ARCH7076
Advanced Structural Systems
L1 Introduction
Overview of course
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman
Course Description
Schedule Lecture
Tutorial
O ce hours:
Wednesday 10:30 - 12:20 (KB730)
Wednesday 14:00 - 18:00 (by appointment) (KB417)
Wednesday 13:00 - 14:00 (or by appointment)
Course Description
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This course continues the study of building technology focusing on structural systems and their
integration with other architectural systems such as the envelope and environmental controls. In
addition, there is special attention to the evolution, technology, and design of hi-rise buildings.
Case studies from contemporary practice and signi cant historic works will be used to illustrate
building system typologies that contribute to an understanding of the relationship between design
intention and constructed form. Course topics also include foundations, lateral force resisting
structures and sustainable design strategies.
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman
Learning Outcomes
• Understand and explain the behaviour of a broad range of structural systems used in
architectural design with emphasis on long span and tall structures.
• Understand the structure of hi-rise building design and the major developments that shaped its
evolution.
• Understand and explain how structure relates to other systems of building design.
• Undertake a qualitative analysis of an existing built work and explain the logic of the structural
design.
• Understand and explain the selection and behavior of various types of foundation structures.
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman
Tutorial
A tutorial period on Wednesdays (14:00 - 18:00) will be used for meeting with teams concerning
the CSA research project. This will be an informal work-in-progress session (a group and
individual crit). Teams will be scheduled for 2 meetings of approximately 30 minutes each during
the term. Attendance with your assigned group is required. Please come with work to discuss.
The tutorial period may also be used for a eld study/site visit.
Required Reading
Selections from the Recommended Reading list and other sources may be periodically assigned.
Recommended Reading
• Abalos, I. and Herreros, J. Tower and O ce: From Modernist Theory to Contemporary
Practice. MIT Press, 2003.
• Allen, E. and Iano, J. Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, Fifth Ed.,
Wiley, 2009 (Chap. 2 Foundations, pp. 29-83.
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• Schodek, D. L. and Bechthold, M. Structures, Seventh Ed., Prentice Hall, 2008.
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman
Reference
• Deplazes, Andrea. Editor. Constructing Architecture, Materials Processes Structures: A
Handbook Birkhauser, 2005.
• Ford, Edward. The Details of Modern Architecture Volumes 1 & 2, MIT Press, 1990 & 1998.
• Hunt, Anthony. Tony Hunt’s Sketchbook, Architectural Press, 1999.
• Hunt, Anthony. Tony Hunt’s Second Sketchbook, Architectural Press, 2003.
• Knack, U. et al. Facades. Principles of Construction. Chap. 6, pp. 85-101. Birkhauser, 2007.
• Macdonald, Angus. Structure & Architecture. Third Ed., Routledge, 2019.
• Watts, Andrew. Modern Construction Handbook. 2nd Ed. Andrew Watts, Springer, Wien, 2010.
• Whitehead, Rob. Structures by Design. Routledge, 2020.
ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman
Assessment
• Participation
10%
• Assignments
30%
• Case Study Analysis
60%
Students should refer to the Department Curriculum Guide for University, Faculty, Program
and Track level Standardsof Assessment, including grade descriptors and Marking rubrics.
All written work in this course will be submitted for plagiarism review via Turnitin, at:
http://turnitin.com
Clari cation of the University of Hong Kong’s policies on plagiarism, as well as detailed
descriptions of how to properly cite and source material in your written work and
examinations is available at:
http://www.hku.hk/plagiarism
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Plagiarism includes handing in the work of another as your own, and failure to appropriately
cite your sources. Plagiarism is an academic misdemeanor, and may be considered grounds
for failure from this course as well as further disciplinary action from the University.
SCHEDULE
ARCH 7076
T2 2024-2025
Week
Date
Lecture Topic
1
22.01
Masterclass Workshop
2
29.01
Holiday
Lecture
INSTRUCTOR: BRUCE LONNMAN
Tutorial Activity
3
L1
05.02
Overview / Introduction
4
L2
12.02
Structural Concepts I
CSA review IA
KB417
5
L3
19.02
Structural Concepts II
CSA review IB
KB417
6
L4
26.02
Structural Span
CSA review IC
KB417
7
05.03
Mid-term Reviews
CSA review ID
tba
6
12.03
READING WEEK
7
19.03
Mid-term Reviews
CSA review IE
tba
Assignments
Reference
Group Selection
Structural Concepts
Report Due
Field Study
On-site Structure
8
L5
26.03
Lateral Forces
CSA review IIA
KB417
Lateral Forces
Schodek: Ch.14
9
L6
02.04
Tall Building Structure:
Systems
CSA review IIB
KB417
10
L7
09.04
Tall Building Structure:
EvolutionHorizontal
Structure
CSA review IIC
KB417
Structural Development_
Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.2
11
L8
16.04
Structure and the
Mechanical Environment
CSA review IID
KB417
Mechanical Environment
Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.4
12
L9
23.04
Foundations
CSA review IIE
KB417
Foundations
Allen: Ch. 2
13
-
30.04
Tutorials (on request)
Tutorials (on request)
Evol. Glass Curtain Wall
Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.3
14
-
07.05
Final Reviews
06-09.05
Field Study Report
Due
CSA Report
Submission
due:
14.05
Grade Submission
* Guest Lecture/s may be substituted on these dates
Structural Development_
Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.2
Lecture 1
Some Structural Concepts and Issues
The Relationship of Structure to Architecture
• Is the structure visible or completely hidden? Or implied?
• Does structure determine the form or adjust to the form?
• What is the role of ornament in the design of structure?
The Igloo: structure is both support and envelope
The Yurt: structure and envelope are separate
Relationship of structure and enclosure
View of Statue. Height: 46m
Painting showing the “pre-assembly”
Photograph of pre-assembly
Model of the structure
of the structure in Paris
Statue of Liberty
Paris - New York City
1886
Gustav Eiffel and Frédéric Bartholdi
Interior view of metal “scaffolding” support of copper sheathing
Statue of Liberty
Paris - New York City
Detail of the connector to the copper sheets
1876
Gustav Eiffel and Frédéric Bartholdi
Aerial view
CNIT Exhibition Hall
Structural shell
Paris
1958
engr. Nicholas Esquillan
Interior view
CNIT Exhibition Hall
Construction photo of roof shell.
Paris
1958
Depth of structure: 1.80m Span: 218m
engr. Nicholas Esquillan
Four relationships between structure and architecture
1
Structure ≠ Form
(Structural condition is ignored)
Structural thinking is avoided in the form-making process and a structural scheme for support
must adapt to the form, usually at the expense of both efficiency and economy.
2
Structure = Form
(Structural condition is accepted)
The selection of a structural system and configuration of elements that is the most compatible with
architectural requirements is accepted and accommodated in architectural planning.
3
Structure = Symbol
(Structural condition is expressed)
Structure is visually celebrated (structure as ornament) and configured to express an idea of technical
excellence and progress. Most often the incorporation of such features is not justified on a purely
economical basis.
4
Structure = Performance
(Structural condition is mandatory)
For certain structures of very long span or great height, the structural system must be lightweight and very
efficient. Performance is the determining factor in the selection of a structure.
See Structure & Architecture by Angus Macdonald. Based on Chapter 10, Structure and Architecture, pp. 255-294.
Sydney Opera. Completed building and original design sketch.
Competition section. Final design based on spherical geometry and pc concrete.
Structure ≠ Form
Sydney Opera House
Sydney, Australia
1957-73
Jorn Utzon / ARUP
Model of original scheme
Final design ground level plan
“Our design is at once strangely familiar and quite unfamiliar. It suggests the rail yards that once occupied the site, nearby highway ribbons, and overlays of the ber optic cables of the information age.
The oddly mysterious forms in the center are not new to architecture, but the tradition of the monumental and its search for ideal symbolic forms has neglected the poignancy and signi cance of these
“between” forms, the subtleties and deviations that produce the living architecture so important to a city.”
Structure ≠ Form
1993
Peter Eisenman
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Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Convention Center
View of lobby
View of main hall and transverse section
Structure ≠ Form
Convention Center
Columbus, Ohio, USA
1993
Peter Eisenman
Exterior view of corner
Structural framing of corner
Structure ≠ Form
Convention Center
Columbus, Ohio, USA
1993
Peter Eisenman
View of towers
Plan. 6.4m grid
Towers under construction. Note absence of a core.
Structural = Form
Lake Shore Drive Apartments
Chicago
1951
Mies van der Rohe
The Parthenon on the Acropolis
Interior of Laon Cathedral
Ornamentation of Structure
The OMNI Sports Center
The Quebec Bridge
Ornamentation of Structure
The OMNI Sports Center
Demolition of the OMNI
Ornamentation of Structure
View of open entrance pavilion
Detail of mast and trussed beam
Structure = Symbol
Renault Distribution Centre
Swindon, UK
1983
Foster + Partners
Elevation of entrance pavilion
Improvement of structural efficiency by stages
Structure = Symbol
Renault Distribution Centre
Swindon, UK
1983
Foster + Partners
Very long span: Hall 26 Hanover Expo
Very tall: Bank of China Tower HK
Structure = Performance
Structure Form vs. Structural Efficiency
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•
•
What effect does the shape of a structure have on internal forces?
How do we design structures to be more efficient?
What do we mean by the term “form active”?
Is there a relationship between efficiency and economy?
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Axial load
Applied moment
Lateral load
Columns in which loads are applied equally over the cross section develop axial
compression force. Unless the load vector is off-center (not aligned with the center of
gravity of the cross section) or other types of loads are present (e.g., lateral loading)
the column is an axial force member with no bending.
Beams with loads acting perpendicular to the neutral axis develop an internal bending
force called a moment (M) and an internal shear force (V). No axial force is present.
The magnitude of these forces vary along the length of the beam depending on the
location and type of loading.
Columns and Beams
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A
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Columns fail in one of two ways: crushing caused by the axial compression force
causing compressive stress that exceeds the maximum compressive strength of the
material of the column, or by buckling. Bucking failure occurs when the axial stress in
the column exceeds a critical buckling stress at which the column becomes unstable,
leading to collapse. This type of failure occurs in slender columns.
The profile of a column can be shaped with a larger cross section (more material) at
the mid-height increasing the column’s stiffness at the point where buckling failure
occurs. Although the column uses less material to support a greater load, the special
fabrication of such a column will have additional cost.
Column failure and improved profile
HSBC Headquarters
One of the most iconic columns ever built is the main roof support column of the
Tokyo International Forum. The massive steel column is approximately 60m tall and is
thick at the mid-height tapering at each end. The column is braced however by
several projecting floors on one side suggesting the profiling of the column may be
largely driven by visual concerns.
Sendai Mediatheque
Anther approach to improving the efficiency of a column involves multiple shaft
design. As more material of the column is moved away from the center of the column,
it becomes more stable (less susceptible to buckling) with the same cross sectional
area for support. The same thinking applies to hollow tubes versus solid sections.
Column design for efficiency
fv
bending stress
Beams fail when the maximum bending stress at some portion of the beam exceeds
either the maximum compressive strength or the maximum tensile strength of the
material of the beam. A second type of failure is shear failure which typically occurs in
the region closer to the supports. The beam-truss analogy is a good way to visualize
the internal forces in a beam.
shear stress
Beams are relatively inefficient structures because the stress caused by bending
varies throughout the beam. Most bending stress is concentrated in the outermost
portions of the section (top and bottom) while shear stress is concentrated at the
center.
Beams
shear and bending moment diagrams
Beam design for efficiency
removing material where not needed
shear and bending moment diagrams
Improving the configuration of the section
(All sections have the same cross sectional area)
Beam design for efficiency
Desk table design.
Jean Prouvé
Platform canopy support. Stadelhofen Station.
Prouvé - Calatrava
Santiago Calatrava
Structure Nomades mobile museum
1950’s
Jean Prouvé
Prouvé - Calatrava
Stadelhofen Station
1990
Santiago Calatrava
While form-active shapes created by hanging loads on a flexible member (e.g., a cable
or rope) result in pure tensile structures, their configuration is related to the shape of
the bending moment diagram for the identical loading.
A family of funicular shapes are possible for a specific loading. The overall length of
the structure will vary as well as the internal tensile/compressive forces. The reaction
forces (thrust or resisting force) will also vary.
form-active shapes
Portugese National Pavilion Expo ’98 Alvaro Siza
The roof of the Portuguese National Pavilion is supported by steel cables anchored
into the portico structures at either end. A reinforced concrete slab is formed around
the cables to protect them and to add weight to the roof to counter uplift forces.
Lowara Office Building 1982 Renzo Piano Building Workshop
Lowara has a rigid curved roof shape that is funicularly shaped for the dead load of the
roof, meaning that the structural ribs resist only tensile stress for the permanent loads.
form-active structures
Top row: form active shapes. These structures carry the loads in axial compression
with no bending present. Second row: semi-form-active shapes. These structures
carry the loads with a combination of both bending and axial forces. Third row: nonform-active shapes. These structures carry loads through bending only with no axial
force loads present.
The famous Galleries of Machines built for the Paris Exposition of 1889 is a three
hinged trussed frame. It’s gabled roof shed form causes it to act as a semi-formactive structure. The steel frames, with a span of over 100m, are trussed to make it
lighter. It’s structural behavior however is not like a truss as it has both bending and
axial forces.
semi-form-active structures
Top row: form active shapes. These structures carry the loads in axial compression
with no bending present. Second row: semi-form-active shapes. These structures
carry the loads with a combination of both bending and axial forces. Third row: nonform-active shapes. These structures carry loads through bending only with no axial
force loads present.
This museum building by the Japanese architect, Hiroshi Naito has a complex gable
wood roof structure that is a semi-form-active structure.
semi-form-active structures
The Turin Expo Hall is one of the outstanding works of the 20thC by the engineer Pier
Luigi Nervi. With a span of nearly 100m it rivals the great Galleria des Machines of the
19thC. The roof spanning structure is both support and enclosure. It is made of sitecast ferro-cement units containing roof lights that act as individual voussoirs in an
arch.
The Linz Convention Center by Thomas Herzog in 1993 is a steel box girder arch
structure spanning 74m. It has extensive glazing on the roof supported by a
secondary framing system that spans 7m between arches.
form-active structures
The Turin Expo Hall
Turin Expo Hall 1948
Salvation Army 1933
The machine age
Frei Otto began his experimentation with form-active membrane shapes by using
soap film models. These led to physical modeling that was used extensively to design
the Munich Olympic structures, such as the stadium roof above (1972).
Beginning in the 1960’s, the Swiss designer, Heinz Isler, began his own
experimentation of form-active membrane shapes using hanging cloth models (in the
manner of Gaudi). He translated his models into concrete shell structures with shell
thicknesses of less than 100mm.
form-active structures
The latest stage in the generation of form-active membranes is made with digital apps
that can aid designers in shaping structures such as the Armadillo Vault that was
designed by the Block Research Group and built at the Venice Biennale (2016).
The Structural Efficiency chart above, devised by Angus Macdonald, shows the
relationships between non-form-active, semi-form-active, and form-active with
examples of both simple (conventional) forma and various types of improvement to
the profile and section.
form-active structures
end
Case Study Research Project
ARCH7076 Advanced Structural Systems
Term 2 2024-2025 Instructor: B. Lonnman
ARCH7076 Advanced Structural Systems
Term 2 2024-2025 Instructor: B. Lonnman
Case Study Analysis (CSA)
Propose and discuss ways that the performance of the structure might be demonstrated. This can be
through the use of physical or digital models. Remember that you are demonstrating a concept of structural
performance or behaviour. Simplification and comparative analysis is critical.
INTRODUCTION
The Case Study Analysis (CSA) is a group research project investigating structural themes and issues in
building design. Group work addresses the general topic while individual work is on a related case study.
Tutorial Session II
OBJECTIVE
Review of ongoing work. Final proposal of research should be outlined in required format (I.e. proposed
layout of drawings/text on A3 format).
The Case Study Analysis is focused on building structure and its relationship to the other technical and
spatial systems that collectively inform the architectural design of a building. Identifying and obtaining
documentation of the main structural scheme of the case study is the starting point. From there
determination is made of the load path and how the overall structure supports the building. How are gravity
loads channeled to the ground? What are the lateral force resisting structures?
Submission of Report
The structural system is chosen and developed in parallel with the formal design of the building. How do
they complement each other? Does the structure reinforce the space planning and spatial concept of the
design? Why was the particular structure chosen? The structure also supports or may function as part of the
building envelope. What is the relationship between structure and enclosure?
An important consideration today is a building’s approach to sustainability and energy conservation. How
does the design of the structure contribute to these objectives? The environmental control of the building
includes heating and cooling, ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, and other services. Is the structure
integrated with these systems or is it separate and independent?
March 26 - April 23
Following the studio reviews, finalize the CSA report using a format provided (tbd). The report will include
both the research on the general topic (group work) and the related case studies (individual work).
RESEARCH
Information should be obtained from as many sources as possible including: publications (monographs,
journals, books on topics of interest, etc.), and online sources. Information on Hong Kong buildings may be
obtained from on-site study, building documentation in the government Building Department records, and
possible information about the project from the office that designed the building.
REPORT
The construction and assembly of the building is also closely related to the type of structural system.
Questions of in-situ construction versus prefabrication (both on-site and off-site) often dictate the choice of
materials and the design of the structural elements. How are they affected? Does the building design
employ new construction or assembly methods?
Summarize the research in the form of text, reference materials (scans), diagrams, tables and original
drawings. Alternative options should be presented with explanation of advantages and disadvantages.
Drawings may include structural framing plans, diagrams, detail sections and a 3D representation (cutaway
isometric at 30-30) illustrating the structure.
Structure may be visible or hidden in a building. If the structure is visible (exposed) it then becomes part of
the visual character of the design. This will influence the selection of members, the detailing of connections
and the choice of finishes. The structure may be a major element in the expression of the building. What
consideration has been given to the configuration or detailing of structure to achieve this outcome?
The CSA report should include most of the following items.
SELECTION OF ASSIGNMENT
Topics or themes are identified in the list attached below. Groups will consist of 6 members. The general
report will have contributions of all group members. In addition, each group member is responsible for a
separate building case study that relates to the general topic or theme.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tutorial sessions are divided into two series meeting on Wednesdays from 2 - 6pm as required. During that
time I will meet with groups on a sign-up basis to discuss on-going work. Discussion may be on wall pin-up
or on-the-table review. Important base drawings, both existing and created, should be available in hard
copy.
•
SCHEDULE
•
Tutorial Session I
February 13 - March 19
Review of basic documentation on both the research topic and the individual case studies. Identification
and qualitative analysis of the main structural system in your design. In some buildings the focus of the
study may be an important or unique part of the overall structural system (e.g., a special vertical load
supporting structure, a horizontal long-span structure, etc.). Identify and graphically describe the load path
of the overall structural system. Examine the relation of structure to the other systems of the building as
outlined above and create diagrams to explain these relationships. Identify a portion or element of the
structural scheme for in-depth study. Initiate a broader study on this selected topic (e.g., shaping the profile
and section of columns for greater efficiency).
•
•
General description of the building. Site, program, physical characteristics. Intention of the designer.
Graphic presentation. If drawings and other images are available, these may be incorporated in the
report either as scanned images (sources must be noted) or revised/retraced.
Main text. Describe the structure and the reasons for its adoption.
Research on a particular aspect of the structural system. Show variations and related case studies.
(Group Report)
Draw diagrams that analyze the main structure and its relationship to the other building systems.
Use comparative diagrams to show the relationships between different case studies. For example,
diagrammatic sections at the same scale (Group Report).
Create a key drawing of the structure of the case study (or independent design project). A 30-30
isometric 3D cut-away drawing or similar representation is recommended.
Also draw a partial section (1:20) and include notes on materials and components.
If possible, include a demonstration of performance. Physical or digital modeling of the concept (not
an analysis of the actual structure) is sufficient.
Include references / bibliography. All sources identified for images and text.
GROUP VERSUS INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION
A grade for the overall report will be assigned to each member of the group. In addition, an individual grade
will be assigned for work on the selection, description and analysis of one of the supporting precedent case
studies.
The format of the final report will be an A3 (landscape format) digital soft copy (with a print resolution pdf)
and one double-sided print in A3. (Physical models handed in separately). Details of submission to be
determined.
Case Study Topics and Building Examples
1
Truss Span (steel)
Centre Pompidou (Paris), Piano & Rogers, 1972
Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, Fumihiko Maki, 1990
British Pavilion (Expo Seville), N. Grimshaw, 1992
International Terminal Waterloo (London), Nicholas Grimshaw, 1993eu/Peter Rice, 1994
TGV Station (Paris-Roissy), Andr
Vocational Training Center (Herne, Germany), Jourda & Perraudin, 1999
Hauptbahnhof (Berlin Central Train Station), von GerkenMarg & Partners/Jorge Schlaich, 2006
Moynihan Train Hall (NYC), SOM, 2022
2
Truss Span (mixed)
Primary School Multipurpose Hall*170 (Bornheim, Germany), Heuer + Faust Architekten, 1998
Secondary School Gymnasium*171 (Vaterstetten, Germany), H. Caspari / D. Herrschmann, 1983
Congrexpo (Lille, France), OMA/Cecil Balmond, 1994
Cattle Market Hall* 173 (Caziz, Switzerland), H. Marugg / Walter Bieler, 1998
3
Truss Beam
Faculty of Architecture*149 (Lyon, France), Jourda & Perraudin, 1987
Badalona Sports Hall (Barcelona, Spain), E. Bonell & F. Rius,1991
Wilkhahn Furniture Factory (Bad Munder, Germany), Thomas Herzog,1993
Jagermeister Factory Building*185 (Kamenz, Germany), Pook Leiska Partner / W. Kling K, 1995
4
Arches (steel)
St. Pancras Station, (London), William Henry Barlow, 1868
Galleries des Machines (Paris), Ferdinand Dutert and Victor Contamin, 1889
Exchange House (London), SOM, 1990
Terminal at Chek Lap Kok Airport (HACTL), Norman Foster, 1998
Design Center (Linz, Austria), Thomas Herzog, 1993
Colección de Arte Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat (Buenos Aires), Raphael Vinoly,
5
Arches (wood)
Seafolk Museum (Shima, Japan), Hiroshi Naito, 1992
Richmond Olympic Oval (Richmond, Canada), Cannon Design, 2008
Bodegas Protos Winery (Penafiel, Spain), Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners, 2010
Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Cebu, Integrated Design Associates, 2018
Fondation Jerôme Seydoux-Pathé (Paris), RPBW (Renzo Piano), 2014
6
Arches (concrete and masonry)
Orly Airfield Dirigible Hangars (Paris), Eugene Freyssinet, 1912
Expo Hall (Turin), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1949
Roman Archaeological Museum, Rafael Moneo, 1986
7
Frame Structures (one way)
Pavilion for the Centennial of Aluminum (Paris), Jean Prouvé, 1954
Crown Hall (IIT Campus, Chicago), Mies van der Rohe, 1956
Cachat Pump-room (Evian, France), Jean Prouvé, 1956
UNESCO Auditorium (Paris), P L Nervi, 1960
Gira Office (Dusseldorf, Germany), Werner Sobek, 2001
Lamay Car Museum (Tacoma, WA), Large Architecture, 2012
Kimbell Art Museum Expansion (Foet Worth, USA), RPBW Renzo Piano, 2013
8
Frame Structures (heavy timber)
Tennis Centre*198 (Ulm, Germany), Reuter/J. Natterer, 1972
Multipurpose Hall (Alvaschagn, SZ), Bearth & Deplazes / J. Conzett, 1991
Wilkhahn Factory (Germany), Thomas Herzog, 1992
Fuji RINRI Seminar House, Hiroshi Kaito, 2001
Monte Rosa Hut, Bearth & Deplazes Architekten, 2009
John W. Olver Design Building (Amherst, USA), Leers Weinzapfel Associates, 2017
CCA (San Francisco USA), Studio Gang, 2024
The Grand Ring (Expo25 Osaka), Sou Fujimoto Architects, 2025
Upper Skeena Recreation Center (Hazelton CN), Hemsworth Architect
9
Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
Airplane Hangar (Orvieto, Italy), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1935
Palmetto dello Sport (Rome), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1960
Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal. Foster + Partners, 1998
Portcullis House (New Parliament Bldg, London), Michael Hopkins, 1999
Alnwick Garden Pavilion, Michael Hopkins/BUro Happold, 2006
Living Planet Centre of WWF (UK), Michael Hopkins, 2013
10
Shells
Railway Workshop (Paris), Eugene Freyssinet, 1928
Indoor Sports Facility (Switzerland), Heinz Isler, 1965
Teshima Art Museum, Ryue Nishizawa, 2010
Armadillo Vault(Venice Biennale), Block Research Group, 2016
Isola dell Musica (Hanoi, VN), RPBW Renzo Piano, 2024
11
Pre-cast Concrete Structure
Medical Research Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, Louis Kahn, 1961
Wohnanlage Genter Strasse, Otto Steidle & Partners, 1972
Sydney Opera House, John Utzon, 1973
Inland Revenue Centre (Nottingham, UK), Michael Hopkins, 1995
Simmins Hall (MIT, Boston), Steven Holl/Guy Nordenson, 2007
12
Suspension Roof Structures (single layer)
18
Columns (tree)
Dulles International airport Terminal (Washington DC), Eero Saarinen, 1962
Yoyogi National Gymnasium (Tokyo Olympics), Kenzo Tange, 1964
Youth and Cultural Center (Firminy, France), Le Corbusier, 1965
School* (Hooke Park Forest, UK), P. Ahrends, R. Burton & P. Koralek/Frei Otto + E. Happold, 1985
Expo'98 Portuguese National Pavilion, Álvaro Siza Vieira, 1998
Lower Office Building, Renzo Piano, 20
Hall 26 (Hannover Expo 2000), Thomas Herzog, 2000
Depot Forecourt* (Hohenems, Austria), R. Drexel & M. Kaufmann, 1999
David L. Lawrence Convention Center (Pittsburg, USA), Rafael Vinoly/Dewhurst Macfarlane 2003
Nagoya-C-Office Building, FT architects, 2004
Chiryu Afterschool, Mount Fuji Architects Studio, 2016
The Palazzo del Lavoro, Gio Ponti & Pier Luigi Nervi, 1961
Allen Lambert Galleria (Toronto), Santiago Calatrava,
Stansted Airport Terminal, Foster + Partners, 1991
Stuttgart Airport Terminal, Von Gerken Marg & Partners, 1991
Expo-Dach (Hannover Expo 2000), Thomas Herzog, 2000
Metro Station Entrance (Paris-Parilly), Jourda & Perraudin
Qatar National Convention Center, Arata Izosaki, 2011
Simonese Art Museum, Shigera Ban, 2023
Haesley Nine Bridges Golf Clubhouse, Shigera Ban, S Korea 2009
Pulkovo Airport (St. Petersburg, Russia), Nicolas Grimshaw, 2019
Berlin Brandenburg Airport Willy Brandt, gmp, 2020
13
19
Suspension Roof Structures (double layer)
Exhibition Center (Paris), E. Beaudouin and M. Lods, 1934
Municipal Auditorium (Utica, USA), Philip Jonson, 1956
New York State Pavilion (NY World’s Fair), Philip Johnson, 1960
14
Cable Stayed Structure
PanoramaHall (Paris), Jacques Hittorf, 1839
Alitalia Hangar (Rome), Riccardo Morandi, 1963
Renault Distribution Center, Foster + Partners, 1979.
Fleetwood Factory, Richard Rogers, 1981
INNMOS Microprocessor Factory, Richard Rogers, 1982
Vanke Center (Shenzhen), Steve Holl, 2009
15
Cable Net Structures
Dorton Arena (Raleigh, USA), Mathew Nowicki, 1952
Olympic Stadium (Munich, Germany), Frei Otto, 1972
Ice Rink (Munich, Germany), Kurt Ackermann & Partner, 1983
Trams Stops (Education City, Doha, Qatar), Nicholas Grimshaw, 2019
16
Membranes
Haj Terminal (Jeddah, SA), SOM/G. Berger, 1981
Happy Valley Sports Stadium (Hong Kong)
Wembley National Stadium, Norman Foster, 2007
17
Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled)
Stadelhofen Station (Zurich), Santiago Calatrava, 1990
Tokyo International Forum, Rafael Vinoly, 1996
Vocational Training Center (Herne, Germany), Jourda & Perraudin, 1999
Sendai Mediatheque (Sendai, Japan), Toyo Ito, 2001
Tsing Tao Center (Qingdao), Bohlin Cywinski Powell, 2012
Macquarie University Incubator, Architectus, 2017
Grid Frame Structures (two way)
Tobacco Factory, Pier Luigi Nervi, 1952
Gatti Wool Factory, Pier Luigi Nervi, 1953
Yale University Art Gallery, Louis Kahn, 1953
New National Gallery (Berlin), Mies van Der Rohe, 1968
Wilis Faber Dumas Company (Ipswich, UK), Foster + Partners, 1975
Lloyds Insurance Headquarters (London), Richard Rogers, 1986
Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building (HKU), Leigh & Orange, 2000
Alexandria Library (Egypt), Snohetta, 2002
Serpentine Pavilion (London), Alvaro Siza, E. Souto de Moura/Cecil Balmond, 2005
20
Diagrid Frame Structure
Alitalia Airport Warehouse (Fiumicino, IT), Ricardo Morandi, ca.1960
Leutschenbach School (Zurich), Christian Kerez, 2009
Scion International Hub (Rotorua, NZ), RTA Studio Irving Smith, 2020
21
Innovative Materials (Cardboard)
Japan Pavilion (Hanover expo), Shigera Ban, 2000
Paperdome (Netherlands), Shigera Ban, 2004
HK Shenzhen Biennale Arch Pavilion, Shigera Ban, 2009
Christchurch Cathedral (NZ), Shigera Ban, 2013
IE Business School_Madrid (project) Shigera Ban 2013
22
Shells (HP)
Rio Warehouse (Mexico City), Felix Candela, 1954
Hernaiz Warehouse (Mexico City), Felix Candela, 1956
CNIT Building (La Defense-Paris), B. Zehrfuss, J. De Mailly & R. E. Camelot, 1958
Church of San Jose Obrero (Nuevo Leon, Mexico), Felix Candela, 1959
Bacardi Rum Factory (Puebla, Mexico), Felix Candle (w/ Mies van der Rohe), 1959
St Mary Cathedral, Kenzo Tange, 1964
Heidi Weber Pavilion (Zurich), Le Corbusier, 1965
American Airline Hangar Prototype, Lev Zetlin Associates, 1970
CSA GROUP TOPICS AND SIGN-UP LIST (6 per group)
1
Truss (Steel)
2
Truss (MIxed)
3
Truss Beam
4
Arch (steel)
5
Arch (wood)
6
Arch (concrete)
7
Frame Structures (one-way)
8
Frame Structures (heavy timber)
9
Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
10
Shells
11
Precast Concrete Structures
12
Suspension Structures (single layer)
13
Suspension Structures (double layer)
14
Cable Stayed Structures
15
Cable Net Structures
16
Membranes
17
Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled)
18
Columns (tree)
19
Grid Frame Structures (two-way)
20
Diagrid Frame Structure
21
Innovative Material (cardboard)
22
Shells (HP)
23
Folded Plate Structures (flat surface)
24
Grid Shells
25
Space Frames
26
Exoskeleton Structures
27
Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)
28
Diagrid Structure (high-rise)
29
Suspension Structure (high-rise)
30
Wood Structure (high-rise)
23
Folded Plate Structures (flat surface)
29
Suspension Structure (high-rise)
Plan-type Geodesic Structure, R Buckminster Fuller, 1949
St. John’s Abbey (Collegeville, USA), Marcel Breuer/Pier Luigi Nervi, 1961
Air Force Academy Chapel (Colorado Springs, USA), SOM/W. Netsch/G. Bunshaft, 1962
Yokohama Port Terminal, Foreign Office Architects, 2002
Thesis Project (IIT, Chicago), Myron Goldsmith, 195?
Federal Reserve Bank (Minneapolis, USA), Gunter Birkirts, 1973
Standard Charter Bank (Johannesburg, SA) 1975?
Office Tower Project (Kansas City, USA), Louis Kahn, 1970
OCBC Centre (Singapore), I. M. Pei, 1976
Sky City, DJI headquarters, Foster + Partners, 2022
24
30
Grid Shells
Exhibition Pavilion (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), Vladimir Shukhov, 1897
US Pavilion World’s Fair (Montreal), Buckminster Fuller, 1967
Multihalle (Mannheim, Germany), Frei Otto/Ove Arup, 1975
The Eden Project (St. Austell, UK), Nicholas Grimshaw, 2001
British Museum Courtyard (London), Foster + Partners, 2003
Macallan Distillery (Aberlour, Scotland), Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners, 2018
25
Space Frames
US Air Force Hangar (Project), Konrad Wachsman, 1950’s
Palais Omnisport (Paris), Jean Prouve, 1984
Louvre Pyramid (Paris), I.M. Pei, 1993
Watercube National Swimming Centre (Beijing), PTW Architects, 2008
Aspen Art Museum (Aspen, USA), Shigera Ban, 2014
26
Exoskeleton Structures
One Maritime Plaza (formerly Alcoa Building) (San Francisco), SOM, 1967
Capita Centre (Sydney), Harry Seidler, 1989
Hotel Arts Barcelona Olympic Athlete Housing, SOM, 1992
Prada Retail Store (Tokyo) Herzog & de Meuron, 2003
Morpheus Hotel (Macau), Zaha Hadid, 2014?
Chile Pavilion at Expo Milan, Undurraga Devés Arquitectos, 2015
27
Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)
Pirelli Tower (Milan, IT), Gil Ponti/P.L. Nervi, 1958
Jardin House, Palmer & Turner, 1973
MLC Tower (Sydney), Harry Seidler, 1977
Hong Kong Club, Harry Seidler, 1984
Commerzbank (Frankfurt, Germany), Foster, 1997
Burj Dubai (now Burj Khalifa, Dubai), SOM/Adrian Smith, 2008
28
Diagrid Structure (high-rise)
Thesis Project (IIT, Chicago), Myron Goldsmith, 1953
John Hancock Tower (Chicago), SOM/Fazlur Khan, 1970
30 St Mary Axe (London), Foster + Partners, 2004
Hearst Headquarters (NYC), Foster + Partners, 2006
CCTV TV Station and Headquarters (Beijing), OMA, 2009
Wood Structure (high-rise)
Brock Commons Tallwood House, Vancouver, Acton Ostry Architects, 2017
HAUT Timber hi-rise (Amsterdam), Team V Architecture, 2020
Marunouchi Tokio Marine (Tokyo), RPBW (Renzo Piano), 2023
Note: *178. Indicates the building can be found on p178 in the Timber Construction Manual, Herzog,
Natterer, Schweitzer, Volz and Winter, Eds. Birkhauser, 2004.
CSA GROUP TOPICS AND SIGN-UP LIST (6 per group)
1
Truss (Steel)
2
Truss (MIxed)
3
Truss Beam
4
Arch (steel)
5
Arch (wood)
6
Arch (concrete)
7
Frame Structures (one-way)
8
Frame Structures (heavy timber)
9
Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
10
Shells
11
Precast Concrete Structures
12
Suspension Structures (single layer)
13
Suspension Structures (double layer)
14
Cable Stayed Structures
15
Cable Net Structures
16
Membranes
17
Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled)
18
Columns (tree)
19
Grid Frame Structures (two-way)
20
Diagrid Frame Structure
21
Innovative Material (cardboard)
22
Shells (HP)
23
Folded Plate Structures (flat surface)
24
Grid Shells
25
Space Frames
26
Exoskeleton Structures
27
Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)
28
Diagrid Structure (high-rise)
29
Suspension Structure (high-rise)
30
Wood Structure (high-rise)
Intermission