1. For the first class, please read (or at least skim) the first five pages
of this document.
2. The rest of the document is optional background information.
Quill and Boven National Parks, Statia (Sint Eustatius)
Overview of Statia and its National Parks
Geography: Statia is in the Lesser Antilles, between Saint Kitts and Saba (17.5°N 63.0°W). The 21km2
island features a marine national park and two terrestrial parks, the Boven National Park and the Quill
National Park. The island is home to approximately 3200 residents. Formerly part of the Netherlands
Antilles, Statia became part of the Caribbean Netherlands in 2010, along with Bonaire and Saba.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Benefits: The Boven and Quill
National Parks host diverse ecosystems, including tropical
savanna and rainforest climates, which provide essential
ecological services. These parks enhance the island's
resilience to extreme weather events, crucial as climate
change intensifies storm frequency and severity. The parks
protect critical habitats for numerous endangered and
endemic species, such as the Lesser Antillean Iguana and the
Bridled Quail-Dove. Statia has over 500 plant species, 75 bird
species and a variety of reptiles, including the Red-bellied
Racer and several sea turtle species.
Socio-economic benefits of the parks: The national parks
contribute to the island's economy through eco-tourism,
which generates revenue and job opportunities. They also
are venues for cultural heritage preservation and scientific research, offering educational resources to
locals and visitors alike.
Community Engagement: reforestation and permaculture training initiatives aim to empower local
farmers with sustainable agricultural practices. These efforts are designed to enhance food security
while promoting ecological resilience.
Statia’s national parks play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development,
chiefly through ecotourism and provision of ecosystem services. Collaborative efforts are necessary to
protect these valuable ecosystems and ensure the island's sustainability for future generations.
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Threats to the parks, their ecosystems, and their species
Overgrazing by free-ranging livestock poses significant threats to forest health, especially following the
devastation caused by hurricanes in 2017. Many species are in decline due to habitat loss, and invasive
species (e.g. from herbivory, competition, predation). The annual funds needed to implement
conservation measures to preserve and restore ecosystems and ecosystem services are estimated to
exceed $25.2 million annually.
1. Overgrazing: Free-ranging goats (as well as some cows, and pigs) damage native vegetation and
prevent forest recovery, which increases soil erosion. Cows and goats are also a problem for local
farmers who are able to grow some limited crops including pumpkins, tomatoes, papaya, cucumber,
zucchini, bananas, plantains, cassava.
2. Road kill of the endemic Lesser Antillean Iguana.
3. Sand Mining has destroyed crucial turtle nesting areas, threatening the survival of green,
hawksbill, and leatherback turtles. This loss of biodiversity also undermines local ecotourism which
relies on healthy turtle populations and marine ecosystems. It is chiefly for small-scale local
construction activities by individuals, but there is some larger-scale industrial use for roads and large
construction projects.
4. Invasive Species pose a severe threat to Statia's biodiversity. Key invasive species include:
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Cats: prey on native wildlife, particularly birds and small reptiles.
Black Rats stress local fauna by competing for resources and eating chicks and eggs in bird nests.
Corallita (Mexican Creeper), an invasive ornamental plant displaces native flora and disrupts
local ecosystems.
Green Iguanas: which are occasionally introduced with imported construction materials,
compete with and hybridize with the native iguana species.
Chickens, which are present in the wild, compete directly with local bird species for food and
nesting areas.
The main entryways for these invasive species are transport by boats, planes, and as part of the pet
and ornamental plant trade. Islands like Statia, with their unique biodiversity, are particularly
vulnerable to invasive species, which can lead to significant ecological damage and species
extinctions.
5. Erosion and Coral Reef Damage: Coral reefs around Statia are under threat from erosion of sea
cliffs, which causes silt to deposit on the reefs. The silt smothers the reefs and reduces their health.
The loss of reef health affects not only marine biodiversity but also diminishes natural barriers
against storms. The erosion of sea cliffs is due to loss of forest cover, which is due to overgrazing by
high populations of feral goats.
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6. Extreme Climate Events: Hurricanes and extreme weather events pose direct threats to the
island's ecosystems. The increasing frequency and intensity of these events due to climate change
challenge the resilience of local habitats and communities.
7. Climate Change: The island's preparedness for climate change impacts is insufficient, leaving
ecosystems vulnerable. Climate change exacerbates other existing threats to biodiversity, such as
habitat degradation and species extinction.
Other factors: The legacy of historical injustices, including slavery and colonial exploitation, continues to
influence local governance and community relations. This historical context complicates contemporary
resource management and conservation efforts. Addressing anthropogenic threats against a background
of these historical injustices requires a coordinated approach and a thoughtful, inclusive management
planning
Natural Resources Management Stakeholders on Statia
Effective management of natural resources on Statia relies on collaboration among various
stakeholders, including government agencies, local organizations, private sector entities, and
international partners. This comprehensive approach aims to preserve and sustainably utilize the
island's natural environment.
Non-Profit and Religious Organizations
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Statia National Parks Foundation (STENAPA): Manages national parks and focuses on
conservation, habitat preservation, and environmental education.
Sint Eustatius Historical Foundation: Preserves the island's cultural heritage, contributing to
sustainable cultural tourism.
Sea Turtle Conservation Sint Eustatius (STCES): Engages in sea turtle conservation, now
supported by STENAPA.
Statia Green: Promotes sustainable development initiatives, including waste management and
renewable energy.
Religious Organizations: Potential partners in fostering community stewardship and
environmental engagement.
Government Agencies
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Local Government: Responsible for policy-making and regulation in environmental protection
and sustainable development.
Statia Agriculture Department (LVV): Supports local farming through workshops and resources,
collaborating with STENAPA on reforestation efforts.
Ministry of Economics, Nature and Infrastructure (ENI): Strives to balance economic
opportunities with nature conservation.
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Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations: Coordinates support for natural resource
management as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Private Sector
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Tourism Operators: Promote sustainable tourism practices and maintain the island’s natural
beauty.
Fishing Industry: Local fishermen play a key role in marine resource management, with a focus
on sustainable practices.
Farmers: Strive to provide food resources while adapting to environmental challenges; they
work collaboratively with government and organizations.
Livestock Owners: Their practices significantly impact land management; there is a need for
updated management techniques.
International Organizations:
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Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA): Supports conservation efforts across the Caribbean
Netherlands and facilitates knowledge sharing.
Statia DOET: Organizes community volunteer efforts for various projects, enhancing local
engagement.
Academic and Research Institutions:
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Collaborate on research related to ecosystems and environmental issues, informing policies and
practices.
Local Residents: Community members are vital to natural resource management, impacting the
environment through daily activities. Their involvement in community projects has grown, showcasing a
strong commitment to sustainability.
Key Areas of Focus:
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Conservation: Protecting biodiversity and managing protected areas.
Sustainable Tourism: Minimizing environmental impact while benefiting the local economy.
Waste Management: Enhancing collection, recycling, and reduction efforts.
Water and Energy Resources: Managing supplies and promoting renewables.
Education and Outreach: Raising awareness and engaging the community.
Natural Resilience: Preparing for recovery from natural disasters.
The effective management of Statia’s natural resources is a collective effort that will require the
expertise and collaboration of diverse stakeholders to ensure environmental preservation for future
generations.
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Livelihoods overview
Key Sectors
1. Tourism: A significant but underdeveloped sector, attracting visitors with natural beauty and
historical sites. Unlike neighboring islands, Statia has lower tourist traffic, which contributes to
both its serene environment and a sense of isolation among locals.
○ Trade and Shipping: The port in Oranjestad is vital for importing goods, facing
challenges from high taxes and limited local production.
○ Agriculture: Limited by size and climate, agriculture struggles with outdated practices
and poor water management, although efforts for sustainable farming are underway.
○ Livestock: Many residents keep livestock, leading to issues of overpopulation and
environmental degradation, especially within national parks.
○ Fishing: A traditional activity with both commercial and recreational aspects, fishing is
impacted by overfishing and invasive species like lionfish.
2. Challenges
○ Limited Resources: The small size and resources hinder economic diversification.
○ Infrastructure Issues: Transportation and utility constraints affect growth.
○ Employment: Job opportunities are primarily in tourism and government, leading to
seasonal fluctuations.
○ GDP and Income Levels: The economy is heavily reliant on tourism, trade, and public
sector employment, with the government as the largest employer.
○ Cost of Living: High due to reliance on imports, making goods and services more
expensive compared to larger Caribbean islands.
3. Development Initiatives
○ Tourism Promotion: Focused on eco-tourism and historical attractions, albeit with
concerns about environmental impacts from recent developments.
○ Sustainability Efforts: Investments in renewable energy and sustainable practices are in
progress, though current capacity remains insufficient to achieve energy independence.
○ Community Projects: Supported by local and international organizations, these
initiatives target education, health, and infrastructure improvements.
While Statia offers potential for economic growth through tourism and sustainable practices, it faces
significant challenges related to infrastructure, resource limitations, and environmental sustainability.
Addressing these issues is crucial for the island’s future development.
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— Optional section for reading —
Background information
About
Statia is a small Dutch Caribbean island located in the north eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies on the
northern part of the Lesser Antilles. Statia measures 21km2) and has a population of
approximately 3,200 people. It is located southeast of Saba and Northwest of St. Kitts”
[https://www.statiagovernment.com/about-st.-eustatius ]. In 2010, when the Netherlands
Antilles was dissolved, Statia became a special municipality of the Netherlands, known as a
"Caribbean Netherlands" entity, alongside Bonaire and Saba.
Economics
1. Economic Sectors
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Tourism: Tourism is a significant part of Statia’s economy. The island attracts visitors with its
natural beauty, historical sites, and diving opportunities. While not as developed as some
neighboring islands, Statia is known for its tranquil environment and historical heritage, including
remnants from its colonial past. Efforts are ongoing to enhance the tourism sector and attract
more visitors. Unlike the neighboring islands of St. Kitts and St. Maarten, which serve as cruise
ship ports, Statia has seen significantly lower tourism traffic. While this has helped preserve the
island's tranquil and secluded charm, it has also contributed to a heightened sense of isolation
among its residents.
Trade and Shipping: Historically, Statia has been an important trading hub due to its strategic
location. Today, the port in Oranjestad continues to facilitate the import and export of goods. The
island engages in trade with nearby islands and countries, dealing in products such as fuel, food,
and other goods. A major obstacle to trade is the taxes buyers must pay to receive goods,
primarily from the USA and The Netherlands. With limited local production on the island, the
port plays a crucial role in importing essential goods.
Agriculture: Agriculture on Statia is limited by the island’s size and arid conditions. However,
some local farming exists, focusing on crops that can thrive in the environment, such as tropical
fruits and vegetables, but they struggle mainly due to lack of knowledge in effective water
management. The local department of Agriculture dug and created a big pond to catch rainfall
water and make it available for the farmers. However, due to lack of proper management, this
source is often limited or unavailable to the workers in the sector. In addition, old traditions and
techniques to cultivate crops, together with a lack of knowhow, do not allow farmers to keep up
with modern challenges, such as alien parasites, extreme climate conditions and new diseases.
There are also efforts to promote sustainable agricultural practices, poorly promoted by the
ministry of agriculture. STENAPA, together with its Reforestation project, is trying to invest in
permaculture and agroforestry techniques, currently under a testing phase, with the goal of
proving to local farmers that a different kind of agriculture is possible and profitable.
Livestock: Due to the limited agricultural opportunities, many residents maintain livestock
(primarily goats, cows and pigs) as a source of food and income. These herds are not always wellmanaged and can often be found inside national parks. They reproduce all year around, live in an
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environment without natural predators and could extremely increase in numbers. Roaming
animals were traditionally left to feed around the island, and some of them became wild. These
free-ranging animals now live in remote areas of both the Boven and the Quill National Parks,
causing major problems for the local flora, due to their voracious and generalist diet. Cows and
pigs are also found roaming freely in town and on the cliff areas, where the absence of plants is
producing a fast erosion and causing big boulders collapsing on turtle nests and on infrastructures
built along the bay.
Fishing: Fishing is a traditional activity on the island and contributes to the local economy. The
surrounding waters are rich in marine life, supporting both commercial and recreational fishing.
There are about 8 full time fishermen on the island, and fishing is allowed everywhere in the
National Marine Park (26.5 square km) but not in the Northern and Southern Marine Park
Reserve. Besides some particular species, such as sharks, turtles, rays and lobsters below 3.5
inches, fishing is permitted. However, due to poor conditions of the reef and human greed, many
fishermen prefer to leave their lobster cages or directly fish in the reserves. Lionfish (invasive fish
from Asia) is hunted by STENAPA’s rangers and occasionally by diving instructors. This species
is kept under strict observation because its increase could lead to a serious threat for the reef
biodiversity.
Government and Public Services: As an administrative part of the Dutch Caribbean, Statia
receives financial support from the Netherlands, which contributes to the island’s public services
and infrastructure. This support helps stabilize the economy and fund various development
projects. Despite the benefit of receiving support from The Netherlands, some locals do not
appreciate the interference of the Dutch with local business and activities.
2. Economic Challenges
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Size and Resources: The island’s small size, limited natural resources, and the expensive trade
and shipping of materials pose challenges for economic diversification. This constraint affects the
scale and scope of local businesses and economic activities.
Infrastructure Development: While there are ongoing efforts to improve infrastructure,
limitations in transportation, utilities, and telecommunications limits economic growth and
development.
Employment: Employment opportunities on the island are limited, leading to a reliance on
tourism, government services, and small businesses. This results in seasonal fluctuations in
employment, particularly in the tourism sector. Investors are often most interested in gastronomy
and infrastructure development.
3. Economic Development Initiatives
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Tourism Promotion: There are initiatives to promote Statia as a tourist destination, focusing on
eco-tourism, historical tourism, and diving. Efforts include marketing campaigns, improvements
in tourist facilities, and development of attractions. By following the trend of other Caribbean
destinations, some recently built resorts took advantage of green-washed advertisement to
promote eco-tourism, while actually destroying the natural environment to guarantee to guests the
max comfort in their buildings.
Sustainable Practices: There is a focus on promoting sustainable practices in areas such as
agriculture, energy, and waste management. Investments in renewable energy and eco-friendly
practices aim to reduce the island’s environmental footprint and enhance long-term sustainability.
A field outside town has been converted into a solar panel park, where storing batteries
accumulates clean energy for the island. The park is expanding but the energy produced is not
enough to make the island independent from fossil fuels.
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Community Projects: Local and international organizations often support community
development projects, which can contribute to economic growth. These projects may focus on
education, health, and infrastructure improvements.
4. Economic Statistics
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GDP and Income Levels: Detailed economic statistics specific to Statia can be limited due to its
small size. However, the island's economic indicators generally reflect a dependence on tourism,
trade, and public sector employment. In fact, the first employer of the island is the government,
while the second is GTI, an oil station where fuel is not extracted but bought from South
America, stored in big tanks and prepared to be traded with other countries.
Cost of Living: The cost of living on Statia can be relatively high due to the reliance on imported
goods and limited local production. Prices for goods and services may be higher compared to
larger Caribbean islands.
Team
Natural Resources Management Stakeholders
Effective management of natural resources on Statia involves a range of stakeholders who work together
to ensure the island’s natural environment is preserved and utilized sustainably. These stakeholders
include government agencies, local organizations, private sector entities, and international partners.
Government Agencies
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Government of Statia: The local government is responsible for policy-making and implementing
regulations related to natural resource management. This includes overseeing environmental
protection, land use, and sustainable development practices.
○ The Statia Agriculture department (LVV) contributes to develop and assist local farming
activities by providing workshops, access to fencing material and fundings. The
department collaborates with STENAPA and contributes in the effort of reforesting and
protecting the natural resources of the island.
○ The Ministry of Economics, Nature and Infrastructure (ENI) works to create economic
opportunities through infrastructural development and nature conservation. In the effort
to develop Statia’ economic maturity, the objective has been, and continues to be, one of
striking a balance between sustainable economy, preservation of nature and spatial
development. At the core of Statia’s economic policy is a vision focused on a highly
entrepreneurial sector, which fuels economic transformation through innovation,
creativity and high performance.
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Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations: As Statia is part of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, this ministry plays a role in coordinating and supporting natural resource
management efforts on the island
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Non-Profit and Religious Organizations
Statia National Parks Foundation (STENAPA)
● Focus: The Statia National Parks Foundation is responsible for managing and protecting
the island's national parks, including the Quill/Boven National Park and the Statia
National Marine Park. They focus on conservation efforts, habitat preservation, land
restoration, coral reef protection, and environmental education.
● Activities: The foundation organizes guided tours, educational programs, and
conservation projects. They also engage in scientific research and work to maintain the
ecological health of protected areas. They host and collaborate with external researchers,
other Caribbean NGOs and the local agencies, to safeguard the natural ecosystems,
improve the quality of life and restore the resilience of the island’s environment.
Statia Historical Foundation
● Focus: This organization is dedicated to preserving and promoting the island's rich
historical and cultural heritage. While their primary focus is not environmental, their
work supports the broader goal of sustainable cultural tourism.
● Activities: The foundation maintains historical sites, organizes educational events, and
provides information about the island’s history and heritage.
Sea Turtle Conservation Statia (STCES)
● Focus: STCES was dedicated to the conservation of sea turtles, which are an important
part of the island’s marine ecosystem. They work on protecting nesting sites and
educating the public about sea turtle conservation.
● Activities: The organization used to conduct monitoring of nesting sites, engage in
research on sea turtle populations, and run educational programs to raise awareness about
the importance of sea turtles and their conservation. In recent years, the turtle
conservation efforts have been led by STENAPA’s Marine Park.
Statia Green
● Focus: Statia Green is involved in promoting sustainable development and environmental
protection on the island. Their work includes initiatives related to waste management,
recycling, and renewable energy.
● Activities: The organization conducts community outreach programs, organizes clean-up
events, and advocates for sustainable practices.
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ALSO: Religious Organizations: Local religious groups have the opportunity to provide
support for ‘stewardship’ within their congregations and may be a potential key partner in
engaging communities.
Private Sector
● Tourism Operators: Businesses involved in tourism, such as tour operators and hotel
owners, are crucial in promoting sustainable tourism practices. They are stakeholders in
maintaining the natural beauty of the island and ensuring that tourism activities do not
negatively impact the environment. Employment in this environment is frequently
renewed, with locals getting into the tertiary sector and, sometimes, suffer of cultural
differences due to disparate visions and approaches, having on one side owners that come
from richer countries (such as Europe or the USA), and on the other side young
Caribbeans that are used to the “island-rhythm” and a different way of living.
● Fishing Industry: Local fishermen and seafood businesses are key stakeholders in
marine resource management. Sustainable fishing practices and adherence to regulations
are essential for preserving marine biodiversity. Occasionally, some friction between
local fishermen and law enforcers appears, but there is a shared willingness to improve
the marine biodiversity and restore the highly damaged reef of Statia.
● Farmers: Local farmers work to provide accessible food resources to the community of
the island. The joint effort supported by the Agriculture department, STENAPA and the
farming community, aims to counteract the struggle of dealing with a very arid
environment, with difficult access to water and strong climatic conditions that can reduce
the productivity of crops. Farmers comprehend and support the shift towards more
sustainable methods for cultivating and producing goods, while resisting to the daily
threats posed by human activities that can interfere with their business (for example,
construction development that reduces the accessible field for agriculture; free roaming
animals such as cows which can break into fenced area and destroy crops; introduced
parasites and or diseases which reached the island through human trades; etc.).
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Livestock Owners: Livestock owners impact land and resource management.
Sustainable livestock management practices are important for conserving soil and water
resources. Three important families own livestock on the island, and often do not have
access to new and different ways to manage their resources, missing the opportunity to
update and improve their knowhow. Stuck in a traditional way of operating, they collide
with agencies that try to offer different solutions to the management of their resources.
These breeders have a very strong political and social influence on the local community,
by representing some of the richest families on the island and by being related to the
leading party of the local government.
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International Organizations and Partners
● Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA): This organization works on nature
conservation and environmental protection in the Caribbean Netherlands, which includes
Statia. They provide support and resources for conservation projects and regional
collaboration. The major effort of DCNA is to bring and connect all the former and
present Dutch Caribbean islands, to share knowledge and improve the networking among
the different NGOs.
● Statia DOET: This is an effort to organize volunteers from among the whole community
on the island to help with numerous projects needing assistance. The next DOET will
take place in May 2025.
Academic and Research Institutions
● Universities and Research Institutes: Academic institutions may conduct research on
local ecosystems, marine life, and environmental issues. Their findings help inform
policy and management practices. Collaboration with universities can also support
conservation and sustainability initiatives.
Local Residents
● Community Members: Residents of Statia are integral to natural resource management.
Their daily activities and practices impact the environment, and their involvement in
community-based projects and initiatives is crucial for sustainable resource management.
In the past 2 years, STENAPA organized planting events and nature festivals for children
and adults, receiving a warm and unexpected involvement from the local community.
Key Areas of Focus for Stakeholders
● Conservation: Protecting biodiversity, including marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and
managing protected areas.
● Sustainable Tourism: Promoting practices that minimize environmental impact while
benefiting the local economy.
● Waste Management: Improving waste collection, recycling, and reduction efforts.
● Water and Energy Resources: Managing water supply and promoting renewable energy
sources.
● Education and Outreach: Raising awareness about environmental issues and engaging the
community in sustainability efforts.
● Increase the natural resilience of the island: Making the island ready to quickly return to
its functional state after the next important natural disaster (e.g., hurricane).
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Overall, effective natural resource management on Statia requires the collaboration of multiple
stakeholders, each contributing their expertise and resources to ensure the island’s natural
environment is preserved for future generations.
Location (Scope/Vision)
Fig. 1 Geographic location of Statia and Boven / Quill NPs
Statia (17°29′N 62°59′W) is located in the Lesser Antillean arc, north-west of Saint Kitts and
south-east of Saba.
The National Parks of Statia
The island includes a marine national park, and
two terrestrial national parks, named the Boven
and the Quill National Park
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Biodiversity of Boven / Quill National Parks
Ecological Benefits of the Parks
Caribbean forests are highly valued ecosystems, providing important ecosystem services,
including the regulation of nutrient cycling, soil stability, and water retention. Healthy forest
ecosystems increase the island’s resilience to endure extreme weather events (i.e., hurricanes),
which naturally occur in the region. This resilience is even more important given the projected
increase in the frequency and intensity of storms and the effect they are expected to have on
ecosystem functioning. On Statia, forests are also under pressure from over-grazing by roaming
livestock (cows, goats, chickens), which slow new growth and thus recovery of the flora and
fauna following extreme weather events. In 2017, the island was hit by two category 5 hurricanes
(Erma and Maria), causing substantial damage to the island’s forests (Eppinga & Pucko, 2018).
Due to continued overgrazing the forest is yet to make a full recovery and urgent measures are
required to gather baseline data to inform future management. Recent reports highlight the
fragility of the forest ecosystems, where important species, including the endemic Lesser
Antillean iguana, Iguana delicatissima (Van den Burg et al., 2022), red-bellied racer, Alsophis
rufiventris (Madden et al., 2021), and the bridled quail dove, Geotrygon mystacea (Rivera-Milan
et al., 2021) populations have declined on the island since 2017. Although some ongoing
research is being conducted to monitor iguana populations, other species such as the bridled
quail dove have received less attention and are considered to be under serious threat of
extirpation.
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Biodiversity Conservation: The terrestrial and marine parks protect critical habitats for
endangered and endemic species, helping to preserve the region's rich biodiversity,
including plants, animals, and marine life unique to the Caribbean.
Environmental Protection: National parks safeguard ecosystems like coral reefs,
forests, and wetlands, which provide essential services such as water purification, coastal
protection from storms, and climate regulation.
These benefits contribute to both environmental sustainability and the socio-economic wellbeing of the island..
Ecosystems
The principal lower sections (below 400 m) of Statia possess a tropical savanna climate, while
higher parts are characterized by a tropical monsoon climate. The documented flora of the island
amounts to 505 species.
On the Mountains, the three principal vegetation types are the Pisonia-Justicatype, the PisoniaAyenia type, and Bothriochloa-Bouteloua type which together accounted for 38% of total (semi)natural vegetation cover. The majority of the central sections of the island around Oranjestad,
amounting to approximately 25% of the surface of the island, have suffered intensive disturbance
due to past agriculture, livestock husbandry and invasive species. The rarest and most valuable
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elfin woodland vegetation of the rim of the Quill crater had been largely lost. These losses may
be most directly attributable to the impact of recent hurricanes and/or grazing by introduced
livestock.
Field data show that all wilderness areas of Statia remained heavily affected by grazers. This
reduces the resilience of natural vegetation and interferes with natural succession by imparting
heavy losses to hardwood seedlings and saplings, by reducing plant biomass (which increases
exposure to wind and sun), and by favoring hardy invasive plant species.
Boven: Dry Forest, tropical savanna
climate with a pronounced dry season,
with the driest month having precipitation
less than 60 mm.
Quill: Rain Forest, tropical monsoon
climate with a short dry season and the
driest month with rainfall less than 60
mm.
Important species
Reptiles
1. Red-bellied Racer (Alsophis
rufiventris): This endemic snake is
unique to Statia and Saba and is
characterized by its distinctive
coloration, with males having blackbordered blotches and females
displaying streaks.
2. Panther Anole (Anolis bimaculatus):
Also known as the Statia anole, this
lizard is endemic to the St. Kitts and
Statia and can be found in various
habitats across the island.
3. Dwarf Gecko (Sphaerodactylus
sabanus): This small gecko is endemic to the Lesser Antilles, including Statia, and is
recognized by its brown dorsal color and distinctive markings.
4. Orange-faced Ground Lizard (Pholidoscelis erythrocephalus): This lizard species is
found on Statia as well as Saint Kitts and Nevis, and it is endemic to this region.
5. Island Least Gecko (Sphaerodactylus sputator): was the first Caribbean dwarf gecko
described by science. It was collected in the 1750s in Statia and named in 1784.
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Marine Life
Statia National Marine Park protects a variety of marine species, including:
- Coral Reefs: The waters surrounding the island are home to vibrant coral reefs that
support a diverse ecosystem.
- Fish Species: A catalog of marine life includes around 280 fish species recorded in recent
surveys.
- Sea Turtles: The marine park also provides habitat for sea turtles, which are vital to the
marine ecosystem. 3 species out of the 7 remaining worldwise lay eggs on Statia’s
beaches: Green sea turtles, Hawksbill sea turtles and the giant Leatherback sea turtles.
- Sharks and Rays: These species are part of the rich marine biodiversity that thrives in the
waters around Statia. They are protected under the CITES regulations.
Birds
Statia is also home to a diverse array of bird species, with over 75 species recorded on the island.
Some notable bird species found on Statia include:
● Red-billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus): This seabird is known to nest on the island
and is monitored by STENAPA.
● Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens): This large seabird with its distinctive
hooked beak and forked tail is commonly seen soaring over the island.
● Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis): This large seabird is a common sight along the
coasts of Statia.
● Scaly-naped Pigeon (Patagioenas squamosa): This pigeon species is native to the
Caribbean and is found in the woodlands and forests of Statia.
● American Kestrel (Falco sparverius): This is the National Bird of Statia.
The Caribbean Birding Trail highlights Statia as an excellent destination for birdwatching, with
accessible birding opportunities across the island. eBird also provides a comprehensive list of
bird species observed on Statia.
Boven: Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima)
The Boven National Park used to be a hotspot
for the native Iguana delicatissima, a species
who experienced local extinction in nearby
islands, but still survive under strict
monitoring on Statia. It is a species native to
the Lesser Antilles, and its conservation is
vital for maintaining the unique ecosystems of
these islands. Protecting this iguana helps
preserve the region's biodiversity. In addition,
as a herbivore, it plays a critical role in seed
dispersal and maintaining healthy plant
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populations. Its decline can disrupt ecological balance.
The species is classified as critically endangered (IUCN red list), mainly due to habitat loss,
invasive species (like the Green Iguana), and human activities. Protecting it helps prevent
extinction. Moreover, the Lesser Antillean Iguana holds cultural value for local communities,
who have a long history of coexisting with this species.
Conserving the Lesser Antillean Iguana helps safeguard both the environment and the region's
natural heritage.
Quill: Bridled Quail-Dove (Geotrygon mystacea)
The bridled-quail dove is thought
to be in decline across much of its
range (Boal and Madden, 2022).
The only quantitative estimates of
bridled quail dove populations on
other islands are based on data
collected pre hurricanes Irma and
Maria, in 2017 (Guana Island,
BVI: ~429; Montserrat: ~411; Boal
and Madden, 2022). The
population on neighbouring Saba is
currently unknown. On Statia,
efforts to estimate the current
population indicate a severe
decline from an estimated 3000
individuals in 2016, to an estimated
55 individuals in 2022. Even
within the crater of the Quill
National Park, where the species
was common, very few individuals were found in 2022. Given the scarcity of detections in 2022,
the status of the population is critical, and it is feasible that the species could become extirpated
in the imminent future.
The population decline in this species, among others, is thought to be caused by structural
damage to vegetation and food limitation resulting from severe hurricanes in 2017; however,
continued decline is expected to have resulted from the combined effects of continued freeranging livestock overgrazing degraded foraging habitats and competition for resources. It is also
expected that nest predators (mainly black rats, Rattus rattus), which are abundant in the area,
may also be contributing to the continued decline (Rivera-Milan et al., 2021).
Bridled-quail doves are a sought-after species for bird watchers and tourists, and thus contribute
to the environmental experience for island visitors. They play an important ecological role as
seed dispersers, which is key to the spread and persistence of healthy plant populations.
Therefore, losing such a species will have cascading negative effects on the remaining biotic
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communities (Myers et al., 2000). This is particularly worrying given the already poor condition
of the forests on Statia, where the shrub and understory layers are severely degraded and where
new growth is currently near absent, due to overgrazing by roaming livestock. The steep decline
of the bridled-quail dove is also worrying because it may be an indicator of damage to the
ecosystem on all levels; not only these birds may be affected but also many other taxa, many of
which are not directly visible at first sight.
In the absence of immigration from nearby islands, the effects of extreme weather events,
roaming livestock, and nest predators, and the subsequent reduction in reproduction and survival
rates have created a population bottleneck.
Socio-economic Benefits and Uses of the Parks
-
-
Eco-Tourism: These parks attract tourists interested in nature and outdoor activities,
generating revenue and creating jobs for local communities through sustainable tourism.
Cultural Heritage Preservation: Both the Quill and the Boven National Parks present
historical and cultural sites, allowing the local community to celebrate and share their
unique heritage, while educating visitors on the region's history.
Scientific Research and Education: The National Parks offer natural laboratories for
scientific research and environmental education, supporting efforts to understand and
address environmental challenges, such as climate change and habitat loss.
Education
Protection of Environment for Humans (fresh water, fresh air)
From the State of Nature in the Caribbean Netherlands Statia (Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity
Database (dcbd.nl)):
“ The island of Statia has an incredible range of tropical habitats from cloud forest at the top of
The Quill to rich coral reefs below. While many of these habitats have been considered pristine
in the past with high species diversity, the Wageningen Research report paints a bleak picture of
the current state of Statia' ecosystems, stressing that things will only get worse if the island does
not significantly increase its investment in conservation. If the current rate of habitat degradation
is maintained, important ecological functions such as erosion control and storm protection will
be lost and the economic repercussions will be disastrous. Recent research found that
nature/ecosystem services on Statia have an annual economic value of 25.2 million USD, which
represented 24% of the island's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013 (Cado van der Lely et al.,
2014)”.
Reforestation / Permaculture Training
Within its Reforestation project, STENAPA is testing agroforestry techniques to prove that a
different, sustainable but productive way of cultivating is possible even when only reduced
resources are available. The aim is to provide local farmers tools and knowledge to extend this
farming on a bigger scale.
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Anthropogenic Threats
Overgrazing
Hunting of sensitive species (e.g. iguana)
Sand mining (destruction of turtle nesting areas)
Invasive species (import / export needs of island) in order of hazard:
● Livestock (goats, cows and pigs introduced and released into the wild)
● Cats (predators on wildlife)
● Black rats (stress - history of ships for slaves and other trade…)
● Corallita / Mexican Creeper (Antigonon leptopus, invasive vine plant introduced as
ornamental plant, overgrowing every local plant at lower elevations - 0 to 300 m)
● Green iguanas (occasionally introduced with construction material imported on the
island)
● Chickens (largely present in a wild state on the island, direct competitors of local birds)
Boats, planes, and the pet & ornamental plant trade are the main cause of invasive species
introduction. Islands are particularly vulnerable to invasive species because many islands are
relatively small and isolated. Yet, islands represent the greatest concentration of biodiversity and
species extinctions (40% of fauna at risk of extinction; 80% known extinctions since 1500).
Once an invasive species arrives on an island, early detection is crucial to avoid excessive
eradication costs and negative side-effects once it becomes established. Actions that can be
implemented include species alert lists, action plans, effective border controls, public awareness,
invasive species management teams, government policy (and enforcement), and quarantine
import documents.
Erosion (coral reef damage) (stress)
Extreme climate (hurricanes) (stress)
Climate Change (lack of resilience preparedness)
Conflict with Dutch Government & Its History (slaves traders)
History
● Pre-Colonial Era: Before European arrival, the island was inhabited by the Arawak and
Carib peoples.
● European Discovery: Christopher Columbus is often credited with the European
discovery of the island during his second voyage in 1493, though it was not immediately
colonized.
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● Early Colonization: In the 17th century, the Dutch West India Company established a
settlement on the island, capitalizing on its strategic location for trade. No people were
living on the island when the colonists arrived.
● Economic Boom: During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Statia became a major
trading hub. Its freeport status attracted merchants from various nations, making it a
significant center of commerce.
● American Revolution: The island played a notable role during the American Revolution.
In 1776, Statia was the first foreign port to officially acknowledge the independence of
the United States by firing a salute to the American flag, which had a considerable impact
on the American cause.
● Colonial Conflicts: Statia changed hands 22 times during the 18th and 19th centuries due
to conflicts between European powers, particularly between the Dutch, British, and
French.
● 19th and 20th Centuries: The island's economic importance waned as other ports and
islands grew in prominence. It became a part of the Netherlands Antilles, an autonomous
Caribbean region of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
● Modern Era: In 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Statia became a
special municipality of the Netherlands, known as a "Caribbean Netherlands" entity,
alongside Bonaire and Saba.
●
Culture
Multicultural Heritage: The island’s population is a blend of descendants from African,
European, and Caribbean roots. This diversity is evident in local traditions, cuisine, and festivals.
African influences are particularly strong due to the historical presence of enslaved Africans, and
this is reflected in local music and dance.
Cuisine: The food on Statia is a melting pot of different influences. You’ll find a mix of
Caribbean flavors with Dutch and African influences. Traditional dishes include stews, seafood,
and tropical fruits. Local specialties like "pepper pot" and "pancakes" highlight the island’s
unique culinary identity.
Music and Dance: Music on Statia is a blend of Caribbean styles, including reggae, calypso, and
soca. Traditional music often features drums and other percussion instruments. Dance is a
significant part of local celebrations, and festivals often include lively music and dancing.
Festivals and Celebrations: Statia hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year. One of
the most important is the Statia Day celebrations on November 16, marking the island’s
historical significance. Carnival, typically celebrated in July, is another major event, featuring
parades, music, and dancing.
Language and Religion: The primary language spoken on Statia is English, though Dutch is
also used in official capacities. The island has a diverse religious landscape, with Christianity
being the predominant faith, but other religions are also practiced.
Natural Beauty and Traditions: The island’s natural beauty influences its cultural practices.
Statia’s landscapes, including its volcanic origins and lush vegetation, are celebrated in local art
and traditions. The island’s small size and tight-knit community foster a strong sense of local
pride and tradition.
Infrastructure
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1. Transportation
● Air Travel: Statia has a small airport, F.D. Roosevelt Airport, named after Franklin D.
Roosevelt. It handles regional flights, primarily from neighboring islands such as Sint
Maarten. The airport's runway accommodates small to medium-sized aircraft.
● Sea Transport: The island has a harbor in Oranjestad, which serves as the primary port
for cargo and passenger ferries. The port is equipped to handle cargo ships and ferries
from nearby islands. There are also private docks for yachts and smaller vessels.
● Roads: Statia has a network of roads connecting the main town and key areas. While the
roads are generally in good condition, the island's small size means that traffic congestion
is rarely an issue. The road infrastructure is supported by basic signage and traffic
management.
2. Utilities
● Water: Statia relies on desalination plants for its water supply, as the island does not
have large freshwater sources. The desalinated water is distributed throughout the island,
and there are efforts to maintain and upgrade the water infrastructure to ensure a reliable
supply.
● Electricity: The island’s electricity is provided by the Statia Utility Company (STUCO).
The electricity infrastructure includes a combination of diesel generators and renewable
energy sources. There have been discussions about increasing the share of renewable
energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
● Waste Management: Waste management on Statia involves collection and disposal at a
central facility. The island has initiatives in place for recycling and waste reduction,
though managing waste can be a challenge given the island's size and limited resources.
3. Telecommunications
● Internet and Phone Services: Statia has telecommunications infrastructure that includes
internet, mobile, and landline services. Internet connectivity is available through several
providers, and there are efforts to improve speed and reliability. Mobile phone coverage
is generally good, though it may vary in more remote areas.
4. Healthcare
● Healthcare Facilities: Statia has a hospital, the Louis Constant Fleming Hospital, which
provides basic medical services. For more specialized care, residents may need to travel
to Sint Maarten or other nearby islands. The hospital also serves as a central hub for
emergency medical services on the island.
5. Education
● Schools: The island has several primary and secondary schools, providing education in
both English and Dutch. Educational infrastructure includes well-maintained facilities
and a curriculum designed to meet local and international standards.
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6. Tourism and Recreation
● Tourist Infrastructure: Statia's tourism infrastructure includes hotels, guesthouses, and
restaurants catering to visitors. There are efforts to develop and promote eco-tourism,
diving, and historical tours to attract tourists while preserving the island’s natural and
cultural heritage.
● Recreational Facilities: The island offers recreational opportunities such as hiking,
diving, and exploring historical and archaeological sites. Infrastructure to support these
activities includes trails and diving sites (maintained by STENAPA), dive shops, and
well-preserved historical landmarks.
References
Boal, C.W., & Madden, H. (2021). Bridled Quail-Dove (Geotrygon mystacea), version 2.0. In
Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Retrieved from Birds of the World: https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/brqdov1/2.0.
de Freitas, J.A., Rojer, A.C., Nijhof, B.S.J., & Debrot, A. O. (2011). Landscape ecological
vegetation map of Sint Eustatius (Lesser Antilles), pp. 10-24: Dutch Caribbean Biodiversity
Database (dcbd.nl)
Eppinga, M.B. and Pucko, C.A., 2018. The impact of hurricanes Irma and Maria on the forest
ecosystems of Saba and Statia, northern Caribbean. Biotropica, 50(5), pp.723-728.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Gustavo, A., Da Fonesca, B. and Kent, J.
(2000).
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, pp. 853-858.
Rivera-Milan, F., Madden, H., & Verdel, K. (2021). Bridled Quail-dove Geotrygon mystacea
population assessment after hurricanes Irma and Maria, Statia, Caribbean Netherlands. Bird
Conservation International, 31(4), 656-667.
Steadman, D.W., Montambault, J.R., Robinson, S.K., Oswalt, S.N., Brandeis, T.J., Londoño, A.,
Reetz, M.J., Schelsky, W.M., Wright, N.A., Hoover, J.P. and Jankowski, J., 2009. Relative
abundance, habitat use, and long-term population changes of wintering and resident landbirds on
St. John, US Virgin Islands. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 121(1), pp.41-53.
van den Burg, M.P., Madden, H., van Wagensveld, T.P. and Boman, E., 2022. Hurricane‐
associated population decrease in a critically endangered long‐lived reptile. Biotropica, 54(3),
pp. 708-720.
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