latissimus
130,
choking
rst
large
169
82
muscle
action
50–1
muscle
slow
Games
Paris
46,
1936
Berlin
1956
Melbourne
1960
Rome
1968
Mexico
City
1972
Munich
18
1976
Montreal
18
1980
Moscow
19
1984
Los
1992
Barcelona
twitch
muscle
bres
18
1996
Atlanta
2000
Sydney
18
18
18
Angeles
Huntsman
19
19
19
19
World
Senior
Games
21
modern
Olympic
Olympic
Games
an
Games
and
the
16–17
Caribbe-
14–15
Paralympic
55
16
18
Olympism
55
and
152
Special
17
Games
Olympics
20
World
Games
188
836712_glossary_index.indd
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28/06/2016
14:25
benets
21
why
host
W inter
organs
the
Games?
Olympics
20
26
osmoregulation
overload
training
fartlek
training
exibility
interval
weight
training
standing
91,
goal
good
haemoglobin
we
debt?
create
an
posture
52
53
shins
shock
136–7
bones
shoulder
172
41
factors
setting
126
126–7
sit
and
sit
up
circulation
oxyhaemoglobin
quadriceps
67
skeletal
muscle
46
skeletal
system
26,
of
the
shape
31
American
pancreas
with
religion
women
system
pepsin
culture
sport
tips
167
recovery
rectum
other
2,
54,
89
124
factors
tness
principles
129
system
system
system
learning
phagocytes
respiratory
education
war
on
93,
cell
166
physical
education
between
education
USA
plasma
3
Rome,
88
rotary
an
74
oxygen
system
and
of
27,
29,
exercise
70–1
72–3
update,
skeleto-muscular
the
wellbeing
sodium
8
somatic
156–7
posture
52–3
safety
joints
tness
rules
130
top
athletes
World
89,
90,
100,
the
person’
s
the
94–5
Games
21
166
99,
planning
78
94
populations
specic
91
130
training
need
101
programme
101
speed
43
134–5
(voluntary)
Olympics
is
the
spectators
saddle
167
88
injuries
system
somatotyping
who
36
47
148
tissue
129
41
bres
46
social
analyse
Empire
85
85
82
muscle
specicity
7
Roman
85
53
inuences
special
56–7
D
protection
muscle
intestine
Special
118
138
motion
sacrum
vitamin
somatotyping
74–5
training
S
131
of
and
54
for?
66
gear
84
social
soft
75
ancient
of
rotation
93
create
74–5
66
platelets
policy
sport
fall
wellbeing
physique
playing
and
13
physical
we
system
physical
70,
respiration
resuscitation
revision
12
relationship
respiration
123
122
84
disc
twitch
smooth
respiration
effects
2
122–3
learning
30
small
9
74
breathing
disability
slow
67
37
133
training
debt?
67
physical
of
do
skull
slipped
167
how
78
78
2
physical
effect
(involuntary)
(voluntary)
66,
48
48
32–3
84
sensation
muscles
bone
84
production
muscles
cells
anaerobic
78
skill?
injuries
116
135
femoris
Renaissance
(PNS)
skill
hypodermis
117
116
abdominus
aerobic
skills
what
80,
of
force
thermoregulation
respiration
nervous
somatic
activity
rectus
32
autonomic
personal
motion
125
periosteum
peripheral
of
recovery
of
of
is
types
30–1
106
epidermis
117
83
religion
91
6,
dermis
position
blood
2,
37
37
phases
skin
116
rectus
red
125
performance-related
weather
130
rate
warm-ups
108
82
altitude
for
training
159
48
performance
91
117
recovery
and
in
116,
fatigue
166
31,
classifying
129
time
cool-downs
166
disabilities
167
tradition
pectorals
recovery
166
people
people
128,
reaction
20
skills
160–1
reaction
Games
participation
PC
racism
20
82
Paralympic
older
Games
31,
31
37
skeleton
transference
R
Pan
31,
and
support
P
28
production
structure
48
105
104
protection
60
30
test
movement
127
Q
70–1
reach
test
role
system
33
blades
blood
126
85
30
short
2
21
78
sensation
53
75
respiratory
78
Olympics
senses
114
pulmonary
oxygen
82
seeing
53
posture
endorsement
stress
68
saliva
Senior
posture
poor
52
53
53
posture
of
motivation
to
posture
spine
posture
psychological
115
152
do
good
pronation
67
how
sitting
product
114
111
training
afnity
good
preparation
112
training
overweight
lifting
power
113
the
good
practising
111
training
good
to
penalties
continuous
oxygen
81
99
circuit
of
damage
19
54,
tests
spine
for
training
programme
100
175
91,
92
speed
106–7
53
189
836712_glossary_index.indd
189
28/06/2016
14:25
spongy
bone
sponsorship
product
sport
nervous
32
endorsement
skeletal
cultures
behaviour
Cold
in
sport
Empire
War
drugs
in
human
major
media
of
education
sports
policy
data
8–9
sport
90
standing
broad
test
sport
tendons
93,
striped
muscle
stroke
supination
synergists
synovial
50
joints
39,
42
ball-and-socket
condyloid
gliding
joints
joints
joints
hinge
joints
pivots
42
saddle
joints
rate
heart
rate
training
147
46,
55
115
target
training
66,
67
133
in
sport
women
118–19
20
158
participation
and
attitudes
physical
and
159
recreation
158
training
109
of
147
131
cells
Olympics
women
108
108
and
98,
World
War
I
World
War
II
wrists
30
12
12
110–15
99
a
training
43
principles
39
progression
systemic
circulation
systems
26
rest
39
and
of
programme
64–5,
27,
66–7,
system
27,
29,
29,
27,
29,
hormonal
system
27,
28
work
80–1
variation
trapezius
triceps
together
integumentary
system
26,
29,
system
26,
52–3,
130
99,
116–17,
TV
28,
46–7,
130
130
174
99,
130
49
49
170
how
TV
sports
84–5
50–1,
98
101,
100–1,
muscles
broadcast
28–9
99,
99,
technology
82–3
system
systems
specicity
60–1,
68–9
excretory
body
99,
130
60
system
training
recovery
reversibility
circulatory
48–9,
heart
athlete
125
changing
training
an
100–1
membrane
muscular
systems
planning
43
synovial
how
of
116,
increasing
of
meal
muscle
blood
W inter
109
79
energy
in
85
training
winding
109
principles
training
overload
uid
digestive
white
73
training
the
methods
43
synovial
62–3,
weight
training
zones
43
D
149
weather
167
effects
43
vitamins
36
W
36
99
90
146
of
36
107
30
cycle
2
vitamins
water
applying
63
160
37
there?
36
36
warm-ups
55,
are
vertebrae
vitamin-rich
26
54,
vertebra
thoracic
voluntary
test
the
pieces
sacrum
violence
85
vertebrae
of
36
vertebrae
vitamin
91
anaerobic
41
suppleness
ofciating
161
aerobic
46
(SR)
and
36
lumbar
175
36
coccyx
role
sprint
114
activities
training
metre
127
volume
structured
spectators
column
many
65
65
vertebrae
how
174
64,
64,
cervical
functions
im-
175
174–5
and
thirty
training
stress
against
equipment
30
toes
92,
and
bones
tradition
90,
109
and
thigh
tissues
105
103
strength
for
thermoregulation
156–7
jump
V
38
terrorism
156
133
82
40–1,
174
3
timing
stomach
30–1,
38–9,
technology
analytics
thoracic
129
28,
174
technology,
physical
160
stamina
zones
technology
4–5
13
stability
stitch
training
clothing
9
funding
sportsmanship
26,
36–7,
151
13
vasoconstriction
proved
22–3
168–71
and
sports
USA
34–5,
arguments
between
Renaissance
system
technology
events
England
underweight
vertebral
target
172–3
13
sport
U
USA
T
coverage
relationship
70–1,
vasodilation
162–3
rights
organization
78–9
29,
10–11
sport
Medieval
28,
27,
42–3
160–1
12–13
single
27,
system
74–5
32–3,
6–7
commercialisation
step
72–3,
172
2–3
ancient
British
system
respiratory
172–3
TV
in
rights
171
benets
from
star
the
to
TV
sport
celebrity
Caribbean
170
171
170
54–5
190
836712_glossary_index.indd
190
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