MANAGEMENT
• Is an activity consisting of a distinct process which is primarily concerned with the important task of
goal achievement.
• No business enterprise can achieve its objectives until and unless all the members of the enterprise
make an integrated and planned effort under the directions of a central coordinating agency.
• This central coordinating agency is technically known as management and the methodology of getting
things done is known as 'management process'.
• The process of management involves the determination of objectives and putting them into action.
• It is the process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organizations
through systematic, coordinated and cooperative human effort.
• It is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed to
determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources.
• Under management as a process, management is considered as a continuing activity made up of basic
management functions.
Management Processes:
1. Planning: The determination of short-to-long-range plans to achieve the objectives of organization.
2. Organizing: The development of sound organization structure according to predetermined plans.
3. Direction: Means stimulating and motivation of personnel of the organization according to
predetermined plans.
4. Controlling: Offers assurance that directs action i.e.. plan-of-action, is taking place as per plan.
MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS
A manager is called upon to perform the following managerial functions:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Motivating
6. Controlling
7. Co-coordinating, and
8. Communicating
1. Planning: As a process, planning is the first function performed by a manager.
The work of a manager begins with the setting of objectives of the organization and goals in each area of
the business. This is done through planning.
✓A plan is a predetermined course of action to accomplish the set objectives. It is today's projection for
tomorrow's activity,
✓Planning includes objectives, strategies, policies, procedures programmes etc.
✓As it involves making choices, decision-making is the heart of planning.
3. Staffing
✓Staffing involves filling the positions needed in the organization structure by appointing competent
and qualified persons for the job.
✓This needs manpower planning, scientific selection and training of personnel, suitable methods of
remuneration and performance appraisal.
4. Directing
✓Direction involves managing managers, managing workers and the work through the means of
motivation, proper leadership, effective communication as well as co- ordination.
•A manager must develop the ability to command and direct others.
5. Motivating
✓Motivation is a managerial function to inspire and encourage people to take required action.
✓Motivation is the key to successful management of any enterprise. Motivation can set into motion a
person to carry out certain activity.
6. Controlling
✓Control is the process of measuring actual results with some standard of performance, finding the
reason for deviations of actual from desired result and taking corrective action when necessary.
✓A manager must adopt the following steps in controlling:
1) Identify potential problems.
2) Select mode of control.
3) Evaluate performance in terms of planning.
4) Spot significant deviations.
5) Ascertain causes of deviations.
6) Take remedial measures.
7. Co-ordination
✓Co-ordination is concerned with harmonious and unified action directed toward a common objective.
✓It ensures that all groups and persons work efficiently, economically and in harmony.
✓Coordination requires effective communication channels.
✓Person-to-person communication is most effective for coordination.
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
1. Planning is goal-oriented
• Every plan must contribute in some positive way towards the accomplishment of group objectives.
Planning has no meaning without being related to goals.
2. Primacy of Planning
Planning is the first of the managerial functions. It precedes all other management functions.
3. Pervasiveness of Planning
• Planning is found at all levels of management.
✓Top management looks after strategic planning.
✓Middle management is in charge of administrative planning.
Lower management has to concentrate an operational planning
4. Efficiency, Economy and Accuracy
✓Efficiency of plan is measured by its contribution to the objectives as economically as possible.
✓Planning also focuses on accurate forecasts.
5. Co-ordination
✓Planning co-ordinates the what, who, how, where and why of planning.
✓Without co-ordination of all activities we cannot have united efforts.
6. Limiting Factors
✓A planner must recognize the limiting factors (money. manpower etc.) and formulate plans in the light
of these critical factors.
7. Flexibility
✓The process of planning should be adaptable to changing environmental conditions.
8. Planning is an intellectual process
✓The quality of planning will vary according to the quality of the mind of the manager.
Advantages of having objectives in Planning
1. Clear definition of objectives encourages unified planning.
2. Objectives provide motivation to people in the organization.
3. When the work is goal-oriented, unproductive tasks can be avoided.
4. Objectives provide standards which aid in the control of human efforts in an organization.
5. Objectives serve to identify the organization and to link it to the groups upon which its existence
depends.
6. Objectives act as a sound basis for developing administrative controls.
7. Objectives contribute to the management process: they influence the purpose of the organization,
policies, personnel, leadership as well as managerial control.
POLICIES
•A policy is a standing plan.
•Policies are directives providing continuous framework for executive actions on recurrent managerial
problems.
•A policy assists decision making but deviations may be needed, as exceptions and under some
extraordinary circumstances.