Lesson 10/04/2019 Geography
Push and Pull factors
Location/distance to the city centre
Land cost/value
Push
Ageing infrastructure.
Transport
Apartments-High income move
Pull
Good transport
Cheap housing
Good city centre (ABC-city)
Lesson 03/04/2019 Geography
Final Project
Program: Piktochart
1. What
2. Who
3. Land use (Models)
4. Spatial Patterns
5. Past
6. Present
7. Future
Lesson 13/03/2019 Geography
Von Thunen - Agriculture, Model
Von Thunen Model consists of two things: Perishability and Bulkiness.
Weber: Weight going and Weight losing.
Primary Industry: Is about taking the natural resources to produce something. For example, people
that cut down trees, maybe fish, mine etc is in the Primary Industry.
Secondary Industry: Taking the raw material and refining it. So for example taking the tree, the raw
material, and refining it. Here in Secondary Industry we don't need many people, because we have
technology.
Tertiary Industry: Is providing a service. After we got the trees and everything is put together we
have to sell it. That is what Tertiary Industry. For example Tyler is a teacher and is in this industry.
Quaternary Industry: Is about providing a service but at a very high level. This is about something
made with a lot of knowledge that will get a lot of money. For example, mobile phones, micro chips
and etc. But, professors are here, because they have to do research, they have to publish a lot. That
requires a lot of knowledge.
All of these points are telling us of how our society looks like. Sweden is mostly in Tertiary Industry
because that’s where the money come from. We don’t get money from the Primary Source, that’s why
we let the poorer country do it. For example, many resources are from poorer country for example in
China. Many things it says that it’s made in China. Why pay a Swede hundred crowns that can make
something, when you can pay someone in China for example ten crowns to make something. It’s all
about money.
Heavy Industry: Mining for example is a Heavy Industry. This is a industry with weight gaining.
We’re taking the raw materials and make something bigger with it.
Light Industry: Opposite of Heavy Industry. Taking raw materials and making something smaller.
For example cutting down trees and making papers.
Agglomeration Industry: Is for example when we have all the car stores in a same place. But isn’t it
market problem, because Volvo wants to sell more than Volkswagen for example? No, because they
are at the same place because people that are there will be interested in cars. Therefore if someone
doesn’t buy from Volvo therefore they can still be interested and buy from Volkswagen instead. Stores
that are near each other, there is a reason, not just random.
Fixed Industry: Means that it has to be there. Close to the resource.
Footloose Industry: This means that it doesn’t need to be there. Not close to the resource.
Formal Industry/Sector: Industry that gets taxed.
Informal Industry/Sector: Industry that doesn’t get taxed.
Lesson 20/02/2019 Geography
Spatial Pattern mean that it’s some type of pattern in space. It is showing a certain pattern. Look at
how the buildings or roads are arranged outside, that is also a pattern. For example, the roads in
Stockholm is straight, and the buildings built near the roads are also straight squares. This happened
because cars started to be famous. The roads had to be straight. But in Gamla stan, the roads are not
straight, because the roads are still old and not fixed to straight roads.
Market Gardening and Milk Production – vegetables, dairy, fruit – need to get to the market quickly
Firewood and Lumber Production – important fuel and heavy and difficult to transport
Crop Farming (with/without fallow) / Three-Field System – grains - lighter than fuel reducing
transport costs, and lasts longer than dairy products
Livestock Farming – grazing animals self transporting to market for slaughter
In his theory the farmer is expected to maximise his profit from his farmland. Such return depends on
an optimal use of land surfaces and transport costs.
Transport cost depends on the distance from the market and different kind of products – the bulkiness
and perishability.
Von Thünen concluded that the cultivation of a crop is only worthwhile within certain distances from
the city: beyond that, either the cost of the land becomes too high, with increasing distances transport
costs also increase, or, if there is another product having greater yield or lower transport costs.
Lesson 12/02/2019 Geography
1. Latitude: Latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south point on the Earth’s
surface. The temperatures gets lower as you move away from the equator. The Earth has different
latitudes with degrees. In those different degrees is there different biomes.
0 degrees → Rain Forest.
30 degrees → Deserts.
60 degrees → Coniferous/Taiga/Deciduous
90 degrees → Tundra
2. Distance to sea/water: The distance to sea/water
matters to see how cold/warm it is in a country.
3. Altitude: The height of something, for example how high the mountains are. For every 1000 metre
above the ground the temperature goes down to 6 degrees.
4. Ocean Currents: For example the Gulf Stream, stream with warm water that warms up specific
areas.
5. Atmospheric Circulation: When warm air at the equator rises, it causes low pressure. As the air
moves to the pole, it is deflected to the east by the rotation of the earth. Because of this it runs out of
energy and sinks, causing high pressure.
Lesson 06/02/2019 Geography
A climate graph is a graph that shows the temperature throughout the years.
There are five climate factors:
1. Latitude
2. Distance to sea/water
3. Altitude (Drops 6 degrees every 1000 m.)
4.Ocean Currents - Gulf Stream
5. Atmospheric Circulation. Winds → Global Winds
Prevailing winds - The most common winds.
Lesson 30/01/2019 Geography
Weather - Daily, We’re looking at the temperature and precipitation. Precipitation can be anything
from: rain, snow, sleet, hail, slush. Anything from what’s happening now and what’s happening
tomorrow is what weather is. So i.e weather is measuring the daily temperature.
Climate - 30 years, Is looking over 30 years, it’s a continually process. For example, let’s look at
Stockholm. In january the average temperature is -3, and that is the average temperature for january.
But it doesn’t mean that the temperature is going to be -3 everyday in january. So, i.e climate is
measuring the average temperature.
Stockholm and Novosibirsk has the same latitude. But still, in Stockholm the climate is -3 in January,
but in Novosibirsk is the climate -18 in January. Why is it like that? Even if they have the same
latitude.
Stockholm has a 21 degrees celsius range and Novosibirsk has a 36 degrees celsius range. This huge
difference is due to the distance to the sea. If we look at the ground during the winters, the ground is
colder than the water during the winter. If we look at the ground during the summers, the ground is
hotter than the water during the summer. We in Stockholm is always getting this cool air that is
keeping our temperature higher, while during the summer, we are getting this cool air that is keeping
our temperature lower.
It’s warmer in Sweden because of the Ocean Currents, for example the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream
pushes warm water from Mexico, where it begins. The warm water are affecting Sweden, but not
Novosibirsk that much. BUT, the Gulf Stream might disappear, due to global warming. Because of
global warming ice is melting, and when the ice melts it drops down through the water to the Gulf
Stream.
Kebnekaise’s altitude is 2106 metres. If it’s -5 on the ground, it will be colder on the mountain. This is
because of the air being colder. Also, when we’re on the mountain, we’re more from the heat source,
which is the core in the earth. So it might be around -18 on the top of kebnekaise. The more altitude it
is, the colder it gets.
Atmospheric Circulation → winds.
When heat comes, it rises. For example in the rainforests, when it’s really hot, the heat is going to rise.
Therefore because of the heat rising. clouds will be made. Because of the clouds being made, it will
start to rain.
Low Pressure - Rain, Cool in the temperature.
High Pressure - Sunny in summer, cold in water.
Jet stream - The jet stream occur in the air. When we fly we experience a jet stream. Let’s say that
we’re flying from Stockholm to New York, it will take around 8 hours. When we fly back to
Stockholm, it will take 7 hours. We will fly higher up, because of the jet stream, that’s why it takes
faster. The jet stream is in the northern winds, therefore we latch on the winds, the jet stream, just like
someone's pushing you. The problem is everytime the jet stream goes down, we have something
called depression. We tend to have a low pressure system.
Lesson 14/11/2018 Geography
Problems with Plastic?
A lot of beaches that are on the northside of Hawaii have a lot of plastic on the beaches. This is due to
the ocean currents from all the other countries. Because on the plastic things there are a lot of korean,
japanese, etc written texts.
All plastic have different density, some are too heavy so they sink but other float. Some of the plastic
have some bitemarks, that’s because of animals that are near the place to hunt, often misjudge the
plastic with food. So they try to eat it, for example the albatros that has a lot of plastic inside it.
But except that the plastic makes the beaches ugly, what is the actual problem with plastic?
We humans are eating that are toxic to us. Because when plastic breaks down, it becomes these small
microplastic that are not visible for the eyes. Then the fish and animals will get it inside of their body.
Eventually we will get the microplastic inside of us, which is NOT good because it’s toxic. The higher
you go up in the food chain and eat, the more toxic things you will get inside of you. This is because
of that the biggest animals eat hundreds of smaller things, but with a lot of plastic.
When animals eat plastic, not only is the plastic toxic but the plastic can also be very sharp. Which
can cut open their bellies so they die. Animals can also get stuck in plastic and so on. For example
some turtles tend to eat plastic bag, because the plastic bags look like jellyfish. Some seals are getting
stuck in nets, because there are always a lot of fish that are stuck in the nets. So it will be easy for the
seals to catch them. To understand the problem you have to see it, you can’t hide behind a wall of
ignorance and not thinking about the problem.
8 Millions metric tons of plastic goes into the ocean and 2,5 billion metric tons of solid waste is
produced all around the world.
If you have some vegetables or something not wet and warm in a plastic bottle the vegetables won't
absorb that much chemicals from the plastic. But if we have some warm milk or warm water in a
plastic bottle the drink will then absorb more chemicals from the plastic.
For example Bisphenol A was a chemical made for birth control, so you can’t get kids. But it didn’t
quite work so the chemical didn’t go to any use. But later someone discovered that Bisphenol A is
really good for making plastic hard, so now humans use this chemical for making plastic hard. So if
we get this inside of us, it will affect us when we wan’t to get kids. This chemical is now banned, and
products often say that they are BPA proved. But still this products use similar chemicals that will go
through the law with and will make them still be able to say that the product is BPA proved.
Lesson 07/11/2018 Geography
When we humans notice the big problem with our Earth. That’s when we are going to change, and try
to save the Earth. Even when it’s a problem right now, we don’t do anything. Because the problem
isn’t as big as it’s going to be in the future.
Bottle water is bad because of the microplastic in it. When we drink the water from the plastic bottle,
the microplastic comes inside the body.
In Sweden for example we drink our water from the tap. But in other countries for example in USA,
Canada, Australia etc. They drink their water from a plastic bottle.
Speculation; If you think about 50 years ago. Children with ADHD, ADD and other diagnostic was
not really common. Now more children are born with ADHD, ADD and other diagnostic. Maybe it’s
because of the microplastic affecting the body and brain?
RESULTS:
My personal Earth Overshoot Day is:
11 April
If everyone lived like me, we would need:
3,7 Earths
Lesson 24/10/2018 Geography
As individuals we help society by voting. Then the government will help and come up with solutions
about the problem. By eating less meat for example, is also a way to help as individuals. In my
opinion you don’t have to become vegetarian, but you can cut down on the meat.
Our flights to vacations are also causing a lot of damage to the environment.
We tend to throw things that can be recycled in to normal bins, because it’s easy. It’s convenient for us
to just throw random things in to the bins. Instead of throwing the plastic in the right lace and the
aluminium things in the right place. We humans think more of convenience instead of things that is
good instead.
It’s not good to drink the water over and over from a plastic bottle. There’s chemicals in the plastics
that comes more and more from the water used over and over.
‘’We have to understand the difference between what we need and what we want’’
The third world is the LEDC. For example, when USA have used everything in their country, they go
wo countries that are LEDC.
Lesson 26/09/2018 Geography
Tectonic plates
- Segments of the lithosphere
- Carry both oceanic and continental crust
- Composed of hard strong rock
- Floats on the underlying hot, plastic asthenosphere and glides horizontally over it, like ice floating
over a sea surface.
- Margins are tectonically active, i.e. earthquakes and volcanoes are common at boundaries
- Plate moves about 1-16 cm/year. About as fast as fingernail grows.
Continent to Continent creates Mountains.
Ocean to Continent creates Volcanoes.
Ocean to Ocean creates Islands.
Different types of Volcanoes and why.
The more explosive volcanoes explode, due to the pressure. The shield volcano doesn’t explode that
much. The volcano doesn’t explode, but the lava and magma just pure out. Silica is a mineral that
makes the volcano explode more.
Endogeonous Processes Questions.
1. The ocean is an exogenous process. The ocean can change the surface and make it flatter, because
it’s been laying on the surface for so long that the surface can’t be it self anymore. So due to
the pressure, it’s no longer a mountain range.
2. One reason why the mountains on Mars is higher is because of the little amount water on
Mars. It can’t rain on Mars for example, so due to that there’s not much weathering to destroy
the mountains. Another reason is the atmosphere on the Mars. The gravity is three times
lesser on Mars than the Earth, so it doesn’t push the mountains down so much.
3. Relief is what the landscape looks at the side. The biggest topographic feature is the
mid-oceanic ridge. It’s sixty-thousand km. The mid-oceanic ridge exists, because of
divergent.
The whole Earth is land, because before the oceans there were only land. Why we have
oceans is because of it rained before for several hundred years.
Weathering, there is three types of weathering;
Physical, Chemical and Biological.
Erosion, there is four types of erosion;
Ice, Water, Air and Gravity.
Lesson 19/09/2018 Geography
Geography Endo & Exo, Notes
Convergent
Convergent is when the tectonic plates are smushed against each other and volcanoes and mountains
are made.
Divergent
Transform
Plates slide horizontally against each other’s side and make earthquakes.
Volcano
Volcanoes are created when two or more tectonic plates start drifting away from each other and
magma comes up to the surface and becomes lava. this is called a diversion.
Subduction
One plate goes under another one as they crash into each other, it keeps going down into the
upper mantle and melts, then pressure forms, magma is pushed to the surface and volcanoes
are made
only happens with one oceanic and one continental slide, where the oceanic slide goes under
since it’s heavier.
Convection
When heat rises, like for example bringing magma to the surface. Then it’s making land, therefore
convection is the engine for the plates to move.
Endogenous
Inside the earth. Create.
Himalaya for example is growing, bigger, more pointy.
Exogenous
On the surface. Destroy/Breakdown.
Kebnekaise is for example getting smaller, more rounded. It has been breaking down by ‘’vittring’’.
Pangea; When all the continents were together.
The most inner core is made of pure iron, and it turns in the opposite way of the outer core, that’s
made of magma; this is why we have a magnetic field.
All land have gone through the endogenous process, and eventually all the land will go through the
exogenous process.
The most inner core is made of pure iron, and it turns in the opposite way of the outer core, that’s
made of magma; this is why we have a magnetic field. The inner core can’t melt, because the size of it
and mass of it so the magma can’t melt it. It’s because of convection the plates moving, the force of
convection is for example heat rising, cool down and then coming back.
Alfred Wegner
Hundred years ago, he came up with the concept of the continental drift. He looked at the map and
saw that the shapes matched, but nobody believed him. So he needed evidence, so he found fossils
that were together in all continents. So if the fossils were so splittered, than the animals could walk all
over the land. But scientist still didn’t believe him. So he found ice marks all over the countries. Like
for example there were ice marks on India. So if all countries were all together, then that’s the only
way it works. in 1912 he came up with the continental drift hypothesis.
But the scientists wanted to know how they moved. That was the problem, that’s why his hypothesis
didn’t expand more. So it was stated as a hypothesis, and then later he died.
Theoretically South Africa is going further away from Africa. For example in Iceland, magma is
coming up to the surface and pushes the half of it away. Because of the mid-oceanic ridge. The further
we come from the middle atlantic ridge, the newer the land is.
The scientific method:
1. Observation
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Testing the hypothesis and developing a theory
Developing a theory
1. Be based on a series.
A scientific law
A statement given of how events always occur under given conditions
considered to be factual and correct.
If I throw a pen in the air, then all can agree that it will eventually fall on the ground. Then it’s
called a law. If I say that the plates are moving down under the earth, then it’s not a law,
because nobody can go down there. Nobody can prove it for sure.
The Oceanic crust is thinner and denser since it’s being squished together by the masses of
water, water is more dense than air and therefore puts more pressure on the crust. Convergent
is when the tectonic plates are smushed against each other and volcanoes and mountains are
made.
Lesson 29/08/2018 Geography
Geography Notes
LEDC - Less economic developed countries
MEDC - More economic developed countries
Countries that is LEDC has bad infrastructures, but countries that is MEDC has much better
infrastructures.
Biome - Ekosystem
Biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the
environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents
Geographical Thinking, is about:
Space
Location
Absolute/Relative other positions.
Natural/Culutral
Substainability/Vulnerability
Conflicts
Development
Scale
War can occur because of geography, natural disasters and etc. Like for example we shouldn’t
cut down the rainforests because of the biome, all the animals that lives there etc. But the
farmer needs the palm oil to feed his family or continue his farm. That’s just called survival,
but still a lot of conflicts can occur.
World map is called Topographic maps in geography. It shows the relief features of the earth surface.
Maps can be different. Small scale map covers a small area but with very little detail, large scale map
covers a small area but contains a lot of details.
Endogenous Processes and Exogenous Processes.
Endo - In the earth (Creating)
Exo - On the surface (Destroyed/Breaking)