Cambridge IGCSE® Physics (0625)
9V
9V
9V
4.5 V 4.5 V
1
V
V
2
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
V
COAL
P = IV
R = V/I
GAS
3
Electricity 1
Unit
links
speed = distance ÷ time
Distance (m)
OIL
V
E = IVt
Light
Unit
links
9V
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
N
S
N
S
N
S
S
N
N
Unit
links
6
+
+
–
S
GRADIENT = SPEED
N
Time (s)
S
13:03
1.23
4
5
Mechanics 1
Unit
links
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
1m
temperature
boiling
attract
repel
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
Unit
links
5
7
8
9
10
11
SERIES
6
PARALLEL
A
A1
A2
A1
A2
5A
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
infra-red
ultraviolet
6
gamma
visible
X-ray
10 N
W = fd
wavelength
p = f/a
power = work ÷ time
time
8
Thermal physics
Unit
links
4
microwave
melting
7
3
Electricity 2
1m
10 N
2
+
–
–
repel
radio
E = mc∆T
1
6
Electromagnetism
Unit
links
Energy
amplitude
R
O
Y
G
B
I
V
a b
A
resistor
V
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
Unit
links
α
β
γ
10
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
A
Z
X
A–4
Z–2
W + 42 α
A
Z
X
A
Z+1
Y + –10 β
analogue signal
LDR
digital signal
11
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
Waves
Unit
links
thermistor
Atomic physics
Unit
links
9
Mechanics 2
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
A
B
OR
Q
A
B
AND
Q
A
B
NOR
Q
Electronics
Unit
links
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
6
Highlighted numbers in ‘unit links’ boxes indicate significant links between the different units.
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6
1
Light
AMBULANCE
ECNALUBMA
a b
Total internal reflection
angle a = angle b
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Reflection of light
3.2.1
GLASS BLOCK
incident ray
total internal reflection
Refraction
refracted ray
refracts back to original direction
Refraction of light
3.2.2
Refraction
virtual image
real image
3.2.3
Thin converging lens
R
O
Y
G
B
I
V
WHITE LIGHT
Lenses and prisms
MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT
3.2.4
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Dispersion of light
2
Electricity 1
electrons
–
ammeter
A
–
–
–
–
Voltage and current
electromotive
force
current
I = Q/t
FLOW RATE (I)
1.5 V
Current
PUMP
(V)
Electromotive force
4.2.3
Resistance
Voltage, energy and charge
4.2.2
PIPE SIZE
(R)
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
9V
voltmeter
9V
9V
V
4.5 V 4.5 V
V
V
A
resistor
V
–
Calculating resistance
9V
V
V
Potential difference
surroundings
P = IV
E = IVt
4.2.6
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Electrical working
–
–
–
–
–
thin wire
thick wire
high R
low R
Resistance
Power and resistance
4.2.5
Power and energy
4.2.4
R = V/I
3
Energy
COAL
TRANSFERS
heating
kinetic
gravitational
elastic
mechanical
Energy
OIL
electricity
chemical
nuclear
GAS
waves
internal
Energy
1.7.1
1.7.2
HYDROELECTRIC
AND TIDAL
Energy resources
vibrations increase when
atoms are heated
vibrations spread through
the material
Conduction
2.3.1
no medium
required
infra-red
radiation
2.3.3
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Heat transfer
HOT
less dense
COLD
more dense
2.3.2
Convection
absorption
good
bad
vacuum flask
good
bad
refrigerator
emission
Radiation
2.3.4
Consequences of energy transfer
4
Mechanics 1
13:03
Distance, speed and time
Length and time
1.1
GRADIENT =
ACCELERATION
Distance (m)
Braking distances
Speed (m/s)
speed = distance ÷ time
AREA = DISTANCE
Time (s)
Time (s)
Motion
1.2
MASS: 75 kg
MASS: 75 kg
WEIGHT: 735 N
WEIGHT: 122 N
WEIGHT: 277 N
1.3
Measuring volume
1.23
MASS: 75 kg
GRADIENT = SPEED
W = mg
Mass and weight
d
Mass and density
ρ=
h
WATER
displacement
beaker
1.4
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1 g/cm3
w
Density
m
V
5
N
S
N
S
N
S
S
N
N
S
N
N
S
S
S
N
S
N
S
A
simple
A.C.
generator
t
cu
rre
n
Electromagnets
4.6.1
Electromagnetic induction
time
step-up transformer
A.C. generator
step-down transformer
Transformer
4.6.3
current
S
magnetic field
N
S
nt
rre
cu
N
force
Electricity supply
4.6.2
magnetic field
Magnets and current
Simple phenomena of magnetism
N
S
Fleming’s right-hand rule
potential difference
4.1
N
movement
Electromagnetism
magnetic
field
FORCE
solenoid
Fleming’s left-hand rule
4.6.4
The magnetic effect of a current
4.6.5
N
S
increase coils
A
S
N
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Force on a current-carrying conductor
increasing torque
Current and magnets
4.6.6
force on a wire
D.C. motor
increase current
increase
magnetic field
Current and magnets
6
+
+
–
REPEL
ATTRACT
REPEL
Electricity 2
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
–
Charge and circuits
Electric charge
4.2.1
Circuit components
cell
lamp
resistor
thermistor
LDR
variable resistor
V
A
G
voltmeter
ammeter
galvanometer
relay
LED
4.3.1
Circuit diagrams
4.5
Dangers of electricity
A
A total current = A1 = A2
Dangers of electricity
SERIES
A1
PARALLEL
A1 + A2 = A
A2
A1
A2
4.3.2
Series and parallel circuits
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5A
Fuses and circuits
bell
7
Thermal physics
Explaining properties
solid
liquid
gas
compressible
compressible
compressible
flows
flows
flows
solid
liquid
gas
Brownian motion
Molecular model
2.1.2
Pressure
Compressing gases
States of matter
2.1.1
FACTORS
temperature
pV = constant
surface area
for a fixed mass of gas
at constant temperature
E = mc∆T
temperature
and internal
energy
2.2.3
E
energy (J)
m
mass (kg)
c
specific thermal capacity
(J/kg˚C)
∆T
change in temperature (˚C)
Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
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Measuring temperature changes
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
Pressure changes
2.1.4
METAL A
METAL B
V
thermocouple thermometer
Measurement of temperature
2.2.2
boiling
temperature
thermal
expansion on
heating
Evaporation and boiling
Particle explanations
Evaporation
2.1.3
2.2.1
Measuring temperature changes
draught
latent heat of fusion
melting
1 kg
time
2.2.4
1 kg
latent heat of vaporisation
Melting and boiling
8
Mechanics 2
moment
Forces
balanced – constant speed
F = kx
resultant
unbalanced – accelerating
10 N
Balanced forces
newtons
1m
10 N
5N
metres
1.5.2
Turning effect
1.5.4
Centre of mass
Forces and mass
10 N
10 N
1m
1m
force × distance
Effects of forces
1.5.1
1m
10 N
balanced forces
Conditions for equilibrium
1.5.3
scalar
vector
13 :0 3
time
acceleration
volume
velocity
speed
force
1.5.5
m
Velocity
1.7.3
fd = ∆E
m
P = ∆E/t
Work and power
power = change in energy ÷ time
Work
1.7.4
low pressure
large force
large area
high pressure
1.8
pressure
p = f/a
p = hρg
large force
small area
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m
Momentum
1.6
W = fd
N
m
p = mv
Scalars and vectors
N
v
m
Pressure
Power
v
9
amplitude
Waves
wavelength
General wave properties
3.1
radio
infra-red
Speed of sound vs. light
microwave
3.3
ultraviolet
visible
gamma
X-ray
Electromagnetic spectrum
small amplitude
20 Hz to
20 000 Hz
large amplitude
343 m/s
3.4
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Sound
Frequency and amplitude, and wave reflection
Wavelength
n = fλ
10
Atomic physics
α
background radiation
radon gas
Radiation
cosmic
rays
5.2.1
alpha
beta
buildings and
the ground
food and
drink
γ
β
gamma
ionisation
artificial
sources
penetration
Detection of radioactivity
5.2.2
Characteristics of the three kinds of emission
γ
5.2.3
X
A–4
Z–2
W + 42 α
A
Z
X
A
Z+1
Y +
0
–1
β
nuclear equations
Radioactive decay
time
distance
half-life
t1/2
t1/2
t1/2
5g
time
Half-life
5.2.4
shielding
proton
neutron
Nuclear particles
Nuclear equations
Safety precautions
nucleon number
7
Li
5.1.1
1
H
element symbol
3
2
proton number
5.1.2
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α
electron
CAUTION
IONISING
RADIATION
5.2.5
10 g
activity
β
A
Z
Types of emission and dangers
α
Types of emission and dangers
Radioactive decay
Nucleus
H
Atomic model
+
+
+
11
Electronics
R1
VIN
VOUT
R2
VOUT =
thermistor
relay
R2
× VIN
R1 + R2
LDR
Action and use of circuit components
Simple digital circuits
4.3.3
LED
A
B
analogue signal
digital signal
4.4
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OR
Q A
NOT
Q
A
B
AND
A
Q
B
NAND
OR
Q
A
B
NOR
Q
LOGIC GATES
Digital electronics