今日内容:
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Final Review Part 1
an
PSYA01
Introduction to Biological and Cognitive
Psychology
1
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
1. Language
2. Language Development
3. Language & the Brain
4. Problem-Solving
5. Heuristics
6. Decision-Making
7. Creativity
8. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
im
9. Sensory Memory
10. Short-Term Memory
11. Long-Term Memory
12. False Memory
13. Memory & the Brain
14. 30 Past Exam Questions
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UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
LANGUAGE 语⾔
See
• 定义：定义：The grouping of spoken, wri/en or gestured symbols used to convey informa?on.
e
-
• 动物可以模仿，甚⾄听懂语⾔，但是他们没有能⼒⽣产/创造语⾔ — “recep4ve language”
1
Language
-
• 在房间的某个⻆落⾥藏⼀个物体：
• rats: 得知了物体的具体⻆落，同时在另外⼀个⻆落⾥会给⽼⿏⼀
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个嗅觉提示
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【实验：rat’s and humans’ ability to re-locate hidden rewards using environmental cues】
• 18-month-old baby: 得知了物体的具体⻆落，同时在其中⼀⾯墙上
会有视觉提示
• 让⽼⿏和18个⽉⼤的⼩孩重新进⼊房间（蒙上眼睛，进⼊后转圈）
• 结果：提示（cues）并没有帮助⽼⿏和⼩孩加快找到物品的速度!
mage
• 原因是：______________ 没有被建⽴
.
C
• 在另⼀个实验中，当9-10个⽉⼤的⼩孩通过语⾔被告知物品与
.
提示之间的联系后，⼩孩可以很快的建⽴联
系并完成⽬标！
-
symbol .
• 说明了 language = ____________!
ApEnIt
>
STATES
Eit Tonal Language vs. Intona4on Language
.
Mandarin
• ___________
vs. ____________ （声调 vs 语调）
But
English
AIt
• 前者 is beLer at differen?a?ng pitches
StThIE]
-
↳
Language Development: (Timeline)
• 0-3m: cooing and gurgling sounds
IDEDEDED
• 4-6m: crying, responding
to his name; making early vowel and consonant sounds; mimicking sounds
• 7-18m: copinge
gestures, responding tosimple commands, understanding “No”, using one-word
E
phrases, less sensi?ve to non-na?ve vowel and consonant sounds.
On
• 2-3y: matchingi
objects
to names, 2-4 word sentences, following mul?-step instruc?ons
m
• 4-5y: using simple grammar rules, memoriza?on and recita?on, full sentence to tell stories
-
• 10+y: easily speak language, with ~100,000 words
-
-
2
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
chousian
more
a
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PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 语⾔发展的相关理论
equence/environment
an
&
-
1
T ER]
&
Nurture view: (Skinner)
• Skinner applied theOperant Condi4oning on Language (behaviorist view)
• language is reinforced/punished depends on ___________________
• Tone, pitches, paren?ng style… all have effects on children’s language development!
]·
Nature view: (Chomsky)
[ **
• na4vism: language is built into our brains (_________)
innate
-
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• 提出“Language Acquisi4on Device”(LAD) 语⾔获得装置，⼈类的认知结构中，存有⼀种与⽣俱来
的语⾔习得装置，使⼈们不需经过刻意教导，就能轻易获得语⾔【⾄今没有找到这⼀部位】
TBR]
• Cri4cal period:
~
• a ?me period where it is necessary for children to receive environmental s?mula?on to
promote healthy development! (star?ng 7-12 month, un?l around age 5)
·
-
-
• 例：天⽣⽿聋的⼩孩，2岁之前进⾏⽿蜗移植要⽐2岁之后，听⼒发展更为正常！
Emergen4st Perspec4ve: combina?on of nurture and nature view.
LANGUAGE & THE BRAIN
Broca’s Area: LET ENT)
Et > [Broca
.language. ITE SB T FE)
• inability to ___________
-
produce
.
例：Congresswoman Gabby
left
Aphasia]cortex]Broca R
>
-
u
• damage in her ______ hemisphere
• results in language and motor difficul?es!
.
Wernicke’s Area: + > [Wernicke
.
• inability to ___________
language.
[motor
.
-
comprehend
I r TYAY E
Aphasia] Wernicke
QUEFE
.
LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY (AKA SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS)
定义：language we encounter and use determines how we understand the world.
• 例：English vs. Mandarin
e a
• English: ____________ & _____________
• Mandarin: _______ & _______
dark blue light
• 例：English vs. Inuit
• “apu?” = “snow on the ground”
• “qanik” = “snow falling”
• “anui” = “snow used to make water”
unsupported
• 结论： linguis?c rela?vity hypothesis seems ___________
3
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UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
PROBLEM-SOLVING
【例：Wisconsin Card Sor4ng Task】
1
• 如果让你把“?”归类到4张图中的其中⼀个，你会选哪个？
• 按图形？按颜⾊？按数量？（试错）
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• 当你成功的把第⼀张卡⽚根据某种特质归类后，再
归类第⼆张，第三张。。。就会很轻松
• 直到第某⼀张，系统会显示错误，换句话来说，再
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按照之前的特质归类已经不对了，所以你现在要重
新“试错”，再往下进⾏下去
• 如果让你什么都不⼲，只做这个，⾮常 easy
• 但是如果让参与者同时 comple4ng a verbal shadowing task，并归类时，明显会变的更困难！！
o
• 总结：language can directly interfere our problem-solving abili4es!
-
Mental Set: 思维定势
=
• 当我们⾯对⼀个全新的问题的时候会习惯性地⽤已知的解题思路，把思维
固定住
#
• 例：“The Nine-Dot Problem”: ⽤4条线，⼀笔画连接所有9个点。
• 有⼀种⽐较特殊的思维定势：Func4onal Fixedness 功能固着
• 定义：⼈们第⼀眼只能看到某个物体最明显的功能，⽽忽略其其他功能
S
• 例：“Two-cord Problem”: 双⼿同时抓到2条线，前提是线不能与天花板
分离，提供⼀把剪⼑
Strategies: 策略
例. “Suppose you are trying to figure out where you have le6 your phone. You’ve tried the trick of calling
yourself using a landline phone, but you couldn’t hear it ringing. So, it’s not in your house”
How to approach?
[Algorithm]
E
[Heuristic]
(1) A logical approach: _______________
• objec?ve, logical, rela?vely slower
• based on a series
of rules
E
• “列⼀张过去24⼩时去过的地⽅”
(2) An intui4ve approach: _________________
• subjec?ve, intui?ve, rela?vely quicker
• based on
prior experiences and make an
.
educated guess — ________, but less accurate
_______
• “从最后⼀个地点往前找”…
• “之前经常喜欢把⼿机丢在哪”
efficient
4
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
.
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
HEURISTIC 启发性思维
1
Conjunc4on Fallacies: 合取谬误
定义：认为多重条件“甲且⼄”⽐单⼀条件“甲”更可能发⽣的认知偏误
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例：“Linda31岁，单身，性格明亮且外向，主修哲学。
学⽣时代，她对歧视和其他社会问题⼗分关注，并且参
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加过反核武器示威游⾏。你觉得以下哪⼀种表述的可能
更⼤？”
A. Linda是⼀个银⾏出纳员
B. Linda即是⼀个银⾏出纳员⼜在⼀直参加⼥权运动
Represervativeness
heuristic
wishes For ti i
这是⼀种典型的 __________________________________.
Representa4veness heuris4c: 代表性启发式思维
2
定义：当⾯对不确定事件，我们往往根据其与过去经验的相似程度来进⾏判断或预测。
-
例：“you see 2 men, one looks handsome and kind; another looks evil and bad. You were told one of
them is a criminal, which one would you choose?”
looks like
• He ______________ a criminal, DOES NOT mean he ____________
a criminal!
is
Availability Heuris4c: 可得性启发式思维
mud
定义：当⾯对不确定事件，我们往往根据某信息容易在⼼⾥想起来的程度来进⾏判断
例1：“Which was more frequent in the English language?”
A. Words that begin with the leKer K
B. Words that have K as the third leKer
例3：“Which is riskier?”
A. take a plane
B. take a bus
Framing Effects: 框架效应
定义：指⼈们对⼀个客观上相同问题的不同描述导致了不同的决策判断。
---
例：“Would you accept a bet with a 10% chance of winning $95 but a 90% chance of losing $5?”
“Or would you buy a $5 loKery Tcket that had a 10% chance of winning $100?”
5
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
DECISION MAKING
【实验：Colonoscopy】“你想去再做⼀次肠镜么？”
1
• 患者A：6分钟肠镜，疼痛不⼀
• 谁愿意做第⼆遍？
B
• 为什么？“Peak-end Rule”
an
• 患者B：20分钟肠镜，疼痛不⼀
.
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• 疼痛的记忆 is predicted by _____
-
System I thinking:
• relies on emo?onal systems (____________) and stores experiences to guide thinking.
intuition
• 例：Confirma4on Bias
M
• 为了证实⾃⼰的想法，我们甚⾄会去搜索有利的细节/依据，⽽忽略其余⽭盾的信息。
• ⼀点都不理性！
&
• 当我们在试图去说服他⼈时，最好的⽅法并不是讲道理，⽽是试图去激起某种负⾯情感！
• 例：如果避免让⼈开⻋玩⼿机？
rational
System II thinking:
• relies on logical, _____________ thinking.
abstract
• 例：现在有⼀条规则 — “如果⼀张卡⽚其中⼀⾯是原⾳，它的背⾯⼀定是偶数”，你会翻动哪张
O
concrete
• 我们⼈类是⽐较擅⻓理性思考“ ___________
”的信息，但是却不擅⻓“___________”的信息
卡⽚来证明这个规则是对的？
• A?
• D?
• 4?
• 7?
M
• 例：现在有⼀条规则 — “如果⼀个⼈在喝酒，他⼀定要年满21岁”，你会翻动哪张卡⽚来证明这
个规则是对的？
• Beer?
• Coke?
• 19?
• 22?
6
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
CREATIVITY 创新能⼒
Stage 1: Prepara4on 准备阶段—问题的提出
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• gathering knowledge and proficiency with a topic.
• this is where you do your research.
Stage 2: Incuba4on 酝酿阶段—问题的求解/试错
• you take a step back from the problem
• allow your mind to open to all kinds of crazy ideas,
unconsciously!
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sleeping .
• 例：_____________________
Stage 3: Illumina4on 豁朗阶段—问题的突破
• this is where you have an “aha!” moment of insight!
A
练习题1：Which of the following statements highlights an emergenKst’s view of language
development?
A) Language development is aRributed to the being rewarded for saying correct b=phrases in our naKve
language.
B) Language development is aRributed to a geneKc predisposiKon that humans have for language and
that other species do not possess
C) Language development is aRributed to a biological capacity for language, paired with exposure and
social pressures.
D) Language development is aRributed to early experiences and the naKve sounds we are exposed to as
babies and children.
练习题2：Ajer suffering from a stroke, Marie can process sounds and understand spoken language, but
she struggles to produce sentences in her normal, rhythmic paLern. Which hemisphere was most likely
damaged?
A) the lej side
B) the right side
C) both hemisphere
D) the lej temporal lobe
练习题3：You read an ar?cle about people from a different company losing their jobs and begin to fear
that your own job may be at jeopardy. This demonstrates an example of ____________.
A) representa?veness heuris?cs
B) availability heuris?cs
C) func?onal fixedness
D) framing effect
7
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
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her young life with limited exposure to language or motor movement. A group of psychologists
intensively worked with Genie to teach her language and communica?on skills; however, it was ruled
that Genie would never progress to a level typical for her age. If her limita?ons were caused by the lack
of exposure during early development, her inability to learn from exposure later in life reflects her
missing a _____________ in development.
A) learning stage
B) cri?cal period
C) generaliza?on period
D) acquisi?on stage
1
练习题4：Genie Wiley, a par?cipant of a notorious case study, was an adolescent girl, isolated most of
练习题5：Read and think about the following quesKon: In a study conducted by a group of graduate
students, subjects were provided short descripKons of unknown individuals and asked to idenKfy
whether the individuals were more likely to be (a) a teacher, or (b) a teacher AND advocate of climate
change. 80% of the subjects selected (b), despite the fact that there is a higher percentage of teachers in
the world than teachers who are also advocates of climate change. What type of judgement error did
these subjects make?
A) mental set
B) funcKonal fixedness
C) availability heurisKc
D) conjuncKon fallacy
练习题6：Dr. Joordens showed a video where young people confessed to tex?ng and driving and a
clever strategy was used to convince them to change their behaviors. What was the strategy?
A) Providing the texters with sta?s?cs on the percentage of fatal car accidents caused by tex?ng and
driving
B) Applying ac?ve listening strategies in order to hear out the texters’ reason for tex?ng and driving.
C) Showing the texters photographs of damaged cars from accidents caused by tex?ng and driving
D) Appealing to the texters’ emo?ons since they already knew about the risks of tex?ng and driving
练习题7：Sarah went camping with her friends for the first ?me and remembers it as the worst experience of her life. She enjoyed spending with her friends, hiking, and swimming in the lake, however, a
bear ate her food, she got several bug bites, and she got sprayed by a skunk. Sarah has vowed never to
go camping again. Which of the following is FALSE about Sarah?
A) If Sarah had spent one more day camping and had an amazing experience on that day, she might be
open to camping again in the future.
B) Sarah is remembering the points in her trip with the highest intensity as well as her nega?ve feelings
when the trip ended.
C) Sarah is using this camping trip as a heuris?c to guide future decisions on camping trips
D) Sarah is thinking cri?cally about all aspects of her trip in order to make this decision.
8
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
an
A) It is the period where children require environmental s?mula?on to promote healthy development
B) It is the period where the Language Acquisi?on Device (LAD) is first developed in the brain
C) It occurs between the ages of 0-7 months of age in infants
D) The term was coined by B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky
1
练习题8：Which of the following is TRUE retarding the “cri?cal period” of language development?
练习题9：Lisa considers herself to be a logical thinker and takes ?me to consider all the informa?on
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when making decisions. Based on this informa?on alone, what might conclude about Lisa?
A) Lisa makes lots of confirma?on biases
B) Lisa relies heavily on system 1 thinking
C) Lisa uses heuris?cs to solve problems
D) Lisa relies heavily on system 2 thinking
练习题10：Dogs are one type of animal that understand some human language (e.g., words like sit,
stay, walk, treat). What type of language abili?es do dogs have?
A) Descrip?ve language
B) Percep?ve language
C) Prospec?ve language
D) Recep?ve language
练习题11：During which stage in the crea?ve process is it most helpful to sleep?
A) Incuba?on
B) Prepara?on
C) Illumina?on
D) Evalua?on
练习题12：Timone and Pumbaa are trying to convince Simba to hang out and leave his du?es as King of
the Jungle for the day. Timone tells Simba that he misses spending ?me with hi and that one day away
from work won’t hurt. Pumbaa informs Simba with that work-related stress leads to long-term health
risks in lions that taking vaca?on ?me lowers those health risks. Timone’s arguments are based on _____
while Pumbaa’s are based on ______.
A) Morphemes, phonemes
B) Thoughts, sta?s?cs
C) Heuris?cs, algorithms
D) Emo?on, ra?onality
练习题13：Joe considers himself to be a very intui?ve person because he makes quick decisions based
on experience and emo?on. Based on this informa?on alone, what might you conclude about Joe?
A) Joe relies heavily on system 2 thinking
B) Joe makes lots of confirma?on biases
C) Joe relies heavily on system 1 thinking
D) Joe uses heuris?cs to solve problems
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UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
练习题15：What is Skinner’s stance on language development?
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A) Na?vist. Language abili?es are built into the brain gene?cally.
B) Na?vist. The brain is primed to learn language throughout life.
C) Behaviorist. Language is trained in the same way as operant condi?oning.
D) Behaviorist. Success of language development is always explicitly trained.
an
simple words like “dada” and “juice”. How old would you expect Alice to be based on this language
acquisi?on milestone?
A) >8 months but <24 months
B) <8 months
C) >24 months but <36 months
D) >36 months
1
练习题14：Alice is a healthy baby who is acquiring language at an average speed. She ojen uLers
练习题16：Four people went to get taLoos and in the process realized that they were very sensi?ve to
pain. All else being equal, the person who experienced in tense pain ___________ of the process is the
LEAST likely to visit the taLooist again in the near future.
A) at the beginning
B) constantly during the middle
C) at the end
D) constantly at at the beginning and the middle
练习题17：John is a na?ve speaker of a final language while Jack is a na?ve speaker of a non-tonal
language. When learning a new instrument, we find that John is good at hixng the right notes
consistently while Jack has more trouble with pitch. How did John’s na?ve language give him an
advantage?
A) Pitches in language tones are the same as pitches in music
B) Tonal language percep?on trains skills in pitch differen?a?on
C) Tonal languages have more precise sounds
D) Tonal languages promote faster learning
练习题18：Alex is 2 years old. What would an example of a typical uLerance be like?
A) “Ball”
B) “The dog took my ball.”
C) “Doogaa”
D) “Dog take ball”
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UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MODEL
34
stores
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"
1
[multi-storage Model]
-
*
control
processes
SENSORY MEMORY 感觉记忆/瞬时记忆
perceptual
-i
定义：a memory store that accurately holds __________________ info for a very brief amount of ?me.
• 例：Iconic memory (1-1.5s), echoic memory (5s)
【实验：George Sperling’s study on Sensory Memory】 IICONic]
Eith
iconIt is
&GER th
↑
T
faster
结论：Sensory memories disappear _______________ than an individual can report them!
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UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
SHORT-TERM MEMORY（STM）短时记忆
1
例：“The Working Memory Model” ⼯作记忆模型
想象这样⼀个情景：周⼀早上，你在开⻋上学的路上，交通⾮常复杂，你在听着⼴播。突
Pro ⼀台，电话号码是1492869036”！你很想要，你打算怎么做？
(1) Phonological loop （语⾳环路）
-
定义：a storage that stores info as _________
sounds .
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然，⼴播⾥传出这样⼀条信息：“提前拨打电话的前⼗位听众会免费获得最新款 Macbook
• 通过 __________
reversel 来延⻓
B
(2) Visuospa4al sketchpad: （视觉空间模版）
image
定义：a storage that stores info as _________.
(3) Episodic buffer: （情景缓冲器）
Ste1]
.
定义： a storage that combines the images and sounds into coherent, story-like episodes.
117
(4) The Central Execu4ve （中央执⾏系统）
定义：the control center of working memory, it is NOT a store!
·
- REA unlimited
LONG-TERM MEMORY（LTM）⻓时记忆
As > limited
我们有很多种类的 LTM：
-
• Declara4ve Memory: (explicit) *
L
• __________ memory: (1st person story)
-
Episodic
.
Semanti memory (facts)
• __________
• Non-declara4ve Memory (implicit) Al
• ____________ memory (“muscle”)
procedural
• Classical condi4oning (复习)
12
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
.
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PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
ENCODING & RETRIEVAL 记忆的储存与提取
• Level of Processing (LOP) 加⼯⽔平
45G
Shallow processing — focusing on sound & spelling of a word)
• Maintenance rehearsal (__________
1
影响 Encoding 的因素：
Deep
an
-
27t
• Elabora4ve rehearsal ( _________ processing — focusing on meaning & func4oning of a word)
-
• 例：“Computer, pencil, tea, notebook, keyboard, textbook, barista”
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• Imagery — 想象⼀种画⾯/声⾳/味道，例：咖啡店
• Organiza4on — 通过意思把单词分组，例：“computer
+ keyboard”
O
&
• Dis4nc4veness — 特别区分某个单词时，会把这个单词与其他易搞混的进⾏分离
• Self-reference — 与⾃⼰联系起来
=
• Mnemonics 记忆术
Acronyms
• Method of Loci 位点⽅法 — 把需要记忆的单词与⽇常的 route 联系起来
• Acronyms ⾸字⺟缩略词
*
• 例：“Scuba” = “Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus”
• First-Le/er Technique ⾸字⺟造句法
A
• 例：分类学中英⽂的排列：“界⻔纲⽬科属种”
• Tes4ng Effect & Spacing Effect 测验效应 & 间隔效应
• Learning is#
most effec?ve when ____________ and study over a ___________
. ?meframe
self-test
影响 Retrieval 的因素：
per
B
1 -%
• Cue 提示
• 例：如果储存记忆时，我把“River”和“Bank”捆绑记忆；那在我试图提取“Bank”这个单词的
&
时候，与“River”有关的提示会是个好提示，⽽与“Money”有关的并不会是⼀个好的提示！
• Encoding Specificity Principle
• 当提取记忆时，所处在的“环境”，“情绪”，“状态”与储存
mmm
时越⼀致，提取效果越好！
• 例：Land vs. Underwater; Sober vs. Drunk
• Transfer-Appropriate Processing 迁移恰当加⼯理论
-
• 当提取记忆时，加⼯信息的⽅式与储存时越⼀致，提取
效果越好！
13
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
wili]
-
FALSE MEMORY 错误记忆 — “七宗罪”
- TESIJ]
• Interference ⼲扰
> 117]
TEH
• Retroac4ve vs. Proac4ve
1
Errors of Omission:
.
TM
-
.
an
• 例：serial posi?on effect
• Blocking 阻碍
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n Un
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•M
Not enough cues
-
-
• 例：4p-of-the-tongue
state
-
"EiteRik"
• Absent-mindedness ⼼不在焉
-
• No memory b/c no encoding to begin with
• 例：forget where I lost my phone..
⑰
-
BEST
Errors ofCommission: ThE
• Misa/ribu4on
• the source of info. is incorrectly recalled
Flashbulb
• 例：______________ memory 令⼈震撼、切身经历的特殊事件
• 当事⼈⾃认为记得事件的点点滴滴，但是往往这种记忆更容易出错
• Sugges4bility
• memory is altered by outside sources
Misinformati
• 例：________________ effect 误导信息效应
“How fast were the cars going when they “___________”
into each other?”
⽬击证⼈的回答被警察提问所使⽤的动词错误引导了
• Bias
TB **] Istereotype I
• memory is altered by prior knowledge & beliefs ( ______________ )
.
stereotype
• 例：“a mother feeding a baby” vs “a mother digging”
e
• Persistance 28 VSTTR I DE EBE
• Inability to forget undesirable memories
-
-
-
• 例：PTSD 患者
14
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
ThymesicElite
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY !"#$%&'(
1
Hyperthymesia — a rare medical condi?on leads to perfect autobiographical recall!
F.FE LETm)
TRilZfE] Amnesia — Memory loss due to damage in brain.
.
Encoding"
定义：the process of conver?ng STM into LTM in the brain.
.
逆⾏性遗忘
顺⾏性遗忘
an
=>
• Consolida4on:
pocampus-
-
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n Un
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Study on
H.M pa4ent: removal of ____________________
• pa?ent had amnesia—loss of at least one form of memory
• He was s?ll able to recall aspects of his childhood
• He was able to recall
O the name of the nurse who had J E
treated him before the surgery, but not the ones ajer.
-
-a
& h2.
Antergradeconsolidating/encoding
• Specifically, he had ___________________ amnesia
retrieval
结论：The removal of hippocampus disrupts ______________________, but NOT _________________.
-
-
-
-
-
#
练习题19：Pa?ent H.M had his medial temporal lobes removed during a surgical procedure. As a result,
he experienced anterograde amnesia. Which memory process was disrupted in this example?
A) He could not retrieve his declara?ve short term memory
B) He could not retrieve his declara?ve long term memory
C) He could not transfer sensory informa?on into short term memory
D) He could not transfer informa?on from short term memory to long term memory
i
#
15
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
练习题20：In January of 2021, Robert found himself ojen wri?ng the year down incorrectly as 2020.
an
1
What memory phenomena is responsible for that mistake?
A) transience
B) proac?ve interference
C) retroac?ve interference
D) blocking
练习题21：Forgexng the name of the street you’re supposed to turn on because you never read the
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direc?on is an example of ________
A) blocking
B) misaLribu?on
C) absent-mindedness
D) bias
练习题22：Given these two pairs of words - pencil/lead and pitcher/bat, what set of cues would likely
help you best recall the second of each pair?
A) graphite/baseball
B) graphite/echoloca?on
C) write/echoloca?on
D) write/baseball
练习题23：You are par?cipa?ng in a psychology experiment studying memory. The experimenter gives
you a list of 20 words to remember. You no?ce that the words fall into 4 different themes; jewelry, food,
farm animals, and colors. You decide that the best way to remember all the words is to use them in a
story where you picture yourself going to a farm wearing lots of jewelry to see colorful animals and
ea?ng interes?ng food. What method(s) of elabora?on did you use in this exercise?
A) Organiza?on and dis?nc?veness
B) Organiza?on and Imagery
C) Self-reference and Imagery
D) Self-reference and dis?nc?veness
练习题24：Felix gets home late in the dark. He turns the light on in his living room, but it almost
immediately burns out. What memory explains the brief representa?on he forms of his living room?
A) echoic memory
B) autobiographical memory
C) iconic memory
D) seman?c memory
16
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439
PSYA01 Final Review P1 | Fall 2021
an
processing mechanism would allow you to see the ocean and hear your friend’s voice?
A) Your longterm memory
B) Your sensory memory
C) Your central execu?ve
D) Your working memory
1
练习题25：If you were to close your eyes and picture yourself on a beach with friends, what memory
练习题26：Keisha is at the grocery store when her sister gives her a call and asks for a few items. Keisha
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is unable to write this informa?on down, so she repeats it to herself un?l all items have been picked up.
Which component of working memory is best represented by this example?
A) Phonological loop
B) Visuospa?al sketchpad
C) Episodic buffer
D) The central execu?ve
练习题27：As you are studying for your PSYA01 mTuner on memory, your roommate is trying to have a
conversa?on with you. You are so focused on your notes that you barely no?ce when he asks you a
ques?on and all you hear is “… what do you think?”. The sound of his voice stays in your ears for a couple
seconds ajer he asks. You studied this concept so you know it’s a phenomenon called _______.
A) auditory memory
B) echoic memory
C) working memory
D) iconic memory
练习题28：As discussed in lecture, George Sperling conducted an experiment in which par?cipants
were presented with 9 leLers for a brief moment. They were then asked to either recall as many leLers
as they could (full report condi?on), or recall the leLers in a specific row that corresponds with the tone
presented (par?al report condi?on). Which process was he tes?ng using this paradigm?
A) Short term memory
B) Depth Percep?on
C) Visual Acuity
D) Iconic Memory
练习题29：What two types of memory are both examples of declara?ve memory?
A) sensory and procedural
B) episodic and sensory
C) episodic and seman?c
D) procedural and seman?c
17
UTSC 导师：Xinhang Dong (Andy)
21101093439