Question Bank- Term Test 3 (Fluid & Electrolytes only)
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)- 1
1. Which hormone primarily regulates sodium balance in the body?
o
A) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
o
B) Aldosterone
o
C) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
o
D) Insulin
2. The primary extracellular cation responsible for maintaining fluid balance is:
o
A) Potassium (K⁺)
o
B) Sodium (Na⁺)
o
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
o
D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
3. Which buffer system is the most important in maintaining blood pH?
o
A) Phosphate buffer system
o
B) Protein buffer system
o
C) Bicarbonate buffer system
o
D) Hemoglobin buffer system
4. A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is likely to
develop:
o
A) Respiratory alkalosis
o
B) Respiratory acidosis
o
C) Metabolic alkalosis
o
D) Metabolic acidosis
5. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a blood pH greater than 7.45?
o
A) Acidosis
o
B) Alkalosis
o
C) Neutral pH
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D) Hyperkalemia
6. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to:
o
A) High blood pressure
o
B) Low blood pressure
o
C) Hypernatremia
o
D) Hyperkalemia
7. Which of the following is a manifestation of hypokalemia?
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A) Muscle weakness
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B) Hyperreflexia
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C) Hypertension
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D) Bradycardia
8. Metabolic acidosis can result from:
o
A) Prolonged vomiting
o
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
o
C) Hyperventilation
o
D) Excessive bicarbonate intake
9. The primary organ responsible for regulating bicarbonate (HCO₃ ⁻) levels in the body is:
o
A) Liver
o
B) Lungs
o
C) Kidneys
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D) Spleen
10. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with dehydration?
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A) Hyponatremia
o
B) Hypernatremia
o
C) Hypokalemia
o
D) Hyperkalemia
True or False Questions
11. The thirst mechanism is primarily regulated by osmoreceptors located in the
hypothalamus.
12. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases urine output to decrease blood volume.
13. Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory alkalosis.
14. Buffers prevent significant changes in pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.
15. The normal pH range of arterial blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
16. Hyperkalemia refers to low potassium levels in the blood.
17. The bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer system in the intracellular fluid.
18. Renal regulation of pH is a faster process compared to respiratory regulation.
19. A decrease in blood CO₂ levels typically results in a decrease in blood pH.
20. Metabolic alkalosis can result from prolonged gastric suctioning or vomiting.
Multiple-Choice Questions:
1. B) Aldosterone
2. B) Sodium (Na⁺)
3. C) Bicarbonate buffer system
4. B) Respiratory acidosis
5. B) Alkalosis
6. B) Low blood pressure
7. A) Muscle weakness
8. B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
9. C) Kidneys
10. B) Hypernatremia
True or False Questions:
11. True
12. False
13. True
14. True
15. True
16. False
17. False
18. False
19. False
20. True
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)- 2
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?
o
A) Aldosterone
o
B) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
o
C) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
o
D) Renin
2. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to:
o
A) High blood pressure
o
B) Low blood pressure
o
C) High blood calcium levels
o
D) Low blood glucose levels
3. Which of the following best describes a buffer?
o
A) A substance that speeds up chemical reactions
o
B) A substance that resists changes in pH by accepting or donating H⁺ ions
o
C) A molecule that stores genetic information
o
D) A compound that provides energy to cells
4. Respiratory acidosis is characterized by:
o
A) Decreased CO₂ levels and increased blood pH
o
B) Increased CO₂ levels and decreased blood pH
o
C) Increased bicarbonate levels and increased blood pH
o
D) Decreased bicarbonate levels and decreased blood pH
5. Which of the following is a primary extracellular cation?
o
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
o
B) Potassium (K⁺)
o
C) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
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D) Phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻)
6. Metabolic alkalosis can result from:
o
A) Diarrhea
o
B) Vomiting
o
C) Hypoventilation
o
D) Ketoacidosis
7. The main intracellular fluid (ICF) cation is:
o
A) Sodium (Na⁺)
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B) Potassium (K⁺)
o
C) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
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D) Chloride (Cl⁻)
8. Which mechanism is the fastest in regulating pH changes in the body?
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A) Renal regulation
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B) Respiratory regulation
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C) Buffer systems
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D) Hormonal regulation
9. Hyperkalemia refers to:
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A) Low sodium levels in the blood
o
B) High potassium levels in the blood
o
C) Low calcium levels in the blood
o
D) High magnesium levels in the blood
10. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a blood pH below 7.35?
o
A) Alkalosis
o
B) Acidosis
o
C) Homeostasis
o
D) Neutral pH
✅ True or False Questions
11. The bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer system in the extracellular fluid.
12. Hyperventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis.
13. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys.
14. The normal pH range of arterial blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
15. Buffers work by neutralizing excess acids or bases to maintain pH balance.
16. Hypokalemia refers to high potassium levels in the blood.
17. The respiratory system can compensate for metabolic acidosis by increasing ventilation.
18. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) decreases urine output to help retain water in the body.
19. Metabolic acidosis can result from excessive bicarbonate loss, such as in diarrhea.
20. The phosphate buffer system is the main buffer system in the intracellular fluid.
Multiple-Choice Questions:
1. B) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. B) Low blood pressure
3. B) A substance that resists changes in pH by accepting or donating H⁺ ions
4. B) Increased CO₂ levels and decreased blood pH
5. A) Sodium (Na⁺)
6. B) Vomiting
7. B) Potassium (K⁺)
8. C) Buffer systems
9. B) High potassium levels in the blood
10. B) Acidosis
True or False Questions:
11. True
12. False (Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis.)
13. True
14. True
15. True
16. False (Hypokalemia refers to low potassium levels in the blood.)
17. True
18. True
19. True
20. True
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)- 3
1. Which of the following hormones regulates water retention by promoting reabsorption in the
kidneys?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
C) Renin
D) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
➡ Answer: B) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. What triggers the thirst mechanism?
A) Increased blood volume
B) Activation of baroreceptors in the heart
C) Osmoreceptors detecting high plasma osmolarity
D) Low aldosterone levels
➡ Answer: C) Osmoreceptors detecting high plasma osmolarity
3. Which of the following is NOT a major function of electrolytes?
A) Maintaining acid-base balance
B) Transmitting nerve impulses
C) Producing red blood cells
D) Regulating fluid balance
➡ Answer: C) Producing red blood cells
4. Which cation plays the most significant role in fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission?
A) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
B) Sodium (Na⁺)
C) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
D) Hydrogen (H⁺)
➡ Answer: B) Sodium (Na⁺)
5. What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
A) Lower blood pressure
B) Increase sodium and water retention to raise blood pressure
C) Decrease potassium levels to regulate pH
D) Activate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
➡ Answer: B) Increase sodium and water retention to raise blood pressure
6. What happens during respiratory acidosis?
A) CO₂ levels decrease, and pH rises
B) CO₂ levels increase, and pH decreases
C) Excess bicarbonate (HCO₃ ⁻) is excreted
D) Hyperventilation removes CO₂ too quickly
➡ Answer: B) CO₂ levels increase, and pH decreases
7. Which of the following is a primary buffer system in the blood?
A) Phosphate buffer system
B) Bicarbonate buffer system
C) Protein buffer system
D) Renal buffer system
➡ Answer: B) Bicarbonate buffer system
8. A patient with prolonged vomiting is at risk for which condition?
A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Respiratory acidosis
➡ Answer: C) Metabolic alkalosis
9. Which of the following would likely cause metabolic acidosis?
A) Excess bicarbonate intake
B) Uncontrolled diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis)
C) Hyperventilation
D) Excess sodium retention
➡ Answer: B) Uncontrolled diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis)
10. Which organ is responsible for long-term acid-base regulation?
A) Lungs
B) Liver
C) Kidneys
D) Spleen
➡ Answer: C) Kidneys
11. Which of the following is TRUE about strong acids?
A) They completely dissociate in water
B) They donate electrons
C) They have a high pH
D) They neutralize weak acids
➡ Answer: A) They completely dissociate in water
12. A pH < 7.35 in the blood indicates:
A) Alkalosis
B) Normal pH balance
C) Acidosis
D) Dehydration
➡ Answer: C) Acidosis
13. Which of the following cations is most responsible for maintaining acid-base balance?
A) Na⁺ (Sodium)
B) K⁺ (Potassium)
C) H⁺ (Hydrogen)
D) Ca²⁺ (Calcium)
➡ Answer: C) H⁺ (Hydrogen)
14. Which system provides the FASTEST response to acid-base imbalances?
A) Renal system
B) Digestive system
C) Respiratory system
D) Endocrine system
➡ Answer: C) Respiratory system
True or False Questions (T/F)
15. The bicarbonate (HCO₃ ⁻) buffer system is the primary buffer system in the extracellular
fluid.
➡ Answer: True
16. Increased CO₂ retention leads to respiratory alkalosis.
➡ Answer: False (It leads to respiratory acidosis).
17. The kidneys help regulate pH by excreting hydrogen ions (H⁺) and reabsorbing bicarbonate
(HCO₃ ⁻).
➡ Answer: True
18. The normal pH range of blood is between 7.15 – 7.45.
➡ Answer: False (The correct range is 7.35 – 7.45).
19. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) decreases urine output and helps retain water in the body.
➡ Answer: True
20. Sodium (Na⁺) is the main intracellular electrolyte responsible for maintaining water balance.
➡ Answer: False (Potassium (K⁺) is the main intracellular electrolyte, while Sodium (Na⁺) is the
main extracellular electrolyte).
21. Hypoventilation leads to respiratory acidosis.
➡ Answer: True
22. The primary function of aldosterone is to regulate sodium and water retention.
➡ Answer: True
23. A solution with a pH of 10 is considered acidic.
➡ Answer: False (pH 10 is basic/alkaline).
24. If hydrogen ions (H⁺) increase in a solution, the pH decreases.
➡ Answer: True
25. An increase in bicarbonate (HCO₃ ⁻) concentration in the blood can lead to metabolic
alkalosis.
➡ Answer: True