Chapter 02:
Literature review:
1. Energy audit retrofitting and solarization in educational institutes of Pakistan. An
effective approach towards energy conservation.
Introduction:
The study discusses Pakistan's growing energy crisis, with includes a notable deficit of up to 5000 MW in
summer. It is suggested that energy saving is a crucial tactic to lessen this problem, especially in
structures like educational institutions. To find inefficiencies and offer solutions for improved energy
management, energy audits are essential.
Key Findings:
1. the University of Engineering and Technology Taxila’s energy assessment showed that
retrofitting might result in considerable energy savings.
2. Retrofitting outdated lighting systems might save 2907kWh per day, or 63.02% in energy usage.
3. Upgrading older air conditioning and cooling systems could decrease 2336.48 kWh per day, or
25.01&, in energy consumption.
4. Lighting retrofits have a 1.95-year payback period, whereas cooling systems feature a 6.30-year
payback period.
5. With an expected yearly output of 4,434,000 kWh, the campus has the capacity to generate 2.81
MW of solar energy.
Recommendations:
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By enhancing air conditioning and lighting systems, significant energy savings may be achieved.
To meet energy demands responsibly and minimize reliance on the grid, make investments in
solar power infrastructure.
In order to verify these results and promote energy conservation, further educational
institutions must carry out regular energy audits.
2. Energy Performance of Selected Administrative Buildings in Tertiary Education
Institutions in Niger State, Nigeria
Introduction
The “Energy Performance of Selected Administrative Buildings in Tertiary Education Institutions in Niger
State, Nigeria” study evaluates the operational energy performance of three buildings located in a
federal University. A polytechnic, and a college of Education in Niger State so as to deal with this issue.
Key Findings
1. Neither prior energy audits nor the integration of renewable energy sources into energy
management plans were present in any of the buildings that were analyzed.
2. The study showed that over 45% of the buildings’ yearly consumption was due to cooling loads,
which is consistent with results for similar buildings throughout the globe.
3. The derived EUI was 181.34 kWh/m2/year, surpassing global best practice benchmarks such as
South Africa’s SANS 10400-XA standard (128kWh/m2/year) and the Chartered Institution of
Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) benchmark (130kWh/m2/year).
Conclusion
The outcomes indicate that the higher education institutions under investigation have inefficient
administrative buildings. The report recommends promoting frequent energy audits, and lacing submetering systems in place for accurate monitoring in order to improve energy efficiency. These steps are
crucial for cutting down on energy use and diminishing the adverse environmental effects of such
institutional buildings’ unnecessary energy demand.
3. A case study on the electrical energy auditing and saving techniques in an educational
institution (IMCO, Sohar, Oman)
Introduction
An energy audit evaluates how much energy a facility uses by looking at its HVAC system, power bills,
operating hours, and environment to find areas for energy savings. Government policies in Oman
encourage the increase of renewable energy sources, private sector participation and energy disruption.
This research studies the energy audit of International Maritime College Oman (IMCO) to discover costsaving potential and boost operational efficiency. This study determines the economic feasibility of
replacing fluorescent lamps with at IMCO using energy simulations via Energy Plus, and Design Builder
software. The study follows ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2016, ensuring compliance with recommended
lighting power density (LPD) limits. Glass surface temperatures and Design Builder simulations were
used in this study to illustrate the significant energy savings Sun Control Window Film Ceramic offers. A
variety of Glazing options, such as absorptive and smart tint able windows, were assessed, and the
results were validated through experiments on IMCO buildings.
Conclusions and Future Scope
Using Design Builder software simulations and energy audits, this research investigated ways to reduce
energy management costs. Two window films’ thermal performance evaluations were carried out,
confirmed by experimental data, and their financial benefits were looked at.
Key Findings:
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Energy savings of 50-70% can be achieved by switching to LED technology from conventional
lighting
LED systems lower lighting power consumption by 43.8% annually, while LED lights with light
management systems decrease it by 64.3%
With LED lighting alone, yearly energy usage dropped by 10.76% and with LED lighting along
with a control system, it lowered by 15.48%
With a 1.63-year payback time, the estimated cost savings for LED lights solely are 16,919 RO,
while for LED lamps with a control system, the savings are 24,340 RO.
Solar films lead to savings of 6,383 ROO and 12,044 RO, respectively, by reducing yearly power
usage by 4%(film1) and 7.6%(film2)
The payback periods for solar films were 2.47 years for film2 and 2.5 years for film1, with film2
producing savings that were almost as twice as large as those of film1
Future Research Recommendations:
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Analyze energy-saving measures in public facilities while taking local and federal financial
limitations into account.
Investigate the manner in which external climate affects cooling energy usage and possible
energy-savings in thermally controlled buildings
4. Energy Auditing on University Teaching Department and Central Library of Rajeev
Gandhi Technical Institute Bhopal
Introduction
Energy audit serve as vital tools for evaluating trends in energy use and locating areas where institutions
might save money. These audits support sustainability and environmental responsibility in educational
settings in addition to lowering operating expenses. In order to suggest practical energy-saving
measures, the research “Energy Auditing on University Teaching Department and Central Library of
Rajeev Gandhi Technical Institute Bhopal” focuses on assessing the energy consumption of these
institutions.
Key findings:
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The lighting system uses more energy, accounting for 41% (537.44) of the institution’s total
energy usage.
At 23% (240.24), the air conditioning system is the second largest power consumer in the
institutions.
Recommendations:
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Replacement of the T12 tube lights with T5 tubelights.
Switching to LEDs from CFLs
Replacing 70W fans with 60W energy efficient fans
Changing CRT computers with LCD computers.
Replacing window Ac to Split Ac
Result and discussion:
Fan 14%, computer 28%, air conditioning system 25%, and lighting 32%, therefore save 24% of
campus’ total energy.
1.
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3.
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6.
5. Energy Audit: A Case Study of UET Jalozai Campus
Introduction:
Rising demand, a significant reliance on fossil fuels, and inefficient usage have contributed to Pakistan’s
ongoing energy dilemma. The primary energy supply of the nation was 92.9 MTOE in 2017, and it is
expected to reach 122 MTOE in 15 years, which might result in a $41 billion energy import bill. With
ENERCON’s 2011 strategy focusing on enhancements in power transmission, distribution, and end-use
efficiency, energy conservation provides a remedy. Up to 25% of industrial use can be reduced by energy
audits in identifying; in 2008, an estimated 8.4 MTOE was saved. The importance of energy audits in
identifying significant energy users and putting conservation measures in place is shown by this study
conducted on the UET Jalozai Campus.
Key findings:
Lightening power consumption KWH/Year 172668.2
Fans and cooling power consumption KWH/Year 184116.6
Miscellaneous Power consumption KWH/year 174600
Total Power Consumption KWH/year 531384.8
Total power consumed by the hostel and departments for the session 2017-18 using gasoline in
generators as a power source is 542049.12 KWH/year. In which major contribution to power
consumption is by the cooling system 201892.32 KWH/year
Power consumption (generator)
Lightening power consumption KWH/Year 167836.8
Fans and cooling power consumption KWH/Year 201892.3
Miscellaneous Power consumption KWH/year 172320
Total Power Consumption KWH/year 542049.1
Recommendations:
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46W FL with 18W LED
100W incandescent bulb with 13W LED
20W CFL with 13W LED
100W ceiling fan with 80W energy efficient fan
50W exhaust with 30 W exhaust
FISCAL SAVINGS FROM RETROFITTING APPLIANCES FOR UTILITY ELECTRICITY:
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Total Saving from electricity as source for replaced lights in KWH/Year 91601.84
Total saving from electricity as source replaced for fans in KWH/Year 217851.2
Total energy saving from electricity KWH/year 309453 PKR/KWH 15.5
Saved amount PKR/year 4796522
FISCAL SAVINGS FROM RETROFITTING APPLIANCES FOR GASOLINE ELECTRICITY
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Total saving from generator as source for replaced lights in KWH/year 86601.34
Total saving from generator as source for fan in KWH/year 26995.20
Total energy saving from generator as resource KWH/year 113596.54
Total saving from generator as resource MJ/year 408947.54
Conversion factor MJ/liter of Gasoline 35.00
Total gasoline used liters/year 11684.22
PKR/liter of gasoline 100.00
Total amount saved PKR/year 1168421.5
THE OVERALL AMOUNT DISTRIBUTION:
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Total saving from electricity PKR/year = 4796522.12
Total saving from Gasoline PKR/year = 1168421.554
Overall saving PKR/year = 5964943.674
6. International Journal OF Engineering Sciences & Management Research
The study ‘Energy Auditing of an Educational Institution” focuses on performing a thorough energy
audit of the Suleiman Student Hostel at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, with the goal of improving
energy management and efficiency. Energy audtis are essential for identifying inefficiencies and
encouraging energy conservation within educational institutions.
Key Findings
The audit found that 15-37% of hostel energy consumption could be reduced through better
management.
One of the main problems was inefficient lighting, which was fixed by installing sensor-based lighting
controls, replacing T8/T12 fixtures with T5 or LED bulbs, and de-lamping over-lit regions.
Increased consumption from unauthorized high-energy appliances justifies routine inspections and
fines. Use can be further reduced by switching to energy-efficient fans and replacing resistance
regulators with electronic ones.
Energy savings may be substantially increased by increasing the efficiency of desert coolers and
moving to centralized solar water heating (500L/day).
Recommendations
Promoting appropriate energy use by holding staff and student awareness campaigns about energy
saving.
Establishing regular maintenance plans to guarantee the effective operation of electrical systems
and equipment.
Creating and implementing rules for the use of electrical appliances in the hostel to stop illegal use.
7. Energy Audits at Fridhemsskolan, Sweden
Energy audits conducted at Fridhemsskolan in Gavle, Sweden, investigated energy efficiency measures
in educational buildings. The energy performance of the building was analyzed by using IDA-ICE
simulation software. After assessing the energy consumption by different components, they suggested
reducing ventilation system working hours, replacing the constant air volume (CAV) system with a
variable air volume (VAV) system, upgrading traditional lighting to LEDs, and reducing heat loss by
building envelop by adding insulation and replacing windows. Due to the high cost the replacing CAV
system was not economically viable. However, the upgradation of lights and window replacement
resulted in significant energy savings. Specifically, the proposed measures led to a 40.3% reduction in
district heating consumption and an 18.1% decrease in electricity usage, with a payback period of just
over four years. The study highlights the importance of conducting detailed economic analyses to
prioritize energy-saving measures that offer the highest return on investment [1].
8. Energy Audits of Shah Wali ullah Hostel, UET Peshawar.
This case study focused on the Shah Wali ullah Hostel, UET Peshawar [4]. The audits covered the
residential facility of UET Peshawar to identify potential energy conservation measures. Electricity and
thermal energy consumption were targeted, analyzing areas such as lighting, heating, and ventilation.
The finding shows that a huge proportion of energy is being wasted due to inefficient lighting systems,
high standby power consumption, and poor consumption.
Key recommendations included the replacement of traditional lights with LED bulbs, Installing motion
sensors to reduce unnecessary energy use, and improving insulation in walls and roofs. Implementing
recommended measures reduces about 25% of total energy consumption. However, awareness
programs to encourage energy-saving practices among residents also play a crucial role in energy
efficiency.
9. Comparative study of Green Audits in Educational Buildings.
A comparative study broadly examined green audits across several educational buildings to identify
common challenges and best practices to overcome targeted challenges. The study included an
assessment of five different green audit reports, focusing on factors such as energy conservation,
renewable energy use, water management, and waste reduction. The study concluded with the findings
that while many institutions had implemented basic energy saving measures, such as switching to LED
lighting and improving insulation but still significant gaps were effecting the long term sustainability
goals. The lack of standardized metrics for evaluating energy savings across institutions was one of the
key limitation making the benchmarking progress difficult.
The final recommendations were to develop a unified framework for conducting energy audits in
educational buildings to ensure consistent and comparable results.
10. Developing an Energy Audit Methodology for High Performance Buildings.
This study (by Nakayam et al) targeted high-performance buildings (HPBs) and focused on developing an
advanced energy audit methodology for HPBs. The HPBs are designed to have minimum environmental
impacts but due to differences between design assumptions and real-world usage patterns, they often
fail to achieve the expected energy efficiency.
Considering the mentioned problems, the recommendation was to integrate BEMS (Building Energy
Management System) data into the energy audit process for real-time monitoring and accurate energy
profiling.
The BEMS applied to a high-performance building in Tokyo, almost 10.1% of energy saving potential was
identified as compared to the building design performance. Additionally, 8.9% of CO2 emissions were
identified by implementing the selected cost-effective measures.
Challenges.
There are several challenge while applying the recommended energy efficiency measures that include
the high initial investment for retrofitting measures, the complexity of implementing new technologies,
and the lack of awareness among building users. Despite long term benefits economic feasibility remains
a major concern as many building users struggle to justify initial investment.