PREHISTORIC ERA: 40,000 BC – 2,300 BC
Artifacts from ancient civilizations such as
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
MESOPOTAMIA – Modern day Iraq
AMARNA REVOLUTION - When Amenhotep became the
king of Egypt with her Queen Nefertiti in the 18th
dynasty, he revolutionized the arts and religion. He
moved the capital to Tel El- Amarna thus the name
Amarna. He later changed his name to Akhenaton,
which came from Aton who is the son of God.
EGYPT – Expressed through painting, sculpture, and
jewelry.
TUTANKHAMEN - The greatest discoveries from the
Egyptian Civilization was the tomb of Tutankhamen
GREECE – Known for their architectural monuments
as well as sculptural masterpieces, the Greeks were
also craftsmen.
HOWARD CARTER - discovered Tutankhamen’s tomb in
1922
ROME – Greatly influenced by Greek culture.
Excelled in painting, sculpting, and architectural
design.
MIDDLE AGES: 200 – 1400
Marks period in between Classical and Modern history.
Time Christianity being spread throughout Europe.
MEDIEVAL – Art created over a span of 1,000 years
during the Middle Ages.
STONE AGE:
Is a term used to describe a period of history when
stones were used to make tools for survival.
PALEOLITHIC ART (OLD STONE AGE) - is a product of
climate change.

Stones were used to make tools for
survival. Ex.: Halls of bulls
MESOLITHIC ART (MIDDLE STONE AGE) - Refers to all
arts and crafts created between the end of the
Paleolithic Ice Age (10,000 BCE) and the beginning of
farming, with its cultivation and animal husbandry.
BYZANTINE – Also important at this time were
illuminated bible manuscripts. Followed a religious
theme
ROMANESQUE – Marked by lavishly decorated
architecture, manuscripts, and embroidery.
GOTHIC – Developing in France out of the Romanesque
period. Very ornately designed cathedrals
RENAISSANCE: 1400 – 1600


Ex.: Venus of Willendorf (Highly abstracted woman from
highlighted body parts associated with fertility)
Period of “Rebirth”
Michaelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael,
Botticelli
BAROQUE: 1600 – 1775
NEOLITHIC ART (NEW STONE AGE) - Has developed
especially when life for the early humans has become
more stable.
Ex.: Stonehenge (Some regard it as a temple while
others see it as a complex calendar…)
EGYPTIAN ART:


Art that conveys religious theme
Dramatic biblical depictions
MANNERISM – Arts created images of elongated and
slightly disproportionate figures.
ROCOCO – Period of ornate interior design and
decorative arts.
NEOCLASSICISM: 1700 – 1800
OLD KINGDOM (AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS) - Period of
political stability and economic prosperity.
Ex.: Pyramids of Giza (Provide resting place for the
pharaohs)
MIDDLE KINGDOM (POLITICAL HIERARCHY) Emergence of powerful groups of landlords that
threatened the authority and rule of the pharaoh. This
happened during the rule of King Mentuhotep
NEW KINGDOM (GOLDEN AGE) - Known as the golden
age of ancient Egyptian history. Egypt has established
itself as a more advanced and powerful civilization. Ex.:
Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut temple
NARMER PALETTE – A Palette that utilized and applied
dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes.


Reformation of art and architecture
Bring back classical elements of the
Ancient Greeks and Romans
ROMANTICISM: 1700 – 1800

Artists sought to remove
themselves from social and political
influences
REALISM – Create images that depicted objective reality
IMPRESSIONISM: 1886 – 1906


Vivid colors and loose, visible
brushwork.
Degas, Manet, Renior, Morisot,
Cassatt
POST IMPRESSIONISM – Develop images with vivid
colors, dynamic brushwork, and real-life subject matter.

MINIMALISM: 1960


Vincent Van Gogh, Lautrec,
Gauguin, Seurat, Cezanne

MODERN ART MOVEMENT: 1880 – 1970
OP ART: 1964


GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM: 1900 – 1910



Cultural reform of art and poetry in
Germany
This period in art history is coined
as “avantgarde”, or experimental
and innovative
Kandinsky



French for the wild beast
CUBISM: 1908 – 1914


Broken, reassembled and
abstracted forms
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
FUTURISM: 1909 – 1918


Originating in Italy, this style of art
sought to transform how we see old
forms in new innovative ways.
Interior design and theatre
Art of Optical Illusion
Impression of Movement, vibration,
swelling, warping, and hidden
imagery
Vasarely and Riley
POST-MODERN ART: 1970 – PRESENT
FAUVISM: 1905 – 1907

Post-WW2 movement
Expression of the basic and
simplified form
Against Abstract Expressionists
Today art continues to transform
Artists work in a variety of mediums
including drawing, etc…
4 STEPS OF ART CRITICISM:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
DESCRIPTION – Observing the artwork’s visible
features.
ANALYSIS – Examining how elements are
organized and interact.
INTERPRETATION – Deciphering the meaning or
message conveyed.
EVALUATION – assessing the artwork’s merit or
significance.
DADA: 1916 – 1923



Rooted in Switzerland
Response to the seriousness of war
Anti-war and anti-art
SURREALISM: 1924 – 1940


Characterized by its dreamlike
qualities
Salvadore Dali
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM – Post-WW2 movement.
Known for its spontaneous and subconscious style
ACTION PAINTING: 1950


Gestural abstraction
Jackson Pollock
COLOR FIELD PAINTING: 1950


Originating in NY city
Refined and consistent application
of paint
POP ART: 1950



Emerging in Britain
Mass-produced imagery in fine arts
context
Influences of popular culture such
as advertising, comic books, and
cultural objects
METHODS IN READING ART:
FEMINIST CRITICISM – This approach examines art
through a feminist lens…
POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM – This method explores how
colonial and postcolonial experiences are reflected in
art…
FORMAL ANALYSIS – This method focuses on the visual
elements of a work, such as color, composition, line, and
texture.
ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS – This method explores the
symbols and imagery used in a work, deciphering their
significance within the context of the artist’s time and
culture.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT – Understanding the historical,
social, and cultural context in which a work was created
is crucial for interpreting its meaning.
BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT – That artist’s life and
experiences can shed light on their work.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS – This method explores the
artist’s psyche and the unconscious motivations that
may have influenced their work.
ASIAN ART HISTORY: JAPANESE ART: TINGCANG &
TEH
NIHONGA - Traditional Japanese painting using natural
materials.

JAPANESE ART – Art that refers to the various creative
works and traditions developed in Japan and it
encompass a wide range of traditional and
contemporary art forms developed in Japan over
centuries.
FLOWER ARRANGING (IKEBANA) - The art of arranging
flowers to create harmony and balance, focusing on
minimalism and symbolism.
ARCHITECTURE - Traditional Japanese buildings,
temples, shrines, and tea houses, as well as modern
architecture, are design with simplicity and harmony
with nature.
GARDENS - Japanese gardens, including Zen gardens,
use natural elements like rocks, water, and plants to
create peaceful, meditative spaces.
Uses mineral pigments, and
occasionally ink, together with
other organic pigments on silk or
paper.
UKIYO-E - Is a style of Japanese woodblock printing that
depicts scenes of everyday life, beauty, and nature,
popular during the Edo period.
-
The term means "pictures of the floating
world" referring to the fleeting pleasures of
life.
CERAMIC AND POTTERY - Known for unique pottery
styles such as raku, satsuma, and imari, with a focus on
craftsmanship and aesthetics.
MARTIAL ARTS - Disciplines such as karate, judo, aikido,
kendo, samurai, and many more.
CALLIGRAPHY (SHODO) - The artistic writing of Japanese
characters using brush and ink, valued for its beauty and
fluidity.
MANGA AND ANIME - Manga refers to Japanese comic
books and graphic novels, while the animated version of
these stories, with distinct art styles and genres are
called anime.
SCULPTURE - Traditionally religious, such as Buddhist
statues or Shino figures, crafted into wood, bronze, or
stone.
FASHION (KIMONO) - Traditional clothing like kimono is
an important cultural symbol, while modern Japanese
fashion is also influential globally.
PAPER FOLDING - This is the art or process of folding
squares of colored paper into representative shapes.
ORIGAMI - Involves the creation of small complex
sculptures produced from a single piece of paper and
made without cutting the paper or adding glue in any
way.

derived from the Japanese words
“ori”, meaning “to fold” and “kami”,
meaning
CHINESE ART: SUMALPONG & PLAZA
CHINESE ART – It refers to artworks that are created and
produced in China over the centuries.

THEATER ARTS - Refers to the creative and technical
aspects involved in the production of live performances,
including acting, directing, design, choreography, and
stagecraft.
NOH - A traditional masked performance emphasizing
slow movement and deep spiritual themes.
Dates back to the Neolithic Era or
New Stone Age (10,000-2000 BC)
when pottery was created for
practical uses and to appease the
gods.
SHANG DYNASTY (1600-1050 BC) – Dynasty that
heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age.
KABUKI - A colorful and energetic form of theater with
dynamic performances and elaborate costumes.
KILN - a special high-temperature oven that helped fire
the stoneware for pottery, and made objects stronger
and more durable.
BUNRAKU - A puppet theater where life-sized puppets
tell emotional stories.
BRONZE, IVORY, BONE, CLAY, AND JADE – These are
materials used during the Shang Dynasty.
GEISHA DANCE - Geishas master music and dance, and
to do so they train every day. Their dancing style
developed from the dances of the noh and the kabuki
plays. The dance is subtle and stylized, and every
gesture is meant to tell a story. Their dance is
accompanied by traditional Japanese music.
PAINTING - Is an image (artwork) created using
pigments (color) on a surface such as paper or canvas.
The pigment may be in a wet form, such as paint, or a
dry form, such as pastels.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ARTS:




Simplicity
A love of Nature
Lesson of Virtue and Honor
An examination of subject matter from different
perspectives
CHINESE ART STYLES:
1) CALLIGRAPHY - An ancient form of writing.
Became popularized in ancient China during the
Han Dynasty (206 BCE-290 CE)
CALLIGRAPHY BRUSHES - were made from animal hair
tied to a wooden or bamboo handle.
THE INK - Was composed of animal or vegetable matter,
minerals, and a binding agent.
2) JADE CARVINGS - a material that is most highly
prized by the Chinese over silver and gold.
Exemplified the quintessence of the Song and
Yuan culture.
JADE - was a stone of beauty and eternity.
3) BRONZE WORK - Have been cast in china for
about 3700 years. Most bronzes of about 1500300 BCE, roughly the Bronze Age in China may
describe as ritual vessels intended for worship
of ancestors.
The Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE) - The ritual bronze of
the early Western Zhou ( Xizhou)

Serve as a vehicle for inscriptions
that were cast to record events and
report them to ancestral spirits.
EXAMPLE: WINE POURING VESSEL (GONG) - Every
surface of this vessel is animated with fantastic
creatures.
4) PORCELAIN - Is a material made from a wellchosen porcelain clay or pottery stone through
technological processes like proportioning,
molding, drying, and firing.
PRIMITIVE PORCELAIN - The earliest porcelain that
appeared during the Shang Dynasty.
FIVE GREAT KILNS - During the Song Dynasty, famous
kilns emerged in multitude, including Jun Kiln, Ge Kiln,
Guan Kiln, Ru Kiln and Ding Kiln.
THE FOUR GREAT PORCELAIN:




5)
Blue and white porcelain
Blue and white rice pattern porcelain
Powder doped color decorated porcelain and
Colored glaze porcelain
SCULPTURE - Chinese sculpture was eventually
influenced by the sculpture of the other nation
such as Japan.
GILT - bronze seated Buddha with flame shoulders from
the 3rd century, which displays influence from the 2ndcentury Chinese tomb art and Khalcayan Sculpture.
TERRACOTA ARMY - Was assembled for the tomb of Qin
Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China from 221
TO 210 BC.

Baked-clay
ENLIGHTENMENT OR BUDDHA - Sculptural pieces that
include representations of Siddhartha Gautama.
6) PAINTING - is one of the oldest continuous
artistic traditions in the world.
GUÓ HUÀ - Painting in traditional style

It means ‘’national painting’’ or
native painting, which became
popular in China in the 20th
century.
THE TWO TECHNIQUES IN CHINESE PAINTINGS:
GONGBI ‘’METICULOUS’’ - Uses highly detailed
brushstrokes that delimit details very precisely.
INK AND WASH PAINTING ‘’WATER AND INK’’ - Also
loosely termed watercolor or brush painting, and also
known as ‘’literati painting’’. This style is referred to as
‘’Xieyi’’ or freehand style.
LANDSCAPE PAINTING - regarded as the highest in
Chinese painting.
GREAT AGE OF CHINESE LANDSCAPE - The time from the
Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (9071127).
7) POETRY - is poetry written, spoken, or chanted
in the Chinese language and a part of Chinese
literature.
CHU CI - the anthology (also familiarly known, in English
as the Songs of Chu) consist of verses more emphasizing
lyric and romantic feature.
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE - is as ancient as its culture.
There is compelling evidence that the Chinese have
always benefited from an indigenous building system
that has maintained its key features from the prehistoric
age to the present.
WOOD - Is the main material in Ancient Chinese
architecture.
KOREAN ARTS: PELAYRE & OLIVO
MINHWA - often translated as "paintings of the people"
or "popular paintings", is a vibrant genre of Korean folk
art that flourished during the Joseon Dynasty (13921897).
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINHWA:
ACCESSIBILITY: Minhwa was not confined to the elite. It
adorned homes, shops, and even royal palaces,
reflecting the aspirations and beliefs of all social classes.
VIBRANT COLORS AND BOLD LINES: Minhwa paintings
are characterized by their striking use of color and
dynamic, often exaggerated lines.
SYMBOLISM: Minhwa is rich in symbolism, with
recurring motifs representing various aspects of life,
from good fortune and longevity to protection from evil
spirits.




EXAMPLE: ANIMAL - Tigers (warding
off evil), magpies (bringing good
news), cranes (longevity), and fish
(abundance).
PLANTS - Flowers (beauty and
prosperity), bamboo (resilience),
and pine trees (longevity).
MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE Depictions of legendary figures and
mythical creatures.
ABSTRACT PATTERNS - Landscapes,
flowers, birds, and animals.
KOREAN CALLIGRAPHY (SEOYE) - Is more than just
beautiful writing; It's a profound art form that embodies
the spirit and philosophy of Korea.
HANJA – CHINESE CHARACTERS
HANGUL – KOREAN ALPHABET
1)
2)
3)
4)
Harvesting and Processing
Pounding and Refining
Mixing and Molding
Drying and Finishing
CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF HANJI:
• Durability
• Texture
• Absorbency
• Breathability
• Lightweight
USES AND APPLICATIONS:
• Writing and Printing
• Art and Calligraphy
• Construction
• Clothing and
THE FOUR TREASURES:

Or the tools that is used in Korean
calligraphy, also known as the
"Four Treasures of the Study"
BRUSH - Made from animal hair, it's an extension of the
artist's hand and spirit.
INK STICK - Traditionally made from soot and glue, it's
ground on an inkstone with water to create ink.
Household goods
SILLA CLAY DOLLS - known as "Tou" in Korean, are small
figurines made of clay that date back to the Silla
Kingdom (57 BCE - 935 CE) in ancient Korea.
SUNJANG – It is where people, often servants and
animals, were buried with the deceased to serve them
in the afterlife.
INKSTONE - A vessel for grinding the ink stick, it's often a
work of art in itself.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS: OF SILLA CLAY DOLLS
PAPER - Traditionally hanji, a strong and absorbent
paper made from mulberry bark.
HUMAN FIGURES - These figurines represent people of
variours social classes, from warriors and officials to
dancers and muicians. ]
STYLES AND MASTERS:
ANIMALS - Each animal likely held symbolic meaning,
such as regeneration, long life, or the ability to carry
souls to the afterlife.
HEASO - A formal and structured style, often used for
copying classics and official documents.
HAENGSEO - A semi-cursive style that allows for more
freedom and expression.
EVERYDAY OBJECTS - Miniature versions of houses,
tools, and there everyday items have also been found,
providing insights into the material culture of the Silla
period.
CHOSEO - A cursive style that emphasizes spontaneity
and fluidity.
KIM JEONG-HUI (1786-1856) - A prominent figure of the
Joseon period, developed the distinctive Chusa style,
characterized by its bold and unconventional strokes.
HANJI - meaning "Korean paper," is a traditional
handmade paper with a rich history and cultural
significance in Korea.
INTERPRETATIONS AND CULTURAL INSIGHTS: OF SILLA
CLAY DOLLS




BELIEF IN THE AFTERLIFE
FERTILITY AND ABUNDANCE
SYMBOLISM AND ANIMISM
HUMOR AND OVERCOMING DEATH
TRADITIONAL DANCES:
MATERIALS AND MOLDING
Hanji is primarily made from the inner bark of the paper
mulberry tree (Broussonetia papyrifera), a tree native to
Korea.
CHEOYONGMU - A traditional Korean dance that
originated in the Silla kingdom, characterized by slow,
elegant movements and symbolic gestures.
ILMU - A traditional Korean dance that originated in the
Goryeo dynasty, characterized by slow, elegant
movements and symbolic gestures.
melodies, synchronized choreography, and visually
stunning music videos, K-Pop has captured the hearts of
millions of fans across the globe.
BUCHAECHUM (FAN DANCE) - A traditional Korean
dance that features elegant movements and colorful
fans.
K-DRAMAS (KOREAN DRAMAS) - have also played a
crucial role in the Korean Wave's success. These
television series, often featuring compelling storylines,
attractive actors, and a blend of romance, comedy, and
drama, have gained immense popularity worldwide.
SUNGMU (BUDDHIST DANCE) - A traditional Korean
Buddhist dance that features slow, meditative
movements.
GEOMMU (SWORD DANCE) - A traditional Korean dance
that features martial arts skills and elegant sword
movements.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC:
K-FILMS (KOREAN FILMS) - Korean cinema has also
made significant strides in recent years, earning critical
acclaim and international recognition.
K-FASHION AND BEAUTY - Trends have also gained
global attention. Korean style is known for its chic and
trendy aesthetic, with a focus on clean lines, innovative
designs, and high-quality materials.
HYANGAK (NATIVE MUSIC) - Traditional Korean music
that originated in the Three Kingdoms Period,
characterized by simple melodies and rhythms.
JEONGAK (COURT MUSIC) - Traditional Korean court
music that emerged during the Goryeo dynasty,
characterized by complex rhythms and melodies.
PANSORI (TRADITIONAL MUSIC) - A genre of traditional
Korean music that emerged during the Joseon dynasty,
characterized by expressive singing and storytelling.
SANJO (SOLO INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC) - A genre of
traditional Korean music that features solo
performances on instruments like the gayageum.
SCULPTURES:
SEOKGURAM GROTTO - A UNESCO World Heritage Site,
this 8th-century Buddhist sculpture is a masterpiece of
Korean art, featuring intricate carvings and statues.
GILT-BRONZE BUDDHA STATUES - Buddhist sculptures
made from gilt bronze, featuring intricate details and
ornate designs.
CERAMICS AND POTTERY:
CELADON POTTERY - Goryeo celadon is arguably the
dynasty's most famous artistic contribution. This
distinctive type of pottery, characterized by its pale
green glaze and elegant forms, reached unparalleled
levels of sophistication.
WHITE PORCELAIN - Became increasingly popular,
reflecting Confucian ideals of purity and simplicity. Its
unpretentious forms and subtle use of color became
highly valued.
PHILIPPINE ARTS: MASAYAO, MACALUWA, &
MACAMPAO
PHILIPPINE ART - Refer to the various forms of the
arts that have developed and accumulated in the
Philippines.
TRADITIONAL ARTS - arts in the Philippines encompass
folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving,
folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic
and plastic arts, ornament, textile, or fiber art, pottery,
and other artistic expressions of traditional culture.
ETHNOMEDICINE - including the arts of hilot and the
arts of the albularyo and babaylans.
FOLK ARCHITECTURE - including stilt, land, and aerial
houses.
MARITIME TRANSPORT - boat houses, boat-making, and
maritime traditions.
WEAVING - including back - strap loom weaving and
other, related forms of weaving.
CARVING - including woodcarving and folk non-clay
sculpture.
FOLK PERFORMING ARTS - including dances, plays, and
dramas.
FOLK (ORAL) LITERATURE - including epics, songs, and
myths.
FOLK GRAPHIC AND PLASTIC ARTS – including
calligraphy, tattooing, writing, drawing, and painting
ORNAMENTS – including mask-making, accessorymaking, ornamental metal crafts
MODERN POP CULTURE:
KOREAN WAVE OR HALLYU - This phenomenon has
become a significant force in the entertainment industry
and a powerful symbol of Korean soft power.
K-POP (KOREAN POPULAR MUSIC) - Is arguably the most
recognizable face of the Korean Wave. With its catchy
TEXTILE (FIBER) ART – including headgear weaving,
basketry, and fishing gear
POTTERY – including ceramics, clay pots and sculpture
OTHER ARTISTIC EXPRESSIONS OF TRADITIONAL
CULTURE – including non-ornamental metal crafts,
martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts,
and constellation traditions
NON-TRADITIONAL ART - refers to modern,
experimental, and Contemporary forms of artistic
expression that go beyond traditional paintings,
sculpture, and folk arts.
SCULPTURE - Ancient Filipinos had attained a high
artistic level through:



POTTERY
JEWELRY
CARVING
PAINTINGS - Symbolic expression through tattoos and
cave carvings.
SUB-CATEGORIES:
ISLAMIC COLONIAL:
DANCE – including choreography, direction, and
performance
This was the time when Sayyid Abbubakar of Arabia
arrived.
MUSIC – including composition, direction, and
performance
LITERATURE – the introduction of holy text by the holy
book of Qur’an.
THEATER – including direction, performance, production
design, lighting and sound design, and playwriting
ARCHITECTURE – Building of Mosque
VISUAL ARTS – including painting, non-folk sculpture,
printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media
works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and
imaging
LITERATURE – including poetry, fiction, essays, and
literary or art criticism
FILM AND BROADCAST ARTS – including direction,
writing, production design, cinematography, editing,
animation, performance, and new media
ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED ARTS – including non-folk
architecture, interior design, landscape architecture,
and urban design
SCULPTURE – Carves abstract patterns. Sculpture is
prohibited (haram) in religion Islam.
FIGURAL REPRESENTATION IN FILIPINO ISLAMIC ART:
•
Buraq
•
Sari- Manok
SPANISH INFLUENCES:
DESIGN – including industrial and fashion design
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521 - 1898) - The Spanish
colonization brought Catholicism, significantly impacting
Philippine art. Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in
1521.
PRECOLONIAL INFLUENCES:
BAROQUE - A highly decorative and theatrical style. This
is characterized by grandeur, drama and elaborated
details.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (900 - 1521) - This period
predates the arrival of colonizers, and art reflected
indigenous beliefs and practices.
HUNTER GATHERERS SOCIETY - Arts for ritual purposes
or for everyday use. Started from mere craft, but then
developed to have decorative, elements, meaning and
context.

Epic poems
Riddles
Wise sayings
Myths
PERFORMING ARTS - Expressed through music, songs,
Dance, Chants and many more.
•
•
-
Characteristics: INTEGRAL TO LIFE
LITERATURE - Mainly oral story about hunting, and
nature. These are in the form of the following:




BYZANTINE - It comprises the body of Christian artistic
products which entirely concerned with religious
expression and impersonal translation of church
theology into artistic terms.
RITUALS – performed by sacrificing animals to
worship nature, celestial bodies, animals, Anito,
Diwata, Gods, and Goddesses.
CEREMONY – performed during events such as
wedding, healing, mourning, and victory
celebration.
The Adamson Church; San Miguel
Arcangel Church in Cebu; Langit,
Lupa at Impierno by Jocef Luciano
Dans CA. 1850
ROCOCO - It is an exceptionally ornamental and
theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which
characterized by whimsical and curvy lines.
ROCAILLE – A French word which means meaning rockwork after the forms of seashells.
GOTHIC ART - It is typically rooted in religious
devotion which is used to decorate the exteriors of
cathedrals and other religious buildings. This is
characterized by its distinctive arched designed, stained
glass and its illuminated manuscripts.
TROMPE L'OEIL - French word means "Fooling the eye"
-
Optical Ilussion
Taal Basilica of ST. Martin De Tours
RETABLOS - Carving of anito was transformed into
sculpture of saints including altarpieces.
RELLEVES (CARVED IMAGES IN RELIEF) - Usually depict
the Via Crucis which may also show holy image.
PAINTING - Landscapes, still life, and genre were popular
choice while portraits are reserved for high- ranking
officials.
ARCHITECTURE:
SCULPTOR IN THE PHILIPPINES:
SCULPTURES
Polychromed Wood, 17th
Century
La Tercera Caida
La Purisima Concepcion; Ecce
Homo (Behold the Man)
The high relief in Santo Domingo
Church’s Molave door; The main
altar of the Laoag Cathedral
Pilosopo Tasiong
The figure of St. Francis in
Quiapo Church
Holy Family (La Sagrada Familia)
Tippos Del Pais
Spoliarum
Flora and Fauna
Miniaturismo
Dos Intelligencias
Style in architecture are mainly:
SCULPTORS
Juan De Los Santos
Leoncio Asuncion
Bonifacio Arevalo




Italian
Mission Revival
Neoclassical
Neogothic
Isabelo Tampinco
PERFORMING ARTS:
Romualdo de Jesus
Graciano Nepomuceno
Marcelo Nepomuceno
Damian Domingo
Juan Luna
Jose Loden, Tomas Nazario,
Miguel De Los Reyes
Antonio Malantic, Simon Flores,
and Justiniano Asuncion
Carmen Zaragosa
BODABIL – is a motley collection of slapstick, songs,
dances, acrobatics, comedy skits, chorus, girls, magic
acts and stand- up comic acts.
JAPANESE ERA:
JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1942 - 1945) - The
Japanese occupation was a difficult period for the
Philippines, impacting art and culture.
PERFORMANCE AND ARTS:
PASYON – Biblical narration of Christ’s passion chanted
in improvised melody.
SARSWELA – Operatta which features singing and
dancing with a prose dialogue.
SENAKULO – Dramatic presentation depicting the
passion of Christ.
KOMEDYA – Colorful Theatrical tradition that describe
the conflicts between the Muslims and Christians.
LITERATURE
Publication emerged: SHIN- SEIKI, LIWAYWAY, and
TRIBUNE.
Three types of poems emerged: HAIKU, TANAGA, and
KARANIWANG ANYO.
PERFORMING ARTS - Movie and theater houses produce
Tagalog or Japanese Play.
MUSIC - Japanese imposed their own music on the
country. Japanese music was heard daily.
MUSICAL AND LITERATURE:
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA – First printed book in the
Philippines compiling song lyrics, commandments,
sacraments, and other catechetical material.
PAINTING - Filipino painters produced work with genre
scenes that seem neutral. There were also artists who
portrayed the atrocities of war.
KUNDIMAN – Traditional Filipino love song.
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART:
JOSE RIZAL – He wrote these two novels: Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1970 - Present) - Reflects
current society and culture, challenging traditional
boundaries.
ANDRES BONIFACIO – He wrote the poem “Sa
Tinubuang Lupa”
AMERICAN INFLUENCES:
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898 - 1940) - The
American influence brought about a shift towards
modern art and Western styles.
THE NEW COLONIAL GOVERNMENT – They took charge
of initiating the natives into the American way of life,
creating a lasting influence on Filipino culture.
LITERATURE - The literature during the American period
was considered as an imitation of the American model
-
It was on the on-set of the
sudden rise of personal
computers and new
technology
SCULPTURE - Sculptural processes are done in ways
most suitable to the available material.
LITERATURE - Filipino writers continue to write poetry,
short stories, novellas, novels, and essays whether these
are socially committed, gender / ethnic related or
personal in intention or not.
The God Stealer and
other stories
Mga ibong
mandaragit
F. Sionil Jose
Amado V. Hernandez
PAINTING – Abstract expressionism, optical art,
minimalism, and pop art became popular.
Dalagang Bukid
Fernando Amorsolo
ARCHITECTURE – Modernized tropical architecture and
design.
Paco Park
Cultural Center of the
Philippines
MUSIC - Traditional music includes the use of
instruments like the kulintang (a set of gongs), kubing
(jaw harp), and gangsa (flat gong).
TATTOOING:
CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE - Tattooing is a traditional art
form among some indigenous groups, such as the
Kalinga. Tattoos often represent achievements, status,
and protection.
TECHNIQUES - Traditional techniques involve using
thorn and ink made from natural materials.
Ildefonso P. Santos Jr.
Leandro Locsin
PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL ARTS: LELIS & LANGUITA
BAMBOO AND RATTAN CRAFTS:
BASKETS AND FURNITURE - Bamboo and rattan are
commonly used to create baskets, mats, and furniture.
These crafts are both functional and decorative.
TECHNIQUES - Traditional weaving techniques are used
to create intricate designs and patterns.
WEAVING:
TEXTILES - Indigenous groups like the Ifugao, Kalinga,
and T'boli are known for their intricate weaving
patterns. Traditional textiles include Inabel, T'nalak, and
Hablon.
MATERIALS - Weaving materials include cotton, abaca (a
type of banana fiber), and silk.
PAINTING AND VISUAL ARTS:
INDIGENOUS SYMBOLS - Traditional painting often
includes indigenous symbols and motifs that tell stories
and convey cultural beliefs.
MURALS AND BODY ART:
POTTERY:
EARTHENWARE - Pottery is practiced in various regions,
with notable styles including the traditional burnay jars
of Ilocos and the Manunggul Jar, an ancient burial jar
from Palawan.
TECHNIQUES - Traditional techniques involve handmolding and using a potter's wheel.
WOODCARVING:
SANTOS AND STATUES - Woodcarving is prominent in
religious art, particularly in creating santos (statues of
saints) and other religious figures.
INDIGENOUS ART:
The Ifugao and Maranao peoples are known for their
intricate wood carvings, including the famous Bul-ul
(rice god) and Sarimanok (mythical bird) sculptures.
DANCE AND MUSIC:
FOLK DANCES - Traditional dances like the Tinikling,
Pandanggo sa Ilaw, and Cariñosa reflect various cultural
influences and are often performed during festivals.
Visual arts extend to murals and body painting, seen in
rituals and ceremonies.
CONTEMPORARY NON-CONVENTIONAL CRAFTS
-
Blend traditional materials
and techniques with
modern innovation and
creativity.
UPCYCLED AND RECYCLED ART - Artists use discarded
materials like plastic bottles, metal scraps, and old
newspapers to create sculptures, installations, and
functional art pieces.
- The work of artists like Leeroy New,
who transforms everyday objects into
avant-garde installations and wearable
art.
SUSTAINABLE CRAFTS - Crafts that emphasize
sustainability by using eco-friendly materials and
processes. This includes using natural dyes, organic
fibers, and renewable resources.
MIXED MEDIA ART - Combining various materials and
techniques, such as painting, sculpture, and digital art,
to create unique and innovative pieces.
DIGITAL AND INTERACTIVE ART - Incorporating
technology into traditional crafts to create interactive
and immersive experiences. This includes digital
installations, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality
(VR) art.
COLOR WHEEL - A circular chart divided into 12 sections,
with each sector showing a different color.
WEARABLE ART - Creating fashion and accessories that
are both functional and artistic. This includes avantgarde clothing, jewelry, and accessories made from
unconventional materials.
PRIMARY COLORS - These colors are equally distance
part on the color wheel. They are the most basic colors
on the wheel. They cannot be created by mixing any
other colors together and can only be derived through
natural pigments.
- Designers like Kenneth Cobonpue, who
use natural fibers and innovative
designs to create unique fashion pieces.
COMMUNITY-BASED ART PROJECTS - Collaborative art
projects that involve local communities in the creation
process. These projects often address social issues and
promote cultural heritage.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ARTWORK: JALA &
GRAVADOR
SECONDARY COLORS - Secondary colors are created
from mixing equal parts of any two primary colors
together.
TERTIARY COLORS - They are the result from mixing
equal parts of primary color and with a secondary color.
COLOR VALUE - Can be achieved by adding either black
or white to the chosen color.
COLOR INTENSITY - Intensity of color is the quality of
brightness and purity.
SHAPE - Can be geometric (circles, squares, triangles) or
organic (free-flowing, irregular forms found in nature).
SUBJECT - Refers to the "what" of an artwork—the main
focus or theme.
-
This is the visual element or
the object(s) depicted in the
artwork.
FORM - refers to the "how" — the technical aspects of
how the artwork is created.
-
-
Form also refers to the use
of the basic visual elements
like line, shape, color,
texture, and space.
This includes the medium,
style, and the composition.
CONTENT - Refers to the "why" — it reflects the deeper
meaning, ideas, or message that the artist is trying to
convey.
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART: GEALON,
DUMARAN, & CUIZON
SPACE - Is used to create the illusion of depth within an
artwork.
POSITIVE SPACE - Refers to the main focus of a picture
NEGATIVE SPACE - Refers to the background.
VALUE - Is an element of art that refers to the gradual
change of lightness or darkness of a color.
TIME AND MOTION - Are concepts explored in art to
show the passage of time and movement.
MUSIC - Is an art form that combines sound and rhythm
to create expressive and aesthetic experiences.
PRINCIPLES OF ARTS
- Represent how the artist uses the elements of
art to create an effect and to help convey the artist's
intent.
BALANCE:
- The distribution of visual weight to create stability.
ELEMENTS OF ART - Are the building blocks of visual
arts.
LINES - A mark moving in space between two points.
Lines can be straight, curved, horizontal, vertical,
diagonal, thick, thin, etc., each conveying different
emotions and feelings.
COLOR - Color is the element of art that involves light.
-
Three properties: hue (the
pure color), value (lightness
or darkness), and intensity
(brightness or dullness).
COLOR HUE - Hue is simply the name that is given to a
color.
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE - Both sides of the composition
are mirror images.
ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE - Visual weight is different on
each side, but still balanced.
RADIAL BALANCE - Elements radiate out from a central
point.
CONTRACT:
Is the use of opposing elements to create visual interest
and emphasize certain areas. It can be achieved
through:
Light and Dark - A dark object against a light
background.
The focal point of a work of art, drawing the viewer's
attention to a specific area. It can be achieved through
contrast, size, or placement.
cooperation) and Mano Po (respect for elders)
remain strong.
5. FOOD - Filipino cuisine is a mix of Indigenous,
Spanish, Chinese, and American flavors. Popular
dishes include Adobo, Sinigang, Lechon, Lumpia,
and Halo-halo.
6. MUSIC AND DANCE – Traditional music includes
Kulintang and Folk songs, while dance forms like
tinikling and singkil showcase Filipino heritage.
Modern music ranges from Kundiman to OPM and
Hip-hop.
RHYTHM:
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
The repetition of elements in a composition to create a
sense of movement or pattern.
TRADITIONAL ARTS - Indigenous groups create weaving
(T’nalak, Inabel), pottery (Burnay), and Tattoo art
(Kalinga Traditions), preserving pre-colonial heritage.
MOVEMENT:
VISUAL ARTS – Famous painters include Juan Luna
(Spoilarium) and Fernando Amorsolo (rural landscapes,
sunlight techniques). Modern artist like BenCab blend
traditional and contemporary themes.
Color - Complementary colors (e.g., red and green).
Texture - Smooth vs. rough surfaces.
Shape - Geometric vs. organic shapes.
EMPHASIS:
The way the viewer's eye is led through a composition.
It can be created through lines, shapes, or placement of
elements
UNITY:
The sense of wholeness and completeness in a work of
art. It is achieved by using the other principles of art to
create a cohesive and harmonious composition.
LITERATURE – Early forms included epics like Biag Ni
Lam- ang and oral story telling. Notable writers include
writers Jose Rizal and Nick Joaquin.
PERFORMING ARTS – Filipino theater thrives through
komedya, sarswela, and contemporary productions like
PETA, and Tanghalang Pilipino. The Ballet Philippines
and Filipino Indie films also receive international
recognition.
PATTERN:
pattern is a repeated design element, such as a line,
shape, color, or form.
LANGUAGE AND ART:
CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN AN ARTWORK: BUAN
& BANGONON
LANGUAGE AND ART – are essential in human
expression, shaping culture and allowing individuals to
share their perspective with world.
LANGUAGE – is one of the many frontiers that art could
have meaningfully crossed.
ARTS - Reflects culture
SIDAY - Is a word that represents poetry in the Waray
Language.
CULTURE - Encompasses the beliefs, customs, arts and
social behaviors of a particular group or society, shaping
its identity and a way of life.
- It is used to praise people, recount the
accomplishment of ancestor, and express feelings,
including the beauty of women.
CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES:
1. LANGUAGES - The Philippines has over 170
languages, with Filipino and English as the official
languages.
2. RELIGION - The country is predominantly Catholic.
Other religious groups include Protestants, Muslims
and Indigenous spirits belief.
3. FESTIVALS - Filipinos celebrate numerous fiestas or
festivals, often religious in nature, such as Sinulog
(Cebu), Pahiyas (Quezon), Ati-Atihan (Aklan), and
Penagbenga (Baguio)
4. FAMILY AND TRADITION – The Filipino family is
highly valued, with close ties among extended
relatives. Traditions like Bayanihan (community
KEVIN CINCO - A native Waraynon and a major in
language and literature.
- one of his literary works is
KANDILA and TAMSI.
KANDILA - The literary work may refer to someone who
is hopelessly romantic or to someone who actually
could not stop making himself or herself readily
available for someone but has done the opposite in the
name of love.
-
This is an imagery of a love
that stay unconditionally.
TAMSI - The literary piece above may mean that
regardless of where life can take us or what we
accomplish in life, we still go back from where we
started.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY:
CRUZ, CRISOSTOMO, & CABERTE
DECONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM – Views artworks not as
harmonious fusions of meanings but as instances of
intractable conflicts between different types of
meanings.
TYPES OF DECONSTRUCTIVISM ART:
ART AS A PHILOSOPHICAL TOOL - Art can be used to
explore complex ideas about existence, truth, beauty,
and meaning, offering a unique perspective on
philosophical questions.
ARCHITECTURE - exemplified by the work of Frank Gehry
(Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao) and Bernard Tschumi
(Parc de la Villette), features complex geometries,
asymmetry, and a rejection of traditional shapes and
symmetry.
PHILOSOPHY AS A FRAMEWORK OF ART - Philosophical
theories, such as aesthetics and the philosophy of art,
help us understand the nature of art.
PAINTING - Artists like Pablo Picasso, through his cubist
and surrealist works, deconstructed traditional painting
techniques and subject matter…
SHARED EXPLORATION - Both philosophy and art engage
in the exploration of human experience and the world,
albeit through different methods.
HYPERREALITY IN ART:
PHILOSOPHICAL ART MOVEMENT - Some art
movements, like Surrealism and Dada, are rooted in
specific philosophical ideas and manifestos.
HYPERREALITY IN ART - refers to a style where artwork,
often paintings or sculptures, strives for such extreme
realism that it appears more real than real life, blurring
the lines between representation and reality.
INFLUENCE OF ARTISTIC CREATION - Philosophical ideas
about creativity, originality, and the role of the artist can
shape how artists approach their work.
HYPERREALISM - As a genre, pushes the boundaries of
realism to their limits…
PHOTOREALISM - Aims to replicate the appearance of a
photograph…
ART EXAMPLES THAT HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH
PHILOSOPHY:
SURREALISM (1924) - Draws heavily on philosophical
ideas about the subconscious and the irrational.
THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTION IN ARTS:
-
DADA (1916) - Reacts against traditional art and societal
norms, reflecting a philosophical questioning of
established values.
AESTHETICS (nd) - The philosophical study of beauty and
taste, which is closely related to the philosophy of art.
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY IN ANALYZING ARTS:
DECONSTRUCTION IN ART - originating from
philosophical ideas, involves breaking down
conventional forms and meanings to expose underlying
assumptions and contradictions.
PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS – Deconstruction, as a concept,
emerged from the work of philosophers like Jacques
Derrida and Michel Foucault, who questioned the
stability of language and meaning.
CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS IN ART - Deconstruction
aims to dismantle traditional interpretations and
structures, revealing the implicit biases and power
dynamics that shape our understanding of art.
BREAKING DOWN FORMS - Deconstructive artists often
employ techniques like fragmentation, juxtaposition,
and irony to expose the inherent contradictions and
complexities within established forms, symbols, and
meanings.
Particularly as it relates to
art, suggests that art
functions as a form of
communication aimed at
fostering mutual
understanding and
agreement
ART PROCESS:
1. ART AS COMMUNICATION - A communication
theory of art views art as a specialized form of
human communication
2. FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING - The theory
emphasizes the role of art in facilitating shared
understanding and meaning-making between
artists and audiences.
3. HABERMAS's PERSPECTIVE - Jürgen Habermas's
theory of communicative action, which is
relevant to this perspective, distinguishes
between communicative action (aimed at
mutual understanding) and strategic action
(aimed at achieving specific outcomes).
4. LIFEWORLD AND SYSTEM - Habermas also
develops the concept of the "lifeworld" and its
relationship to communicative action,
suggesting that art can contribute to the
maintenance and transformation of shared
cultural meanings and values.