SUMMARIZING ON
WRITING
BY: P.NAVIN ROHAN
TIIRTHA
ARADHYA
DIARY ENTRY
• Diary writing is considered to be a very personal form
of writing. It is a reporting on what has happened over
the course of a day or other period. Writing in a paper
diary is still a popular form of expression of one’s
thoughts and feelings. This can be a short or as long as
one wants.
FEATURES OF A DIARY ENTRY
• Day, Date and Time of the entry.
• A suitable descriptive heading of the entry.
• The detailed comprehensive body of the diary entry (content).
• A diary should be written in the First Person and not in the
Second or Third Person
• A diary does not need to be formal; it can be written in an
informal style.
• Signature of the writer gives it authenticity.
• Diary entry is not just about words. You can create self portraits,
pen portraits of others and express your feelings.
JOURNAL ENTRY
• A journal is almost always written in an informal style. It is a
personal reflection.
• Be wary of using text and street language. It needs to be readable.
It may really annoy your markers.
• Try to give insights and interesting information. A journal may
normally be a forum to open up about every emotion a person
has, but it may fail to give the content people would like to read.
• You need to write about things which you can delve deeper. Focus
on making your writing humorous, witty or simply unique. Try
not to be boring. Don’t be offensive, either. You can be as creative
as you like. Experiment as much as possible.
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Create a setting and atmosphere:
• Descriptive compositions may be real or imagined, try
to base your description on an actual memory or
experience. This will make your response more
convincing and original. Use of the present tense gives
a sense of immadacy. Your ability to structure varied
and sophisticated sentences is assessed and you should
avoid using non- sentences. Try to include a range of
the following.
CREATING A SETTING AND
ATMOSPHERE
• Unusual vocabulary
• Varied vocabulary
• As many of the 5 sense as possible
• Multiple adjective
• Similies and metaphors
• Varied sentence lengths
• Sound effects example, (alliteration, Onomatopea).
IMPORTANT OF A STORY SETTING AND
ATMOSPHERE
• An effective story setting and atmosphere, there may not be as
much meaning to be gleaned since they provide context.
• An effective story setting and atmosphere connects the characters
to the plot, and ties together the story’s theme and event.
• When readers are engaged in your story’s setting, they will be
actively reading and invested in experiencing the narrate and
how it will unfold.
• Authors use story setting to describe the environment, time and
place for the reader, which provides more context and engages
the reader.
HOW TO WRITE THE SETTING
OF A STORY
1. Decide what mood you’re trying to establish.
Ex. Happy, Ecstatic, Sad, Depressed.
2. Decide which suits the context of your story.
3. Know the atmosphere you need to portray.
Ex.Calm, Pleasant, Dark, Dull etc.
1. Use all five senses when you’re describing the
setting.(Touch, Smell, Taste, Hear, Sight)
2. Don’t describe the setting of your story all at once.
IMPORTANCE OF THE 5 SENSES
• The words you use should make the readers feel the senses
such as seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching.
• Taste: The yummy of chocolate reminded him of his
childhood.
• Sound: Her voice is so penetrating that my ears rang for days
afterwards.
• Sight: The clouds were edge with pink and gold.
• Smell: After eating vegetable curry, his breath of garlic.
• Touch: The tree bark was rough against the skin.
EXAMPLE BY USING THE 5
SENSES
• The old leather book rested on the table, its worn
cover rough under curious fingertips. A faint smell of
aged paper and ink drifted up, rich and warm, like a
story waiting to be told. As a page turned, it let out a
soft, crinkling sigh, the sound delicate yet full of life.
The dim light caught the faded gold letters on the
spine, making them flicker like hidden treasure. Dust
lingered on the tongue—dry, papery, as if the past
had left a tiny mark behind.
IMPORTANCE OF EXCLAMATION
Use exclamation or words that convey their meaning
through the sound.
• Ex: ‘Thud!’, ‘Crash!’
• * Your paragraph should vary in length. Sometimes, a
paragraph might even be just one word long.
• Ex: ‘Help!’, ‘Silence!’
• When specific verbs are used to indicate an action, the
meaning becomes more vivid, and the sentence gives a much
clearer indication of the mood and character.
• Ex: a. The old man drifted (entered) into his home and
slumped into (sat on) his chair.
•
*
TRAVEL WRITING
• Travel writing is all about sharing experiences, insights,
and stories from different places. It involves descriptive
writing, where you capture the sights, sounds, and
atmosphere of a location—like "The golden sands
stretched endlessly, kissed by the gentle waves of the
turquoise sea." Personal experiences make the piece
relatable, such as discovering unexpected gems or
overcoming travel challenges. Travel writing also includes
practical tips and guides, offering advice on must-visit
places, food recommendations, or ways to avoid common
tourist mistakes. Finally, storytelling makes it engaging by
weaving in interesting experiences—like getting lost in
Venice and finding a hidden café with the best tiramisu
ever. A great travel piece makes readers feel like they are
experiencing the journey themselves!
Example of Travel Writing
• The sun dipped low over the coastline, painting the
sky in shades of orange and pink. Waves rolled in
gently, their rhythmic whispers blending with the
distant chatter of a bustling boardwalk. The salty
breeze brushed against my skin, carrying the scent of
the ocean and fresh seafood from nearby stalls.
Footsteps crunched softly against the sand, warm
and smooth beneath my feet. As I walked along the
shore, the world felt calm, endless, and waiting to be
discovered.
PUNCTUATION
COMMAS
RULE 1
• To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and
word groups with a series of three or more.
• Example:
a.My $10 million estate is to be split among my husband,
daughter, son and nephew.
b.The storm brought thunder, lighting and heavy rain.
RULE 2
• Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of
a person directly addressed.
• Examples:
a.Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?
b.Thank you, Mr. Johnson, for your guidance.
COLON
RULE 1
• Use the colon after a complete sentence to introduce a
list of items when introductory words such as namely,
for example, or that is do not appear.
• Examples:
a.You may be required to bring many items: sleeping
bags, pans, and warm clothing.
b. I need to buy a few things from the store: milk, bread
and cheese.
RULE 2
• Use a colon instead of a semicolon between two strong clauses
(sentences) when the second clause explains or illustrates the first
clause and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect
the clauses. If only one sentence follows the colon, do not
capitalize the first word of the new sentence. If two or more
sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each
sentence following.
• Examples:
a. I enjoy reading: novels by Kurt Vonnegut are among my
favorites.
b. She was excited for one reason: she had finally won the
competition.
RULE 3
• To introduce a speech or quotation:
• Examples:
a. Mother said to me: “Help others and you will be
helped.”
b. The teacher announced: “Tomorrow, we will have a
surprise test.”
SEMICOLONS
RULE 1
• To separate two main clauses when a conjunction such
as and or but is omitted.
• Examples:
a. Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
b. She wanted to stay up late; he insisted they sleep
early.
RULE 2
• Use the semicolon to separate units of a series (group
of words) when one or more of the units contain
commas.
• Example: Smruthe needs the weather statistics for the
following areas: Anna Nagar, Chennai; Tambaram,
Chengalpattu; Valajapet, Kanchipuram; and Ponneri,
Thiruvallur.
DASHES
RULE 1
To add extra information(like parenthesis but with
more emphasis).
Example:
a. My brother- who never wakes up early- somehow
made it to school on time.
b. The solution was clear- she had to apologize
immediately.
RULE 2
To show an interruption or a sudden break in thought
Example:
a. I was about to tell you – oh wait, I forgot.
b. She wanted to explain everything- but he had
already left.She wanted to explain everything—but he had already left.
RULE 3
To emphasize something important
Example:
a. There was only one way to win—never give up.
b. There was only one person who could solve this
problem- you.
RULE 4
To replace a colon for a stronger effect
Instead of a colon, a dash can create a more dramatic
pause before revealing something important. It makes
the sentence feel more natural and engaging.
Example:
a. She had only one dream—to travel the world.
b. He paused- then spoke.
HYPHEN
RULE 1
To join compound words or link words in compound
adjectives before a noun.
Example:
a. My sister-in-law is visiting us tomorrow.
b. She is a well-known author.
RULE 2
To connect numbers or fractions
Example:
a. The recipe needs two-thirds of a cup of sugar.
b. The bridge is one-quarter of a mile long.
RULE 4
To avoid confusion in certain words
Example:
a. I will re-sign the contract (vs. resign, which means
to quit).
b. She will re-cover the sofa with new fabric.
RULE 2
To connect numbers or fractions
Example:
a. The recipe needs two-thirds of a cup of sugar.
b. The bridge is one-quarter of a mile long.
PREPOSITION
• A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other
words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time
and locations in a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and
they are normally placed directly in front of nouns.
• Indeed, several of the most frequently used words in all of English, such
as of, to, for, with, on and at, are prepositions.
• Examples:
a. I prefer to read in the library.
b. He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
c. Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
d. Go down the stairs and through the door.
e. He swam across the pool.
TYPES OF PREPOSITION
• There are three types of prepositions, including time
prepositions, place prepositions, and direction prepositions.
Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during,
and until; place prepositions are those indicating position,
such as around, between, and against; and direction
prepositions are those indicative of direction, such as across,
up, and down. Each type of preposition is important.
PREPOSITION OF TIME
• Examples:
a. I was born on July 4th, 1982.
b. I was born in 1982.
c. I was born at exactly 2am.
PREPOSITION OF PLACE
• To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to
indicate time – on, at, in – are also the most common prepositions
to indicate position. (on, above, over, in front of, beside, below,
under, behind)
• Examples:
a. The cat is on the table.
b. The dogs are in the kennel.
c. We can meet at the crossroads.
d. Put the sandwich over there.
e. The key is locked inside the car.
f. Major is ranked above corporal.
g. He is waving at you from below the stairs.
PREPOSITION OF MOVEMENT
• Prepositions of movement describe how something or someone moves
from one place to another. The most commonly used preposition of
movement is to, which usually serves to highlight that there is
movement towards a specific destination. (across, through, along,
around, into, out of, onto, off, up, down, over, under, towards, away
from,
Examples :
a. He has gone on vacation to France.
b. I will go to bed when I am tired.
c. They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.
d. Mike travelled across America on his motorcycle.
e. The bullet Ben shot went through the window.
f. The truck rushed past the mansion.
TAUTOLOGY
• The saying of the same thing twice over in different
words, generally considered to be a fault of style.
• Example: "a free gift" (free implies it's without cost).
Tautology Examples
•Please repeat again what you just said.
•The end result of the experiment was
unexpected.
•I withdrew cash from the ATM machine.
•The hotel is in close proximity to the beach.
•The magician’s trick was an unexpected surprise.
•He forgot his phone and had to return back
home.
•Let’s join together to complete this project.
THANK YOU!