MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma / Movement of UNIT 3 3.1 SP Substances Across the Plasma Membrane Ekstra / Extra Struktur Membran Plasma / Structure of a Plasma Membrane SK 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 Mewajarkan keperluan pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma Memerihal komponen membran plasma dan fungsinya berdasarkan model mozek bendalir Melukis dan melabelkan komponen membran plasma berdasarkan model mozek bendalir Menghuraikan sifat ketelapan membran plasma Struktur membran plasma. The structure of plasma membrane. U Glikoprotein Glycoprotein P Dwilapisan fosfolipid Phospholipid bilayer Unit 3 Q Protein liang Pore protein R Protein pembawa Carrier protein S T Kepala hidrofilik model bendalir mozek Membran plasma juga dikenali sebagai Ekor hidrofobik Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head . Dwilapisan fosfolipid bertindak sebagai pemisah yang memisahkan dua bahagian membran. Kepala molekul fosfolipid mempunyai sifat hidrofilik protein hidrofobik manakala ekor mempunyai sifat pembawa dan protein Plasma membrane is also known as liang . Ia mempunyai dua jenis protein iaitu . fluid mosaic model . The phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier which separates the two sides of the membrane. The head of the phospholipid molecule has the hydrophobic whereas the tail has the and pore properties carrier proteins proteins. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 24 properties. It has two types of proteins which are hydrophilic 24 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 3.2 SP Konsep Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Concept of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane SK 3.2 3.2.1 Menyatakan ciri bahan yang dapat merentasi membran plasma dari aspek saiz molekul, kekutuban molekul dan cas ion Peta pemikiran I-think map 1 Jenis bahan yang bergerak merentasi membran plasma dan ciri-ciri setiap bahan. Types of substances that move across the plasma membrane and the characteristics of each substance. Asid lemak Bahan Substances Seperti Kecil Kecil dan larut lemak / Small Air Water Bahan As As Small and lipid soluble Glukosa Asid amino Besar dan larut air Amino acid Seperti As Large and water soluble Small and polar Kecil dan larut lemak and lipid soluble Glucose Seperti Kecil dan berkutub Glycerol Seperti As Small Substances Gliserol Fatty acid Oxygen Unit 3 Oksigen Besar dan larut air / Large and water soluble 2 Jenis bahan yang bergerak merentasi membran plasma dan proses yang terlibat dalam pergerakan bahan tersebut. / Types of substances that move across the plasma membrane and the process involved in the movement of the substance. Asid lemak Oksigen Bahan Substances Seperti Resapan ringkas As Resapan ringkas Simple diffusion Simple diffusion Air Glukosa Water Bahan Substances Osmosis Osmosis Glycerol Seperti As Seperti As Resapan berbantu dan pengangkutan aktif 25 Resapan ringkas Simple diffusion Asid amino Amino acid Glucose Facilitated diffusion and active transport 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 25 Gliserol Fatty acid Oxygen Seperti As Resapan berbantu dan pengangkutan aktif Facilitated diffusion and active transport Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 SP 3.2.2 Mengeksperimen untuk merumuskan pergerakan bahan merentasi tiub Visking melalui tiub Visking dan osmometer ringkas EKSPERIMEN BERPANDU GUIDED EXPERIMENT TUJUAN AIM Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran separa telap. Movement of substances across a partially permeable membrane. Untuk mengkaji kesan saiz molekul ke atas pergerakan bahan merentasi membran separa telap. To study the effect of size of molecules on diffusion of substances across a partially permeable membrane. PERNYATAAN MASALAH PROBLEM STATEMENT HIPOTESIS HYPOTHESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH VARIABLES Apakah saiz molekul yang boleh meresap merentasi membran separa telap? What is the size of molecules that can diffuse across the partially permeable membrane? Molekul kecil boleh meresap merentasi membran separa telap. Small molecules can diffuse across the partially permeable membrane. Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Saiz molekul Manipulated variable: Size of the molecules Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Warna larutan di dalam tiub Visking dan bikar Responding variable: Colour of solution in the Visking tubing and beaker Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu larutan glukosa di dalam tiub Visking Unit 3 Constant variable: Volume of glucose solution in the Visking tubing BAHAN Ampaian kanji 1%, larutan glukosa 30%, larutan Benedict, air suling dan larutan iodin. RADAS Tiub Visking, bikar, tabung didih, benang kapas, penitis, pemegang tabung uji, penunu Bunsen. MATERIALS APPARATUS 1% starch suspension, 30% glucose solution, Benedict’s solution, distilled water and iodine solution. Visking tubing, beaker, boiling tube, cotton thread, dropper, test tube holder, Bunsen burner. PROSEDUR PROCEDURE 1 Tiub Visking direndam ke dalam air selama lima minit. A Visking tubing was immersed in water for five minutes. 2 Tiub Visking dibuka dan salah satu hujungnya diikat dengan benang kapas untuk mengelakkan kebocoran. The Visking tubing was opened and one end of the tube was tied 400 ml air 400 ml of water + 15 ml larutan iodin 15 ml of iodine solution with cotton thread to prevent leaking. 3 Tiub Visking diisi dengan 15 ml larutan glukosa dan 15 ml ampaian kanji. / The Visking tubing was filled with 15 ml of glucose solution and 15 ml of starch suspension. 4 Satu hujung lagi tiub Visking diikat dengan benang kapas secara ketat. / The other end of the Visking tubing was tied tightly with a piece of thread. 5 Warna larutan di dalam tiub Visking dicatat. The colour of solution in the Visking tubing was recorded. 6 Bahagian luar tiub Visking dibilas dengan air suling. / The outer surface of the Visking tubing was rinsed with distilled water. 7 400 ml air dicampurkan dengan 15 ml larutan iodin di dalam bikar. 400 ml of water was added with 15 ml of iodine solution in a beaker. 8 Warna larutan di dalam bikar dicatat. 15 ml larutan glukosa dan 15 ml ampaian kanji 15 ml of glucose solution and 15 ml of starch suspension The colour of solution in the beaker was recorded. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 26 26 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 9 Tiub Visking diletakkan ke dalam bikar dan ditinggalkan selama 40 minit. The Visking tubing was put into the beaker and left for 40 minutes. 10 Selepas 40 minit, tiub Visking dipindahkan ke dalam bikar yang kering. After 40 minutes, the Visking tubing was transferred into a dry beaker. 11 Warna larutan di dalam tiub Visking dan bikar dicatat. The colour of the solution in the Visking tubing and in the beaker was recorded. 12 Kedua-dua larutan diuji untuk kehadiran glukosa dengan menggunakan ujian Benedict. Both solutions were tested for the presence of glucose by using Benedict’s test. KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Kandungan Content Tiub Visking Visking tubing Bikar Beaker CONCLUSION SP 3.2.3 Keputusan ujian Benedict Tidak berwarna Biru gelap Mendakan merah bata 15 ml of glucose solution and 15 ml of starch suspension Kuning Kuning Mendakan merah bata Colourless 400 ml air dengan 15 ml larutan iodin Yellow Final colour Dark blue Yellow The result of Benedict’s test Brick red precipitate Brick red precipitate Molekul bersaiz kecil boleh meresap merentas membran separa telap. Small molecules can diffuse across the partially permeable membrane. Unit 3 KESIMPULAN Warna akhir Initial colour 15 ml larutan glukosa dan 15 ml ampaian kanji 400 ml of water with 15 ml of iodine solution Warna asal Menghuraikan dengan contoh pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma secara pengangkutan pasif dan pengangkutan aktif 1 Pergerakan bahan merentas membran plasma. Movement of substances across the plasma membrane. Jenis pengangkutan / Types of transport Pengangkutan pasif / Passive transport Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport • Pergerakan bahan dari kawasan berkepekatan tinggi ke kawasan berkepekatan rendah kepekatan). • Pergerakan bahan dari kawasan berkepekatan rendah ke kawasan berkepekatan tinggi kepekatan). (menuruni kecerunan Movement of substances from the high (melawan kecerunan Movement of substances from the low concentration region to the concentration region (following the concentration gradient). low high concentration region to the concentration region (against the concentration gradient). • Tidak memerlukan tenaga. • Memerlukan tenaga. Does not require energy. Requires energy. • Contoh: Resapan, osmosis, resapan berbantu. Example: Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. 27 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 27 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 A Resapan ringkas / Simple diffusion Ruang luar sel Kepekatan tinggi Extracellular space High concentration Dwilapisan fosfolipid Phospholipid bilayer Ruang dalam sel Kepekatan rendah Intracellular space Low concentration Sebelum Selepas Before After Molekul air Water molecule Molekul pewarna meresap ke dalam air Dye molecules diffuse into water Molekul pewarna Dye molecule Unit 3 Sebelum Selepas Before After tinggi Proses yang melibatkan pergerakan molekul atau ion dari kawasan berkepekatan rendah menuruni ke kawasan berkepekatan . Pergerakan ini kecerunan kepekatan sehingga mencapai keseimbangan dinamik di mana zarah-zarah disebarkan sekata. Proses ini plasma . boleh berlaku dengan atau tanpa melalui membran A process which involves the net movement of molecules or ions from a region of low concentration to a region of concentration. This movement goes concentration gradient until dynamic The process can occur with or without the high down the equilibrium is achieved whereby the particles are distributed equally. plasma membrane. B Osmosis / Osmosis Molekul air Water molecule Keupayaan air tinggi High water potential Keupayaan air rendah Low water potential Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 28 28 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 Membran separa telap Molekul zat terlarut Partially permeable membrane Solute molecule Molekul air Water molecule Keupayaan air tinggi High water potential Keupayaan air rendah Low water potential air Proses yang melibatkan pergerakan molekul tinggi rendah ke kawasan keupayaan air water low water potential to a region of dynamic concentration gradient until menuruni . Pergerakan ini dinamik kecerunan kepekatan sehingga mencapai keseimbangan A process which involves the movement of dari kawasan keupayaan air . molecules from a region of high down water potential. The movement goes the equilibrium is achieved. Unit 3 C Resapan berbantu / Facilitated diffusion Molekul glukosa Kepekatan tinggi Glucose molecule High concentration Kepekatan rendah Protein pembawa Low concentration Carrier protein Resapan berbantu tinggi protein pembawa yang melibatkan pergerakan ke kawasan berkepekatan rendah bentuk selepas sesuatu molekul bergabung pada high concentration region. The process requires the presence of binding site concentration region to a carrier protein shape which has a after a molecule to allow the movement of the molecule across the membrane. 29 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 29 berkepekatan . Proses ini memerlukan kehadiran specific binding site to bind with specific molecules. The carrier protein changes its binds to its kawasan untuk membolehkan pergerakan molekul merentasi membran. Facilitated diffusion involves movement of molecules from a low dari yang mempunyai tapak pelekatan yang spesifik untuk melekat dengan molekul yang spesifik. Protein pembawa ini bertukar tapak pelekatannya molekul Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 D Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport Ion natrium Sodium ion Nota / Note: ATP: Adenosina trifosfat Adenosine triphosphate ADP: Adenosina difosfat Adenosine diphosphate Fosfat ATP Phosphate ADP Ion kalium Potassium ion Pengangkutan aktif melibatkan pergerakan molekul atau ion merentas membran plasma menentang kecerunan kepekatan. Proses ini hanya akan berlaku dengan kehadiran molekul ATP . Proses ini memerlukan protein pembawa yang mempunyai dua tapak pelekatan yang spesifik. Satu tapak melekat pada molekul atau ion yang spesifik dan satu tapak lagi bergabung dengan fosfat kumpulan daripada molekul ATP yang akan menyebabkan protein pembawa berubah bentuk untuk membantu pergerakan molekul atau ion merentasi membran plasma. Active transport involves movement of molecules or ions across the plasma membrane against the Unit 3 ATP molecule . The process requires a concentration gradient. The process can only occur in the presence of carrier protein which has two specific binding sites. One site binds to specific molecule or ion and another site binds to the shape phosphate group from the ATP molecule which causes the carrier protein to change its to allow the movement of molecules or ions across the plasma membrane. AKTIVITI PENGUKUHAN REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY KBAT HOTS Herbisid adalah racun rumpai yang digunakan untuk mengawal populasi rumpai di dalam kebun dengan memusnahkan enzim ATPase di dalam sel-sel rumpai. Salah satu kesan herbisid ke atas rumpai ialah merencatkan pengambilan garam mineral oleh tumbuhan tersebut. Terangkan bagaimana herbisid boleh merencatkan pengangkutan mineral dalam tumbuhan rumpai. Herbicide is often used to control the population of weeds in a garden by destroying the ATPase enzymes in the cells of the weeds. One of the effects of the herbicide is inhibiting the intake of minerals by the plants. Explain how the herbicide can inhibit the transport of minerals in the weed plants. Herbisid akan memusnahkan enzim ATPase di dalam sel. Enzim ATPase penting di dalam memangkinkan penguraian ATP kepada ADP dan ion fosfat bebas. Tanpa enzim ini, pengangkutan aktif tidak dapat berlaku kerana tiada ion fosfat yang akan bergabung dengan tapak aktif protein pembawa untuk membolehkannya berubah bentuk dan membantu pergerakan garam mineral ke dalam sel tumbuhan rumpai. Herbicide destroys the ATPase enzymes in the cell. The ATPase enzymes are important in catalysing the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and free phosphate ions. Without the enzyme, active transport cannot occur as there is no phosphate ion to bind with the binding site of the carrier protein to allow it to change its shape and assist the movement of mineral salts into the cells of the weed plants. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 30 30 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 SP 3.2.4 Membanding dan membezakan pengangkutan pasif dan aktif Peta pemikiran I-think map Perbandingan antara resapan berbantu dan pengangkutan aktif. Comparison between facilitated diffusion and active transport. Menghasilkan keseimbangan dinamik Memerlukan protein pembawa Results in dynamic equilibrium Require carrier protein Menghasilkan pengumpulan dan penyingkiran ion Results in accumulation and elimination of ions Facilitated diffusion Helps in the movement of substances across the plasma membrane Pengangkutan aktif Active transport Tidak memerlukan tenaga daripada ATP Berlaku dalam sel hidup Memerlukan tenaga daripada ATP Does not require energy from ATP Occur in living cells Requires energy from ATP Pergerakan menuruni Pergerakan menentang kecerunan kepekatan kecerunan kepekatan against Movement the concentration gradient down Movement the concentration gradient 31 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 31 Unit 3 Membantu pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma Resapan berbantu Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 3.3 SP Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma dalam Organisma Hidup Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms SK 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 Menjelaskan dengan contoh proses pengangkutan pasif dalam organisma Menjelaskan dengan contoh proses pengangkutan aktif dalam organisma Contoh proses pengangkutan pasif dan aktif / Example of passive and active transport 1 Pertukaran gas antara alveolus dan kapilari darah. CO2 Gas exchange between the alveolus and the blood capillary. tinggi • Kepekatan oksigen dalam alveolus adalah lebih berbanding kapilari darah oksigen dalam . Oksigen meresap masuk ke dalam resapan ringkas kapilari darah secara . The concentration of oxygen in the alveolus is oxygen in the blood capillary simple diffusion Alveolus O2 higher compared to the Kapilari Capillary . Oxygen diffuses into the blood capillary by . tinggi • Kepekatan karbon dioksida dalam kapilari darah adalah lebih berbanding karbon dioksida alveolus resapan ringkas . dalam . Karbon dioksida meresap masuk ke dalam alveolus secara higher The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood capillary is the alveolus compared to the carbon dioxide in simple diffusion . Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus by . Unit 3 Sel akar rambut / Root hair cell 2 Penyerapan air dan ion mineral oleh sel akar rambut rumbuhan. The absorption of water and mineral ions by the root hair cells of plants. tinggi • Keupayaan air dalam tanah adalah lebih berbanding sap sel akar rambut. Molekul air meresap ke dalam sel akar rambut osmosis higher secara . / Water potential in the soil is compared to the water molecules in cell sap of the root hair cell. Water osmosis molecules diffuse into the root hair cell by . Air tanah meresap • Ion mineral di dalam tanah diangkut secara aktif ke dalam sel akar. Butiran tanah Soil water The mineral ions in the soil are actively transported into the root cell. SP 3.3.3 Soil particle absorbed Mendefinisikan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik 3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik. Complete the table below on the hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution. Larutan hipotonik Hypotonic solution Larutan isotonik Isotonic solution Larutan hipertonik Hypertonic solution Larutan yang mempunyai keupayaan air yang tinggi dan kepekatan zat terlarut yang rendah. / The solution which has higher water potential concentration of solute molecules. Larutan yang mempunyai keupayaan air dan kepekatan sama. The solution which has equal water potential and concentration of and lower zat terlarut yang solute molecules . keupayaan air Larutan yang mempunyai yang rendah dan kepekatan zat terlarut yang tinggi. / The solution which has lower water potential and higher concentration of Molekul air / Water molecules Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 32 solute molecules . Molekul zat terlarut / Solute molecules 32 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 SP 3.3.4 Mereka bentuk eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan larutan yang berlainan kepekatan terhadap sel tumbuhan dan sel haiwan EKSPERIMEN BERPANDU GUIDED EXPERIMENT TUJUAN AIM PERNYATAAN MASALAH PROBLEM STATEMENT HIPOTESIS HYPOTHESIS Kesan larutan terhadap sel haiwan. Effect of solution on animal cells. Untuk mengkaji kesan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik ke atas sel haiwan. To study the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells. Apakah kesan kepekatan larutan natrium klorida yang berbeza terhadap sel darah merah? What are the effects of different concentration of sodium chloride solution to the red blood cells? 1 Sel darah merah meletus di dalam larutan hipotonik. Red blood cells burst in hypotonic solution. 2 Sel darah merah kecut di dalam larutan hipertonik. Red blood cells shrink in hypertonic solution. 3 Tiada perubahan pada bentuk sel darah merah apabila diletakkan dalam larutan isotonik. There is no change in the shape of red blood cells when they are put in an isotonic solution. PEMBOLEH UBAH VARIABLES Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Kepekatan larutan natrium klorida yang berbeza. Manipulated variable: Different concentration of sodium chloride solution. Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Keadaan sel. Unit 3 Responding variable: Condition of the cells. Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu larutan natrium klorida. Constant variable: Volume of sodium chloride solution. BAHAN Darah ayam, larutan natrium klorida 5%, larutan natrium klorida 0.7%, air suling. RADAS Slaid, sisip kaca, forsep, penitis, tabung uji, jam randik dan mikroskop. PROSEDUR 1 Label tiga tabung uji A, B dan C. / Label three test tubes A, B and C. MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE Chicken blood, 5% sodium chloride solution, 0.7% sodium chloride solution, distilled water. Slides, cover slips, forceps, dropper, test tubes, stopwatch and microscope. 2 Isi tabung uji A dengan 10 ml air suling. / Fill test tube A with 10 ml distilled water. 3 Masukkan dua titis darah ayam segar ke dalam tabung uji A. Put two drops of fresh chicken blood into test tube A. 4 Tambah natrium sitrat ke dalam darah ayam tersebut untuk mengelakkannya daripada beku. / Add sodium citrate to the chicken blood to prevent it from clotting. 5 Selepas 10 minit, letakkan 1 titis larutan dari tabung uji A di atas slaid A. After 10 minutes, place a drop of solution from test tube A on slide A. 6 Tutup slaid tersebut dengan sisip kaca. Cover the slide with a cover slip. 7 Perhati dan catatkan keadaan sel darah merah di bawah mikroskop. Observe and record the condition of the red blood cell under a microscope. 8 Ulang langkah 2 hingga 7 dengan meletakkan larutan natrium klorida 5% dan 0.7% masing-masing di atas slaid B dan C. / Repeat steps 2 to 7 by placing 5% and 0.7% of sodium chloride solution on slide B and C respectively. 9 Catatkan semua pemerhatian ke dalam jadual. Record all the observation into a table. 33 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 33 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Kepekatan larutan natrium klorida (%) Concentration of sodium chloride solution (%) 0 5 0.7 Keadaan sel darah merah Condition of the red blood cell KESIMPULAN CONCLUSION 1 Sel darah merah meletus di dalam larutan hipotonik. Red blood cells burst in hypotonic solution. 2 Sel darah merah mengecut di dalam larutan hipertonik. Red blood cells shrink in hypertonic solution. 3 Tiada perubahan pada bentuk sel darah merah apabila diletakkan dalam larutan isotonik. There is no change in the shape of red blood cells when they are put in an isotonic solution. SP 3.3.5 Berkomunikasi tentang kesan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik terhadap sel haiwan berdasarkan pergerakan molekul air 4 Kesan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik terhadap sel haiwan. Effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells. A Larutan hipotonik / Hypotonic solution Unit 3 Air Water Sel darah merah ke dalam Molekul air meresap osmosis Red blood cell Sel darah merah meletus mengalami sel secara membran plasma melalui mengembang . dan . Sel darah merah dikatakan hemolisis . into Water molecules diffuse osmosis through the The red blood cell expands The cell is said to experience the cell by plasma membrane bursts and haemolysis . . . B Larutan hipertonik / Hypertonic solution Air Water Sel darah merah Red blood cell keluar dari Molekul air meresap osmosis melalui membran plasma. mengecut Sel darah merah mengalami krenasi shrinks crenation Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 34 dan . out of Water molecules diffuse osmosis through the plasma membrane. The red blood cell sel secara the cell by and experiences . 34 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 C Larutan isotonik / Isotonic solution Air Sel darah merah Water Red blood cell Molekul air meresap masuk dan keluar dari sel pada sama . Oleh itu, sel darah mengekalkan bentuk normalnya. kadar yang merah Water molecules diffuse in and out of the cell at the same rate. Therefore, the red blood cell retains its normal shape. 5 Kesan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik terhadap sel tumbuhan. Effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells. A Larutan hipotonik / Hypotonic solution ke dalam osmosis mengembang . Vakuol menolak segah into Water molecules diffuse Water dan sitoplasma dan membran plasma ke arah dinding sel. Sel dikatakan Air vakuol secara Unit 3 Molekul air meresap . the vacuole by osmosis . The vacuole expands pushes the cytoplasm and plasma membrane towards the turgid cell wall. The cell is said to be and . B Larutan hipertonik / Hypertonic solution keluar dari Molekul air meresap mengecut Vakuol vakuol secara osmosis. menarik dan sitoplasma dan membran plasma menjauhi dinding sel. Proses ini disebut plasmolisis . Ini menyebabkan out of the vacuole by osmosis. kelayuan berlaku . Water molecules diffuse shrinks The vacuole Air Water pulls the cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the cell wall. This process is called plasmolysis 35 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 35 and . This causes wilting to occur. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 C Larutan isotonik / Isotonic solution Molekul air meresap masuk dan keluar dari vakuol pada kadar sama yang . Oleh itu, sel mengekalkan bentuknya. Vakuol Water molecules diffuse in and out of the vacuole at the Vacuole rate. Therefore, the cell AKTIVITI PENGUKUHAN REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY retains same its shape. KBAT HOTS Lada selalu digunakan sebagai hiasan dalam masakan. Lada akan terlebih dahulu dipotong secara memanjang kepada beberapa bahagian. Selepas biji di dalamnya dibuang, potongan lada akan direndam di dalam air selama 25 hingga 30 minit. Hasilnya seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di sebelah. Mengapakah lada tersebut perlu direndam di dalam air? Chillies are usually used as a decoration in cooking. Chillies will be cut longitudinally into a few parts. After removing the seeds inside, the chillies cut are soaked in water for 25 to 30 minutes. The results are as shown in the diagram on the right. Why should the chillies be soaked in water? Air bersifat hipotonik terhadap sel-sel di bahagian dalam lada tersebut. Molekul air akan meresap masuk ke Unit 3 bahagian dalam secara osmosis. Bahagian luar lada mempunyai lapisan berlilin yang tidak membenarkan resapan air ke dalam sel-sel di bahagian tersebut. Sel-sel di bahagian dalam menjadi segah dan menyebabkan lada membengkok ke luar. Water is hypotonic towards the cells of the inner part of the chillies. Water molecules diffuse into the inner part by osmosis. The outer part of the chillies has waxy layer which does not allow water to diffuse into the cells. Cells in the inner part become turgid and cause the chillies to bend outward. 3.4 SP Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma dalam Kehidupan Harian Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane and its Application in Daily Life SK 3.4 3.4.1 Mengeksperimen untuk menentukan kepekatan sap sel tisu tumbuhan EKSPERIMEN BERPANDU GUIDED EXPERIMENT TUJUAN AIM PERNYATAAN MASALAH PROBLEM STATEMENT HIPOTESIS HYPOTHESIS Menentukan kepekatan sap sel dalam sel tumbuhan Determining the concentration of cell sap in plant cells Untuk menentukan kepekatan larutan yang isotonik terhadap sap sel tisu tumbuhan. To determine the concentration of solution which is isotonic to the cell sap of plant tissues. Apakah kepekatan larutan yang isotonik terhadap sap sel tisu tumbuhan? What is the concentration of solution which is isotonic to cell sap of plant tissues? Kepekatan larutan yang isotonik terhadap sap sel tisu tumbuhan adalah kepekatan yang tidak menyebabkan perubahan jisim pada tisu tumbuhan tersebut. The concentration of solution which is isotonic to the plant tissues is the concentration which does not cause any changes in the mass of the plant tissues. Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 36 36 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 PEMBOLEH UBAH VARIABLES Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Kepekatan larutan sukrosa Manipulated variable: The concentration of the sucrose solution Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Perubahan jisim tisu ubi kentang Responding variable: Changes in the mass of the potato tissue Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu larutan sukrosa Constant variable: The volume of the sucrose solution BAHAN Jalur ubi kentang, air suling, larutan sukrosa 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.6 M dan 0.8 M. RADAS Pengorek gabus, bikar, alat penimbang, tisu. MATERIALS APPARATUS PROSEDUR PROCEDURE Potato strip, distilled water, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.6 M and 0.8 M sucrose solution. Cork borer, beaker, weighing scales, tissue. 1 Sediakan lima jalur ubi kentang dengan menggunakan pengorek gabus. Lapkan kesemua jalur ubi kentang dengan menggunakan kertas tisu. Prepare five potato strips using a cork borer. Wipe all the potato strips using a tissue paper. 2 Ukur jisim semua jalur ubi kentang dengan alat penimbang dan catatkan data. 3 Isikan lima bikar yang berbeza dengan air suling, larutan sukrosa 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.6 M, dan 0.8 M. Fill five different beakers with distilled water, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.6 M and 0.8 M sucrose solution. 4 Rendamkan satu jalur ubi kentang ke dalam setiap bikar. Unit 3 Measure the mass of all the potato strips by using a weighing scale and record the data. Immerse a potato strip in each beaker. 5 Selepas 10 minit, keluarkan semua jalur ubi kentang tersebut. After 10 minutes, remove all the potato strips. 6 Lapkan kesemua jalur ubi kentang dengan menggunakan kertas tisu. Wipe all the potato strips using a tissue paper. 7 Ukur jisim akhir semua jalur ubi kentang. / Measure the final mass of all the potato strips. 8 Rekod semua data ke dalam jadual. / Record all the data into a table. 9 Plotkan graf perbezaan jisim melawan kepekatan larutan sukrosa. Plot a graph of the mass difference against the concentration of sucrose solution. KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Kepekatan larutan sukrosa Concentration of sucrose solution (M) Jisim awal Jisim akhir Perubahan jisim (g) (g) (g) Initial mass Final mass Change in mass 0.0 (air suling / distilled water) 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.8 KESIMPULAN CONCLUSION Hipotesis diterima. Hypothesis is accepted. 37 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 37 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 SP 3.4.2 3.4.3 Menghubung kait kepekatan sap sel suatu tisu tumbuhan dengan fenomena kelayuan tumbuhan Menghuraikan dengan contoh aplikasi konsep pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma dalam kehidupan harian Kesan dan aplikasi osmosis dalam kehidupan seharian. Effects and applications of osmosis in everyday life. Baja yang berlebihan menyebabkan air tanah menjadi keluar terhadap sel akar. Molekul air meresap akar secara plasmolisis Tumbuhan layu Wilting of plants SP 3.4.4 hipertonik dari sel rambut osmosis menyebabkan sel mengalami layu . Oleh itu, tumbuhan akan . hypertonic Excessive fertilisers causes the ground water to be to hair cells. out of the osmosis Water molecules diffuse root hair cells by causes the cells to be plasmolysed . Therefore, the plant will wilt . Berkomunikasi menggunakan pelbagai media tentang proses osmosis berbalik dalam penulenan air Aktiviti / Activity Arahan / Instructions: Secara berkumpulan anda dikehendaki untuk membuat persembahan multimedia mengenai tajuk berikut: In a group, you are required to create a multimedia presentation on the following topic: Unit 3 TAJUK: PROSES OSMOSIS BERBALIK DALAM PROSES PENULENAN AIR (a) Terangkan cara proses berlaku. (b) Nyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan proses dalam kehidupan harian. (c) Cadangkan cara penambahbaikan bagi proses tersebut. TOPIC: REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS IN THE PROCESS OF WATER PURIFICATION (a) Explain how the process works. (b) State the pros and cons of the process in daily life. (c) Suggest ways to improve the process. PRAKTIS SPM / SPM PRACTICE SOALAN OBJEKTIF / OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur membran plasma. Diagram 1 shows the structures of a plasma membrane. Apakah struktur P dan Q? What are structure P and Q? P A Q Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 38 Karbohidrat Lipid Carbohydrate Karbohidrat Lipid C Protein Lipid D Lipid Protein B P Lipid Q Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Lipid Lipid Protein 38 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua bahan X dan Y merentasi membran plasma satu sel. Diagram 2 shows two substances X and Y passing 4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan pertukaran gas dalam satu alveolus. Diagram 4 shows gaseous exchange in an alveolus. through the plasma membrane of a cell. CO2 Luar sel Outside the cell Y X Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Apakah bahan X dan Y? What are substances X and Y? X Y A Asid amino Glukosa B Oksigen Amino acid D Air Water Air Asid amino Glukosa Oksigen Water Glucose involved in the gaseous exchange above? A Osmosis / Osmosis B Resapan ringkas / Simple diffusion C Resapan berbantu / Facilitated diffusion D Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport Glucose Oxygen C Rajah 4 / Diagram 4 Apakah proses fizikal yang terlibat dalam pertukaran gas di atas? / What is the physical process 5 Antara berikut, yang manakah melibatkan pengangkutan aktif? Amino acid Which of the following involves active transport? A Penyerapan fruktosa ke dalam villi. Oxygen Absorption of fructose into the villi. B Pergerakan ion kalium ke dalam sel haiwan. Movement of potassium ions into animal cells. 3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan pergerakan bahan M merentasi membran plasma. Diagram 3 shows the movement of substance M across Unit 3 Dalam sel Inside the cell O2 C Penyerapan air tanah ke dalam sel rambut akar. Absorption of soil water into root hair cells. the plasma membrane. D Pengambilan oksigen di dalam air oleh insang ikan. Bahan M The intake of oxygen in water by fish gills. Substance M Luar sel 6 Maklumat di bawah merujuk kepada keadaan sel sawi hijau selepas direndam dalam sejenis larutan. Outside the cell The information below refers to a condition of a mustard green cells after being immersed in a solution. • Vakuol mengecut. Dalam sel The vacuole shrinks. Inside the cell • Membran plasma dan sitoplasma ditarik menjauhi dinding sel. Rajah 3 / Diagram 3 Apakah proses yang terlibat dalam pergerakan bahan M? What is the process involves in the movement of The plasma membrane and cytoplasm are pulled away from the cell wall. Apakah proses yang dialami oleh sel sawi hijau itu? substance M? A Osmosis / Osmosis B Resapan ringkas / Simple diffusion C Resapan berbantu / Facilitated diffusion D Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport What is the process experienced by the mustard green cell? A Segah / Turgid B Krenasi / Crenation C Hemolisis / Haemolysis D Plasmolisis / Plasmolysis 39 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 39 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 7 Rajah 5 menunjukkan keadaan sel darah merah sebelum dan selepas direndam dalam larutan X. 9 Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat kesan kepekatan larutan natrium klorida terhadap jisim jalur-jalur kentang. Jalur-jalur kentang diletakkan dalam larutan sukrosa 5%, 15% dan 30%. Jisim awal jalur-jalur kentang itu ialah 1.40 g. Antara berikut, yang manakah berkemungkinan jisim akhir jalur-jalur kentang di dalam larutan sukrosa 30%? An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect Diagram 5 shows the condition of a red blood cell before and after being immersed in solution X. Sebelum / Before Selepas / After Rajah 5 / Diagram 5 Apakah larutan X dan proses apakah yang berlaku ke atas sel darah merah? / What is solution X and the of sodium chloride concentration on the mass of potato strips. Potato strips were placed in 5%, 15% and 30% sucrose solution. The initial mass of the potato strips are 1.40 g. Which of the following should be the final mass of the potato strip in 30% sucrose solution? process that takes place in the red blood cell? Larutan X A Process Air suling Plasmolisis Distilled water B Proses Solution X Air suling Plasmolysis Krenasi Distilled water Crenation C Larutan sukrosa 20% Plasmolisis D Larutan sukrosa 20% 20% sucrose solution 20% sucrose solution A 1.14 g B 1.40 g C 1.58 g D 1.79 g 10 Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan yang telah diletakkan dalam larutan sukrosa 30% selama satu jam. Diagram 6 shows a plant cell which has been placed in Plasmolysis Krenasi Crenation 30% sucrose solution for an hour. Unit 3 8 Seorang pekebun menggunakan terlalu banyak baja pada tanaman sayurannya. Apakah kesan tindakannya ke atas tanaman itu? M A farmer applies too much fertiliser on his vegetable plant. What is the effect of his action to the plant? Rajah 6 / Diagram 6 Apakah bahan yang terdapat di dalam M? A Tanaman sayuran akan layu. The vegetable plant will wilt. What is the substance found in M? A Molekul air / Water molecule B Air suling / Distilled water C Molekul sukrosa / Sucrose molecule D Larutan sukrosa / Sucrose solution B Tanaman sayuran akan mati. The vegetable plant will die. C Tanaman sayuran akan kelihatan segar. The vegetable plant will look fresh. D Tanaman sayuran akan tumbuh dengan lebih cepat. / The vegetable plant will grow much faster. SOALAN STRUKTUR / STRUCTURE QUESTIONS 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur satu komponen sel pada sel mesofil palisad. Diagram 1 shows the structure of a cellular component of a palisade mesophyll cell. M: N: Protein liang Pore protein Ion kalium Potassium ions Di luar sel Outside the cell Dwilapisan fosfolipid Phospholipid bilayer ATP Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 40 Di dalam sel Inside the cell 40 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 (a) (i) Namakan komponen sel dalam Rajah 1. / Name the cellular component in Diagram 1. Membran plasma / Plasma membrane [1 markah/mark] (ii) Nyatakan satu ciri komponen sel di (a)(i) berdasarkan Rajah 1. State one characteristic of the cellular component in (a)(i) based on Diagram 1. Fleksibel / Flexible [1 markah/mark] (iii) Label struktur M dan N. / Label structures M and N. [2 markah/marks] (b) Berikan satu contoh molekul yang boleh melalui struktur N secara resapan ringkas. Give one example of molecule that can pass through structure N by simple diffusion. Asid lemak / Gliserol / Oksigen / Karbon dioksida / Air / Vitamin A, D, E, K. Fatty acids / Glycerol / Oxygen / Carbon dioxide / Water / Vitamins A, D, E, K. [1 markah/mark] (c) Nyatakan proses yang membenarkan pergerakan ion kalium melalui komponen sel di Rajah 1. State the process which allows the movement of potassium ion through the cellular component in Diagram 1. Pengangkutan aktif / Active transport [1 markah/mark] 2 Rajah 2(a) menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan yang direndam ke dalam larutan X. Molekul air meresap masuk ke dalam sel secara osmosis seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2(a). / Diagram 2(a) shows a plant cell immersed Unit 3 in solution X. Water molecules diffuse into the cell by osmosis as shown in Diagram 2(a). Larutan X Solution X Rajah 2(a) / Diagram 2(a) (a) Jika kepekatan sap sel adalah 17%, apakah kepekatan larutan X? Tandakan (✓) pada jawapan yang betul dalam Jadual 2. / If the concentration of the cell sap is 17%, what is the concentration of solution X? Tick (✓) the correct answer in Table 2. 5% 17% Jadual 2 / Table 2 25% [1 markah/mark] (b) Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan terhadap sel darah merah yang direndam ke dalam larutan Y. Keputusannya ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2(b). / Another experiment was carried out on a red blood cell which was soaked in solution Y. The result is shown in Diagram 2(b). Rajah 2(b) / Diagram 2(b) 41 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 41 Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 11/01/2020 12:24 PM MODUL • Biologi Tingkatan 4 Terangkan bagaimana keadaan sel darah merah di 2(b) berlaku. Explain how does the condition of red blood cell in 2(b) occur. Larutan Y adalah bersifat hipotonik terhadap sel darah merah. Molekul air meresap ke dalam sel secara osmosis. Sel akan mengembang dan seterusnya meletus disebabkan ketiadaan dinding sel. Solution Y is hypotonic towards the red blood cells. Water molecules diffuse into the cells by osmosis. The cells expanded and later burst due to the absence of cell wall. [3 markah/marks] 3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan tumbuhan R. Seorang tukang kebun menggunakan baja yang berlebihan pada tumbuhan tersebut. / Diagram 3 shows plant R. A gardener applied excessive fertilisers on the plant. Rajah 3 / Diagram 3 Unit 3 (a) Ramal dan terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada tumbuhan R selepas beberapa hari. Predict and explain what will happen to plant R after a few days. Tumbuhan akan layu. Baja berlebihan akan menyebabkan air tanah bersifat hipertonik terhadap sel rambut akar tumbuhan tersebut. Molekul air dari sel rambut akar meresap keluar secara osmosis. Ini menyebabkan sel-sel tumbuhan tersebut menjadi flasid. The plant will wilt. Excess fertiliser makes the soil water be hypertonic to the root hair cells of the plant. Water molecules from the root hair cells diffuse out by osmosis. This causes the cells of the plants to be flaccid. [4 markah/marks] (b) Dalam kotak yang disediakan, lukis rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan sel tumbuhan R selepas beberapa hari. In the box provided, draw a labelled diagram to show the cell of plant R after a few days. Dinding sel Cell wall Vakuol Vacuole Nukleus Nucleus Membran plasma Plasma membrane Sitoplasma Cytoplasm [3 markah/marks] Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 03-Biologi F4 Unit3(p24-42)csy4p.indd 42 42 11/01/2020 12:24 PM
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