GEOGRAPHY IGCSE QUESTIONS AND MS
Italics means any personal comment/explanation done by me, Sophia:3
This symbol: ^ on an ans means further development/detail needed to gain credit
Population
Urbanization
Climate and natural vegetation
Rivers
Industry
Development
Coasts
Agriculture
Weather
Tourism
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Water
Migration
Environmental risks of economic development
Energy
Paper11 M/J 2024
1) Suggest why birth rates are high in LEDCs such as Bolivia, Lesotho and Niger (4)
●​ Lack of availability/affordability/use of contraception/family planning;
●​ Less education about contraception/family planning/less education on problems
caused by high BR/population growth;
●​ Religious intolerance of contraception/abortion;
●​ Lack of availability of abortion/abortion is illegal;;
●​ Few girls being educated;
●​ High infant mortality;
●​ Children sent out to work/earn money/for farming;
●​ Early marriage/many people have children early in life;
2) Describe the problems experienced by people living in urban areas with a high
population density, such as Yaoundé. (5)
●​ Lack of/pressure on/cannot afford health services;
●​ Lack of/pressure on/cannot afford education;
●​ Lack of/cannot afford food;
●​ Lack of water;
●​ Not enough/cannot afford housing/expensive housing/cramped houses/squatter
settlements/homelessness;
●​ Traffic congestion/jams;
●​ Air pollution/smog/car exhausts;
3) Give three advantages of living in the rural-urban fringe.(3)
●​ Lots of space (for houses/gardens/allotments/grow their own food);
●​ Low-cost land;
●​ Good air quality/not much air pollution;
●​ Quiet/peaceful/less/no noise pollution;
●​ Close to green spaces (or e.g.);
●​ Less specified crime e.g. muggings/knife crime;
●​ Easy to commute daily to work/less traffic (congestion);
4) Describe the impacts of urban sprawl on the natural environment. (4)
●​ Loss of vegetation/deforestation:
●​ Loss of habitat/wildlife displaced;
●​ Reduction of biodiversity;
●​ Destroys ecosystems/food chains;
●​ Death of/extinction of species/animals/wildlife/noise scares wildlife;
●​ Air/atmospheric pollution/(emissions of greenhouse) gasses/carbon etc. /acid
rain;
●​ Global warming/or any impact of global warming on natural environment e.g. sea
level rise;
●​ Water pollution
●​ Soil erosion/degradation/infertile soil;
5) Describe the causes and effects of one named type of pollution likely to be
experienced by the people living in the area shown in Fig. 2.2. (5) (the fig shows an
image of a water canal dividing 2 parts of a street with many cars and homes)
●​ Causes (max 3) e.g. water pollution:
Sewage;
●​ Oil spills;
●​ Litter;
●​ Industrial/factory waste;
●​ Agricultural run off or e.g.;
●​ Effects (max 3) e.g. water pollution:
●​ Waterborne diseases/named example;
●​ Death of fish people catch to eat;
●​ Smell/visual impact;
●​ Causes (max 3) e.g. noise pollution: Traffic/vehicle horns/engines;
●​ Factories;
●​ Railway;
●​ Construction;
●​ People shouting/playing music/people advertising their wares;
●​ Etc. Effects (max 3) e.g. noise pollution: Hard to sleep;
●​ Anger/frustration;
●​ Hearing loss;
●​ Inability to concentrate on work;
6) Explain why equatorial and hot desert climates have different amounts of rainfall (4)
●​ Equatorial is humid air, desert is dry air;
●​ Equatorial has rising air, desert has descending air; (rising air causes it to cool
and lead to condensation, which causes clouds to produce rain.)
●​ Equatorial has much more vegetation so there is more transpiration;
(transpiration means plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, so humidity
is increased which means more clouds)
●​ There are more water sources in Equatorial areas so more evaporation; (more
water vapour let out into the air)
●​ Equatorial areas are less likely to be affected by dry winds;
●​ Desert areas are more likely to be close to cold currents; (which have less
capacity to hold moisture so less humidity)
●​ Equatorial has more clouds, desert has clear skies;
7) Suggest reasons to explain the distribution of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest.
(5)
●​ Large amounts of deforestation along means of
communication/roads/railways;
●​ Areas deforested may be closer to urban
areas/densely populated areas/areas where
wood is in demand;
●​ Different countries (governments) may have
different attitude/views towards
environment/rainforest/Amazon;
●​ Conservation/preservation areas/indigenous
community reserves;
●​ Restrictions/laws to prevent deforestation/government approval in some parts;
●​ Some areas closer to where people live and need wood;
●​ Some may care much more about profit/exports/paying off debt;
8) Explain why deposition occurs where the river enters the sea.(4)
●​ The river is carrying a large/heavy load;
●​ The amount of energy is reduced;
●​ The speed slows down/calm seawater;
●​ It becomes impossible to carry the load;
●​ Flocculation/higher salinity/presence of salt water; (salt encourages flocculation,
where particles in river clump together and become heavier, causing it to deposit
at river’s mouth)
9) Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. You
may use a labeled diagram.(5)
●​ It was a meander/meander forms;
●​ Erosion on outer bends;
●​ Hydraulic action/abrasion (as dev);
●​ Faster flow/thalweg on outside;
●​ Deposition on inner bends;
●​ Slower flow;
●​ Neck narrows/meander more
pronounced;
●​ River flows straight on/meander cut
off/meander separates;
●​ During time of flood;
●​ Sealed by deposition;
10) Suggest reasons why many dairies are located in rural areas.(5)
●​ Raw materials/milk available nearby/cows/sheep/goats graze nearby/farms
nearby;
●​ Less transport costs;
●​ Milk is perishable/can be delivered to dairy before it goes off;
●​ Products/cheese/butter etc. are not as perishable as milk;
●​ Can be near main raw material but cannot be near market as products are
transported to many places
●​ Low cost of land;
●​ Plenty of space (to build dairy);
11) Explain why there is a relationship between HDI and average number of years of
education. (3)
●​ Education is used as part of the HDI calculation;
●​ High HDI countries have better/higher quality/more schools/teachers;
●​ High HDI countries education is often free/low HDI countries can’t afford to send
children to (secondary) school;
●​ Low HDI countries children are sent out to work on farms from early age/no
legislation preventing employment of children;
●​ High HDI countries both boys and girls are treated equally/can attend school;
12) Compare the usefulness of HDI and the total GNP (Gross National Product) of a
country as indicators of its level of development. (4)
●​ GNP is a single measure/HDI is a composite index;
●​ GNP just measures wealth/economy, but HDI also includes education and
healthcare/social indicators;
●​ The 0 to 1 scale enables (useful) comparison/GNP values are not directly
comparable between countries/values of currency vary between countries;
●​ A high GNP/wealth does not always mean a high quality of life/average income
may be high, but cost of living may also be high;
●​ Total GNP does not consider population size;
13) Suggest reasons why the percentage of women employed in the tertiary sector in
cities in India has changed between 1984 and 2018. (5)
●​ Education of women/girls;
●​ Women/girls becoming more qualified/skilled;
●​ So, they can work as teachers/doctors (dev);
●​ Emancipation of women/gender equality/women able to get jobs in banks/offices
etc.;
●​ Growth of tertiary/service sector or examples;
●​ More wealth (dev);
●​ Greater demand for services (or examples such as tourism);
●​ More women are migrating to cities;
●​ Smaller families so women have time to work;
Paper12 M/J 2024
14) Describe the problems which overpopulation may cause to the natural
environment. (3)
●​ Loss of vegetation/deforestation;
●​ Loss of habitat/wildlife displaced;
●​ Reduction of biodiversity;
●​ Destroys ecosystems/food chains;
●​ Death of/extinction of species/animals/wildlife/noise scares wildlife;
●​ Air/atmospheric pollution/(emissions of greenhouse) gases/carbon etc./acid rain;
●​ Global warming/or any impact of global warming on natural environment e.g. sea
level rise;
●​ Water pollution;
●​ Reduction of water in aquifer;
●​ Soil erosion/desertification;
15) Explain how birth rates are being reduced in many LEDCs. (5)
●​ Availability/affordability/use of contraception/or e.g./family planning;
●​ Sex education/education about contraception/family planning/problems caused
by high birth rate;
●​ Societies become more secular/less religious influence over
contraception/abortion;
●​ Availability of abortion/make abortion legal;
●​ Girls being educated;
●​ Females allowed to make decisions/female emancipation;
●​ Low/reducing infant mortality;
●​ As a result of improvement in health care or example (DEV);
●​ Pensions/young not needed to support elderly;
●​ No need for children to work/children not sent out to work (earn money)/look
after siblings/compulsory education;
●​ Later marriage/many people have children later in life;
●​ (Government) anti-natal policy/one child policy;
16) Describe four different problems faced by people living in large urban areas in
LEDCs. (4)
●​ Difficult to find/cannot afford housing/expensive housing/cramped
houses/squatter settlements/homelessness;
●​ Spread of disease;
●​ Lack of employment/low pay/poverty;
●​ Crime/or example;
●​ Lack of/pressure on/cannot afford health services;
●​ Lack of/pressure on/cannot afford education;
●​ Lack of/cannot afford food;
●​ Lack of water;
●​ Poor sanitation;
●​ Pollution of water/waterborne diseases;
●​ Traffic congestion/jams;
●​ Air pollution/smog/car exhausts;
17) Explain why urban areas are attractive to migrants from rural areas in LEDCs (5)
●​ Employment available/higher pay/better jobs;
●​ Better access to food/more food supply/more shops to buy food;
●​ Better availability of hospitals/health care/doctors/clinics;
●​ Better access to water/better water supply/sanitation;
●​ More access to electricity;
●​ Safety from natural disaster/drought/wars;
●​ Better provision of education;
●​ Bright lights/entertainment/leisure facilities or e.g.;
●​ Better Wi-Fi/mobile phone signals;
●​ Access to public transport;
18) Describe three different characteristics of a coral reef. (3)
●​ They are alive/consist of living creatures/polyps/zooxanthellae/underwater plants;
●​ There are (many) fish/shellfish/crustaceans around/shelter for fish;
●​ There are many different species/it is an (entire) ecosystem/food web
●​ ; Made of calcium (carbonate);
●​ Very colorful/iridescent;
●​ (Small) holes in structure;
●​ They are fragile;
●​ Could be fringing reef/barrier reef or atoll;
19) Describe the conditions that are required for the development of a coral reef.(4)
●​ Needs sunlight/cannot grow where there is no light;
●​ Water/sea/ocean temperatures between 18 – 27 C/warm water/will not grow
where water is too cold;
●​ Shallow water/near surface/water shallower than 60/70 metres;
●​ Water free from sediment/clear/unpolluted/clean/cannot grow in polluted water;
●​ Plentiful supply of oxygen in water/presence of waves/water needs to be
moving/cannot grow where water is lacking in oxygen;
●​ Plentiful supply of algae/plankton/nutrients/food/cannot grow where there are no
nutrients;
●​ (Relatively) calm water/no strong currents/no large waves;
●​ PH is alkaline/basic/8 or above/cannot grow in acidic water;
●​ Salty/saline water/32 to 42 parts per 1000/cannot grow in freshwater;
●​ Solid base/foundation;
20) Explain how coral reefs and mangroves can benefit people living on the coast. (5)
●​ Protection of coast from erosion/storms/flooding/tsunamis;
●​ So roads/housing etc are not damaged (dev);
●​ Fishing/catching crabs/shellfish;
●​ For food supply (dev);
●​ Medicinal value;
●​ Maintain water quality/reduce water pollution/filter water;
●​ Wood supplies;
●​ Tourism;
●​ Encourages economic development/earns revenue (dev);
●​ Remove carbon from the atmosphere/are carbon sinks;
●​ So global warming is reduced (dev);
21) Explain how a spit is formed in a coastal area. Include a labeled diagram. (7)
●​ Longshore drift;
●​ Prevailing winds determine
wave/swash direction;
●​ Waves/swash approach at
angle/same angle as wind;
●​ Backwash at right angles;
●​ Zigzag movement;
●​ Beach materials move along coast
●​ ; Deposition at change in coastline;
●​ Winds/waves from different
direction recurve spit at end;
22) Explain why: transpiration varies from time to time (2)
●​ Temperatures/sunshine/light;
●​ The amount of precipitation/water in the soil;
●​ At some times of year there are more plants;
●​ Type of plant/plants with different type/number of leaves;
●​ Some plants shed their leaves during one season;
●​ Wind speed; (because moving air carries away water vapor from the leaf
surface, creating a greater concentration gradient. This encourages more water
to leave the plant)
23) Explain why: overland flow varies from place to place.(2) (Overland flow is water
that runs across the land after rainfall)
●​ The amount/density/type of plant cover/deforestation
●​ ; Relief/angle of slope;
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
●​
Some areas have bare rock;
More/less rainfall;
Soil/infiltration rates;
Saturation of soils/previous rainfall;
Rock type/permeable/impermeable rock;
Urbanisation/concrete surfaces/drains;
24) Explain how rivers, such as those shown in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3, erode their banks and
bed. (5)
●​ Hydraulic action: Bed/banks removed by power/force of water/removal of
unconsolidated/loose materials/expansion of air in cracks.
●​ Abrasion: Sandpaper action of load on bed/banks.
●​ Corrosion/solution: Carbonates/limestone chemically changed/dissolved (by
acidic water).
25) Some parts of South Africa experience tropical storms. Describe the problems this
may create for farmers. (4)
●​ Loss of income/starvation/hunger;
●​ Flooding of farmland/crops;
●​ Waterlogging of soils;
●​ Death of/destruction of/damage to crops/fruit trees/damage to crops in storage
etc.;
●​ Reduction of yields;
●​ Loss of livestock/farm animals;
●​ (Damage to/blocking of roads) prevents transportation of produce to market/from
fields;
●​ Damage to greenhouses/farm buildings/machinery/tools;
●​ Fertilisers/topsoil/nutrients washed away/soil erosion/gullying/declining soil
fertility;
●​ Salination of soil;
26) Explain how agricultural output can be increased. (5)
●​ Fertilisers/manure;
●​ Crop rotation; (the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same
plot of land to improve soil health)
●​ Irrigation;
●​ Terracing; (building crop fields on the slopes of hills so as to slow down the flow
of water and checking soil erosion)
●​ Pesticides/insecticides/herbicides;
●​ Mechanisation;
●​ Removal of hedgerows/trees to enlarge available land;
●​ Intercropping;
●​ Improved varieties of plants or e.g. IR8 rice, drought tolerant, GM crops;
●​ Selective breeding of animals;
●​ Educate farmers about…;
●​ Veterinary help for animals or e.g.;
27) Describe the impacts of air pollution (4)
●​ Kills people/animals;
●​ Breathing difficulties/asthma/emphysema;
●​ Birth defects;
●​ Reduces visibility/causes smog;
●​ Irritates/causes problems for skin/eyes;
●​ Global warming/climate change;
●​ (Impacts such as) rising sea levels/flooding of coastal lowlands/kills/bleaches
coral;
Paper13 M/J 2024
28) Explain why increasing numbers of old dependents may cause problems for LEDCs,
such as India.(5)
●​ Reduction in size of workforce/not enough workers/less people of working
age/less economically active/less economic activity/skills lost;
●​ Many people are not contributing to economy/producing;
●​ Need for immigration;
●​ Immigration could cause tension;
●​ High/increased dependency ratio/more elderly relying on fewer
dependents/strain/pressure/burden on economically active;
●​ Less taxpayers;
●​ Workforce needs to pay higher taxes;
●​ Spending on pensions/government payments for elderly;
●​ More pressure/higher spending on health care/care homes/hospitals/provision
for elderly e.g. disabled ramps;
●​ More difficult to defend country/recruit forces;
29) Describe the location of industrial zones within urban areas.(4)
●​ Close to railway lines;
●​
●​
●​
●​
Close to roads/motorways;
Near the port/river;
Around/near the CBD/in the inner city;
Around the edge of the city/rural urban fringe;
30) Describe the differences between low-order and high-order services. You should
refer to examples. (5)
●​ high order services are likely to: Be less of them/further apart;
●​ High order found in cities but low order found in all/most settlements;
●​ H.O.S Have a larger sphere of influence;
●​ H.O.S Have a larger threshold population;
●​ H.O.S Be used less frequently/be used monthly rather than daily;
●​ H.O.S Have a larger range/be used by people living further away;
●​ H.O.S Sell more expensive items;
●​ Sell comparison goods compared with convenience goods;
31) Describe and explain an ideal location to place a wind vane (3)
●​ High point/on a roof;
●​ Not close to trees/in the open;
●​ So wind flow is not affected/blocked;
●​ To avoid people tampering with it;
32) ) Explain how you would use traditional weather instruments to measure and record
wind direction and wind speed for a period of one month. (5)
●​ Use wind vane/weather vane (for direction);
●​ Look at compass point/direction the arrow points;
●​ To show direction wind is blowing from;
●​ Use anemometer (for wind speed);
●​ Observe figure that it shows (on electronic dial);
●​ Check daily/do it every day;
●​ Check at same time each day/at specified times;
33) Describe the attractions for people of living along a coastline (4)
●​ Fishing;
●​ Port/harbour/trade/exports/imports/port industry;
●​ Scenic beauty or examples e.g. cliffs/beaches/sea
●​ ; Fresh air/cooler temperatures;
●​ Quiet/peaceful;
●​ Work/income from tourist industry or examples e.g. hotels etc.;
●​ Agriculture or example;
●​ Recreational activities or e.g. water sports/diving/sailing;
34) Suggest how longshore drift formed the Homer Spit. (5)
●​ (Prevailing) winds approach at angle;
●​ Waves/swash/sediment approaches at angle/same angle as wind/wind
determines the angle of the waves;
●​ Backwash/sediment taken back into sea at right angles/perpendicular
●​ ; Zigzag movement;
●​ Beach materials move along the coast/beach;
●​ ; Deposition at change of angle of coast;
35) Describe other ways the tourist industry benefits people living in areas where
tourism has developed. You should not write about employment. (4)
●​ Better roads/railways constructed;
●​ Development of airport;
●​ Tourists spend money/shops make more money/money from sales;
●​ Multiplier effect; (where an initial spending boost in the tourism sector leads to a
chain reaction of additional economic activity, generating more income and jobs
in the local economy)
●​ Taxes raised from tourists;
●​ Investment in schools/hospitals etc.;
●​ Water supply network improved;
●​ Electricity supply network improved;
●​ Cultural exchange;
●​ House prices increase if selling;
●​ Natural environment conserved;
36) Explain how variation in tourist numbers over time may cause problems for a
country which is dependent on the tourist industry. (5)
During periods with few tourists:
●​ Unemployment/not enough work/seasonal work;
●​ Irregular/no/low income/GNP/GNI/economy decreases;
●​ Businesses have to close/bankrupt;
During periods with many tourists:
●​ Overcrowded streets/shops;
●​ Workers work long hours;
●​ Traffic congestion (so Locals are delayed when traveling to work;)
●​ Atmospheric pollution;
●​ Water pollution;
●​ Water scarcity/rationing/priority given to tourists;
●​ Inflation/price increase or example such as food;
●​ Overfishing/overhunting;
37) A temperate climate is never extremely hot or extremely cold and has moderate
rainfall spread across the year. Explain how mixed farmers may benefit from a
temperate climate. (3)
●​ Plenty of water/moderate rainfall for crops/animals/no need for irrigation/no
drought;
●​ Moderate temperatures/no extremes of temperature do not affect/ kill
crops/animals;
●​ High yields/output/profit/increases production;
●​ Animals can be kept outside;
●​ Grass grows well for animals/no need for artificial food;
●​ Can farm throughout the year/crops grow all year/plant different crops in different
seasons;
38) Describe how the relief of the land influences the way land is used for agriculture.(4)
(Relief is the differences in height from place to place on the land's surface )
●​ Flat land/gently sloping land is needed for cultivation/crops or example e.g.
cattle/rice/wheat/steep slopes/high land/mountains cannot be used for
cultivation/arable farming;
●​ Steep slopes/mountains can be used for grazing animals/sheep/goats/tea;
●​ Flat land can easily be mechanised or e.g. combine harvester;
●​ Flat land has more fertile soils;
●​ Higher land has colder temperatures;
●​ Slopes may be well drained/have more run off
●​ ; Slopes susceptible to soil erosion;
●​ Slopes might need to be terraced;
●​ Aspect determines how much sunshine an area has/south facing slopes are
better in northern hemisphere for ripening of e.g. vines;
●​ Flat land may be easier to irrigate;
39) Suggest reasons why a farmer in Queensland is likely to grow many different crops
on the farm.(5)
●​ If one crop fails they can rely on others/to spread the risk;
●​ E.g. a wet summer may result in some poor crops as they won`t ripen but others
may grow well and produce high yields;
●​ If some crops suffer diseases others may not be affected;
●​ To adapt to market demand
●​ ; If some crop prices are low others may be high;
●​ Income received;
●​ Jobs spread throughout the year;
●​ Most types of land can be used;
●​ E.g. some crops e.g. vines will grow on slopes others such as wheat needs flat
land etc.
●​ Allows crop rotation/cover crops;
●​ Maintains soil fertility;
Paper12 F/M 2024
40) Explain two different reasons why there may be small areas of high population
density within large areas that are sparsely populated. (4)
●​ Water available/Next to an exotic river/river flowing through an arid area;
●​ At an oasis in a desert;
●​ Power source/Mining/oil drilling settlement in a desert/polar area;
●​ Dry point settlement in a marshy area;
●​ Valley floors in mountainous areas;
●​ Areas close to roads/railways in otherwise isolated areas etc.
One mark for each reason and one mark for explanation.
E.g. Next to a river flowing through a desert (1) so people can
grow food there. (2)
41) Using evidence from Figs. 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 only, explain
the reasons for the distribution of population in Australia. (5)
●​ Most people live where there is most rain/people do
not live where it is arid
●​ water is a basic need/required for domestic use;
●​ Agriculture/Cultivation/irrigation is available/more
productive/successful in areas with more rain/crops
won’t grow where it is too dry;
●​ More people live where minerals/coal/mines/quarries;
●​ For energy sources
●​ ; As this provides employment;
●​ And attracts other industries/manufacturing/multiplier
effect;
●​
●​
●​
●​
Roads/railways will be built (for extraction of minerals);
So the area becomes less isolated/easier to get to;
Tourist industry on coast etc.
^ Fertile soils.
42) The migration of people from rural areas may result in rural depopulation. Describe
the problems caused for rural areas by rural depopulation. (4)
●​ Underpopulation/resources not used
●​ loss of working population/loss of young population/jobs not filled/loss of
economically active
●​ shortage of skills or example/lack of innovation/brain drain;
●​ decline in economy/production is lower/GNP reduced/economic growth
reduced/slows development/area remains underdeveloped;
●​ hard to produce enough food/loss of farmers/women and children forced to farm;
●​ families split up;
●​ loss of traditional culture;
●​ less taxes paid/taxes increases/less government money e.g. for pensions;
ageing population/increased dependency ratio;
●​ gender imbalance; closure of businesses/services or e.g.
schools/clinics/businesses make less profit/less demand/less demand for
business/service to survive/less customers/less services provided;
43) Using evidence from Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 only, describe the problems of living in this
squatter settlement.(5)
●​ Flimsy materials/homes easily destroyed in
storms
●​ ; Lack of security;
●​ Lack of sanitation/waste/litter disposed close to
homes/lack of hygiene/unhygienic;
●​ Lack of privacy/lack of space in homes;
●​ spread of disease/water borne disease/unclean
water supplies;
●​ e.g. covid/cholera (dev)
●​ little natural light
●​ ; Stagnant water/attract mosquitoes;
●​ E.g. malaria (dev
●​ Lack of open space/places for children to play;
●​ Access to homes/transport is difficult etc.
44) Describe the likely changes to the characteristics of the river as it flows from X to Y.
(When the tributary X joins the main river Y) (4)
●​ Width increases;
●​ Depth increases;
●​ Cross sectional area;
●​ wetted perimeter increases;
●​ Volume/discharge increases;​
Velocity increases;
●​ Gradient decreases/it becomes less steep;
●​ Load increases;
●​ Size of particles making up load decreases;
●​ Becomes more meandering;
●​ Near X rapids/waterfalls but near Y oxbow lakes;
●​ Less erosion/more deposition etc.
45) Suggest why flooding of the River Vltava may occur.(5)
●​ Large areas of flat land/flood plain alongside river
●​ Excessive/increased/Heavy rainfall/storms;
●​ Rain for a long period of time;
●​ Impact of saturated soil/rock;
●​ Snow/ice/glaciers melting;
●​ Urbanisation/settlement/Impermeable/concrete surfaces (1) So little infiltration
(dev)
●​ Deforestation/Vegetation remove (1) So no interception (dev);
●​ Soil washed into river (1) So reduces carrying capacity of river (dev); (because
the river’s depth decreases as sediments pile up at the bottom)
●​ Artificial drainage returns wastewater to river quickly;
●​ Flow restricted by urban development
●​ ; Insufficient investment in flood management/no levees/no dam;
●​ dam bursting etc.
46) Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. You
should include a labelled diagram(s). (7)
Level 3 (7 marks) Comprehensive and accurate
answer including a labelled diagram, which
explain how an oxbow lake is formed.
Content Guide:
●​ Erosion/hydraulic action/abrasion on outer bends of meander
●​ Deposition on inner bends
●​ Neck narrows
●​ Neck eroded/cut through
●​ New straighter course of river/meander separated from river
●​ Sealed by deposition
●​ Colonisation by vegetation etc (As vegetation in the oxbow lake continues to
grow, it can trap more sediments, gradually filling in the oxbow lake and turning it
into a bog)
47) Y is labelled on a convergent (destructive) plate boundary. Explain why plate
movements cause volcanoes to erupt at Y. (3)
●​ Plates move towards each other;
●​ Subduction occurs/one plate/heavier/denser plate sinks/one plate passes over
the top of the other;
●​ Crust melts/magma created/build up of magma;
●​ Pressure created/magma pushed upwards/pushed through cracks etc.
●​ ^friction (one plate sliding beneath another generates a lot of friction, which adds
to the heat of melting the subducted plate)
48) Z is labelled on a conservative plate boundary. Describe the processes which may
result in earthquakes in the region around Z. (4)
●​ Plates move in different/opposite directions (speeds)/alongside each other/slide
past each other; (DO NOT SAY PLATE BOUNDARIES DO THIS say plates)
●​ Friction occurs/plates stick;
●​ Pressure builds up/tension;
●​ Pressure is overcome/plate jolts/energy released/plates jerk apart;
●​ Seismic/shock waves released/vibrations spread to the surface etc.
49) Describe the problems caused for people by volcanic eruptions (5)
●​ Loss of life/injury;
●​ Ash clouds/Toxic fumes cause health problems/disease (or e.g.);
●​ Damage to homes/houses/property/homelessness;
●​ Loss of/damage to possessions (or e.g.);
●​ Roads/railways blocked/destroyed/communications destroyed/ disrupted;
●​ Damage to public buildings or e.g.;
●​ Drinking water polluted/pipes broken;
●​ Loss of electrical power/power lines destroyed;
●​ Arable land/crops destroyed;
●​ Livestock/Farm animals killed/pasture/grazing land destroyed;
●​ OR farmland destroyed;
●​ Damages to workplaces (or example e.g. tourism, forestry)
●​ Air travel disrupted by widespread ash clouds;
●​ Cost of repairs etc.
50) Describe and explain the relationship between the level of development of a country
and its employment structure.(5) (Note: Max 3 on each description/explanation.)
Description such as:
●​ As development increases primary employment decreases/LEDC high primary;
●​ As development increases tertiary/quaternary employment increases/MEDC
high tertiary/quaternary;
●​ As development increases secondary employment increases then decreases.
Explanation such as:
●​ Mechanisation automation (reduces primary/secondary);
●​ Skills/education (reduces primary/increases tertiary or quaternary);
●​ Exhaustion of minerals/raw materials (reduces primary);
●​ Imports of primary/secondary products;
●​ Increasing wealth/demand for services (increases tertiary) etc.
51) Explain why many people living in rural areas in LEDCs do not have enough
water.(3)
●​ Drought/aridity/lack of rainfall/high evaporation;
●​ Distance from/lack of water sources/rivers/lakes;
●​ Distance from/lack of/cannot afford/lack of technology for reservoirs/wells
●​ Many water sources/rivers/lakes are polluted (or e.g. )distance from/lack
of/cannot afford/lack of technology for water treatment plants;
●​ Bottled water/imported water is expensive/people cannot afford bottled water
52) Describe the problems caused by water shortages in rural areas of LEDCs. (4)
●​ Crops will not grow/low yields/there is no water for irrigation;
●​ Farm animals/livestock may die;
●​ People have no source of food/food shortage/famine/deficiency
diseases/starvation or e.g.;
●​ Water is a basic need/keeps people hydrated/lack of drinking water/dehydration;
●​ Water is needed for sanitation/hygiene/washing/washing clothes/lack of
sanitation/poor hygiene;
●​ Water is needed for cooking;
●​ People forced to drink contaminated water/cholera/typhoid;
●​ People have to travel further/spend longer to get water;
●​ People fight over food/water;
●​ People have to migrate away;
●​ Deaths/High death rate/deaths of infants/high IMR etc
Paper 11 O/N 2023
53) Suggest two advantages and two disadvantages for LEDCs of large numbers of
people moving away from them. (4)
Advs
●​ Remittances/money sent back to families;
●​ Some migrants may return with skills
●​ Less pressure on employment;
●​ Less pressure on food;
●​ Less pressure on housing;
Disadvs
●​ Loss of skills/educated people/brain drain/innovation;
●​ Fewer people paying taxes;
●​ Specified impact on population structure (greater proportion of elderly, gender
imbalance etc.)/nobody to look after elderly;
●​ Less food produced;
●​ Country difficult to defend in war;
54) Suggest reasons why many workers and their families move away from LEDCs
such as the Philippines. (5)
●​ Difficulty finding employment;
●​ Low pay/exploitation;
●​ Send remittances back;
●​ Natural disasters (or e.g. hurricane, volcanic eruption);
●​ War/conflict/persecution/corruption/unstable government;
●​ To obtain better education/skills/training/poor education;
●​ To obtain better healthcare/poor healthcare;
●​ To seek more secure food/infertile soils;
●​ Poor water supplies/sanitation/water pollution;
●​ Lack of electricity/internet;
●​ High crime rates
55) Describe the site and situation of
settlement X (3)
●​ In a valley/valley side/hillside/lower slope/relatively low/gentle slope;
●​ Near/in the mountains/hills/base of mountains/steep cliffs/rock outcrops;
●​ In shelter;
●​ Close to/near forest/trees/in the forest;
●​ Close to near pasture/farmland/crops; Etc.
56) Suggest two reasons why the settlement at X has remained small and not grown
into an urban area. Develop your answers. (4)
●​ Limited flat land to build on/mountainous/in mountains/steep slopes;
●​ It is hard to build or e.g. such as houses/factories/roads/snow blocks roads/cold
winters; (explanation)
●​ Isolation/remote location/far away from other places/no main
roads/railways/transport routes;
●​ People find it difficult to travel elsewhere/trade goods/commute; (explanation)
●​ No industry/large workplaces;
●​ So, employment is limited/can’t earn money; (explanation)
57) Suggest reasons why many people aged 65 and over would like to live in a rural
area.(5)
●​ Retirement/no need to work;
●​ Quiet/peaceful/more relaxed/less stressed;
●​ Less crime or e.g.;
●​ Less traffic;
●​ Less air pollution;
●​ More open space/green areas/close to nature;
58) Explain why many people still live in areas where earthquakes occur. (4)
●​ Poverty/cannot afford to move;
●​ Proximity to friends/family;
●​ Lived there all their lives/emotional attachment;
●​ Close to work;
●​ Close to schools/education;
●​ Unaware of danger;
●​ Prepared to take risk;
●​ Earthquake proofing of buildings;
●​ Educated about/know what to do/know how to act/be prepared by having
drills/evacuation procedures/large open spaces;
59) Explain the advantages of living close to a volcano such as Mount Vesuvius.(5)
●​ Money from/work in tourism industry – example (dev);
●​ Fertile soils/good for farming - high yields of crops (dev);
●​ Scenic beauty;
●​ To study volcanoes;
●​ Geothermal power/renewable energy - hot water (dev);
●​ Quarrying/mining/ extraction of minerals – example - sulphur/diamonds/building
materials/beauty products (dev);
60) Explain why some weather instruments are kept in a Stevenson Screen. (4)
●​ For security/so they are not damaged/stolen/not touched/tampered with by
animals and people;
●​ So they are not influenced by ground temperature;
●​ So they are out of (direct) sunlight/to reflect sunlight;
●​ So they are not affected by the wind;
●​ So they are not damaged/affected by rain/snow; etc.
61) Describe three benefits of using a digital weather station rather than traditional
instruments. (3)
●​ Quick/give instant readings/save time/measure things at the same time;
●​ Accurate/precise/give exact figures/digital readout;
●​ Easy/clear to read;
●​ No chance of error/misreading;
●​ Can be linked to a computer/automatic logging/store data/data not lost/24 hours
7 days a week/continuous recording
63) The school is considering locating the digital weather station at X in Fig. 4.4. Explain
the disadvantages of this site (5)
●​ Close to/near/affected by the building;
●​ It is sheltered from the wind/in the shade;
●​ Heat could be transmitted by the building;
●​ Temperature higher than it should be because
it is out of the wind;
●​ Close to/near/ affected by the trees;
●​ It is sheltered from the wind/in the
shadow/the data could be influenced by being
sheltered;
●​ Wind speed will be recorded as lower than it
should be;
●​ It is on/affected by
concrete/tarmac/path/road/playground or lot
of people there;
●​ Temperatures are higher above tarmac/heat absorbed;
●​ It could be tampered with/stolen/it is not a secure site;
64) Explain how the use of coal increases global temperatures. (4)
●​ Release of carbon dioxide/monoxide;
●​ Which is a greenhouse gas;
●​ Builds up in atmosphere/forms a layer;
●​ Allows incoming radiation/sun’s rays to pass through;
●​ Heat is trapped (by the layer/greenhouse gases)/reflected back to earth’s
surface/not reflected back into space;
65) Explain why there is a relationship between the wealth of a country and the amount
of electricity it uses. (5)
●​ (More people) can afford electricity;
●​ More electrical devices (or e.g. such as internet) are owned in wealthy countries;
●​ Have better grid/more homes have electricity supplies;
●​ Used by more factories/offices/secondary/tertiary jobs;
●​ More likely to have electric trains/metro/vehicles/streetlights;
●​ Use of electricity boosts productivity/GDP/makes country richer;
●​ Poorer countries do not have
technology/skills/money to
generate/supply electricity
66) Using evidence from Fig. 6.1, explain two
different reasons for the growth of industry in
the north-east of South Korea, in and around
Mukhojin-ni. (4)
●​ Availability of coal/thermal electric
power;
●​ To power industry/produce electricity
(explanation);
●​ Lowers transport cost/bulky product;
●​ Mining/availability of minerals (or e.g.
tin/tungsten/iron ore);
●​ To provide raw materials for
manufacturing (explanation);
●​ Lowers transport cost/bulky product;
Port/docks/harbour/coast available;
●​ Imports/exports/fish/supports food processing/canning/transport to other
countries(explanation)
●​ etc. Near the capital city/Seoul;
●​ To supply products/main market
67) Many of the industries shown in Fig. 6.2 are part of transnational corporations.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of transnational corporations for LEDCs.
Advantages such as:
●​ Employment/earn money/reduce poverty;
●​ Learn new skills/education;
●​ Money for country/from taxes/economic growth/GDP/trade increases;
●​ Multiplier effect; ( how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a
country's economy.)
●​ Development of roads/railways;
●​ Investment in electricity/water supply;
●​ Allows more government spending on education/health care
●​ ; Specified change in culture e.g. growth in fast food; Etc.
Disadvantages such as:
●​ Specified pollution;
●​ Low wages;
●​ Long hours/exploitation/poor working conditions;
●​ Competition for local businesses;
●​ Much of money goes out of country;
●​ TNC could leave country;
●​ Use specified resource e.g. water;
●​ Specified environmental impact;
Paper 12 O/N 2023
68 ) Explain why birth rates are low in MEDCs such as Germany (4)
●​ There is/people use/can afford contraception/family planning;
●​ Education about contraception/about problems of large families;
●​ Children not needed to work/have to attend school;
●​ Children not needed to look after elderly/pensions available;
●​ Secular society/less influence of religion or tradition
●​ ; Low infant mortality/they do not need more babies as most will survive;
●​ Women’s rights/emancipation for women;
●​ Women have careers/education for women;
●​ Access to abortion;
●​ High cost of living/children are expensive/people cannot afford to have many
children;
●​ Many women have children later in life /people marry late/fewer teenage
pregnancies;
69) Describe the problems which may be faced by international migrants when they
arrive in Germany (5)
●​ Risk of deportation/not being allowed entry;
●​ Difficulty finding employment
●​ ; Discrimination/racial abuse/racial conflict/racial tension/racism/xenophobia;
●​ Low pay;
●​ Exploitation e.g. long hours, poor working conditions;
●​ Communication/language difficulties/problems;
●​ Finding housing/poor housing/expense of housing;
●​ Healthcare/education/food etc. May not be affordable;
●​ Away from friends and family;
●​ Qualifications will not be accepted;
●​ Hard to get citizenship/green card/permission to work;
●​ Getting used to a different culture/people will not accept their culture/cultural
shock;
70) Suggest two different types of pollution in the area shown in Fig. 2.1. For each type
of pollution explain why it may occur. (4)
●​ Water pollution;
●​ Sewage/wastewater/waste/trash/rubbish/industrial
waste or e.g.(explanation).
●​ Air pollution;
●​ Fumes from vehicles/smoke from fires/cooking
(explanation).
●​ Noise pollution;
●​ From vehicles/industries/large numbers of people
(explanation).
●​ Visual pollution;
●​ High rise buildings/squatter settlement (not
X)/litter/waste/rubbish/trash
●​ . Land/ground pollution;
●​ Litter/waste/rubbish/trash (explanation).
71) Explain how a public transport system, such as the Kuala Lumpur Metro, reduces
traffic congestion. (3)
●​ People use the metro rather than their cars/there will be fewer cars on the
road/fewer people;
●​ Metro carries large numbers of people;
●​ Metro line is elevated/does not occupy road space/it is on its own track;
●​ Fewer parking spaces will be needed/roads will not be blocked by parked cars;
72) Describe other strategies which can be used to reduce traffic congestion in urban
areas. (5)
●​ Wider roads/more lanes;
●​ Underpasses for cars/pedestrians;
●​ Congestion charges;
●​ Number plate strategies;
●​ Encourage cycling/cycle lanes/bike hire;
●​ Carpooling;
●​ Bus lanes;
●​ Reduce prices/free public transport or e.g;
●​ Underground railways;
●​ Extend routes/increase frequency of buses/trams/trains;
●​ Staggered working hours;
●​ More car parks;
●​ Traffic lights/roundabout/traffic police;
73) Suggest reasons why
hydroelectric power can be generated
at the sites shown in Fig. 3.1. (4)
●​ Rivers will be large/high river
discharge/volume/lots of
tributaries;
●​ Rivers will be fast flowing/have
strong flow/be powerful/have
lots of energy;
●​ High rainfall/constant river
flow/constant supply of water;
●​ Ease of damming the
river/water can be easily retained in the valley;
●​ Impermeable rocks; ( ensures that water is not lost through seepage, making it
easier to store water for HEP purposes.)
●​ Large areas of land in valley (which can be flooded)/lack of settlement; (little
human settlement allow for the creation of reservoirs without significant
displacement of people or infrastructure.)
74) Suggest how the waterfall shown in Fig. 3.2 was formed.(5)
●​ Hydraulic action/abrasion;
●​ Hard rock overlies soft;
●​ Hard rock resists erosion/soft rock worn away
●​ Undercutting (of hard rock)/forms overhang;
●​ Collapse of overhang;
●​ Formation of plunge pool;
●​ Formation of gorge/retreat of waterfall; (gorge is a narrow, steep-sided valley
formed as a waterfall retreats upstream over time.)
75) Explain why there is a big difference in temperatures between day and night in
deserts such as the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan Desert. (3)
●​ Days are (very) hot and nights are cold;
●​ There is no cloud;
●​ Sun’s rays not blocked/direct/overhead sun during daytime;
●​ Heat escapes at night; (without clouds to help trap the heat radiated by the
Earth's surface after sunset and preventing it from escaping to space, temp in
night drops)
76) Using evidence from Fig. 4.1, explain why
the Sonoran Desert and the Chihuahuan
Desert do not receive much rainfall. (4)
●​ Close to Tropic of Cancer;
●​ High atmospheric pressure;
●​ Descending air; ((which have less
capacity to hold moisture so less
humidity)
●​ No condensation/cooling of water
vapour;
●​ Cold current offshore/nearby; (The
presence of cold ocean currents near
these deserts causes air to cool and
condense offshore before it reaches
land, resulting in precipitation over the
ocean rather than the desert.)
●​ Condensation occurs (offshore);
●​ (Prevailing) winds blow across land/(prevailing) winds are dry/have lost their
moisture by the time they reach the desert;
77) Describe other methods which vegetation uses to survive in a hot desert. (5)
●​ Deep roots/long roots/tap roots/roots which reach down to water
table/underground water;
●​ Shallow roots/wide roots/roots spread out (near surface);
●​ Some seeds/plants remain dormant until rain falls;
●​ Some only flower when rain falls;
●​ Lack of stomata/smaller stomata/sunken stomata/stomata only open at night;
●​ Fine hairs on stem (are able to capture fog/water droplets/dew);
●​ Wide spaces between plants;
●​ Establish themselves near rivers/on dried up river beds/in oases
●​ Light colours; ( Light-colored leaves or stems reflect sunlight, reducing heat
absorption and water loss.)
78) Name two other development indicators. For each one explain how it shows the
level of development of a country (4) (Note: 1 The indicator should be a numerical
measurement and the explanation must make clear how it shows development e.g. the
higher the GNP the higher the level of development/greater the wealth of the
population.)
●​ GNP/GDP/GNI (per capita);
●​ Human Development Index/HDI;
●​ Employment structure/% in primary/tertiary sector etc;
●​ Percentage in secondary education/number of years of schooling;
●​ Infant mortality rate;
●​ Death rate/life expectancy/percentage over 65;
●​ Birth rate/percentage under 15;
●​ Percentage with Internet access;
●​ Percentage with electricity;
●​ Percentage with access to clean water/improved sanitation;
●​ People per doctor;
79) Explain how changes in technology can result in changes in the employment
structure of a country (5)
●​ Introduction of machinery/technology encourages growth of manufacturing
industry/more workers in secondary sector;
●​ Introduction of machinery/technology on farms reduces importance of primary
sector/the need for workers;
●​ Development of technology in factories/machines/assembly
lines/automation/reduces need for workers in secondary sector;
●​ Communications technology/phone/fax/computers/information
technology/internet encourages development of tertiary sector (or example e.g.
online businesses);
●​ Development of information technology/computers/ internet/artificial intelligence
(AI) encourages growth of quaternary sector;
●​ Development of air travel technology or example increases employment in
tourist industry;
80) Suggest likely problems that desertification will cause for people who live in
countries such as Angola and Nigeria. (4)
●​ Farmland being changed to desert/soils become infertile/poor/soil erosion occurs;
●​ Crop yields reduced/people cannot grow crops;
●​ Pasture becomes poor quality/grassland is destroyed/no food for animals;
●​ Livestock/cattle/goats die;
●​ People have no/less food/increased food prices/food shortages;
●​ Starvation/famine;
●​ Lack of water (supplies);
●​ Out migration/people become refugees/rural-urban migration;
●​ More pastoral farmers become nomadic;
●​ Sandstorms/homes covered by sand/roads get blocked/transport is impossible;
●​ Conflict over land/food supplies;
81) Explain why global warming occurs. (5)
●​ Industrialisation/burning fossil fuels/using fossil fuels;
●​ Greenhouse gases/carbon dioxide/nitrous oxides/sulphur dioxide from
industry/vehicles/power stations/aviation etc;
●​ Burning forests/deforestation;
●​ Methane emissions from rice growing/cattle etc;
●​ Greenhouse gases (or example) build up in atmosphere/form a layer;
●​ Sun’s rays can pass through the layer;
●​ Heat is trapped (by the layer/greenhouse gases)/reflected back to earth’s
surface/not reflected back into space.
Paper 13 O/N 2023
82) Suggest reasons for the low rate of natural population increase in New Zealand. (4)
●​ Use/can afford contraception;
●​ Education about contraception/about problems of large families;
●​ Children do not need to work/have to attend school;
●​ Children do not need to look after elderly/pensions available;
●​ Secular society/less influence of religion or tradition;
●​ Low infant mortality/they do not need more babies as most will survive;
●​ Many women have children/people marry later in life/less teenage pregnancies;
●​ Women’s rights/emancipation for women;
●​ Women have careers/education for women;
●​ High cost of living/children are expensive/people cannot afford many children
●​ Access to abortion etc.
83) Suggest the advantages and disadvantages of this migration for Auckland. (Host
area) (5)
Advantages
●​ Provides labour force;
●​ Provides skills;
●​ Migrants will do the jobs people will not do/dirty jobs;
Can pay low wages;
●​ Diverse culture/cuisine;
●​ Setting up services; e.g. local shops, restaurant;
●​ More money circulates in economy;
●​ More taxes paid;
●​ So money to invest in services or example etc
Disadvantages
●​ Pressure on employment;
●​ Insufficient housing/growth of slums;
●​ Traffic congestion;
●​ Racial conflict;
●​ Pressure on hospitals;
●​ Pressure on schools;
●​ Cost of providing language services;
●​ Greater cost to taxpayer etc
●​ Higher crime rate;
84) Suggest why some people in the urban areas shown may be unhappy about
transportation. (4)
●​ Roads may be outdated/in poor repair/potholes;
●​ Road closures/road works;
●​ There may be traffic congestion/people may be delayed/late to work or school;
●​ Congestion charging/emissions charging or controls/toll roads;
●​ Speeding fines/speed cameras;
●​ Public transport facilities (or example) may be
poor/outdated/expensive/infrequent/crowded/dirty;
●​ Public transport does not serve all parts;
●​ Parking spaces may be expensive/inadequate/restrictions;
●​ Too many heavy lorries/commercial vehicles may use the roads;
●​ Specified pollution e.g. air/noise pollution;​
85) Describe three likely problems of living in the housing
shown in Fig. 2.2 (3)_
●​ Small housing/lack of space;
●​ Lack of privacy;
●​ No gardens/outdoor spaces;
●​ Noise from neighbours;
●​ Noise from vehicles/road;
●​ Need to access upper floors by stairs/lifts;
●​ Air pollution; Litter;
86) ) In many urban areas there are inequalities. Suggest reasons for the inequalities
which exist between the people living in urban areas. (5)
●​ Some people will be employed/unemployed/differences in levels of employment;
●​ Some people will earn high wages/more money/rich/differences in income;
●​ Some people will not be likely to have qualifications/be educated/differences in
education levels;
●​ Some people may be migrants/live in temporary settlements;
●​ People may be racially discriminated against;
●​ Gender discrimination;
●​ Some people are likely to have access to water/food/energy (any named service
or essential item)/differences in access to basic services or e.g. etc.
87) Describe the problems which may be caused by coastal erosion for people living on
or near the coast. (4)
●​ Houses/property may collapse/fall down cliff;
●​ House prices decrease/can’t sell houses/get insurance;
●​ Relocation/move away;
●​ Loss of farmland/livestock;
●​ Damage to roads/railways/paths;
●​ Danger from rockfalls/landslips;
●​ Damage to/closure of/relocation of business/tourist facility or specified
buildings/monuments etc;
●​ Puts tourists off visiting etc
88) Suggest how natural processes have formed the cave labelled C in Fig. 3.2. (5)
●​ Hydraulic action/force of water/power of waves;
●​ Abrasion/corrasion or definition;
●​ Corrosion/solution or definition;
●​ Formation of wave cut notch/notch deepened;
●​ Erosion along line of weakness/crack or crack widens;
●​ Expansion/wearing back/erosion of cave; Etc.
89) Describe the main characteristics of shield volcanoes which form at constructive
(divergent) plate boundaries. (3)
●​ Low;
●​ Wide;
●​ Gentle/flat sides/slopes;
●​ Basic/low viscosity/fluid/runny lava/flows faster/low silica content/basalt;
●​ There is no layers/just consist of (solidified) lava;
●​ Low pressure Eruptions/ Eruptions are gentle/slow/weaK
90) Explain why volcanoes are formed at destructive (convergent) plate boundaries(4)
●​ Convection currents;
●​ Plates/they move towards each other;
●​ Subduction/one plate goes under the other;
●​ Heavier/denser plate subducts;
●​ Heating on edge of subducting plate;
●​ Destruction/melting of crust/turns rock to magma;
●​ Build-up of magma;
●​ Pressure caused by build-up;
●​ Magma pushed up/escapes through fissure;
91) Describe the strategies which can be used to reduce the impacts of volcanic
eruptions (5)
●​ Monitor/study
●​ Using Faultline movements/volcanic emissions/seismometer/tiltmeter/watch
animal behaviour;
●​ Remote sensing of ash clouds;
●​ Predict/warn about eruption/text alerts;
●​ Evacuation/evacuation plans;
●​ Education/awareness about volcano survival/drills showing them what to do;
●​ Improve quality of buildings/make buildings more solid; E.g. stronger roof;
●​ Shelters; Ensure emergency services/rescue teams on standby/well equipped;
●​ Invest in healthcare/hospitals/better healthcare;
●​ Exclusion zones;
●​ Spray lava flows;
●​ Lava diversion channels;
●​ Food/water/first aid supplies;
92) Suggest how the infrastructure of Zakynthos has been developed as a result of
tourism. (4)
●​ Building/expansion of airport/port/docks/harbour;
●​ Construction of/improvement of roads/highways;
●​ Railway construction/expansion;
●​ Build/extend bus routes;
●​ Installation of electricity grid/power station;
●​ Improved water supply/piped water;
●​ Improvements to sewage system;
●​ Improvement to telecommunications/phone network;
●​ Increased internet/wifi availability;
93) Suggest what problems there may be for people who live on Zakynthos caused by
large numbers of tourists arriving between May and September. (5)
●​ Seasonal unemployment/lack of income;
●​ Noise;
●​ Litter;
●​ Traffic congestion;
●​ Air pollution so breathing difficulties;
●​ Sea pollution so less fish to catch;
●​ Increase in prices in tourist season;
●​ High demand for water; High demand for electricity;
●​ Shops/restaurants/buses/pavements/beaches crowded
94) Suggest reasons why some countries generate a greater percentage of electricity
using renewable sources than other countries (3)
●​ Fast flowing rivers/steep slopes/sunshine/wind linked with named energy type
e.g. strong wind to generate wind power etc. (MAX 2 marks);
●​ Development level of technology;
●​ Wealth of country/MEDCs/affordability or cost of building schemes;
●​ Presence or absence of other sources of energy (or examples);
●​ Government policy/attitude towards energy/environment;
95) China and the USA use large amounts of fossil fuels. Describe the threats to the
natural environment of using fossil fuels. (4)
●​ Air pollution/release of (greenhouse) gases/smoke/carbon dioxide or other
example;
●​ Global warming/greenhouse effect/increases temperatures;
●​ Climate change or example e.g. drought;
●​ Melting ice/glaciers;
●​ Increase in sea level;
●​ Flooding of coastal environment/low islands;
●​ Acid rain;
●​ Destruction of forest/vegetation/deforestation for mining;
●​ Habitat loss;
●​ Animals die/extinction/loss of biodiversity;
96) Energy is one of the inputs of an industrial system. Explain what is meant by an
industrial system. (5)
●​ Secondary industry/factory/manufacturing/assembly or processing; Consists of
inputs, processes and outputs;
●​ (Inputs are): Raw
Materials/labour/land/transport/machinery/components/capital/packaging (MAX
2) (Note: No mark for energy)
●​ (Processes are): Activities that convert the raw material/components into
something useful;
●​ (Outputs are): Products or goods/waste materials/fumes/profit (MAX 2) etc
(Note: Can use idea above or a specific example)
Paper 11 M/J 2023
97) Some countries are under-populated. Describe the problems caused by
under-population. (4)
●​ Lack of workforce/skills or example
●​ ; Need for immigration;
●​ Lack of taxes paid/higher taxes;
●​ Underuse of resources or example;
●​ Lack of production/need to import;
●​ Reduced economic development/development slows down/lack of income for
country/country becomes poor/less money in circulation;
●​ Not enough people to make service provision worthwhile/closure of services or
example/lack of funding for services or example;
●​ Lack of defence/people in armed forces.
98) Explain why large numbers of immigrants may have positive impacts on the area
which they are moving to. (5)
●​ Provision of workforce;
●​ Low wages can be paid/dirty jobs/jobs others do not want to do;
●​ Skilled workers attracted;
●​ Allow examples such as teachers/doctors as development;
●​ Increase birth rate in an underpopulated area/ageing population;
●​ Increases production/economic development/fully exploit country’s
resources/higher GDP/GNP;
●​ Cultural mix;
●​ Some migrants set up businesses or example e.g., restaurants, food stores;
●​ More taxes/boost to economy through taxation;
●​ Multiplier effect/more customers/increased business;
99) ) Suggest problems which urban sprawl may cause for people and the natural
environment in an area such as that shown in Fig. 2.3.
●​ Increased traffic/traffic congestion;
●​ Noise;
●​ Litter;
●​ Loss of amenity value/dog walking;
●​ Loss of spaces for recreation;
●​ Loss of agricultural land;
●​ Increased cost of housing/pressure on supplies of houses;
●​ Air pollution;
●​ Water pollution;
●​ Deforestation;
●​ Soil erosion;
●​ Loss of habitat;
●​ Animals killed/migrate away/displaced/disturbed;
●​ Impact on food chains/ecosystem;
100) Suggest different reasons for the distribution of settlement in the area shown in
Fig. 2.4 (Insert). (5)
●​ Access to water
●​ ; Bridging point to access both sides;
●​ Flat/low land;
●​ Shelter from winds
●​ ; Aspect;
●​ High/steep land (to NE);
●​ Accessibility/easy to transport (goods)/get to work;
●​ Jobs/employment;
●​ Mines/factories;
●​ Fertile soil/infertile soil/food supply;
●​ Forested areas are less densely populated;​
101) Suggest reasons why the earthquakes in the
Philippines (an LEDC) had a greater impact than the
earthquakes in the USA (an MEDC) between June and
October 2019. (4)
In the Philippines
●​ Weak/unstable buildings/example of lack of
earthquake proofing;
●​ Lack of emergency services/rescue teams;
●​ Lack of health care;
●​ Population density may be higher;
●​ Less education/awareness about earthquake survival/fewer emergency drills;
●​ Lack of evacuation plans/emergency protocol/Government emergency planning
policy;
●​ Lack of first aid kits/survival kits
●​ ; Lack of access to area affected/roads (for rescue services);
●​ Lack of food;
●​ Lack of water/sanitation;
●​ Lack of emergency shelter/camps available
102) Explain why earthquakes occur at plate boundaries, such as the one shown in Fig.
3.2. (5) (at destructive plate boundary)
●​ Convection currents;
●​ Plates are converging/moving towards each other/convergent boundary;
●​ Subduction/one plate goes under the other;
●​ The place which goes under is heavier/more dense;
●​ Friction;
●​ Pressure/energy build up/plates stick;
●​ Pressure/tension/energy release;
●​ Jolting/plates slip;​
103) Suggest two methods which could be used to reduce coastal erosion in the area
shown. For each method explain how it would reduce erosion. (4)
●​ E.g. Sea wall; Revetment; Gabion; Riprap; Rock armour; Offshore barrier;
Resists wave attack/reduces wave energy/absorbs wave energy; Strengthens
cliff/stops waves from directly hitting cliff; Reflects wave energy;
●​ Groynes; Retain/increases beach material/builds up beach to reduce power of
waves/prevents longshore drift;
●​ Beach replenishment;
●​ Offshore barrier;
●​ Resists wave attack/reduces wave energy/absorbs wave energy;
●​ Plant vegetation on sand dunes/cliff face;
●​ Insert drainage pipes in cliffs;
●​ Increase cliff stability/stops slumping; etc.
●​ Reduces erosion or example such as hydraulic action;
104) Describe the processes which form a spit (5)
●​ Formed by longshore drift;
●​ Prevailing winds blow at angle to land;
●​ Wave approach/swash at an angle;
●​ Backwash at right angles/straight back down beach;
●​ Beach materials moved with waves/swash and backwash;
●​ Zigzag movement;
●​ Materials move along beach;
●​ Materials deposited at change in direction of coast/river mouth/bay;
●​ End curved by winds approaching from different direction etc.
Note: Accept correct labelling of the processes listed on a diagram but no double credit.
105) Rice farmers in some areas in Laos keep some animals on their farms. Explain two
advantages of growing crops and keeping animals on the same farm. (4)
●​ Use of manure from animals for crop fields;
●​ Increases yield of crops/get more crops/healthier crops/grow quicker/saves cost
of artificial fertilisers (exp);
●​ Feeding of crop waste to animals;
●​ Saves cost of buying animal feed/so they don’t have to buy animal feed (exp);
●​ If one product fails, they still have others to sell;
●​ If animals suffer from disease the crops may still grow (exp);
●​ Enables use of land of all types;
●​ Infertile/steep land can be used to graze sheep and fertile/flat land to grow
crops(exp);
●​ Work can be done/income earned all year round;
●​ Cows produce milk/lambs can be sold and money brought in without having to
wait for harvest of crops (exp);
●​ Animals can be used for pulling ploughs/operating traditional irrigation systems;
●​ Saving money on fuel/machinery costs (exp);
●​ Various types of food/products produced;
●​ Varied diet (for subsistence farmers);
106) Explain why many people in some parts of the world do not have enough food to
eat. (5)
●​ Rapidly growing/large population/large family/lots of children;
●​ Drought/lack of rain;
●​ Flooding;
●​ Tropical storms/hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones;
●​ Volcanic eruption;
●​ Tsunami;
●​ Poverty/people cannot afford food/high price of food/country cannot afford to
import food;
●​ War/civil war/conflict;
●​ Growth of cash crops/crops for export rather than crops for subsistence;
●​ Loss of farmland/displacement of farmers due to
urbanisation/factories/houses/hotels/tourism;
●​ Many people only have a small amount of land/no land/fragmentation;
●​ Infertile soils/soil degradation/soil erosion/soil exhaustion;
●​ Pests;
●​ etc.
107) ) Explain why the generation of electricity is predicted to increase in many
countries (4)
●​ Population growth;
●​ Increase in use of electricity in factories/industrial/commercial growth or
example, such as more factories/offices/business/companies;
●​ More electricity/technology/appliances/electronics used in homes/more homes;
●​ Examples such as washing machines/air conditioning/mobile
phones/laptops/TV/lighting/heating;
●​ Increase in use of electricity in transport;
●​ Examples e.g., electric cars/electric trains etc;
●​ Development of electricity supply network/grid (in LEDCs);
●​ Innovation in electricity supply/skills/technology/funding to develop energy source
or example;
108) Choose the plan, 2, 3 or 4, that you think will be most effective in maintaining
energy supplies in the future. Explain your choice by referring to the advantages of your
chosen plan and the disadvantages of the plans you have rejected. (5)
●​ Plan 2: Use of wind power is dependent on wind blowing continually/ Wind power
generates a relatively small amount of power/would be insufficient for use in an
MEDC in Europe/upland areas could be destroyed visually by so many wind
turbines;
●​ E.g., Increase the amount of wind generators offshore and in the mountains.
(Plan 2): Wind energy is renewable/sustainable/oil and gas, coal will eventually
run out;
●​ Running costs will be low/it will be cheaper to use than oil and gas/coal;
●​ No atmospheric pollution will be caused/oil, coal, gas will pollute the
atmosphere;
●​ Global warming will be reduced;
●​ Plan 3: May not find gas/oil/a long time from exploration to use;
●​ Specified environmental problems e.g., oil spills;
●​ Expense of exploration/construction/wages for workers;
●​ Cost of/reduced reliance on imports of oil/gas; etc.
●​ E.g., Search for oil and gas in offshore areas (Plan 3): More jobs are created
than using wind generators/importing coal;
●​ Existing energy infrastructure e.g., oil/gas fired power stations;
●​ Use of vehicles is dependent on oil and gas;
●​ Cost of/reduced reliance on imports of oil/gas;
●​ Plan 4: Imports of coal will increase import costs/balance of trade deficit;
●​ Imports could be cut off in time of conflict etc.
●​ Imports of coal will increase import costs/balance of trade deficit/imports could
be cut off in time of conflict;
●​ E.g., Import large amounts of coal from China: Existing energy
infrastructure/power stations may be dependent on coal;
●​ Will enable the country to conserve home supplies of fossil fuels
●​ ; Import of Chinese coal may be at lower cost than costs of mining home coal or
searching for oil and gas;
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109) Give three reasons why there is forced migration from some LEDCs. (3)
●​ War/civil unrest;
●​ Drought/lack of (clean) water;
●​ Famine/starvation/lack of food;
●​ Political/religious/ethnic/gender persecution/genocide/discrimination;
●​ Natural disaster (or specific example e.g., volcano, flood) etc.
110) Explain why the arrival of large numbers of migrants from LEDCs may cause
problems for countries in Europe. (4)
●​ Pressure on/increased demand food;
●​ Pressure on/increased demand water supplies;
●​ Lack of housing/temporary accommodation/overcrowded
●​ housing/homelessness/refugee camps/squatter settlements/shanty towns;
●​ Pressure/increased demand on health care/increase in specified disease
●​ e.g., Diphtheria, Ebola, Covid-19;
●​ Pressure on/increased demand education;
●​ Unemployment/they may take jobs of local people;
●​ Problems caused by many people who don't speak the local language e.g.,
●​ need for/cost of translation etc.;
●​ Conflicts with/resentment of local population/racial tension/cultural clashes;
●​ Increased/high crime rate;
●​ Need for financial support;
●​ Political differences on how to deal with the issue etc
111) Describe the problems which many migrants may face after migrating to Greece,
Italy or Spain.
●​ Difficulty finding employment;
●​ Discrimination/racial abuse/racial conflict/racial tension/xenophobia/racism;
●​ Low pay/exploitation/dirty jobs;
●​ Language difficulties;
●​ Finding/affording a home/poor housing/housing problems;
●​ Away from friends and family/people of same ethnicity;
●​ Qualifications will not be accepted;
●​ Hard to get citizenship/lack of documentation/VISA/permission to work/work
●​ permit/long wait for processing/possible deportation;
●​ Hard to adapt to culture/culture shock;
●​ Can`t afford clothing/food/education/health care etc.
●​ Etc.
112) State three likely differences between the shops and services in the CBD of
Bhagalpur and those in the area labelled X in Fig. 2.1 (3)
Ideas such as in CBD services will be:
(Assume CBD unless otherwise stated).
●​ Larger;
●​ More variety/greater range of
shops/services;
●​ Higher order;
●​ Have larger range/sphere of
influence;
●​ Be more specialist;
●​ High end/luxury goods compared with essential items;
●​ Be used less frequently;
●​ Have larger thresholds;
●​ Comparative example e.g., department store cf grocers/banks v schools (1 MAX)
etc.
113) Using evidence from Fig. 2.1 only, explain two likely reasons for the growth of
many shops and services in area X. (4)
●​ Residential area nearby/densely populated area;
●​ So large demand/large turnover/more profit/more customers/people caneasily
walk to them;
●​ Location on main roads;
●​ So, people can easily drive to them/delivery of goods/transport goods;
●​ So, passing trade/more customers/extra business/people stop to buy things on
their journey;
●​ Low-cost land;
●​ So, businesses can afford larger buildings/lower rents.
114) Explain why a general store and a large supermarket will have different spheres of
influence. (5)
●​ There will be more general stores than large supermarkets;
●​ People are more likely to walk to general stores/travel by car to large
supermarkets;
●​ General stores are closer to where people live;
●​ Large supermarket sells wider range of goods;
●​ People visit general store more regularly/daily;
●​ People prepared to travel further to large supermarket;
●​ Prices may be cheaper than general stores etc
115) In Haiti over 70% of the population live on less than US$2 per day. Suggest how
this contributed to the large number of deaths and injuries caused by the earthquake in
Haiti(3)
●​ Poor quality/flimsy buildings/housing/housing not earthquake
resistant/homeless/many people live in squatter settlements;
●​ Many people living in each household/crowded houses;
●​ Lack of/cannot afford health care/treatment/injuries not treated;
●​ Had no access to food;
●​ Inadequate/dirty water supplies/poor sanitation;
●​ No education on what to do in an earthquake/no finance for drills etc;
●​ Could not afford survival kits/First Aid kits etc.
116) Describe the likely effects of severe earthquakes, such as those in China and Haiti,
on the economies of the countries. (4)
●​ Destruction of houses/public buildings OR public buildings/houses need to
●​ be rebuilt or e.g.,/service or e.g./workplaces or e.g.;
●​ Destruction to roads/railways/ports affected trade;
●​ Cost of rebuilding housing;
●​ Cost of rebuilding shops/churches/schools/hospital etc;
●​ Cost of renewing roads/railways/power networks/ports/airports/water
pipelines/sewage pipelines etc;
●​ Cost of aid/relief to victims or e.g., food/water/tents etc;
●​ Cost of repayment of foreign aid/creates debt;
●​ Cost of rebuilding factories/loss of production/unemployment;
●​ Tourist numbers fall;
●​ Loss of/death/injury to productive workforce;
117) Suggest how physical (natural) processes cause earthquakes in the area marked
X on Fig. 3.2. (X is a destructive plate boundary) (5)
●​ Convection currents;
●​ Plates are converging/moving towards each other/Pacific Plate moving towards
North American Plate;
●​ Subduction/one plate (Pacific) goes under the other;
●​ The plate which goes under (Pacific plate) is heavier/more dense;
●​ Friction;
●​ Pressure/tension build up/plates get stuck;
●​ Pressure/tension release;
●​ Jolting/plates slip etc.
118) Explain how a maximum and minimum thermometer (Six’s thermometer) was used
to collect the information on temperature in Fig. 4.1.(3)
●​ Place in Stevenson Screen/white box;
●​ Check every 24 hours/at set time;
●​ Read/measure minimum and maximum temperatures/both thermometers;
●​ Read off levels at base of metal marker;
●​ Reset/reposition markers with magnet etc.
119) Explain how data on cloud cover and cloud type can be collected over a period of a
month. (5)
●​ Observe them/by observation/look at sky/by eye;
●​ Photograph/satellite images of clouds;
●​ Look straight up;
●​ Identify type using book/diagrams/ID chart;
●​ By considering vertical extent/shape/colour;
●​ Estimate the number of eighths of sky which is covered by cloud/cloud cover;
●​ Use a transparent grid divided into sections;
●​ Repeat every day/at same time of day/set times/given times (or
●​ examples)/every few hours/several times per day;
120) Describe the benefits of the tourist industry to the people who live in Croatia.(4)
●​ Jobs are created (accept examples)/earn money;
●​ Revival of local skills or e.g.;
●​ Increased customers/business/profits for shops/traders/people buy souvenirs;
●​ Local people can use tourist facilities;
●​ Airport improvement/expansion;
●​ Development of transport links (accept examples e.g., roads/railways);
●​ Development of specified infrastructure – electricity grid/sewage disposal/ water
supply;
●​ Foreign currency/money through taxes/money for government spending accept
example of its use e.g., build hospitals, schools);
●​ Cultural exchange/learn other languages;
●​ Preservation of historical sites etc
121) Suggest reasons why the number of tourists visiting a country may change from
year to year (5)
●​ Natural disasters (or example);
●​ Tourism may increase over time due to building of airports;
●​ Resort development/development of attractions will attract more tourists;
●​ Tourism will be affected by fluctuations in the economy/recession/high
unemployment in a tourist generating country will reduce numbers;
●​ Increases/decreases in price of flights/hotels/holidays;
●​ Numbers will be reduced by political/religious unrest;
●​ War/terrorism;
●​ Special events (or example e.g., World Cup);
●​ Viruses/health scares (or example);
●​ Advertising/publicity;
●​ Border closures/restrictions or e.g., Covid 19/Visa restrictions;
●​ Changes in taste/tourist preferences or example etc.
122) Suggest reasons for the changes in the employment structure of Nigeria (an
LEDC) which have taken place between 1990 and 2020. (4) (increased in services,
decreased in agriculture, no change in industry)
●​ Mechanization in agriculture;
●​ Rural to urban migration;
●​ Greater affluence/more wealth available;
●​ Greater demand for leisure/retail services;
●​ People became more educated/develop more skills;
●​ Commercial growth – or examples – offices, shops, entertainments;
●​ Improvement/investment in/growth of health care/education etc.
●​ Improvements/investment in transport;
●​ Growth of tourism etc.
123) Suggest how the natural environment may be at risk from brick manufacturing.(5)
●​ Loss of/damage to vegetation/deforestation/swamps drained to get clay;
●​ Soil erosion;
●​ Flooding/rising sea levels;
●​ Loss of habitat;
●​ Impact on food chains/ecosystems;
●​ Animals scared by noise;
●​ Death of wildlife;
●​ Reduction of biodiversity;
●​ Landscape altered physically by quarrying for sand/clay;
●​ Water pollution;
●​ Air pollution/carbon dioxide released/carbon emissions;
●​ Global warming/greenhouse effect;
●​ Smoke/fumes;
●​ Soil loses fertility;
●​ Land degradation.
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124) Describe four problems that many people face in countries where population
growth is rapid. (4)
●​ Lack of/cost of housing/squatter settlements/homeless;
●​ Unemployment/no work/low pay/exploitation;
●​ Pressure on/lack of/cannot afford health care/hospitals/social services etc.;
●​ Pressure on/lack of/cannot afford education/schools;
●​ Lack of water/polluted water;
●​ Power cuts/outages/lack of electricity;
●​ Traffic congestion/lots of traffic;
●​ Air pollution/breathing problems;
●​ Lack of/cannot afford/pressure on food/famine;
●​ Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets;
●​ Increased crime or example;
●​ People live close together spreading disease/so hard to control disease;
●​ Etc.
125) Explain how the availability of education can reduce birth rates in a country. (3)
●​ People learn about/education about more likely to use contraception/family
planning/abortion/prevent pregnancy;
●​ People earn money so can afford contraceptives;
●​ People are more aware about the problems caused by rapid population growth;
●​ Less likely to be influenced by culture/religion/traditional attitudes/less polygamy;
●​ More women work;
●​ Later marriage/have children later/girls attend school for longer;
●​ Better knowledge about childcare/hygiene/nutrition;
●​ Infant mortality reduces;
●​ Education is expensive/can’t afford to send them to school so people cannot
afford many children;
●​ They are earning so don’t need to have children to send out to work;
●​ Etc
126) Explain how improving access to good healthcare can reduce death rates in a
country.(5)
●​ Increased life expectancy/people live longer/infant mortality reduced;
●​ Vaccination;
●​ Any valid example e.g., measles/smallpox/typhoid/covid-19 (dev);
●​ Regular health checks;
●​ Mothers given care during pregnancy/childbirth;
●​ Able to diagnose/detect illness/disease (early);
●​ Any valid example e.g., heart
disease/cancer/diabetes (dev);*
●​ People can seek advice when ill;
●​ Treatments/cures (for
diseases)/tablets/medicines/can have
surgery/operations;
●​ Treatment available/able to survive injury/accident;
●​ Education/classes/advice about/awareness of
sanitation/hygiene;
●​ Education/classes/advice about/awareness of healthy diet/safe sex/STDs;
127) Describe and suggest reasons for the location of the hospital which is shown on
Fig. 2.1. (4)
●​ Edge of/in the CBD;
●​ Northern part (of CBD);
●​ Accurate distance/direction from named feature (other than street) e.g.,
●​ North/NE of Harare Gardens/(approx. 400 metres from Geology Museum;
●​ On/near/at/next to/compass direction from Mazowe/Baines/Second /Josiah
●​ Chinamaino Street/at junction of Baines/Mazowe/Baines/Second/Josiah
●​ Chinamaino Street;
●​ Easy/quick access for transporting patients/visitors/ambulances;
●​ Emergency vehicles less likely to be held up by traffic in centre of CBD;
●​ People can access it using public transport;
●​ Car park nearby/can park nearby;
●​ Etc.
128) Suggest reasons why the shops and services in the CBD of Harare have a large
sphere of influence (5)
●​ They are high/middle order;
●​ Specialist/luxury/expensive/comparison goods;
●​ More variety of shops/services/goods or they use more than one shop/service or
example (when visiting);
●​ Many people will not have similar shops/services near their homes;
●​ People travel long distances to use them;
●​ They are easily accessible/CBD has good transport links or example of;
●​ They will not use them frequently;
●​ Etc.
129) Describe the natural processes which cause earthquakes to occur at conservative
plate boundaries. (4)
●​ Convection currents;
●​ Lateral plate movement/plates move sideways/past each other/at different
speeds;
●​ Friction;
●​ Build-up of pressure/energy/tension/plates get stuck;
●​ Pressure/tension/energy release;
●​ Jolting/plates slip
130) Explain the causes of the eruption of the volcano on Whakaari. (On a destructive
plate boundary) (5)
●​ Convection currents;
●​ Plates are converging/moving towards each other;
●​ Subduction/one goes under the other/Pacific Plate goes under IndoAustralian
Plate;
●​ One is heavier/more dense;
●​ Destruction/melting of rocks/crust;
●​ Build-up of/creates magma/lava;
●​ Pressure/energy build up;
●​ Magma/lava rises/reaches surface/pushed up to surface/moves through
cracks/comes out/bursts out etc.
Cold Ocean Current
●​ Cold current flows offshore/along coast/from higher latitude;
●​ Air (above it) is cooled;
●​ Cool air cannot hold moisture/condensation takes place;
●​ It rains/fog forms before it reaches the land/so the wind becomes dry;
Prevailing winds
●​ Blow from south-east/South-east Trade Winds;
●​ Blow overland/blow over large areas;
●​ Have no sources of moisture/it is a dry wind;
●​ Rain falls before it reaches the Atacama;
●​ Rain shadow (of the Andes);
132) Describe the processes which result in the daily formation of cumulonimbus clouds
which result in heavy rainfall in equatorial areas. (5)
●​ Overhead sun/direct or overhead sunshine;
●​ Water/earth’s surface is heated;
●​ Evaporation;
●​ Transpiration;
●​ Or allow evapotranspiration for 1 mark.
●​ Air/water vapour rises/convection occurs/convection currents;
●​ Cooling;
●​ Condensation occurs/clouds form/build up/droplets form;
●​ Saturation/clouds cannot hold any more water;
●​ Etc.
133) Explain the importance of jobs, such as that shown in Fig. 5.2 (Insert), to an LEDC
such as Nigeria. (4). (5.2 shows a man teaching children)
●​ They provide education/children will be able to attend school/get
educated/become more educated/the country needs more educated people;
●​ Develop more skills/learn to read/write/improve literacy;
●​ And work in services/more tertiary workers or named example such as tourist
industry, become doctors, IT experts, scientists etc.;
●​ Education leads to development/economic growth/increases
GNP/GDP/HDI/country will get money/foreign currency;
●​ Get jobs/better paid jobs/provide future workforce;
●​ People will have/earn money (to spend on food/basic needs);
●​ Income from taxes;
●​ Education is a right for all children/reduces inequality/gives equal rights to
children in all areas;
●​ Education will reduce population growth rates/birth rates;
●​ May reduce emigration;
134) ) Describe the differences between the Human Development Index (HDI) and
Gross National Product (GNP) per capita as indicators of development. (5)
●​ HDI 0 to 1 index is used whilst GNP measures in any named currency;
●​ HDI is a composite indicator/made of several measurements whilst GNP looks at
just one measurement/HDI looks at more indicators;
●​ HDI looks at education and health (in addition to wealth/productivity);
●​ HDI includes reference to social development whilst GNP just measures
economic development;
●​ GNP looks at productivity/wealth/income/value of products and services;
●​ HDI looks at life expectancy;
●​ HDI looks at income/GNI/gross national income;
●​ HDI looks at years of schooling;
●​ Etc.
135) Suggest reasons for the variation in importance of HEP and other renewable forms
of energy in the different states of Australia. (4)
●​ Some states don't have the physical conditions required for its generation;
●​ E.g., not enough precipitation/steep slopes/(fast flowing) rivers for HEP;
●​ E.g., not enough sunshine/too cloudy for solar power;
●​ E.g., inland location so wave power is not possible/area of coastline with no
●​ big waves;
●​ E.g., no volcanic activity for geothermal;
●​ Varying availability of fossil fuel/non-renewable energy or e.g., such as
●​ Tasmania may not have coalfields/oil and gas deposits;
●​ Green policies/political differences re green policies/people more concerned
about the environment or example, such as global warming in some states;
●​ Etc.
136) ) Explain why many countries are reducing their dependence on fossil fuels such
as oil and natural gas. (5) (Note: Can answer with fossil fuel disadvantages and/or
renewable energy advantages.)
●​ Fossil fuels are non-renewable/will run out;
●​ Many deposits have been exhausted;
●​ Need to import supplies reduced;
●​ Desire to avoid dependence on other countries e.g., in war time;
●​ Desire to reduce balance of payment deficit;
●​ Expensive/high/fluctuating prices/running/transport costs;
●​ Fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere;
●​ Desire to reduce carbon dioxide emissions/greenhouse gases;
●​ And to reduce global warming/greenhouse effect;
●​ Rising sea levels/melting ice caps etc. (one max development for impact of
global warming);
●​ Reduce acid rain;
●​ Respiratory diseases/asthma reduced etc
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137) Suggest reasons to explain why natural population decrease is occurring in some
MEDCs, such as Japan. (4)
●​ Fewer births/small families/reduction in birth rate/fertility rate;
●​ Use/access to/availability of/can afford contraception
●​ People more educated about using contraception/family planning;
●​ women have careers/more women educated;/ higher status
●​ Children are expensive; /cannot afford children
●​ Abortions are legal/available;
●​ Less teenage pregnancy/have children later in life/later marriages
●​ More deaths/increase in death rate;
●​ Obesity/heart disease;
●​ Alcohol related deaths;
●​ AIDS/HIV;
●​ Higher DR than BR = 1
138) Suggest the problems likely to be faced by the economies of LEDCs where rapid
population growth occurs. (5)
●​ Unemployment/not enough jobs;
●​ Need to support unemployed workers;
●​ Need to improve/more investment needed in/pressure on/not enough/lack of
schools;
●​ Health care becomes more expensive to provide/pressure on/not enough/lack of
healthcare;
●​ Poor water supply;
●​ Poor energy/electricity supplies;
●​ Tax increases are likely;
●​ Increased cost of/need to house population/squatter settlements;
●​ Food shortages; / pressure on farmland
●​ Water/air pollution;
●​ Traffic congestion; / pressure on public transport
●​ Reduces GNP
●​ Poverty/crime/spread of disease accepted as developed point
139) Explain how public transport, such as the trams shown in Fig. 2.2, reduces traffic
Congestion. (3)
●​ Less people will use their cars/reduces cars /vehicles on roads;
●​ Buses/trams/trains hold large numbers of people;
●​ Buses/trams travel on separate roads/lanes;
●​ Less need for cars to be parked on streets/near workplaces/in CBD etc.
140) State two other methods that can be used to reduce traffic congestion in urban
areas. For each method, explain how it reduces traffic congestion. (4) (Note: One mark
for each correct scheme and one mark for explanation of how it is likely to reduce
congestion.)
●​ Widen roads;
●​ Congestion charging;
●​ Cycle lanes/cycle hire;
●​ Car sharing schemes;
●​ One-way streets/roundabouts/traffic lights;
●​ Park and ride;
●​ Create more parking spaces etc.
141) Describe the impacts of air pollution on people who live in urban areas (5)
●​ Causes respiratory disease/breathing difficulties/chest complaints/heart
complaints;
●​ Brings on asthma/lung cancer/bronchitis;
●​ Irritates eyes/skin;
●​ Causes smog/affects visibility;
●​ Increases travel time/danger;
●​ Makes paintwork/windows/washing etc dirty;
●​ Weathers/corrodes stonework on buildings;
●​ Pollutes drinking water
●​ Development = More time off work; Reduces life expectancy;
142) The coastal landform shown in Fig. 3.1 is located on a headland. Explain why
headlands form along some coastlines. (4)
●​ Differential erosion takes place;
●​ Different rock types outcrop along the coast/alternating hard and soft
rocks/discordant coast;
●​ Hard rocks remain/ resist erosion;
●​ And Form headlands
●​ Soft rocks are eroded (rapidly);
●​ Bays form where rock is soft
(No credit for hydraulic action/abrasion or explanation)
143) Suggest why the River Nile has formed a delta in the area shown in Fig. 3.2. (5)
(basically asking how a delta is formed)
●​ River is getting close to
sea/mouth/meets the sea;
●​ Land is flat;
●​ Lots of materials are transported
from upstream;
●​ Reduction in speed of flow/energy;
●​ Excess of sediment load cannot be
carried further;
●​ Deposition;
●​ Splits into/forms distributaries/river
splits up;
●​ Flocculation/deposited material
clumps together;
●​ Lack of tides to remove materials;
●​ Colonization by vegetation etc.
144) Describe the disadvantages of using traditional instruments rather than digital ones
to record weather data. (4)
●​ Slow/do not give instant readings/waste time/digital are quicker to use;
●​ not accurate/imprecise/do not give exact figures/digital are more accurate;
●​ not easy/not clear to read/digital clearer to read;
●​ chance of error/misreading/digital less chance of error;
●​ cannot be linked to a computer/automatic logging/store data etc.
145) Explain how a traditional weather instrument can be used to obtain data to show
changes in maximum and minimum temperature for a period of one month. (5)
●​ Use maximum and minimum thermometer/Sixes thermometer;
●​ Keep it in a Stevenson screen;
●​ Check every 24 hours/every day;
●​ Check at same time of day;
●​ Read off minimum temperature at base of metal indicator on LHS;
●​ Read off maximum temperature at base of metal indicator on RHS;
●​ Or (read temperature at base of metal indicator/index = 1);
●​ Reset thermometers;
●​ By sliding metal indicators with magnet etc.;
146) Suggest different types of jobs in the tourist industry which are likely to be
available in countries such as those listed in (iii). (Tropical countries)
●​ Working in hotels/resorts/spa (e.g. receptionist, cleaner);
●​ Working in restaurants (e.g. waitress, chef etc.);
●​ Tour guide;
●​ Worker in tourist information centre;
●​ Bus/taxi driver;
●​ Airport worker;
●​ Ferry worker;
●​ Worker in gift shop/souvenir shop/selling souvenirs etc.;
●​ Lifeguard;
●​ Staff working at attractions/entertainments or e.g.;
147) Explain how the local natural environment may be at risk when large‑scale tourism
becomes important in an area (5)
●​ Deforestation/loss of vegetation;
●​ Loss of habitat;
●​ Death/extinction/migration of species/animals killed/hunted;
●​ Animals choke on litter or e.g.;
●​ Reduced biodiversity;
●​ Animals scared/disturbed by noise
●​ Loss of food supplies (for animals);
●​ Impact on food chains;
●​ Pollution of water/oil spills;/ waste in water
●​ Atmospheric pollution;
●​ Damage to coral etc
148) Explain how carbon dioxide produced by economic activities causes global
warming to increase. (4)
●​ Carbon dioxide builds up;
●​ Forms a layer in the atmosphere;
●​ Sun’s rays pass through the atmosphere;
●​ Rays bounce off/radiate from the surface of the earth;
●​ The rays/heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases etc.
149) ) Explain economic activities, such as those shown in Fig. 6.2, contribute to soil
erosion. (overgrazing, deforestation, arable farming, gathering fuelwood) (5)
●​ Trees are cut down/vegetation is removed;
●​ Soil left bare/exposed;
●​ Loss of roots/roots hold soil together/nothing to hold the soil;
●​ Less interception/loss of canopy/leaves would have intercepted;
●​ Ploughing downslope creates gulleys;
●​ Wind erosion/wind blows away;
●​ Water erosion/surface runoff/washes it away etc.
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150) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the impacts of the one-child policy on birth rates in
China.
You should refer to years and use statistics in your answer. (4)
●​ It declines/overall decline in
birth rate;
●​ Initial increase in birth
rate/between 1979 and
1987;
●​ Fluctuating up to 1987;
●​ Continuous decline from
1987;
●​ Decline steeply to 2005/from 1987 to 2003;
●​ Decline levels off at the end/between 2003 and 2015.
●​ Reference to supporting statistics e.g., 1979 – 16/17 per 1000 to 2015 12/13 per
1000 (Max 1 reserve) etc.
151) Suggest ways in which a large old dependent population is likely to cause
problems for countries such as China in the future. (5)
●​ Higher dependency ratio;​ ​
​
​
​
●​ Tax increases are likely/they do not pay tax;
●​ Have to support them/have to care for them/they are a burden on economically
active (or the country)/causes pressure on working population;
●​ Need for/cost of providing pensions;
●​ Need for/cost of services such as healthcare/more health care needs;
●​ Need for/cost of social care/care homes;
●​ Lack of investment in education/services for young people;
●​ Lack of workforce/innovation;
●​ Need to attract workers from abroad/problems caused by immigration;
●​ Difficulty of defending country;
●​ Slows economic development/economic decline, etc.
152) Explain how rural areas may both benefit and be disadvantaged by migration away
from them. (4)
Benefits such as:
●​ Remittances sent back;
●​ Less pressure on employment;
●​ Less pressure on healthcare;
●​ Less pressure on food supply;
●​ Less pressure on water supply;
●​ Less pressure on education facilities;
Disadvantages such as:
●​ Brain drain/loss of skills;
●​ Less workforce or example such as farmers;
●​ Less food/agricultural production;
●​ Gender imbalance/less partners;
●​ Imbalance in age structure/mainly old and
young are left/higher dependent population;
●​ Schools close;
153) Using Fig. 2.2, suggest problems faced by people as a result of living in the
squatter settlement. (5)
●​ Flimsy/easily destroyed by elements/or example;
●​ Lack of privacy;
●​ Lack of water;
●​ Water borne diseases/e.g. cholera;
●​ Presence of mosquitos/risk of malaria;
●​ Spread of diseases/vermin;
●​ Flooding;
●​ Fire risk;
●​ Lack of security;
●​ No electricity supply;
●​ No sanitation;
154) State two other methods which can be used to protect a coastline from erosion.
For each method explain how it works. (4)
One mark for the identification of each method and the second mark for explaining how
it works.
●​ Sea wall/wall along coast;
●​ Revetments;
●​ Gabions;
●​ Breakwater
E.g., sea wall (1) reduces impact of waves/breaks power of waves/absorbs wave
energy/strengthens the cliff (2).
155) Explain how waves erode coastlines such as the one shown in Fig. 3.2. (5)
●​ Hydraulic action;
●​ Power/pressure of breaking waves;
●​ Expansion of air in cracks;
●​ Abrasion;
●​ Pebbles/rocks thrown at cliffs by waves;
●​ Corrosion/solution;
●​ Minerals dissolved by acids in seawater;
●​ Undercutting;
●​ Collapse of overhanging material; etc
156) Another area where a river deposits its load is on its delta. Explain why deposition
takes place on a delta. (3)
●​ River is carrying large amounts of sediments/silt/load;
●​ River meets sea;
●​ Water slows down;
●​ Loses energy/cannot carry the load;
●​ Flocculation, etc.
157) Describe how the river and its valley which is shown in Fig. 4.1 are likely to differ
from the river and valley upstream. (4)
River nearer the source is likely to be:
●​ Narrower;
●​ Less discharge;
●​ Shallower;
●​ More winding;
●​ Steeper/less regular long profile/waterfalls
present but not in fig.4.1;
Valley nearer the source is likely to be:
●​ More V shaped;
●​ Steeper (sides);
●​ Narrower/no flood plain;
●​ waterfalls near source but meanders lower down, etc
158) Suggest how the Segura and Cànyoles rivers could be managed to reduce the risk
of flooding. (5)
●​ Build a dam/reservoir (upstream);
●​ embankments/barriers; (a wall or bank of earth or stone built to prevent a river
flooding an area.)
●​ Dredging;
●​ Overflow channels;
●​ Use sluice gates/spreading areas upstream;
●​ Straighten the river/line with concrete;
●​ Tree planting/reduce deforestation;
●​ Monitoring/prediction/early warning/alarms;
●​ Evacuation/move people away;
●​ don’t build near river
159) Explain why a large percentage of the population in MEDCs, such as UK and USA,
work in the tertiary sector. (4)
●​ Lack of/exhaustion of natural resources;
●​ Mechanization of agriculture/manufacturing;
●​ More foods/manufactured goods or other example are imported;
●​ Good education/skills;
●​ High income jobs;
●​ More people live in towns/cities;
●​ Increasing demand/can afford services;
●​ Investment in services or example.
160) Describe the methods which can be used to improve water supply in LEDCs. (5)
●​ Reservoirs/dams;
●​ Use of aquifer;
●​ Rainfall harvesting;
●​ Wells;
●​ Bottled water;
●​ Pipelines;
●​ Water treatment plants;
●​ Water conservation strategies or example;
●​ Desalination/take salt out;
161) Explain two different ways in which the climate of an area may lead to the
development of tourism. (4)
●​ Dry weather/no rain;
●​ Temperature/hot/cold;
●​ Sunshine;
●​ Snow
E.g., 1. Snow (1) so that skiing can take place (2)
162) Suggest ways in which tourism in Ao Nang could be managed so that it is
sustainable (5)
●​ Creation of National Parks;
●​ Limit numbers of tourists;
●​ Charge entrance fees;
●​ Fence sensitive areas;
●​ Ban hunting;
●​ Do not allow (single use) plastic (cups/straws) on beach;
●​ Only allow people access to an area with a guide;
●​ Educate people about caring for the environment;
●​ Develop ecotourism;
●​ Litter/bins/fines;
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163) Explain why life expectancy has increased in many countries during the last 50
years (4)
●​ Good/better health care/more hospitals/doctors/nurses;
●​ reduction/less diseases/vaccination/medicines
●​ Good/better food supply/better nutrition/more balanced diet;
●​ Good/better/cleaner water supply;
●​ Good/better sanitation/hygiene/improved waste disposal;
●​ Education/awareness about hygiene/diet/health/disease etc.;
●​ Healthy lifestyle/exercise;
●​ Pensions/care homes etc.
164) Explain why the percentage of young dependents in an LEDC is likely to be larger
than that of Japan (5)
●​ High birth rates/fertility rates/birth rate higher than death rate;
●​ Lack of availability of/ /access to/can't afford contraception/family planning;
●​ Lack of education about contraception/family planning etc.;
●​ Religious intolerance of contraception/family planning;
●​ High infant mortality rate;
●​ People want children to send them out to work/work on farms;
●​ Lack of pensions/need for children to look after elderly;
●​ Need for children for household chores or e.g., look after siblings
●​ keep having children until a boy is born
●​ Less women have careers/lack of education for girls/women;
●​ No emancipation of women;
●​ Early marriage;
●​ Abortions not available;
●​ shorter life expectancy etc.
165) Explain why land use zones such as the one shown in Fig. 2.3 are often located in
the rural–urban fringe. (4)
●​ Plenty of space/land available/need lots
of land for parking/shops;
●​ Low cost land;
●​ Less traffic congestion/easy road access;
●​ Within easy reach of people/customers
nearby/in suburbs/can be easily
●​ accessed by people/customers from other
urban areas/surrounding
●​ settlements;
●​ labour availability;
●​ low noise/air pollution etc
166) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of building new airports in the
rural–urban fringe of Paris for the people who live in the city (5)
Advantages such as:
●​ Employment/jobs/or example of job;
●​ Business opportunities created/multiplier effect;
●​ Easier to get to other countries/easy access for flights;
●​ Short travelling time/distance/low cost of travel to airport;
●​ People could reach airport using public transport/metro;
●​ Plenty of space for car parking etc.
Disadvantages such as:
●​ Increased noise;
●​ Congestion on radial roads/more vehicles/increased traffic;
●​ Loss of amenity value/open space/places to walk dog;
●​ Visual impact etc.
167) ) Describe the impacts of tropical storms on people living in coastal
communities.(4)
●​ Death/injury;
●​ damage to settlements/property/houses/roof slates blown off/chimneys
collapse/homelessness;
●​ Need to evacuate;
●​ Roads damaged/flooded/access prevented/cars damaged;
●​ Water borne disease/cholera;
●​ Workplaces damaged/closed/people unable to work/fishing industry/port activity
disrupted;
●​ Electricity cut off;
●​ Crops/livestock/farmland destroyed/salination of soils/soil washed away etc.
168) Explain how information about relative humidity can be collected for a period of
one month (5)
●​ Use wet and dry (bulb) thermometer/hygrometer (or use a digital hygrometer);
●​ Check every day/daily;
●​ Check at the same time (each day);
●​ Read temperatures on wet and dry bulb;
●​ Work out difference between wet and dry bulb temp./depression of wet bulb;
●​ Use (relative humidity) table;
●​ Read off figure displayed/statistics from data logger (if digital hygrometer)
169)Explain why earthquakes cause more deaths and injuries than volcanic
eruptions.(4)
●​ More likely to have warnings from volcanoes/smoke etc.;
●​ Volcanic eruptions can be predicted but earthquakes cannot be predicted with
certainty;
●​ Volcanic lava moves slowly//the impact of an earthquake is more instant/causes
more immediate collapse of buildings;
●​ Volcanic eruptions are likely to affect a smaller area than an earthquake;
●​ Earthquake more likely to cause a tsunami;
●​ Earthquakes are more likely to cause starvation/homelessness/spread of
disease;
●​ Earthquakes are more likely to occur in more densely populated areas etc.
170) Explain why there was a volcanic eruption on Montserrat (on a destructive plate
boundary) (5)
●​ It lies close to/on a plate boundary/where two plates meet;
●​ Plates move towards each other/convergent;
●​ Subduction occurs/one plate sinks under the other;
●​ Heating/melting of crust;
●​ Creation/build up of magma;
●​ Build up/increase of pressure;
●​ Magma rises/escapes through cracks/is pushed up to the surface/rises etc.
171) ) Explain two likely benefits for people living in an area where there are many
tourists. (4)
●​ Employment/earn money;
●​ Development of road/rail network;
●​ Building of airports;
●​ Cultural exchange;
●​ Building of electricity grid/water pipes;
●​ More business/earnings for local traders etc.
E.g., 1: people can get jobs/or example/income in the tourist industry (1) so
they can earn money to provide for their family etc. (2)
E.g., 2: better road networks are built (1) so local people can access areas
away from where they live more easily (2)
172) Suggest how the tourist industry may cause problems for people living in or around
Kotor (5)
●​ Noise;
●​ Less privacy;
●​ Racism/discrimination;
●​ Litter/rubbish/trash;
●​ Traffic congestion;
●​ Seasonal employment;
●​ Low pay/long hours/exploitation of workers;
●​ Loss of farmland;
●​ Loss of local housing areas/accommodation used for tourists not locals/less
●​ land to build houses;
●​ Air pollution causes asthma/breathing difficulties;
●​ Water pollution reduces fish stocks;
173) Germany generated twice as much electricity from renewable sources in 2019 than
it did in 2010. Suggest reasons for this increase (4)
●​ Non-renewable sources need replacing/are being depleted/are hard to obtain/are
finite;
●​ Cheap running costs/high (increasing) of non-renewables
●​ Renewables will not run out;
●​ Renewable energy does not pollute the atmosphere;
●​ Need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions/slow down global warming;
●​ Renewable energy does not produce waste;
●​ Renewable energy does not pollute water courses;
●​ Pressure groups/protest/International agreements;
●​ Better technology developed to generate renewable energy etc
174) ) Many countries use large amounts of electricity. Explain why there are concerns
about the impacts of electricity generation on the global natural environment. (5)
●​ Production of carbon dioxide/greenhouse gases/carbon emissions;
●​ Enhances global warming;
●​ Melting ice caps;
●​ Worries about rise in sea level/flooding of coastal lowlands or islands;
●​ And increasing droughts/heat waves/more extremes of climate;
●​ Causes acid rain;
●​ May result in radiation leaks;
●​ Deforestation;
●​ Loss of habitats
●​ Impact on food chains/migration patterns;
●​ Loss of species/extinction/reduction in biodiversity etc