Life Cycle Assessment of Jatropha-Based Pyrolytic Oil
Production in the Philippines
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Abstract
Insert an abstract of 50–100 words, giving a brief account of the most relevant aspects of the paper.
Max 6 keywords
1.
Introduction
Large-scale Jatropha plantation initiatives were started by the Philippine government in the middle of the
2000s through the Department of Energy (DOE) and other organizations. These initiatives were a part of
the larger National Biofuels Program, which sought to meet the growing need for energy while lowering
reliance on imported fossil fuels. Jatropha farming has advanced significantly thanks to the efforts of the
Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) and PNOC Alternative Fuels Corporation, a subsidiary. To fulfill
the requirements for biofuels set forth in the Biofuels Act of 2006, the government planned to use Jatropha
biodiesel.
Research Gap
Nomenclature
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radius of
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2.
Methodology
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3.1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology used to determine the environmental burden associated with
the product’s life. LCA covers all the stages of the product’s life cycle beginning with the acquisition of
raw materials, to manufacturing, utilization, and disposal. Figure 1 shows the LCA framework following
the ISO 14044 starting with the goal and scope, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and
interpretation.
Fig. 1. (a) first picture; (b) second picture
3.1.1. Goal and Scope Definition
The goal of the study is to determine the environmental impact of the production of pyrolytic oil from
Jatropha. The system boundary is from cradle-to-bioenergy product and a functional unit of ___. The
system boundary is presented in Figure #.
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3.1.2. Life Cycle Inventory
3.1.2.1. Cultivation and Harvesting
In the Philippines, Jatropha plantations are typically rainfed, though supplemental irrigation during critical
stages, such as seedling establishment and flowering can boost yields, especially in areas with long dry
spells. Drip irrigation, if available, is preferred as it efficiently delivers moisture to the roots while
conserving water. For the weed removal, it is usually done every three to four months. common fertilizers
applied include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Harvesting begins one to two years after planting,
with the fruit requiring several weeks to ripen. The fruit is hand-harvested once it turns yellow, signalling
that the seeds are ready for extraction. On average, each Jatropha plant can produce between one and five
kilograms of seeds annually.
Table 1. Cultivation and harvesting
Materials
Unit
Amount
References
kg
1
NPK Fertilizer
kg
3.4022 x 10-3
Biever et al., 2016
Glyphosate
kg
1.2138 x 10-4
Biever et al., 2016
Diesel, field preparation
kg
9.14 x 10-3
Biever et al., 2016
Output
Jatropha Seed
Input
3.1.2.2. Transportation
3.1.2.3. Oil Extraction
After harvesting, Jatropha seeds undergoes oil extraction process. It starts with dehulling the seed, followed
by a pressing procedure to extract the oil (Ramirez et al., 2019). It produces two products, namely the biooil and the Jatropha seed cake. The oil to seedcake yield is 32:78, as reported by Biever et al., 2016; Renny
et al., 2016, leading to a total of 320 kg Jatropha oil and 680 kg Jatropha seed cake.
Table 2. Oil extraction
Materials
Unit
Amount
kg
320
kg
1,000
References
Output
Jatropha Oil
Input
Jatropha Seed
Biever et al., 2016
Water
kg
12,000
Kumar et al., 2012;
Whitaker & Gavin,
2009
Electricity
kWh
55
Biever et al., 2016
kg
680
Renny et al., 2016
Output Waste
Jatropha Seed Cake
3.1.2.4. Pyrolysis
The Jatropha seed cake, a leftover from the oil pressing, undergoes a pyrolysis process to produced biochar
and pyrolytic oil. The pyrolysis plant is adopted from Ramirez et al., 2019, with a processing capacity of
30 kg/h. It converts the Jatropha seed cake to 70% pyrolytic oil and 30% biochar. The pyrolysis reactor,
uses electrical resistance heater, has a total power of 900 W (Ramirez et al., 2019). It is first preheated,
without biomass loading, at approximately 1 hour to reach 450 deg. C. In this study, for 680 kg Jatropha
seed cake, a total of 23 batches is assumed to take place, consuming 20.7 kWh of electricity.
Table 3. Pyrolysis
Materials
Unit
Amount
References
kg
476
Ramirez et al., 2019
Seed Cake
kg
680
Renny et al., 2016
Electricity
kWh
21.6
Output
Pyrolytic Oil
Input
3.1.2. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
3.1.4. Interpretation of the Result
3.
Results and Discussion
4.
Copyright
Authors keep full copyright over papers published in Energy Procedia
Acknowledgements
These and the Reference headings are in bold but have no numbers. Text below continues as normal.
References
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Biography
Engr. Sandra A. Hollman is a Professional Mechanical Engineer who graduated BSME
at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Taguig. She finished her MSME major
in Energy Engineering at the Technological University of the Philippines-Manila. She
is currently taking up PhD in Mechanical Engineering at De La Salle University-Manila.
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