CLOUD
COMPUTING
Essentials of
K. CHANDRASEKARAN
CLOUD
COMPUTING
Essentials of
CLOUD
COMPUTING
Essentials of
K. Chandrasekaran
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Version Date: 20141014
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Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................. xvii
Preface.................................................................................................................... xix
1. Computing Paradigms.................................................................................... 1
Learning Objectives.......................................................................................... 1
Preamble............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 High-Performance Computing............................................................ 1
1.2 Parallel Computing................................................................................2
1.3 Distributed Computing.........................................................................3
1.4 Cluster Computing................................................................................3
1.5 Grid Computing.....................................................................................4
1.6 Cloud Computing.................................................................................. 5
1.7 Biocomputing.........................................................................................5
1.8 Mobile Computing.................................................................................6
1.9 Quantum Computing............................................................................ 6
1.10 Optical Computing................................................................................ 7
1.11 Nanocomputing.....................................................................................7
1.12 Network Computing.............................................................................7
1.13 Summary................................................................................................. 8
Key Points.......................................................................................................... 8
Review Questions............................................................................................. 8
Further Reading................................................................................................ 8
2. Cloud Computing Fundamentals.................................................................9
Learning Objectives.......................................................................................... 9
Preamble............................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Motivation for Cloud Computing...................................................... 10
2.1.1 The Need for Cloud Computing.................................................11
2.2 Defining Cloud Computing................................................................ 12
2.2.1 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing................................. 12
2.2.2 Cloud Computing Is a Service.............................................. 13
2.2.3 Cloud Computing Is a Platform............................................ 13
2.3 5-4-3 Principles of Cloud computing................................................ 14
2.3.1 Five Essential Characteristics................................................ 14
2.3.2 Four Cloud Deployment Models.......................................... 15
2.3.3 Three Service Offering Models............................................. 16
2.4 Cloud Ecosystem.................................................................................. 17
2.5 Requirements for Cloud Services...................................................... 19
2.6 Cloud Application................................................................................ 21
2.7 Benefits and Drawbacks......................................................................22
v
vi
Contents
2.8 Summary............................................................................................... 24
Review Points.................................................................................................. 24
Review Questions........................................................................................... 25
Reference.......................................................................................................... 25
Further Reading.............................................................................................. 26
3. Cloud Computing Architecture and Management................................. 27
Learning Objectives........................................................................................ 27
Preamble........................................................................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 28
3.2 Cloud Architecture.............................................................................. 28
3.2.1 Layer 1 (User/Client Layer)................................................... 28
3.2.2 Layer 2 (Network Layer)........................................................ 29
3.2.3 Layer 3 (Cloud Management Layer).....................................30
3.2.4 Layer 4 (Hardware Resource Layer)..................................... 30
3.3 Anatomy of the Cloud.........................................................................30
3.4 Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing................................... 32
3.4.1 Public Cloud Access Networking......................................... 32
3.4.2 Private Cloud Access Networking....................................... 32
3.4.3 Intracloud Networking for Public Cloud Services............. 32
3.4.4 Private Intracloud Networking............................................. 33
3.4.5 New Facets in Private Networks.......................................... 33
3.4.6 Path for Internet Traffic..........................................................34
3.5 Applications on the Cloud..................................................................34
3.6 Managing the Cloud............................................................................ 37
3.6.1 Managing the Cloud Infrastructure.................................... 37
3.6.2 Managing the Cloud Application......................................... 39
3.7 Migrating Application to Cloud........................................................ 40
3.7.1 Phases of Cloud Migration.................................................... 40
3.7.2 Approaches for Cloud Migration......................................... 41
3.8 Summary............................................................................................... 41
Review Points..................................................................................................42
Review Questions...........................................................................................42
References........................................................................................................43
Further Reading..............................................................................................43
4. Cloud Deployment Models......................................................................... 45
Learning Objectives........................................................................................ 45
Preamble........................................................................................................... 45
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 46
4.2 Private Cloud........................................................................................ 47
4.2.1 Characteristics......................................................................... 47
4.2.2 Suitability................................................................................. 48
4.2.3 On-Premise Private Cloud..................................................... 49
4.2.3.1 Issues......................................................................... 49
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Contents
4.2.4
Outsourced Private Cloud..................................................... 51
4.2.4.1 Issues......................................................................... 51
4.2.5 Advantages.............................................................................. 52
4.2.6 Disadvantages......................................................................... 52
4.3 Public Cloud.......................................................................................... 53
4.3.1 Characteristics......................................................................... 53
4.3.2 Suitability.................................................................................54
4.3.3 Issues........................................................................................54
4.3.4 Advantages.............................................................................. 56
4.3.5 Disadvantages......................................................................... 56
4.4 Community Cloud............................................................................... 56
4.4.1 Characteristics......................................................................... 57
4.4.2 Suitability................................................................................. 58
4.4.3 On-Premise Community Cloud............................................ 58
4.4.3.1 Issues......................................................................... 58
4.4.4 Outsourced Community Cloud............................................ 59
4.4.4.1 Issues......................................................................... 60
4.4.5 Advantages.............................................................................. 60
4.4.6 Disadvantages......................................................................... 61
4.5 Hybrid Cloud........................................................................................ 61
4.5.1 Characteristics......................................................................... 62
4.5.2 Suitability................................................................................. 62
4.5.3 Issues........................................................................................ 62
4.5.4 Advantages..............................................................................63
4.5.5 Disadvantages.........................................................................64
4.6 Summary...............................................................................................64
Review Points..................................................................................................64
Review Questions...........................................................................................65
References........................................................................................................65
5. Cloud Service Models................................................................................... 67
Learning Objectives........................................................................................ 67
Preamble........................................................................................................... 67
5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 68
5.2 Infrastructure as a Service.................................................................. 71
5.2.1 Characteristics of IaaS............................................................ 72
5.2.2 Suitability of IaaS.................................................................... 73
5.2.3 Pros and Cons of IaaS............................................................. 74
5.2.4 Summary of IaaS Providers................................................... 75
5.3 Platform as a Service...........................................................................77
5.3.1 Characteristics of PaaS........................................................... 79
5.3.2 Suitability of PaaS...................................................................80
5.3.3 Pros and Cons of PaaS............................................................ 81
5.3.4 Summary of PaaS Providers..................................................83
viii
Contents
5.4
Software as a Service...........................................................................83
5.4.1 Characteristics of SaaS........................................................... 86
5.4.2 Suitability of SaaS................................................................... 87
5.4.3 Pros and Cons of SaaS............................................................ 88
5.4.4 Summary of SaaS Providers..................................................90
5.5 Other Cloud Service Models..............................................................90
5.6 Summary............................................................................................... 93
Review Points.................................................................................................. 94
Review Questions........................................................................................... 94
Further Reading.............................................................................................. 95
6. Technological Drivers for Cloud Computing.......................................... 97
Learning Objectives........................................................................................ 97
Preamble........................................................................................................... 97
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 98
6.2 SOA and Cloud..................................................................................... 98
6.2.1 SOA and SOC.......................................................................... 99
6.2.2 Benefits of SOA...................................................................... 100
6.2.3 Technologies Used by SOA.................................................. 101
6.2.4 Similarities and Differences between SOA and
Cloud Computing................................................................. 101
6.2.4.1 Similarities............................................................. 102
6.2.4.2 Differences............................................................. 102
6.2.5 How SOA Meets Cloud Computing................................... 103
6.2.6 CCOA...................................................................................... 104
6.3 Virtualization..................................................................................... 105
6.3.1 Approaches in Virtualization............................................. 106
6.3.1.1 Full Virtualization................................................. 106
6.3.1.2 Paravirtualization................................................. 106
6.3.1.3 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization..................... 107
6.3.2 Hypervisor and Its Role....................................................... 107
6.3.3 Types of Virtualization........................................................ 108
6.3.3.1 OS Virtualization.................................................. 108
6.3.3.2 Server Virtualization............................................ 108
6.3.3.3 Memory Virtualization........................................ 108
6.3.3.4 Storage Virtualization........................................... 108
6.3.3.5 Network Virtualization........................................ 109
6.3.3.6 Application Virtualization................................... 109
6.4 Multicore Technology........................................................................ 109
6.4.1 Multicore Processors and VM Scalability......................... 110
6.4.2 Multicore Technology and the Parallelism in Cloud....... 110
6.4.3 Case Study............................................................................. 110
6.5 Memory and Storage Technologies................................................. 111
6.5.1 Cloud Storage Requirements............................................... 111
Contents
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
ix
6.5.2 Virtualization Support......................................................... 111
6.5.3 Storage as a Service (STaaS)................................................. 112
6.5.4 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Cloud Storage.......112
Networking Technologies................................................................. 113
6.6.1 Network Requirements for Cloud...................................... 113
6.6.2 Virtualization Support......................................................... 114
6.6.3 Usage of Virtual Networks.................................................. 115
6.6.4 DCs and VPLS....................................................................... 115
6.6.5 SDN......................................................................................... 115
6.6.6 MPLS....................................................................................... 116
6.6.7 Other Emerging Networking Trends and
Technologies in Cloud.......................................................... 116
Web 2.0................................................................................................. 117
6.7.1 Characteristics of Web 2.0.................................................... 118
6.7.2 Difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0......................... 120
6.7.3 Applications of Web 2.0....................................................... 120
6.7.3.1 Social Media........................................................... 120
6.7.3.2 Marketing............................................................... 120
6.7.3.3 Education................................................................ 121
6.7.4 Web 2.0 and Cloud Computing.......................................... 121
Web 3.0................................................................................................. 122
6.8.1 Components of Web 3.0........................................................ 123
6.8.1.1 Semantic Web......................................................... 123
6.8.1.2 Web Services.......................................................... 124
6.8.2 Characteristics of Web 3.0.................................................... 124
6.8.3 Convergence of Cloud and Web 3.0................................... 125
6.8.4 Case Studies in Cloud and Web 3.0.................................... 126
6.8.4.1 Connecting Information: Facebook.................... 126
6.8.4.2 Search Optimization and Web Commerce:
Best Buy.................................................................. 126
6.8.4.3 Understanding Text: Millward Brown............... 127
Software Process Models for Cloud................................................ 127
6.9.1 Types of Software Models................................................... 127
6.9.1.1 Waterfall Model..................................................... 127
6.9.1.2 V Model.................................................................. 128
6.9.1.3 Incremental Model................................................ 128
6.9.1.4 RAD Model............................................................ 128
6.9.1.5 Agile Model............................................................ 128
6.9.1.6 Iterative Model....................................................... 128
6.9.1.7 Spiral Model........................................................... 129
6.9.2 Agile SDLC for Cloud Computing..................................... 129
6.9.2.1 Features of Cloud SDLC....................................... 130
6.9.3 Agile Software Development Process................................ 130
6.9.4 Advantages of Agile Model................................................. 131
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Contents
6.9.5
How Cloud Meets Agile Process?...................................... 132
6.9.5.1 Six Ways the Cloud Enhances Agile
Software Development......................................... 132
6.9.5.2 Case Study of Agile Development...................... 133
6.10 Programming Models....................................................................... 134
6.10.1 Programming Models in Cloud.......................................... 135
6.10.1.1 BSP Model.............................................................. 135
6.10.1.2 MapReduce Model................................................ 136
6.10.1.3 SAGA....................................................................... 137
6.10.1.4 Transformer............................................................ 137
6.10.1.5 Grid Batch Framework......................................... 139
6.11 Pervasive Computing........................................................................ 139
6.11.1 How Pervasive Computing Works?................................... 140
6.11.2 How Pervasive Computing Helps Cloud
Computing?......................................................................141
6.12 Operating System............................................................................... 142
6.12.1 Types of Operating Systems................................................ 143
6.12.2 Role of OS in Cloud Computing......................................... 144
6.12.3 Features of Cloud OS............................................................ 146
6.12.3.1 Well-Defined and Abstracted Interfaces............ 146
6.12.3.2 Support for Security at the Core......................... 146
6.12.3.3 Managing Virtualized Workloads...................... 147
6.12.3.4 Management of Workloads.................................. 147
6.12.4 Cloud OS Requirements...................................................... 147
6.12.5 Cloud-Based OS.................................................................... 148
6.13 Application Environment................................................................. 149
6.13.1 Need for Effective ADE........................................................ 149
6.13.2 Application Development Methodologies........................ 150
6.13.2.1 Distributed Development..................................... 150
6.13.2.2 Agile Development............................................... 150
6.13.3 Power of Cloud Computing in Application
Development.......................................................................... 150
6.13.3.1 Disadvantages of Desktop Development........... 151
6.13.3.2 Advantages of Application Development
in the Cloud............................................................ 152
6.13.4 Cloud Application Development Platforms...................... 152
6.13.4.1 Windows Azure..................................................... 153
6.13.4.2 Google App Engine............................................... 153
6.13.4.3 Force.com................................................................ 153
6.13.4.4 Manjrasoft Aneka.................................................. 154
6.13.5 Cloud Computing APIs........................................................ 154
6.13.5.1 Rackspace............................................................... 154
6.13.5.2 IBM.......................................................................... 154
6.13.5.3 Intel.......................................................................... 154
Contents
xi
6.14 Summary............................................................................................. 155
Review Points................................................................................................ 155
Review Questions......................................................................................... 156
References...................................................................................................... 157
Further Reading............................................................................................ 160
7. Virtualization............................................................................................... 161
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 161
Preamble......................................................................................................... 161
7.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 162
7.2 Virtualization Opportunities........................................................... 164
7.2.1 Processor Virtualization...................................................... 164
7.2.2 Memory Virtualization........................................................ 165
7.2.3 Storage Virtualization.......................................................... 165
7.2.4 Network Virtualization........................................................ 166
7.2.5 Data Virtualization............................................................... 167
7.2.6 Application Virtualization................................................... 169
7.3 Approaches to Virtualization........................................................... 169
7.3.1 Full Virtualization................................................................ 170
7.3.2 Paravirtualization................................................................. 172
7.3.3 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization..................................... 173
7.4 Hypervisors........................................................................................ 174
7.4.1 Types of Hypervisors........................................................... 175
7.4.2 Security Issues and Recommendations............................. 177
7.5 From Virtualization to Cloud Computing..................................... 179
7.5.1 IaaS.......................................................................................... 180
7.5.2 PaaS......................................................................................... 182
7.5.3 SaaS......................................................................................... 182
7.6 Summary............................................................................................. 184
Review Points................................................................................................ 185
Review Questions......................................................................................... 186
Further Reading............................................................................................ 187
8. Programming Models for Cloud Computing........................................ 189
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 189
Preamble......................................................................................................... 189
8.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 190
8.2 Extended Programming Models for Cloud................................... 191
8.2.1 MapReduce............................................................................ 191
8.2.1.1 Map Function......................................................... 192
8.2.1.2 Reduce Function.................................................... 192
8.2.2 CGL-MapReduce................................................................... 193
xii
Contents
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
Cloud Haskell: Functional Programming......................... 195
MultiMLton: Functional Programming............................ 197
Erlang: Functional Programming...................................... 197
8.2.5.1 CloudI..................................................................... 198
8.2.6 SORCER: Object-Oriented Programming......................... 199
8.2.7 Programming Models in Aneka......................................... 202
8.2.7.1 Task Execution Model........................................... 202
8.2.7.2 Thread Execution Model...................................... 203
8.2.7.3 Map Reduce Model............................................... 203
8.3 New Programming Models Proposed for Cloud.......................... 203
8.3.1 Orleans................................................................................... 204
8.3.2 BOOM and Bloom................................................................. 206
8.3.3 GridBatch............................................................................... 207
8.3.4 Simple API for Grid Applications....................................... 207
8.4 Summary............................................................................................. 210
Review Points................................................................................................ 210
Review Questions......................................................................................... 211
References...................................................................................................... 212
Further Reading............................................................................................ 213
9. Software Development in Cloud.............................................................. 215
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 215
Preamble......................................................................................................... 215
9.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 216
9.1.1 SaaS Is Different from Traditional Software..................... 217
9.1.2 SaaS Benefits.......................................................................... 217
9.1.3 Suitability of SaaS................................................................. 218
9.2 Different Perspectives on SaaS Development................................ 219
9.2.1 SaaS from Managed Infrastructure and Platform........... 219
9.2.2 SaaS from IaaS and Managed Platform............................. 220
9.2.3 SaaS from Managed Infrastructure and PaaS.................. 221
9.2.4 SaaS from IaaS and PaaS......................................................222
9.3 New Challenges................................................................................. 224
9.3.1 Multitenancy.......................................................................... 224
9.3.2 Security................................................................................... 224
9.3.3 Scalability...............................................................................225
9.3.4 Availability............................................................................225
9.3.5 Usability.................................................................................225
9.3.6 Self-Service Sign-Up............................................................. 226
9.3.7 Automated Billing................................................................. 226
9.3.8 Nondisruptive Updates........................................................ 226
9.3.9 Service Integration................................................................ 226
9.3.10 Vendor Lock-In...................................................................... 227
Contents
xiii
9.4
Cloud-Aware Software Development Using PaaS Technology....... 227
9.4.1 Requirements Analysis........................................................ 230
9.4.2 Multitenant Architecture..................................................... 230
9.4.3 Highly Scalable and Available Architecture.................... 231
9.4.4 Database Design.................................................................... 233
9.4.5 SaaS Development................................................................234
9.4.6 Monitoring and SLA Maintenance..................................... 235
9.5 Summary............................................................................................. 236
Review Points................................................................................................ 236
Review Questions......................................................................................... 237
Further Reading............................................................................................ 238
10. Networking for Cloud Computing.......................................................... 241
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 241
Preamble......................................................................................................... 241
10.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 241
10.2 Overview of Data Center Environment.......................................... 243
10.2.1 Architecture of Classical Data Centers.............................. 244
10.2.2 CEDCs.................................................................................... 245
10.2.3 Physical Organization.......................................................... 245
10.2.4 Storage and Networking Infrastructure............................ 246
10.2.5 Cooling Infrastructure......................................................... 247
10.2.6 Nature of Traffic in Data Centers....................................... 248
10.3 Networking Issues in Data Centers................................................. 249
10.3.1 Availability............................................................................ 249
10.3.2 Poor Network Performance................................................. 250
10.3.3 Security................................................................................... 250
10.4 Transport Layer Issues in DCNs...................................................... 250
10.4.1 TCP Impairments in DCNs................................................. 250
10.4.1.1 TCP Incast............................................................... 251
10.4.1.2 TCP Outcast........................................................... 252
10.4.1.3 Queue Buildup.......................................................254
10.4.1.4 Buffer Pressure......................................................254
10.4.1.5 Pseudocongestion Effect......................................254
10.4.2 Summary: TCP Impairments and Causes......................... 255
10.5 TCP Enhancements for DCNs.......................................................... 255
10.5.1 TCP with Fine-Grained RTO (FG-RTO)............................. 256
10.5.2 TCP with FG-RTO + Delayed ACKs Disabled.................. 256
10.5.3 DCTCP.................................................................................... 257
10.5.3.1 ECN......................................................................... 257
10.5.4 ICTCP...................................................................................... 261
10.5.5 IA-TCP.................................................................................... 262
10.5.6 D2TCP..................................................................................... 263
10.5.7 TCP-FITDC............................................................................. 263
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Contents
10.5.8 TDCTCP................................................................................. 264
10.5.9 TCP with Guarantee Important Packets (GIP)................. 265
10.5.10 PVTCP.................................................................................... 266
10.5.11 Summary: TCP Enhancements for DCNs......................... 266
10.6 Summary............................................................................................. 268
Review Points................................................................................................ 269
Review Questions......................................................................................... 269
References...................................................................................................... 269
11. Cloud Service Providers............................................................................. 273
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 273
Preamble......................................................................................................... 273
11.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 274
11.2 EMC...................................................................................................... 274
11.2.1 EMC IT.................................................................................... 274
11.2.2 Captiva Cloud Toolkit.......................................................... 276
11.3 Google.................................................................................................. 277
11.3.1 Cloud Platform...................................................................... 277
11.3.2 Cloud Storage........................................................................ 278
11.3.3 Google Cloud Connect......................................................... 278
11.3.4 Google Cloud Print............................................................... 278
11.3.5 Google App Engine.............................................................. 279
11.4 Amazon Web Services....................................................................... 280
11.4.1 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud........................................ 281
11.4.2 Amazon Simple Storage Service......................................... 283
11.4.3 Amazon Simple Queue Service.......................................... 283
11.5 Microsoft.............................................................................................284
11.5.1 Windows Azure....................................................................284
11.5.2 Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit.................... 285
11.5.3 SharePoint.............................................................................. 285
11.6 IBM....................................................................................................... 285
11.6.1 Cloud Models........................................................................ 286
11.6.2 IBM SmartCloud................................................................... 287
11.7 SAP Labs.............................................................................................. 289
11.7.1 SAP HANA Cloud Platform................................................ 289
11.7.2 Virtualization Services Provided by SAP......................... 289
11.8 Salesforce............................................................................................. 290
11.8.1 Sales Cloud............................................................................ 290
11.8.2 Service Cloud: Knowledge as a Service............................. 290
11.9 Rackspace............................................................................................ 291
11.10 VMware............................................................................................... 292
11.11 Manjrasoft........................................................................................... 294
11.11.1 Aneka Platform..................................................................... 294
11.12 Summary............................................................................................. 296
Review Points................................................................................................ 297
Contents
xv
Review Questions......................................................................................... 297
References...................................................................................................... 298
Further Reading............................................................................................ 298
12. Open Source Support for Cloud............................................................... 299
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 299
Preamble......................................................................................................... 299
12.1 Introduction........................................................................................300
12.1.1 Open Source in Cloud Computing: An Overview..........300
12.1.2 Difference between Open Source and Closed Source.....300
12.1.3 Advantages of Having an Open Source............................ 301
12.2 Open Source Tools for IaaS............................................................... 301
12.2.1 OpenNebula.......................................................................... 302
12.2.2 Eucalyptus............................................................................. 303
12.2.3 OpenStack..............................................................................304
12.2.4 Apache CloudStack............................................................... 306
12.2.5 Nimbus...................................................................................306
12.2.6 GoGrid Cloud........................................................................ 307
12.3 Open Source Tools for PaaS..............................................................308
12.3.1 Paasmaker..............................................................................308
12.3.2 Red Hat OpenShift Origin..................................................308
12.3.3 Xen Cloud Platform..............................................................309
12.3.4 Cloudify.................................................................................309
12.4 Open Source Tools for SaaS.............................................................. 310
12.4.1 Apache VCL........................................................................... 310
12.4.2 Google Drive.......................................................................... 311
12.4.3 Google Docs........................................................................... 312
12.4.4 Dropbox.................................................................................. 313
12.5 Open Source Tools for Research...................................................... 314
12.5.1 CloudSim................................................................................ 314
12.5.2 SimMapReduce..................................................................... 314
12.5.3 Cloud Analyst........................................................................ 315
12.5.4 GreenCloud............................................................................ 316
12.6 Distributed Computing Tools for Management of
Distributed Systems........................................................................... 318
12.6.1 Cassandra............................................................................... 318
12.6.2 Hadoop................................................................................... 318
12.6.3 MongoDB............................................................................... 320
12.6.4 NGrid...................................................................................... 320
12.6.5 Ganglia................................................................................... 321
12.7 Summary............................................................................................. 321
Review Points................................................................................................ 322
Review Questions......................................................................................... 323
References...................................................................................................... 323
Further Reading............................................................................................ 324
xvi
Contents
13. Security in Cloud Computing................................................................... 325
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 325
Preamble......................................................................................................... 325
13.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 325
13.1.1 Cloud in Information Technology...................................... 326
13.1.2 Cloud General Challenges................................................... 327
13.2 Security Aspects................................................................................. 328
13.2.1 Data Security......................................................................... 329
13.2.1.1 Data Center Security............................................. 330
13.2.1.2 Access Control....................................................... 333
13.2.1.3 Encryption and Decryption................................. 333
13.2.2 Virtualization Security........................................................334
13.2.3 Network Security.................................................................. 336
13.3 Platform-Related Security................................................................. 337
13.3.1 Security Issues in Cloud Service Models.......................... 337
13.3.2 Software-as-a-Service Security Issues............................... 338
13.3.3 Platform-as-a-Service Security Issues................................340
13.3.4 Infrastructure-as-a-Service Security Issues......................340
13.4 Audit and Compliance...................................................................... 341
13.4.1 Disaster Recovery.................................................................342
13.4.2 Privacy and Integrity............................................................343
13.5 Summary.............................................................................................344
Review Points................................................................................................344
Review Questions.........................................................................................345
Further Reading............................................................................................345
14. Advanced Concepts in Cloud Computing.............................................. 347
Learning Objectives...................................................................................... 347
Preamble......................................................................................................... 347
14.1 Intercloud............................................................................................348
14.2 Cloud Management........................................................................... 351
14.3 Mobile Cloud...................................................................................... 353
14.4 Media Cloud....................................................................................... 355
14.5 Interoperability and Standards........................................................ 357
14.6 Cloud Governance............................................................................. 358
14.7 Computational Intelligence in Cloud.............................................. 360
14.8 Green Cloud........................................................................................ 361
14.9 Cloud Analytics..................................................................................364
14.10 Summary............................................................................................. 366
Review Points................................................................................................ 366
Review Questions......................................................................................... 367
References...................................................................................................... 368
Further Reading............................................................................................ 369
Foreword
Cloud computing is sprawling the IT landscape. Driven by several converging and complementary factors, cloud computing is advancing as a viable
IT service delivery model at an incredible pace. It has caused a paradigm
shift in how we deliver, use, and harness the variety of IT services it offers.
It also offers several benefits compared to traditional on-premise computing models, including reduced costs and increased agility and flexibility. Its
transformational potential is huge and impressive, and consequently cloud
computing is being adopted by individual users, businesses, educational
institutions, governments, and community organizations. It helps close the
digital (information) divide. It might even help save our planet by providing
an overall greener computing environment.
Hence, corporations are eagerly investing in promising cloud computing technologies and services not only in developed economies but also
increasingly in emerging economies—including India, China, Taiwan, the
Philippines, and South Africa—to address a region’s specific needs. Cloud
computing is receiving considerable interest among several s­ takeholders—
businesses, the IT industry, application developers, IT administrators
and managers, researchers, and students who aspire to be successful IT
professionals.
To successfully embrace this new computing paradigm, however, they
need to acquire new cloud computing knowledge and skills. In answer to this,
universities have begun to offer new courses on cloud computing. Though
there are several books on cloud computing—from basic books intended for
general readers to advanced compendium for researchers—there are few
books that comprehensively cover a range of cloud computing topics and
are particularly intended as an entry-level textbook for university students.
This book, Essentials of Cloud Computing, fills this void and is a timely and
valuable addition by Professor K. Chandrasekaran, a well-recognized academic and researcher in cloud computing.
The book, beginning with a brief overview on different computing paradigms and potentials of those paradigms, outlines the fundamentals of
cloud computing. Then, it deals with cloud services types, cloud deployment models, technologies supporting and driving the cloud, software
process models and programming models for cloud, and development of
software application that runs the cloud. It also gives an overview of services available from major cloud providers, highlights currently available
open source software and tools for cloud deployment, and discusses security concerns and issues in cloud computing. Finally, it outlines advances
in cloud computing such as mobile cloud and green cloud. The book’s
presentation style supports ease of reading and comprehension. Further,
xvii
xviii
Foreword
each chapter is supplemented with review questions that help the readers
to check their understanding of topics and issues explored in the chapter.
Cloud computing is here to stay, and its adoption will be widespread.
It will transform not only the IT industry but also every sector of society.
A wide range of people—application developers, enterprise IT architects
and administrators, and future IT professionals and managers—will need
to learn about cloud computing and how it can be deployed for a variety of
applications. This concise and comprehensive book will help readers understand several key aspects of cloud computing—technologies, models, cloud
services currently available, applications that are better suited for cloud, and
more. It will also help them examine the issues and challenges and develop
and deploy applications in clouds.
I believe you will find the book informative, concise, comprehensive, and
helpful to gain cloud knowledge.
San Murugesan
Adjunct Professor
University of Western Sydney
Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
Editor in Chief
IEEE IT Professional
Editor
IEEE Computer
Director
BRITE Professional Services
Australia
Preface
Cloud computing is one of the most popular technologies that has become an
integral part of the computing world nowadays. The usage and popularity of
cloud computing is increasing every day and is expected to increase further.
Many frequent Internet users are heavily dependent on cloud-based applications for their day-to-day activities in both professional and personal life.
Cloud computing has emerged as a technology to realize the utility model of
computing while using Internet for accessing applications.
The past decades have witnessed the success of centralized computing infrastructures in many application domains. Then, the emergence of
the Internet brought numerous users of remote applications based on the
technologies of distributed computing. Research in distributed computing
gave birth to the development of grid computing. Though grid is based on
distributed computing, the conceptual basis for grid is somewhat different.
Computing with grid enabled researchers to do computationally intensive
tasks by using limited infrastructure that was available with them and with
the support of high processing power that could be provided by any third
party, and thus allowing the researchers to use grid computing, which was
one of the first attempts to provide computing resources to users on payment
basis. This technology indeed became popular and is being used even now.
An associated problem with grid technology was that it could only be used
by a certain group of people and it was not open to the public. Cloud computing in simple terms is further extension and variation of grid computing,
in which a market-oriented aspect is added. Though there are several other
important technical differences, this is one of the major differences between
grid and cloud. Thus came cloud computing, which is now being used as a
public utility computing software and is accessible by almost every person
through the Internet. Apart from this, there are several other properties that
make cloud popular and unique. In cloud, the resources are metered, and
a user pays according to the usage. Cloud can also support a continuously
varying user demands without affecting the performance, and it is always
available for use without any restrictions. The users can access cloud from
any device, thus reaching a wider range of people.
There are several applications of cloud computing already being witnessed
and experienced. As cloud is elastic, it can be used in places where varying
load is one of the main characteristics. It can also be used where on-demand
access is required. Similarly, because of its property of multitenancy, it can
be used in places where several applications are to be operated. Cloud computing can also be used for data-intensive applications for data analytics and
several data-related tasks.
xix
xx
Preface
As this is considered a promising technology, several companies such as
Google, Microsoft, Amazon, HP, and IBM have invested their time and other
resources for further development of cloud computing–related technologies.
In return, the companies make profit as cloud applications become more
popular and easier to use.
The main objective of this book is to present the readers with the introductory details, technologies, applications development, security, and
some advanced topics in cloud computing. It is expected that the book will
serve as a reference for a larger audience base, including students of undergraduate and postgraduate programs, practitioners, developers, and new
researchers.
This book will be a timely contribution to cloud computing, a field that
is gaining momentum in all dimensions such as academia, research, and
business. As cloud computing is recognized as one of the top five emerging technologies that will have a major impact on the quality of science and
society over the next 20 years, its knowledge will help position our readers at
the forefront of the field.
This book discusses in detail the essentials of cloud computing in a way
suitable for beginners as well as practitioners who are in need to know or
learn more about cloud computing. It can also be used as a handbook for
cloud. It contains 14 chapters that follow a standard format for easy and useful reading: Learning Objectives, Preamble, Introduction, and details related
to the chapter title with several subsections, supported by a suitable number of diagrams, tables, figures, etc., followed by Summary, Review Points,
Review Questions, and References for further reading.
To start with, Chapter 1 aims to give a brief description about available
paradigms of computing. This provides the required basic knowledge about
computing paradigms to start with cloud technology. It includes several computing paradigms such as high-performance computing, cluster ­computing,
grid computing, and distributed computing.
Chapter 2 gives a basic introduction and discusses the fundamental concepts of cloud. The topics include cloud computing definition, the need for
cloud, cloud principles, cloud applications, and several other topics.
Chapter 3 gives an introduction to cloud computing technologies. This
includes the basic concepts in cloud such as cloud architecture, cloud anatomy, network connectivity in cloud, cloud management, applications in
cloud, and migrating applications to cloud.
Chapter 4 discusses in detail the deployment models such as private,
public, community, and hybrid. Their applications, use, and design are also
discussed, thereby giving a clear picture and facilitating a proper choice of
deployment models.
Chapter 5 discusses in detail the cloud service models such as Software
as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) with several other service models that have emerged recently.
Preface
xxi
This chapter gives an idea on the properties, architecture, and application
of these cloud service models.
Chapter 6 discusses the technological drivers for cloud. The topics covered
in these chapters are service-oriented architecture and cloud, virtualization,
multicore technology, software models for cloud, pervasive computing, and
several other related concepts. This chapter gives an elaborate view on how
these technological drivers are related to cloud and promote it further in the
context of application development and research.
Chapter 7 gives a detailed description about virtualization. Virtualization
is considered to be the basis of cloud computing. Here, opportunities and
approaches related to virtualization are discussed. Hypervisors are discussed in detail. This chapter also gives a description on how virtualization
is used in cloud computing.
Chapter 8 discusses the programming models that are available for cloud.
Here, both existing programming models useful to migrate to cloud and
new programming models specific to cloud are discussed in detail.
Chapter 9 describes cloud from a software development perspective, the
different perspectives of SaaS development and its challenges, and cloudaware software development in PaaS.
Chapter 10 deals with the networking aspects in the cloud computing environment. This chapter also presents an overview and issues related to the
data center environment. Transport layer issues and Transmission Control
Protocol enhancements in data center networks are also discussed.
Chapter 11 gives a brief description of major service providers known in
the cloud arena and discusses in detail about the services they offer.
Chapter 12 is especially for open-source users. This chapter gives a list and
description of several open-source support and tools available for cloud computing. These are divided according to the service models, that is, SaaS, PaaS,
and IaaS. There is also a separate note on open-source tools for research,
which describes the tools that can be worked upon in from a research-oriented perspective. It also has an additional note on distributed computing
tools that are used for managing distributed systems.
Chapter 13 discusses the security issues in cloud, an important issue in
cloud. It discusses about security aspects in general, platform-related security, audit, and compliance in cloud.
The final chapter, Chapter 14, discusses advanced concepts in cloud, such
as intercloud, cloud management, mobile cloud, media cloud, cloud governance, green cloud, cloud analytics, and several other allied topics.
The contents of this book reflect the author’s lectures on this topic.
The author wishes to acknowledge the following for their valuable time
and contributions in developing, improving, and formatting the chapters: Mohit P. Tahiliani, Marimuthu C., Raghavan S., Manoj V. Thomas,
Rohit P. Tahiliani, Alaka A., Usha D., Anithakumari S., and Christina
Terese Joseph.
xxii
Preface
Finally, the author would like to thank Aastha Sharma, commissioning
editor at CRC Press, for her constant communication and follow-up and support throughout the process of getting the book into print.
Readers are requested to visit the website http://www.cloudrose.org/ for
further updates and e-mail interactions with the author.
K. Chandrasekaran
1
Computing Paradigms
Learning Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to
• Give a brief description of major of computing
• Examine at the potential of these paradigms
Preamble
The term paradigm conveys that there is a set of practices to be followed to
accomplish a task. In the domain of computing, there are many different
standard practices being followed based on inventions and technological
advancements. In this chapter, we look into the various computing paradigms: namely high performance computing, cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing, bio-computing, mobile computing, quantum
computing, optical computing, nanocomputing, and network computing. As
computing systems become faster and more capable, it is required to note the
features of modern computing in order to relate ourselves to the title of this
book on cloud computing, and therefore it becomes essential to know little on
various computing paradigms.
1.1 High-Performance Computing
In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors (processor
machines or central processing units [CPUs]) connected (networked) with other
resources like memory, storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed
software is enabled to run in the entire system of connected components.
1
2
Essentials of Cloud Computing
The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous type.
The legacy meaning of high-performance computing (HPC) is the supercomputers; however, it is not true in present-day computing scenarios. Therefore,
HPC can also be attributed to mean the other computing paradigms that are
discussed in the forthcoming sections, as it is a common name for all these
computing systems.
Thus, examples of HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or
personal computers (PCs) to the fastest supercomputers. HPC systems are
normally found in those applications where it is required to use or solve
scientific problems. Most of the time, the challenge in working with these
kinds of problems is to perform suitable simulation study, and this can be
accomplished by HPC without any difficulty. Scientific examples such as
protein folding in molecular biology and studies on developing models and
applications based on nuclear fusion are worth noting as potential applications for HPC.
1.2 Parallel Computing
Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC. Here, a set of processors work cooperatively to solve a computational problem. These processor
machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type. Therefore, this definition is the same as that of HPC and is broad enough to include supercomputers that have hundreds or thousands of processors interconnected with other
resources. One can distinguish between conventional (also known as serial or
sequential or Von Neumann) computers and parallel computers in the way
the applications are executed.
In serial or sequential computers, the following apply:
• It runs on a single computer/processor machine having a single
CPU.
• A problem is broken down into a discrete series of instructions.
• Instructions are executed one after another.
In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of multiple processor
machines, the following apply:
• It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs).
• A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved
concurrently.
• Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
Computing Paradigms
3
• Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on different processors.
• An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.
1.3 Distributed Computing
Distributed computing is also a computing system that consists of multiple
computers or processor machines connected through a network, which can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single system. The connectivity can
be such that the CPUs in a distributed system can be physically close together
and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and
connected by a wide area network. The heterogeneity in a distributed system
supports any number of possible configurations in the processor machines, such
as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and minicomputers. The goal of distributed
computing is to make such a network work as a single computer.
Distributed computing systems are advantageous over centralized systems, because there is a support for the following characteristic features:
1. Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily expanded by
adding more machines as needed, and vice versa, without affecting
the existing setup.
2. Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can provide the
same services, so that even if one is unavailable (or failed), work does
not stop because other similar computing supports will be available.
1.4 Cluster Computing
A cluster computing system consists of a set of the same or similar type of
processor machines connected using a dedicated network infrastructure. All
processor machines share resources such as a common home directory and
have a software such as a message passing interface (MPI) implementation
installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes simultaneously. This
is also a kind of HPC category. The individual computers in a cluster can be
referred to as nodes. The reason to realize a cluster as HPC is due to the fact
that the individual nodes can work together to solve a problem larger than
any computer can easily solve. And, the nodes need to communicate with one
another in order to work cooperatively and meaningfully together to solve
the problem in hand.
4
Essentials of Cloud Computing
If we have processor machines of heterogeneous types in a cluster, this
kind of clusters become a subtype and still mostly are in the experimental
or research stage.
1.5 Grid Computing
The computing resources in most of the organizations are underutilized but
are necessary for certain operations. The idea of grid computing is to make
use of such nonutilized computing power by the needy organizations, and
thereby the return on investment (ROI) on computing investments can be
increased.
Thus, grid computing is a network of computing or processor machines
managed with a kind of software such as middleware, in order to access and
use the resources remotely. The managing activity of grid resources through
the middleware is called grid services. Grid services provide access control,
security, access to data including digital libraries and databases, and access
to large-scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.
TABLE 1.1
Electrical Power Grid and Grid Computing
Electrical Power Grid
Never worry about where the electricity that
we are using comes from; that is, whether it
is from coal in Australia, from wind power
in the United States, or from a nuclear plant
in France, one can simply plug the electrical
appliance into the wall-mounted socket and
it will get the electrical power that we need
to operate the appliance.
The infrastructure that makes this possible is
called the power grid. It links together many
different kinds of power plants with our
home, through transmission stations, power
stations, transformers, power lines, and so
forth.
The power grid is pervasive: electricity is
available essentially everywhere, and one
can simply access it through a standard
wall-mounted socket.
The power grid is a utility: we ask for
electricity and we get it. We also pay for
what we get.
Grid Computing
Never worry about where the computer power
that we are using comes from; that is,
whether it is from a supercomputer in
Germany, a computer farm in India, or a
laptop in New Zealand, one can simply plug
in the computer and the Internet and it will
get the application execution done.
The infrastructure that makes this possible is
called the computing grid. It links together
computing resources, such as PCs,
workstations, servers, and storage elements,
and provides the mechanism needed to
access them via the Internet.
The grid is also pervasive in the sense that the
remote computing resources would be
accessible from different platforms,
including laptops and mobile phones, and
one can simply access the grid computing
power through the web browser.
The grid computing is also a utility: we ask
for computing power or storage capacity
and we get it. We also pay for what we get.
Computing Paradigms
5
Grid computing is more popular due to the following reasons:
• Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and thus, it is a
cost-effective solution (reducing investments, only recurring costs)
• As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based application
• Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work cooperatively and collaboratively to solve a scientific problem
Researchers associate the term grid to the way electricity is distributed in
municipal areas for the common man. In this context, the difference between
electrical power grid and grid computing is worth noting (Table 1.1).
1.6 Cloud Computing
The computing trend moved toward cloud from the concept of grid computing, particularly when large computing resources are required to solve a single
problem, using the ideas of computing power as a utility and other allied concepts. However, the potential difference between grid and cloud is that grid
computing supports leveraging several computers in parallel to solve a particular application, while cloud computing supports ­leveraging multiple resources,
including computing resources, to deliver a unified service to the end user.
In cloud computing, the IT and business resources, such as servers, storage, network, applications, and processes, can be dynamically provisioned
to the user needs and workload. In addition, while a cloud can provision and support a grid, a cloud can also support nongrid environments,
such as a three-tier web architecture running on traditional or Web 2.0
applications.
We will be looking at the details of cloud computing in different chapters
of this book.
1.7 Biocomputing
Biocomputing systems use the concepts of biologically derived or simulated
molecules (or models) that perform computational processes in order to solve
a problem. The biologically derived models aid in structuring the computer
programs that become part of the application.
Biocomputing provides the theoretical background and practical tools
for scientists to explore proteins and DNA. DNA and proteins are nature’s
6
Essentials of Cloud Computing
building blocks, but these building blocks are not exactly used as bricks;
the function of the final molecule rather strongly depends on the order of
these blocks. Thus, the biocomputing scientist works on inventing the order
suitable for various applications mimicking biology. Biocomputing shall,
therefore, lead to a better understanding of life and the molecular causes of
certain diseases.
1.8 Mobile Computing
In mobile computing, the processing (or computing) elements are small (i.e.,
handheld devices) and the communication between various resources is taking place using wireless media.
Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g., cellular phone) is widely
established throughout the world and witnesses a very rapid growth in all its
dimensions including the increase in the number of subscribers of various
cellular networks. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and
receive data across various cellular networks using small devices such as
smartphones. There can be numerous applications based on this technology;
for example, video call or conferencing is one of the important applications
that people prefer to use in place of existing voice (only) communications on
mobile phones.
Mobile computing–based applications are becoming very important
and rapidly evolving with various technological advancements as it
allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or
fixed locations.
1.9 Quantum Computing
Manufacturers of computing systems say that there is a limit for cramming more and more transistors into smaller and smaller spaces of integrated circuits (ICs) and thereby doubling the processing power about
every 18 months. This problem will have to be overcome by a new quantum
computing–based solution, wherein the dependence is on quantum information, the rules that govern the subatomic world. Quantum computers
are millions of times faster than even our most powerful supercomputers
today. Since quantum computing works differently on the most fundamental level than the current technology, and although there are working prototypes, these systems have not so far proved to be alternatives to today’s
silicon-based machines.
Computing Paradigms
7
1.10 Optical Computing
Optical computing system uses the photons in visible light or infrared
beams, rather than electric current, to perform digital computations. An electric current flows at only about 10% of the speed of light. This limits the rate
at which data can be exchanged over long distances and is one of the factors
that led to the evolution of optical fiber. By applying some of the advantages
of visible and/or IR networks at the device and component scale, a computer
can be developed that can perform operations 10 or more times faster than a
conventional electronic computer.
1.11 Nanocomputing
Nanocomputing refers to computing systems that are constructed from
nanoscale components. The silicon transistors in traditional computers may
be replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
The successful realization of nanocomputers relates to the scale and integration of these nanotubes or components. The issues of scale relate to the
dimensions of the components; they are, at most, a few nanometers in at least
two dimensions. The issues of integration of the components are twofold:
first, the manufacture of complex arbitrary patterns may be economically
infeasible, and second, nanocomputers may include massive quantities of
devices. Researchers are working on all these issues to bring nanocomputing
a reality.
1.12 Network Computing
Network computing is a way of designing systems to take advantage of the
latest technology and maximize its positive impact on business solutions and
their ability to serve their customers using a strong underlying network of
computing resources. In any network computing solution, the client component of a networked architecture or application will be with the customer or
client or end user, and in modern days, they provide an essential set of functionality necessary to support the appropriate client functions at minimum
cost and maximum simplicity. Unlike conventional PCs, they do not need to be
individually configured and maintained according to their intended use. The
other end of the client component in the network architecture will be a typical server environment to push the services of the application to the client end.
8
Essentials of Cloud Computing
Almost all the computing paradigms that were discussed earlier are of this
nature. Even in the future, if any one invents a totally new computing paradigm, it would be based on a networked architecture, without which it is
impossible to realize the benefits for any end user.
1.13 Summary
We are into a post-PC era, in which a greater number and a variety of computers and computing paradigms with different sizes and functions might be
used everywhere and with every human being; so, the purpose of this chapter is to illustrate briefly the ideas of all these computing domains, as most of
these are ubiquitous and pervasive in its access and working environment.
Key Points
• Mobile computing: Mobile computing consists of small processing
­elements (i.e., handheld devices) and the communication between
various resources is by using wireless media (see Section 1.8).
• Nanocomputing: Makes use of nanoscale components (see Section 1.11).
Review Questions
1. Why is it necessary to understand the various computing paradigms?
2. Compare grid computing with electric power grid
3. Will mobile computing play a dominant role in the future? Discuss
4. How are distributed computing and network computing different or
similar?
5. How may nanocomputing shape future devices?
Further Reading
Ditto, W. L., A. Miliotis, K. Murali, and S. Sinha. The chaos computing paradigm.
Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity 3: 1–35, 2010.
2
Cloud Computing Fundamentals
Learning Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to
• Understand the basic ideas and motivation for cloud computing
• To define cloud computing
• Understand the 5-4-3 principles of cloud computing and cloud
ecosystem
• Understand the working of a cloud application
• Have a brief understanding on the benefits and drawbacks in cloud
computing
Preamble
Modern computing with our laptop or desktop or even with tablets/smartphones using the Internet to access the data and details that we want, which
are located/stored at remote places/computers, through the faces of applications like Facebook, e-mail, and YouTube, brings the actual power of
information that we need instantaneously within no time. Even if millions
of users get connected in this manner, from anywhere in the world, these
applications do serve what these users–customers want. This phenomenon
of supply of information or any other data and details to all the needy customers, as and when it is asked, is the conceptual understanding and working of what is known as cloud computing. This chapter is devoted to give
basic understanding on cloud computing.
9
10
Essentials of Cloud Computing
2.1 Motivation for Cloud Computing
Let us review the scenario of computing prior to the announcement and
availability of cloud computing: The users who are in need of computing
are expected to invest money on computing resources such as hardware,
software, networking, and storage; this investment naturally costs a bulk
currency to the users as they have to buy these computing resources, keep
these in their premises, and maintain and make it operational—all these
tasks would add cost. And, this is a particularly true and huge expenditure
to the enterprises that require enormous computing power and resources,
compared with classical academics and individuals.
On the other hand, it is easy and handy to get the required computing
power and resources from some provider (or supplier) as and when it is
needed and pay only for that usage. This would cost only a reasonable investment or spending, compared to the huge investment when buying the entire
computing infrastructure. This phenomenon can be viewed as capital expenditure versus operational expenditure. As one can easily assess the huge lump
sum required for capital expenditure (whole investment and maintenance for
computing infrastructure) and compare it with the moderate or smaller lump
sum required for the hiring or getting the computing infrastructure only to
the tune of required time, and rest of the time free from that. Therefore, cloud
computing is a mechanism of bringing–hiring or getting the services of the computing power or infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the
extent required and paying only for the consumed services.
One can compare this situation with the usage of electricity (its services)
from its producer-cum-distributor (in India, it is the state-/government-owned
electricity boards that give electricity supply to all residences and organizations) to houses or organizations; here, we do not generate electricity (comparable with electricity production–related tasks); rather, we use it only to tune
up our requirements in our premises, such as for our lighting and usage of
other electrical appliances, and pay as per the electricity meter reading value.
Therefore, cloud computing is needed in getting the services of computing resources. Thus, one can say as a one-line answer to the need for cloud
computing that it eliminates a large computing investment without compromising the use of computing at the user level at an operational cost. Cloud
computing is very economical and saves a lot of money. A blind benefit of
this computing is that even if we lose our laptop or due to some crisis our
personal computer—and the desktop system—gets damaged, still our data
and files will stay safe and secured as these are not in our local machine (but
remotely located at the provider’s place—machine).
In addition, one can think to add security while accessing these remote
computing resources as depicted in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 shows several cloud computing applications. The cloud ­represents
the Internet-based computing resources, and the accessibility is through some
11
Cloud Computing Fundamentals
Document management
Email and office productivity
Finance ERP
Social networks Training
Business intelligence
Integration
Development and testing platform
Storage
Application deployment
Network
Database
Compute
Thin client
Tablet
Laptop
Smartphone
Desktop
FIGURE 2.1
Cloud computing.
secure support of connectivity. It is a computing solution growing in popularity, especially among individuals and small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs). In the cloud computing model, an ­organization’s core computer
power resides offsite and is essentially subscribed to rather than owned.
Thus, cloud computing comes into focus and much needed only when we
think about what computing resources and information technology (IT) solutions are required. This need caters to a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel,
or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses the subscriptionbased or pay-per-use service model of offering computing to end users or customers over the Internet and thereby extending the IT’s existing capabilities.
2.1.1 The Need for Cloud Computing
The main reasons for the need and use of cloud computing are convenience and
reliability. In the past, if we wanted to bring a file, we would have to save it to a
Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive, external hard drive, or compact disc (CD)
and bring that device to a different place. Instead, saving a file to the cloud
12
Essentials of Cloud Computing
(e.g., use of cloud application Dropbox) ensures that we will be able to access it
with any computer that has an Internet connection. The cloud also makes it much
easier to share a file with friends, making it possible to collaborate over the web.
While using the cloud, losing our data/file is much less likely. However,
just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may try to gain
access to our personal data, and therefore, it is important to choose an access
control with a strong password and pay attention to any privacy settings for
the cloud service that we are using.
2.2 Defining Cloud Computing
In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data
and programs over the Internet from a remote location or computer instead
of our computer’s hard drive. This so called remote location has several
properties such as scalability, elasticity etc., which is significantly different
from a simple remote machine. The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet.
When we store data on or run a program from the local computer’s hard
drive, that is called local storage and computing. For it to be considered cloud
computing, we need to access our data or programs over the Internet. The end
result is the same; however, with an online connection, cloud computing can
be done anywhere, anytime, and by any device.
2.2.1 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
The formal definition of cloud computing comes from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST): “Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five
essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models [1].
It means that the computing resource or infrastructure—be it server hardware,
storage, network, or application software—all available from the cloud vendor
or provider’s site/premises, can be accessible over the Internet from any remote
location and by any local computing device. In a­ ddition, the usage or accessibility is to cost only to the level of usage to the customers based on their needs and
demands, also known as the pay-as-you-go or pay-as-per-use model. If the need
is more, more quantum computing resources are made available (­provisioning
with elasticity) by the provider. Minimal management effort implies that at the
customer’s side, the maintenance of computing systems is very minimal as they
will have to look at these tasks only for their local computing devices used for
accessing cloud-based resources, not for those computing resources managed at
the provider’s side. Details of five essential characteristics, three service m
­ odels,
Cloud Computing Fundamentals
13
and four deployment models are provided in the 5-4-3 principles in Section 2.3.
Many vendors, pundits, and experts refer to NIST, and both the International
Standards Organization (ISO) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) back the NIST definition.
Now, let us try to define and understand cloud computing from two other
perspectives—as a service and a platform—in the following sections.
2.2.2 Cloud Computing Is a Service
The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve
information. We can store our family photographs, our favorite songs, or
even save movies on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud
computing. Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr
to illustrate the meaning of this section.
While Flickr started with an emphasis on sharing photos and images, it
has emerged as a great place to store those images. In many ways, it is superior to storing the images on your computer:
1. First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where
we are or what type of device we are using. While we might upload
the photos of our vacation from our home computer, later, we can
easily access them from our laptop at the office.
2. Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them
to a CD or save them on a flash drive. We can just send someone our
Flickr address to share these photos or images.
3. Third, Flickr provides data security. By uploading the images to
Flickr, we are providing ourselves with data security by creating a
backup on the web. And, while it is always best to keep a local copy—
either on a computer, a CD, or a flash drive—the truth is that we are
far more likely to lose the images that we store locally than Flickr is
of losing our images.
2.2.3 Cloud Computing Is a Platform
The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system
for all our Internet-based applications. However, one has to understand that
we will always need a local operating system in our computer to access webbased applications.
The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which
applications run or give results to the users. For example, Microsoft Windows
is a platform. But, a platform does not have to be an operating system. Java is
a platform even though it is not an operating system.
Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform. With trends
(applications) such as Office 2.0, more and more applications that were
originally available on desktop computers are now being converted into
14
Essentials of Cloud Computing
web–cloud applications. Word processors like Buzzword and office suites
like Google Docs are now available in the cloud as their desktop counterparts. All these kinds of trends in providing applications via the cloud are
turning cloud computing into a platform or to act as a platform.
2.3 5-4-3 Principles of Cloud computing
The 5-4-3 principles put forth by NIST describe (a) the five essential characteristic features that promote cloud computing, (b) the four deployment
models that are used to narrate the cloud computing opportunities for customers while looking at architectural models, and (c) the three important
and basic service offering models of cloud computing.
2.3.1 Five Essential Characteristics
Cloud computing has five essential characteristics, which are shown in
Figure 2.2. Readers can note the word essential, which means that if any of
these characteristics is missing, then it is not cloud computing:
1. On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring human interaction with
each service’s provider.
2. Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and
accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops,
and personal digital assistants [PDAs]).
On-demand
self
services
Broad network
access
Measured
service
Cloud computing
Rapid elasticity
FIGURE 2.2
The essential characteristics of cloud computing.
Resource
pooling
Cloud Computing Fundamentals
15
3. Elastic resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are
pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multitenant model, with
different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or
knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may
be able to specify the location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g.,
country, state, or data center). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
4. Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly
released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
5. Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for
both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
2.3.2 Four Cloud Deployment Models
Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services can be
deployed or made available to its customers, depending on the organizational
structure and the provisioning location. One can understand it in this manner too: cloud (Internet)-based computing resources—that is, the locations
where data and services are acquired and provisioned to its c­ ustomers—
can take various forms. Four deployment models are usually distinguished,
namely, public, private, community, and hybrid cloud service usage:
1. Private cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive
use by a single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g.,
business units). It may be owned, managed, and operated by the
organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may
exist on or off premises.
2. Public cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by
the general public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a
business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.
3. Community cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third
party and may exist on premise or off premise.
16
Essentials of Cloud Computing
4. Hybrid cloud: The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or
more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public)
that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized
or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds).
2.3.3 Three Service Offering Models
The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing resources
are available to end customers are as follows: Software as a Service (SaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). It is also
known as the service–platform–infrastructure (SPI) model of the cloud and is
shown in Figure 2.3. SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications (software, which is one of the most important computing resources) are
hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over
a network, typically the Internet. PaaS is a paradigm for delivering operating
systems and associated services (e.g., computer aided software engineering
[CASE] tools, integrated development environments [IDEs] for developing
software solutions) over the Internet without downloads or installation. IaaS
involves outsourcing the equipment used to support operations, including
storage, hardware, servers, and networking components.
1. Cloud SaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure, including network, servers, operating systems, storage, and even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited
user-specific application configuration settings. The applications are
accessible from various client devices through either a thin client
Software as a Service (SaaS)
End user application is delivered as a service.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Application platform onto which custom
applications and services can be deployed.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Physical infrastructure is abstracted to provide
computing, storage, and networking as a service.
FIGURE 2.3
SPI—service offering model of the cloud.