PREHISTORIC ERA: 40,000 BC – 2,300 BC Artifacts from ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome MESOPOTAMIA – Modern day Iraq AMARNA REVOLUTION - When Amenhotep became the king of Egypt with her Queen Nefertiti in the 18th dynasty, he revolutionized the arts and religion. He moved the capital to Tel El- Amarna thus the name Amarna. He later changed his name to Akhenaton, which came from Aton who is the son of God. EGYPT – Expressed through painting, sculpture, and jewelry. TUTANKHAMEN - The greatest discoveries from the Egyptian Civilization was the tomb of Tutankhamen GREECE – Known for their architectural monuments as well as sculptural masterpieces, the Greeks were also craftsmen. HOWARD CARTER - discovered Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 ROME – Greatly influenced by Greek culture. Excelled in painting, sculpting, and architectural design. MIDDLE AGES: 200 – 1400 Marks period in between Classical and Modern history. Time Christianity being spread throughout Europe. MEDIEVAL – Art created over a span of 1,000 years during the Middle Ages. STONE AGE: Is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to make tools for survival. PALEOLITHIC ART (OLD STONE AGE) - is a product of climate change. Stones were used to make tools for survival. Ex.: Halls of bulls MESOLITHIC ART (MIDDLE STONE AGE) - Refers to all arts and crafts created between the end of the Paleolithic Ice Age (10,000 BCE) and the beginning of farming, with its cultivation and animal husbandry. BYZANTINE – Also important at this time were illuminated bible manuscripts. Followed a religious theme ROMANESQUE – Marked by lavishly decorated architecture, manuscripts, and embroidery. GOTHIC – Developing in France out of the Romanesque period. Very ornately designed cathedrals RENAISSANCE: 1400 – 1600 Ex.: Venus of Willendorf (Highly abstracted woman from highlighted body parts associated with fertility) Period of “Rebirth” Michaelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael, Botticelli BAROQUE: 1600 – 1775 NEOLITHIC ART (NEW STONE AGE) - Has developed especially when life for the early humans has become more stable. Ex.: Stonehenge (Some regard it as a temple while others see it as a complex calendar…) EGYPTIAN ART: Art that conveys religious theme Dramatic biblical depictions MANNERISM – Arts created images of elongated and slightly disproportionate figures. ROCOCO – Period of ornate interior design and decorative arts. NEOCLASSICISM: 1700 – 1800 OLD KINGDOM (AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS) - Period of political stability and economic prosperity. Ex.: Pyramids of Giza (Provide resting place for the pharaohs) MIDDLE KINGDOM (POLITICAL HIERARCHY) Emergence of powerful groups of landlords that threatened the authority and rule of the pharaoh. This happened during the rule of King Mentuhotep NEW KINGDOM (GOLDEN AGE) - Known as the golden age of ancient Egyptian history. Egypt has established itself as a more advanced and powerful civilization. Ex.: Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut temple NARMER PALETTE – A Palette that utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes. Reformation of art and architecture Bring back classical elements of the Ancient Greeks and Romans ROMANTICISM: 1700 – 1800 Artists sought to remove themselves from social and political influences REALISM – Create images that depicted objective reality IMPRESSIONISM: 1886 – 1906 Vivid colors and loose, visible brushwork. Degas, Manet, Renior, Morisot, Cassatt POST IMPRESSIONISM – Develop images with vivid colors, dynamic brushwork, and real-life subject matter. MINIMALISM: 1960 Vincent Van Gogh, Lautrec, Gauguin, Seurat, Cezanne MODERN ART MOVEMENT: 1880 – 1970 OP ART: 1964 GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: 1900 – 1910 Cultural reform of art and poetry in Germany This period in art history is coined as “avantgarde”, or experimental and innovative Kandinsky French for the wild beast CUBISM: 1908 – 1914 Broken, reassembled and abstracted forms Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque FUTURISM: 1909 – 1918 Originating in Italy, this style of art sought to transform how we see old forms in new innovative ways. Interior design and theatre Art of Optical Illusion Impression of Movement, vibration, swelling, warping, and hidden imagery Vasarely and Riley POST-MODERN ART: 1970 – PRESENT FAUVISM: 1905 – 1907 Post-WW2 movement Expression of the basic and simplified form Against Abstract Expressionists Today art continues to transform Artists work in a variety of mediums including drawing, etc… 4 STEPS OF ART CRITICISM: I. II. III. IV. DESCRIPTION – Observing the artwork’s visible features. ANALYSIS – Examining how elements are organized and interact. INTERPRETATION – Deciphering the meaning or message conveyed. EVALUATION – assessing the artwork’s merit or significance. DADA: 1916 – 1923 Rooted in Switzerland Response to the seriousness of war Anti-war and anti-art SURREALISM: 1924 – 1940 Characterized by its dreamlike qualities Salvadore Dali ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM – Post-WW2 movement. Known for its spontaneous and subconscious style ACTION PAINTING: 1950 Gestural abstraction Jackson Pollock COLOR FIELD PAINTING: 1950 Originating in NY city Refined and consistent application of paint POP ART: 1950 Emerging in Britain Mass-produced imagery in fine arts context Influences of popular culture such as advertising, comic books, and cultural objects METHODS IN READING ART: FEMINIST CRITICISM – This approach examines art through a feminist lens… POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM – This method explores how colonial and postcolonial experiences are reflected in art… FORMAL ANALYSIS – This method focuses on the visual elements of a work, such as color, composition, line, and texture. ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS – This method explores the symbols and imagery used in a work, deciphering their significance within the context of the artist’s time and culture. HISTORICAL CONTEXT – Understanding the historical, social, and cultural context in which a work was created is crucial for interpreting its meaning. BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT – That artist’s life and experiences can shed light on their work. PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS – This method explores the artist’s psyche and the unconscious motivations that may have influenced their work. ASIAN ART HISTORY: JAPANESE ART: TINGCANG & TEH NIHONGA - Traditional Japanese painting using natural materials. JAPANESE ART – Art that refers to the various creative works and traditions developed in Japan and it encompass a wide range of traditional and contemporary art forms developed in Japan over centuries. FLOWER ARRANGING (IKEBANA) - The art of arranging flowers to create harmony and balance, focusing on minimalism and symbolism. ARCHITECTURE - Traditional Japanese buildings, temples, shrines, and tea houses, as well as modern architecture, are design with simplicity and harmony with nature. GARDENS - Japanese gardens, including Zen gardens, use natural elements like rocks, water, and plants to create peaceful, meditative spaces. Uses mineral pigments, and occasionally ink, together with other organic pigments on silk or paper. UKIYO-E - Is a style of Japanese woodblock printing that depicts scenes of everyday life, beauty, and nature, popular during the Edo period. - The term means "pictures of the floating world" referring to the fleeting pleasures of life. CERAMIC AND POTTERY - Known for unique pottery styles such as raku, satsuma, and imari, with a focus on craftsmanship and aesthetics. MARTIAL ARTS - Disciplines such as karate, judo, aikido, kendo, samurai, and many more. CALLIGRAPHY (SHODO) - The artistic writing of Japanese characters using brush and ink, valued for its beauty and fluidity. MANGA AND ANIME - Manga refers to Japanese comic books and graphic novels, while the animated version of these stories, with distinct art styles and genres are called anime. SCULPTURE - Traditionally religious, such as Buddhist statues or Shino figures, crafted into wood, bronze, or stone. FASHION (KIMONO) - Traditional clothing like kimono is an important cultural symbol, while modern Japanese fashion is also influential globally. PAPER FOLDING - This is the art or process of folding squares of colored paper into representative shapes. ORIGAMI - Involves the creation of small complex sculptures produced from a single piece of paper and made without cutting the paper or adding glue in any way. derived from the Japanese words “ori”, meaning “to fold” and “kami”, meaning CHINESE ART: SUMALPONG & PLAZA CHINESE ART – It refers to artworks that are created and produced in China over the centuries. THEATER ARTS - Refers to the creative and technical aspects involved in the production of live performances, including acting, directing, design, choreography, and stagecraft. NOH - A traditional masked performance emphasizing slow movement and deep spiritual themes. Dates back to the Neolithic Era or New Stone Age (10,000-2000 BC) when pottery was created for practical uses and to appease the gods. SHANG DYNASTY (1600-1050 BC) – Dynasty that heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age. KABUKI - A colorful and energetic form of theater with dynamic performances and elaborate costumes. KILN - a special high-temperature oven that helped fire the stoneware for pottery, and made objects stronger and more durable. BUNRAKU - A puppet theater where life-sized puppets tell emotional stories. BRONZE, IVORY, BONE, CLAY, AND JADE – These are materials used during the Shang Dynasty. GEISHA DANCE - Geishas master music and dance, and to do so they train every day. Their dancing style developed from the dances of the noh and the kabuki plays. The dance is subtle and stylized, and every gesture is meant to tell a story. Their dance is accompanied by traditional Japanese music. PAINTING - Is an image (artwork) created using pigments (color) on a surface such as paper or canvas. The pigment may be in a wet form, such as paint, or a dry form, such as pastels. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ARTS: Simplicity A love of Nature Lesson of Virtue and Honor An examination of subject matter from different perspectives CHINESE ART STYLES: 1) CALLIGRAPHY - An ancient form of writing. Became popularized in ancient China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-290 CE) CALLIGRAPHY BRUSHES - were made from animal hair tied to a wooden or bamboo handle. THE INK - Was composed of animal or vegetable matter, minerals, and a binding agent. 2) JADE CARVINGS - a material that is most highly prized by the Chinese over silver and gold. Exemplified the quintessence of the Song and Yuan culture. JADE - was a stone of beauty and eternity. 3) BRONZE WORK - Have been cast in china for about 3700 years. Most bronzes of about 1500300 BCE, roughly the Bronze Age in China may describe as ritual vessels intended for worship of ancestors. The Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE) - The ritual bronze of the early Western Zhou ( Xizhou) Serve as a vehicle for inscriptions that were cast to record events and report them to ancestral spirits. EXAMPLE: WINE POURING VESSEL (GONG) - Every surface of this vessel is animated with fantastic creatures. 4) PORCELAIN - Is a material made from a wellchosen porcelain clay or pottery stone through technological processes like proportioning, molding, drying, and firing. PRIMITIVE PORCELAIN - The earliest porcelain that appeared during the Shang Dynasty. FIVE GREAT KILNS - During the Song Dynasty, famous kilns emerged in multitude, including Jun Kiln, Ge Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ru Kiln and Ding Kiln. THE FOUR GREAT PORCELAIN: 5) Blue and white porcelain Blue and white rice pattern porcelain Powder doped color decorated porcelain and Colored glaze porcelain SCULPTURE - Chinese sculpture was eventually influenced by the sculpture of the other nation such as Japan. GILT - bronze seated Buddha with flame shoulders from the 3rd century, which displays influence from the 2ndcentury Chinese tomb art and Khalcayan Sculpture. TERRACOTA ARMY - Was assembled for the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China from 221 TO 210 BC. Baked-clay ENLIGHTENMENT OR BUDDHA - Sculptural pieces that include representations of Siddhartha Gautama. 6) PAINTING - is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. GUÓ HUÀ - Painting in traditional style It means ‘’national painting’’ or native painting, which became popular in China in the 20th century. THE TWO TECHNIQUES IN CHINESE PAINTINGS: GONGBI ‘’METICULOUS’’ - Uses highly detailed brushstrokes that delimit details very precisely. INK AND WASH PAINTING ‘’WATER AND INK’’ - Also loosely termed watercolor or brush painting, and also known as ‘’literati painting’’. This style is referred to as ‘’Xieyi’’ or freehand style. LANDSCAPE PAINTING - regarded as the highest in Chinese painting. GREAT AGE OF CHINESE LANDSCAPE - The time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (9071127). 7) POETRY - is poetry written, spoken, or chanted in the Chinese language and a part of Chinese literature. CHU CI - the anthology (also familiarly known, in English as the Songs of Chu) consist of verses more emphasizing lyric and romantic feature. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE - is as ancient as its culture. There is compelling evidence that the Chinese have always benefited from an indigenous building system that has maintained its key features from the prehistoric age to the present. WOOD - Is the main material in Ancient Chinese architecture. KOREAN ARTS: PELAYRE & OLIVO MINHWA - often translated as "paintings of the people" or "popular paintings", is a vibrant genre of Korean folk art that flourished during the Joseon Dynasty (13921897). CHARACTERISTICS OF MINHWA: ACCESSIBILITY: Minhwa was not confined to the elite. It adorned homes, shops, and even royal palaces, reflecting the aspirations and beliefs of all social classes. VIBRANT COLORS AND BOLD LINES: Minhwa paintings are characterized by their striking use of color and dynamic, often exaggerated lines. SYMBOLISM: Minhwa is rich in symbolism, with recurring motifs representing various aspects of life, from good fortune and longevity to protection from evil spirits. EXAMPLE: ANIMAL - Tigers (warding off evil), magpies (bringing good news), cranes (longevity), and fish (abundance). PLANTS - Flowers (beauty and prosperity), bamboo (resilience), and pine trees (longevity). MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE Depictions of legendary figures and mythical creatures. ABSTRACT PATTERNS - Landscapes, flowers, birds, and animals. KOREAN CALLIGRAPHY (SEOYE) - Is more than just beautiful writing; It's a profound art form that embodies the spirit and philosophy of Korea. HANJA – CHINESE CHARACTERS HANGUL – KOREAN ALPHABET 1) 2) 3) 4) Harvesting and Processing Pounding and Refining Mixing and Molding Drying and Finishing CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF HANJI: • Durability • Texture • Absorbency • Breathability • Lightweight USES AND APPLICATIONS: • Writing and Printing • Art and Calligraphy • Construction • Clothing and THE FOUR TREASURES: Or the tools that is used in Korean calligraphy, also known as the "Four Treasures of the Study" BRUSH - Made from animal hair, it's an extension of the artist's hand and spirit. INK STICK - Traditionally made from soot and glue, it's ground on an inkstone with water to create ink. Household goods SILLA CLAY DOLLS - known as "Tou" in Korean, are small figurines made of clay that date back to the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE - 935 CE) in ancient Korea. SUNJANG – It is where people, often servants and animals, were buried with the deceased to serve them in the afterlife. INKSTONE - A vessel for grinding the ink stick, it's often a work of art in itself. TYPES OF CHARACTERS: OF SILLA CLAY DOLLS PAPER - Traditionally hanji, a strong and absorbent paper made from mulberry bark. HUMAN FIGURES - These figurines represent people of variours social classes, from warriors and officials to dancers and muicians. ] STYLES AND MASTERS: ANIMALS - Each animal likely held symbolic meaning, such as regeneration, long life, or the ability to carry souls to the afterlife. HEASO - A formal and structured style, often used for copying classics and official documents. HAENGSEO - A semi-cursive style that allows for more freedom and expression. EVERYDAY OBJECTS - Miniature versions of houses, tools, and there everyday items have also been found, providing insights into the material culture of the Silla period. CHOSEO - A cursive style that emphasizes spontaneity and fluidity. KIM JEONG-HUI (1786-1856) - A prominent figure of the Joseon period, developed the distinctive Chusa style, characterized by its bold and unconventional strokes. HANJI - meaning "Korean paper," is a traditional handmade paper with a rich history and cultural significance in Korea. INTERPRETATIONS AND CULTURAL INSIGHTS: OF SILLA CLAY DOLLS BELIEF IN THE AFTERLIFE FERTILITY AND ABUNDANCE SYMBOLISM AND ANIMISM HUMOR AND OVERCOMING DEATH TRADITIONAL DANCES: MATERIALS AND MOLDING Hanji is primarily made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree (Broussonetia papyrifera), a tree native to Korea. CHEOYONGMU - A traditional Korean dance that originated in the Silla kingdom, characterized by slow, elegant movements and symbolic gestures. ILMU - A traditional Korean dance that originated in the Goryeo dynasty, characterized by slow, elegant movements and symbolic gestures. melodies, synchronized choreography, and visually stunning music videos, K-Pop has captured the hearts of millions of fans across the globe. BUCHAECHUM (FAN DANCE) - A traditional Korean dance that features elegant movements and colorful fans. K-DRAMAS (KOREAN DRAMAS) - have also played a crucial role in the Korean Wave's success. These television series, often featuring compelling storylines, attractive actors, and a blend of romance, comedy, and drama, have gained immense popularity worldwide. SUNGMU (BUDDHIST DANCE) - A traditional Korean Buddhist dance that features slow, meditative movements. GEOMMU (SWORD DANCE) - A traditional Korean dance that features martial arts skills and elegant sword movements. TRADITIONAL MUSIC: K-FILMS (KOREAN FILMS) - Korean cinema has also made significant strides in recent years, earning critical acclaim and international recognition. K-FASHION AND BEAUTY - Trends have also gained global attention. Korean style is known for its chic and trendy aesthetic, with a focus on clean lines, innovative designs, and high-quality materials. HYANGAK (NATIVE MUSIC) - Traditional Korean music that originated in the Three Kingdoms Period, characterized by simple melodies and rhythms. JEONGAK (COURT MUSIC) - Traditional Korean court music that emerged during the Goryeo dynasty, characterized by complex rhythms and melodies. PANSORI (TRADITIONAL MUSIC) - A genre of traditional Korean music that emerged during the Joseon dynasty, characterized by expressive singing and storytelling. SANJO (SOLO INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC) - A genre of traditional Korean music that features solo performances on instruments like the gayageum. SCULPTURES: SEOKGURAM GROTTO - A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this 8th-century Buddhist sculpture is a masterpiece of Korean art, featuring intricate carvings and statues. GILT-BRONZE BUDDHA STATUES - Buddhist sculptures made from gilt bronze, featuring intricate details and ornate designs. CERAMICS AND POTTERY: CELADON POTTERY - Goryeo celadon is arguably the dynasty's most famous artistic contribution. This distinctive type of pottery, characterized by its pale green glaze and elegant forms, reached unparalleled levels of sophistication. WHITE PORCELAIN - Became increasingly popular, reflecting Confucian ideals of purity and simplicity. Its unpretentious forms and subtle use of color became highly valued. PHILIPPINE ARTS: MASAYAO, MACALUWA, & MACAMPAO PHILIPPINE ART - Refer to the various forms of the arts that have developed and accumulated in the Philippines. TRADITIONAL ARTS - arts in the Philippines encompass folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. ETHNOMEDICINE - including the arts of hilot and the arts of the albularyo and babaylans. FOLK ARCHITECTURE - including stilt, land, and aerial houses. MARITIME TRANSPORT - boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. WEAVING - including back - strap loom weaving and other, related forms of weaving. CARVING - including woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture. FOLK PERFORMING ARTS - including dances, plays, and dramas. FOLK (ORAL) LITERATURE - including epics, songs, and myths. FOLK GRAPHIC AND PLASTIC ARTS – including calligraphy, tattooing, writing, drawing, and painting ORNAMENTS – including mask-making, accessorymaking, ornamental metal crafts MODERN POP CULTURE: KOREAN WAVE OR HALLYU - This phenomenon has become a significant force in the entertainment industry and a powerful symbol of Korean soft power. K-POP (KOREAN POPULAR MUSIC) - Is arguably the most recognizable face of the Korean Wave. With its catchy TEXTILE (FIBER) ART – including headgear weaving, basketry, and fishing gear POTTERY – including ceramics, clay pots and sculpture OTHER ARTISTIC EXPRESSIONS OF TRADITIONAL CULTURE – including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions NON-TRADITIONAL ART - refers to modern, experimental, and Contemporary forms of artistic expression that go beyond traditional paintings, sculpture, and folk arts. SCULPTURE - Ancient Filipinos had attained a high artistic level through: POTTERY JEWELRY CARVING PAINTINGS - Symbolic expression through tattoos and cave carvings. SUB-CATEGORIES: ISLAMIC COLONIAL: DANCE – including choreography, direction, and performance This was the time when Sayyid Abbubakar of Arabia arrived. MUSIC – including composition, direction, and performance LITERATURE – the introduction of holy text by the holy book of Qur’an. THEATER – including direction, performance, production design, lighting and sound design, and playwriting ARCHITECTURE – Building of Mosque VISUAL ARTS – including painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging LITERATURE – including poetry, fiction, essays, and literary or art criticism FILM AND BROADCAST ARTS – including direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED ARTS – including non-folk architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design SCULPTURE – Carves abstract patterns. Sculpture is prohibited (haram) in religion Islam. FIGURAL REPRESENTATION IN FILIPINO ISLAMIC ART: • Buraq • Sari- Manok SPANISH INFLUENCES: DESIGN – including industrial and fashion design SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521 - 1898) - The Spanish colonization brought Catholicism, significantly impacting Philippine art. Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521. PRECOLONIAL INFLUENCES: BAROQUE - A highly decorative and theatrical style. This is characterized by grandeur, drama and elaborated details. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (900 - 1521) - This period predates the arrival of colonizers, and art reflected indigenous beliefs and practices. HUNTER GATHERERS SOCIETY - Arts for ritual purposes or for everyday use. Started from mere craft, but then developed to have decorative, elements, meaning and context. Epic poems Riddles Wise sayings Myths PERFORMING ARTS - Expressed through music, songs, Dance, Chants and many more. • • - Characteristics: INTEGRAL TO LIFE LITERATURE - Mainly oral story about hunting, and nature. These are in the form of the following: BYZANTINE - It comprises the body of Christian artistic products which entirely concerned with religious expression and impersonal translation of church theology into artistic terms. RITUALS – performed by sacrificing animals to worship nature, celestial bodies, animals, Anito, Diwata, Gods, and Goddesses. CEREMONY – performed during events such as wedding, healing, mourning, and victory celebration. The Adamson Church; San Miguel Arcangel Church in Cebu; Langit, Lupa at Impierno by Jocef Luciano Dans CA. 1850 ROCOCO - It is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which characterized by whimsical and curvy lines. ROCAILLE – A French word which means meaning rockwork after the forms of seashells. GOTHIC ART - It is typically rooted in religious devotion which is used to decorate the exteriors of cathedrals and other religious buildings. This is characterized by its distinctive arched designed, stained glass and its illuminated manuscripts. TROMPE L'OEIL - French word means "Fooling the eye" - Optical Ilussion Taal Basilica of ST. Martin De Tours RETABLOS - Carving of anito was transformed into sculpture of saints including altarpieces. RELLEVES (CARVED IMAGES IN RELIEF) - Usually depict the Via Crucis which may also show holy image. PAINTING - Landscapes, still life, and genre were popular choice while portraits are reserved for high- ranking officials. ARCHITECTURE: SCULPTOR IN THE PHILIPPINES: SCULPTURES Polychromed Wood, 17th Century La Tercera Caida La Purisima Concepcion; Ecce Homo (Behold the Man) The high relief in Santo Domingo Church’s Molave door; The main altar of the Laoag Cathedral Pilosopo Tasiong The figure of St. Francis in Quiapo Church Holy Family (La Sagrada Familia) Tippos Del Pais Spoliarum Flora and Fauna Miniaturismo Dos Intelligencias Style in architecture are mainly: SCULPTORS Juan De Los Santos Leoncio Asuncion Bonifacio Arevalo Italian Mission Revival Neoclassical Neogothic Isabelo Tampinco PERFORMING ARTS: Romualdo de Jesus Graciano Nepomuceno Marcelo Nepomuceno Damian Domingo Juan Luna Jose Loden, Tomas Nazario, Miguel De Los Reyes Antonio Malantic, Simon Flores, and Justiniano Asuncion Carmen Zaragosa BODABIL – is a motley collection of slapstick, songs, dances, acrobatics, comedy skits, chorus, girls, magic acts and stand- up comic acts. JAPANESE ERA: JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942 - 1945) - The Japanese occupation was a difficult period for the Philippines, impacting art and culture. PERFORMANCE AND ARTS: PASYON – Biblical narration of Christ’s passion chanted in improvised melody. SARSWELA – Operatta which features singing and dancing with a prose dialogue. SENAKULO – Dramatic presentation depicting the passion of Christ. KOMEDYA – Colorful Theatrical tradition that describe the conflicts between the Muslims and Christians. LITERATURE Publication emerged: SHIN- SEIKI, LIWAYWAY, and TRIBUNE. Three types of poems emerged: HAIKU, TANAGA, and KARANIWANG ANYO. PERFORMING ARTS - Movie and theater houses produce Tagalog or Japanese Play. MUSIC - Japanese imposed their own music on the country. Japanese music was heard daily. MUSICAL AND LITERATURE: DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA – First printed book in the Philippines compiling song lyrics, commandments, sacraments, and other catechetical material. PAINTING - Filipino painters produced work with genre scenes that seem neutral. There were also artists who portrayed the atrocities of war. KUNDIMAN – Traditional Filipino love song. PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART: JOSE RIZAL – He wrote these two novels: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1970 - Present) - Reflects current society and culture, challenging traditional boundaries. ANDRES BONIFACIO – He wrote the poem “Sa Tinubuang Lupa” AMERICAN INFLUENCES: AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898 - 1940) - The American influence brought about a shift towards modern art and Western styles. THE NEW COLONIAL GOVERNMENT – They took charge of initiating the natives into the American way of life, creating a lasting influence on Filipino culture. LITERATURE - The literature during the American period was considered as an imitation of the American model - It was on the on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and new technology SCULPTURE - Sculptural processes are done in ways most suitable to the available material. LITERATURE - Filipino writers continue to write poetry, short stories, novellas, novels, and essays whether these are socially committed, gender / ethnic related or personal in intention or not. The God Stealer and other stories Mga ibong mandaragit F. Sionil Jose Amado V. Hernandez PAINTING – Abstract expressionism, optical art, minimalism, and pop art became popular. Dalagang Bukid Fernando Amorsolo ARCHITECTURE – Modernized tropical architecture and design. Paco Park Cultural Center of the Philippines MUSIC - Traditional music includes the use of instruments like the kulintang (a set of gongs), kubing (jaw harp), and gangsa (flat gong). TATTOOING: CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE - Tattooing is a traditional art form among some indigenous groups, such as the Kalinga. Tattoos often represent achievements, status, and protection. TECHNIQUES - Traditional techniques involve using thorn and ink made from natural materials. Ildefonso P. Santos Jr. Leandro Locsin PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL ARTS: LELIS & LANGUITA BAMBOO AND RATTAN CRAFTS: BASKETS AND FURNITURE - Bamboo and rattan are commonly used to create baskets, mats, and furniture. These crafts are both functional and decorative. TECHNIQUES - Traditional weaving techniques are used to create intricate designs and patterns. WEAVING: TEXTILES - Indigenous groups like the Ifugao, Kalinga, and T'boli are known for their intricate weaving patterns. Traditional textiles include Inabel, T'nalak, and Hablon. MATERIALS - Weaving materials include cotton, abaca (a type of banana fiber), and silk. PAINTING AND VISUAL ARTS: INDIGENOUS SYMBOLS - Traditional painting often includes indigenous symbols and motifs that tell stories and convey cultural beliefs. MURALS AND BODY ART: POTTERY: EARTHENWARE - Pottery is practiced in various regions, with notable styles including the traditional burnay jars of Ilocos and the Manunggul Jar, an ancient burial jar from Palawan. TECHNIQUES - Traditional techniques involve handmolding and using a potter's wheel. WOODCARVING: SANTOS AND STATUES - Woodcarving is prominent in religious art, particularly in creating santos (statues of saints) and other religious figures. INDIGENOUS ART: The Ifugao and Maranao peoples are known for their intricate wood carvings, including the famous Bul-ul (rice god) and Sarimanok (mythical bird) sculptures. DANCE AND MUSIC: FOLK DANCES - Traditional dances like the Tinikling, Pandanggo sa Ilaw, and Cariñosa reflect various cultural influences and are often performed during festivals. Visual arts extend to murals and body painting, seen in rituals and ceremonies. CONTEMPORARY NON-CONVENTIONAL CRAFTS - Blend traditional materials and techniques with modern innovation and creativity. UPCYCLED AND RECYCLED ART - Artists use discarded materials like plastic bottles, metal scraps, and old newspapers to create sculptures, installations, and functional art pieces. - The work of artists like Leeroy New, who transforms everyday objects into avant-garde installations and wearable art. SUSTAINABLE CRAFTS - Crafts that emphasize sustainability by using eco-friendly materials and processes. This includes using natural dyes, organic fibers, and renewable resources. MIXED MEDIA ART - Combining various materials and techniques, such as painting, sculpture, and digital art, to create unique and innovative pieces. DIGITAL AND INTERACTIVE ART - Incorporating technology into traditional crafts to create interactive and immersive experiences. This includes digital installations, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) art. COLOR WHEEL - A circular chart divided into 12 sections, with each sector showing a different color. WEARABLE ART - Creating fashion and accessories that are both functional and artistic. This includes avantgarde clothing, jewelry, and accessories made from unconventional materials. PRIMARY COLORS - These colors are equally distance part on the color wheel. They are the most basic colors on the wheel. They cannot be created by mixing any other colors together and can only be derived through natural pigments. - Designers like Kenneth Cobonpue, who use natural fibers and innovative designs to create unique fashion pieces. COMMUNITY-BASED ART PROJECTS - Collaborative art projects that involve local communities in the creation process. These projects often address social issues and promote cultural heritage. BASIC COMPONENTS OF ARTWORK: JALA & GRAVADOR SECONDARY COLORS - Secondary colors are created from mixing equal parts of any two primary colors together. TERTIARY COLORS - They are the result from mixing equal parts of primary color and with a secondary color. COLOR VALUE - Can be achieved by adding either black or white to the chosen color. COLOR INTENSITY - Intensity of color is the quality of brightness and purity. SHAPE - Can be geometric (circles, squares, triangles) or organic (free-flowing, irregular forms found in nature). SUBJECT - Refers to the "what" of an artwork—the main focus or theme. - This is the visual element or the object(s) depicted in the artwork. FORM - refers to the "how" — the technical aspects of how the artwork is created. - - Form also refers to the use of the basic visual elements like line, shape, color, texture, and space. This includes the medium, style, and the composition. CONTENT - Refers to the "why" — it reflects the deeper meaning, ideas, or message that the artist is trying to convey. ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART: GEALON, DUMARAN, & CUIZON SPACE - Is used to create the illusion of depth within an artwork. POSITIVE SPACE - Refers to the main focus of a picture NEGATIVE SPACE - Refers to the background. VALUE - Is an element of art that refers to the gradual change of lightness or darkness of a color. TIME AND MOTION - Are concepts explored in art to show the passage of time and movement. MUSIC - Is an art form that combines sound and rhythm to create expressive and aesthetic experiences. PRINCIPLES OF ARTS - Represent how the artist uses the elements of art to create an effect and to help convey the artist's intent. BALANCE: - The distribution of visual weight to create stability. ELEMENTS OF ART - Are the building blocks of visual arts. LINES - A mark moving in space between two points. Lines can be straight, curved, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, thick, thin, etc., each conveying different emotions and feelings. COLOR - Color is the element of art that involves light. - Three properties: hue (the pure color), value (lightness or darkness), and intensity (brightness or dullness). COLOR HUE - Hue is simply the name that is given to a color. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE - Both sides of the composition are mirror images. ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE - Visual weight is different on each side, but still balanced. RADIAL BALANCE - Elements radiate out from a central point. CONTRACT: Is the use of opposing elements to create visual interest and emphasize certain areas. It can be achieved through: Light and Dark - A dark object against a light background. The focal point of a work of art, drawing the viewer's attention to a specific area. It can be achieved through contrast, size, or placement. cooperation) and Mano Po (respect for elders) remain strong. 5. FOOD - Filipino cuisine is a mix of Indigenous, Spanish, Chinese, and American flavors. Popular dishes include Adobo, Sinigang, Lechon, Lumpia, and Halo-halo. 6. MUSIC AND DANCE – Traditional music includes Kulintang and Folk songs, while dance forms like tinikling and singkil showcase Filipino heritage. Modern music ranges from Kundiman to OPM and Hip-hop. RHYTHM: ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES: The repetition of elements in a composition to create a sense of movement or pattern. TRADITIONAL ARTS - Indigenous groups create weaving (T’nalak, Inabel), pottery (Burnay), and Tattoo art (Kalinga Traditions), preserving pre-colonial heritage. MOVEMENT: VISUAL ARTS – Famous painters include Juan Luna (Spoilarium) and Fernando Amorsolo (rural landscapes, sunlight techniques). Modern artist like BenCab blend traditional and contemporary themes. Color - Complementary colors (e.g., red and green). Texture - Smooth vs. rough surfaces. Shape - Geometric vs. organic shapes. EMPHASIS: The way the viewer's eye is led through a composition. It can be created through lines, shapes, or placement of elements UNITY: The sense of wholeness and completeness in a work of art. It is achieved by using the other principles of art to create a cohesive and harmonious composition. LITERATURE – Early forms included epics like Biag Ni Lam- ang and oral story telling. Notable writers include writers Jose Rizal and Nick Joaquin. PERFORMING ARTS – Filipino theater thrives through komedya, sarswela, and contemporary productions like PETA, and Tanghalang Pilipino. The Ballet Philippines and Filipino Indie films also receive international recognition. PATTERN: pattern is a repeated design element, such as a line, shape, color, or form. LANGUAGE AND ART: CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN AN ARTWORK: BUAN & BANGONON LANGUAGE AND ART – are essential in human expression, shaping culture and allowing individuals to share their perspective with world. LANGUAGE – is one of the many frontiers that art could have meaningfully crossed. ARTS - Reflects culture SIDAY - Is a word that represents poetry in the Waray Language. CULTURE - Encompasses the beliefs, customs, arts and social behaviors of a particular group or society, shaping its identity and a way of life. - It is used to praise people, recount the accomplishment of ancestor, and express feelings, including the beauty of women. CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES: 1. LANGUAGES - The Philippines has over 170 languages, with Filipino and English as the official languages. 2. RELIGION - The country is predominantly Catholic. Other religious groups include Protestants, Muslims and Indigenous spirits belief. 3. FESTIVALS - Filipinos celebrate numerous fiestas or festivals, often religious in nature, such as Sinulog (Cebu), Pahiyas (Quezon), Ati-Atihan (Aklan), and Penagbenga (Baguio) 4. FAMILY AND TRADITION – The Filipino family is highly valued, with close ties among extended relatives. Traditions like Bayanihan (community KEVIN CINCO - A native Waraynon and a major in language and literature. - one of his literary works is KANDILA and TAMSI. KANDILA - The literary work may refer to someone who is hopelessly romantic or to someone who actually could not stop making himself or herself readily available for someone but has done the opposite in the name of love. - This is an imagery of a love that stay unconditionally. TAMSI - The literary piece above may mean that regardless of where life can take us or what we accomplish in life, we still go back from where we started. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY: CRUZ, CRISOSTOMO, & CABERTE DECONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM – Views artworks not as harmonious fusions of meanings but as instances of intractable conflicts between different types of meanings. TYPES OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM ART: ART AS A PHILOSOPHICAL TOOL - Art can be used to explore complex ideas about existence, truth, beauty, and meaning, offering a unique perspective on philosophical questions. ARCHITECTURE - exemplified by the work of Frank Gehry (Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao) and Bernard Tschumi (Parc de la Villette), features complex geometries, asymmetry, and a rejection of traditional shapes and symmetry. PHILOSOPHY AS A FRAMEWORK OF ART - Philosophical theories, such as aesthetics and the philosophy of art, help us understand the nature of art. PAINTING - Artists like Pablo Picasso, through his cubist and surrealist works, deconstructed traditional painting techniques and subject matter… SHARED EXPLORATION - Both philosophy and art engage in the exploration of human experience and the world, albeit through different methods. HYPERREALITY IN ART: PHILOSOPHICAL ART MOVEMENT - Some art movements, like Surrealism and Dada, are rooted in specific philosophical ideas and manifestos. HYPERREALITY IN ART - refers to a style where artwork, often paintings or sculptures, strives for such extreme realism that it appears more real than real life, blurring the lines between representation and reality. INFLUENCE OF ARTISTIC CREATION - Philosophical ideas about creativity, originality, and the role of the artist can shape how artists approach their work. HYPERREALISM - As a genre, pushes the boundaries of realism to their limits… PHOTOREALISM - Aims to replicate the appearance of a photograph… ART EXAMPLES THAT HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH PHILOSOPHY: SURREALISM (1924) - Draws heavily on philosophical ideas about the subconscious and the irrational. THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION IN ARTS: - DADA (1916) - Reacts against traditional art and societal norms, reflecting a philosophical questioning of established values. AESTHETICS (nd) - The philosophical study of beauty and taste, which is closely related to the philosophy of art. PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY IN ANALYZING ARTS: DECONSTRUCTION IN ART - originating from philosophical ideas, involves breaking down conventional forms and meanings to expose underlying assumptions and contradictions. PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS – Deconstruction, as a concept, emerged from the work of philosophers like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault, who questioned the stability of language and meaning. CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS IN ART - Deconstruction aims to dismantle traditional interpretations and structures, revealing the implicit biases and power dynamics that shape our understanding of art. BREAKING DOWN FORMS - Deconstructive artists often employ techniques like fragmentation, juxtaposition, and irony to expose the inherent contradictions and complexities within established forms, symbols, and meanings. Particularly as it relates to art, suggests that art functions as a form of communication aimed at fostering mutual understanding and agreement ART PROCESS: 1. ART AS COMMUNICATION - A communication theory of art views art as a specialized form of human communication 2. FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING - The theory emphasizes the role of art in facilitating shared understanding and meaning-making between artists and audiences. 3. HABERMAS's PERSPECTIVE - Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action, which is relevant to this perspective, distinguishes between communicative action (aimed at mutual understanding) and strategic action (aimed at achieving specific outcomes). 4. LIFEWORLD AND SYSTEM - Habermas also develops the concept of the "lifeworld" and its relationship to communicative action, suggesting that art can contribute to the maintenance and transformation of shared cultural meanings and values.
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