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TESTBANK
Anthropology, 15th Edition
by Carol Ember All Chapters 1 to 26
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TESTBANK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. What Is Anthropology
2. Research Methods in Anthropology
3. Genetics and Evolution
4. Human Variation and Adaptation
5. Primates: Past and Present
6. The First Hominins
7. The Origins of Culture and the Emergence of Homo
8. The Emergence of Homo sapiens
9. The Upper Paleolithic World
10. Origins of Food Production and Settled Life
10. Origins of Food Production and Settled Life
11. Origins of Cities and States
12. Culture and Culture Change
13. Culture and the Individual
14. Communication and Language
15. Getting Food
16. Economic Systems
17. Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
18. Sex and Gender
19. Marriage and the Family
20. Marital Residence and Kinship
21. Associations and Interest Groups
22. Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
23. Religion and Magic
24. The Arts
25. Health and Illness
26. Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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CHAPTERv1: What Is Anthropology?
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anthropology is literally the study of .
humans
fossils
history
religion
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain the general definition and purpose of anthropology.
Topic: WhatvIs Anthropology?
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Whichvtype of culture was the traditionalvfocus for anthropologists?
Westernvcultures
extinct cultures
non-Westernvcultures
post-industrialized cultures
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the scope of anthropology.
Topic: The Scope of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The anthropologicalvcuriosity is primarily interested in
abnormalvcharacteristics withinvavpopulation
differences in individualvbehavior
behavioral changes over time
typical characteristics ofvpopulations
.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.4 Explainvanthropology’svdistinctive curiosity.T
opic: Anthropological Curiosity
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What are the two broad classifications ofvsubject matter within anthropology?
biological andvcultural
contemporary and ancient
Westernvand non-Western
theoretical andvpractical
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
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5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following canvencompass any ofvthe four mainvsubfields of anthropology?
biological anthropology
appliedvanthropology
anthropological linguistics
archaeology
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Prosimians, monkeys, apes, andvhumans are all members of the order
Primates
Humans
Homo sapiens
Mammals
.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is culture?
the religion, language, and values ofva population
the customary ways that a particular populationvor society thinks and behaves
advancedvknowledge ofvliterature and fine arts
traditional beliefs that have been unchanged over generations
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fieldsvof Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
8.
The study of how languages change throughvtime and how they may be relatedvis called
.
A)
structuralvlinguistics
B)
sociolinguistics
C)
ethnolinguistics
D)
historical linguistics
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
9.
A)
A
might study speech patterns in varying socialvcontexts.
sociolinguist
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B)
C)
D)
anthropological linguist
historical linguist
ethnologist
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
10.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A cultural anthropologist who spends a year or so living with, talkingvto, and observing people
whose customs he or she is studying is known as a(n)
.
linguistic anthropologist
ethnographer
archaeologist
ethnohistorian
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The goal of applied anthropology is to .
understandvhumanvevolution
limit anthropology to anvacademic setting
make anthropological knowledge useful
focus solely on Westernvcultures
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anthropology is a comparatively youngvdiscipline. It was only invthe late
thatanthropologistsvbeganvto go to live with people invfaraway places.
1800s
1700s
1600s
1900s
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.7 Communicate the relevance of anthropology.
Topic: The Relevance ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
13.
A)
B)
Why is itvincomplete to simply call anthropology “the study ofvhumans”?
The focus of anthropology isvon pre-human organisms.
Many other disciplines also study humans.
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C)
D)
Anthropologists study only certain aspects of human life.
Anthropologists study all species of mammals.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Explain the general definition and purpose of anthropology.
Topic: WhatvIs Anthropology?
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
Anthropology has a narrower focus on the cultural “other.”
It has existedvas a discipline longer than mostvother social sciences.
Anthropology has a less scientific approach than other disciplines.
It is broader invscope, both geographically and historically.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the scope of anthropology.
Topic: The Scope of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
15.
A)
B)
C)
D)
A distinguishing feature ofvanthropology is the goal ofvunderstanding how aspects of human expe
rience suchvas local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns,and r
eligion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as
.
the holistic approach
the sociological approach
culturalvmaterialism
participant observation
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain the holistic approach.
Topic: The Holistic Approach
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Easy
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In what way has anthropological researchvchanged over the years?
Anthropologists only workvinvacademic settings today.
Modern anthropologists are no longer trainedvwithva holistic approach.
Anthropologists now have more specialized areas ofvresearch.
Anthropologists are now only interested invnon-Westernvcultures.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
17.
A)
B)
C)
A human paleontologist might study
pre-humanvfossils
the behavior of chimpanzees
dinosaur fossils
.
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D)
artifacts such as pottery
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Easy
18.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following disciplines would have the greatest overlap with biological anthropology?
history
genetics
philosophy
physics
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which subdiscipline is now frequently referred to as simply “cultural anthropology”?
ethnohistory
anthropological linguistics
ethnology
archaeology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
20.
Because historians rely onvwritten records, they are limited to societies that existed within the last
years.
A)
5,000
B)
10,000
C)
50,000
D)
1,000
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
21.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Unlike other linguists, anthropological linguists are primarily interested in
the ways invwhich language is relatedvto beliefs andvbehaviors
unwritten languages
the way language is used in different social contexts
the historical connections ofvdifferent languages to each other
Answer: B
.
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Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Moderate
22.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Unlike archaeologists,
draw onva database of observations andvinterviews with livingpeople.
paleoanthropologists
ethnohistorians
bioarchaeologists
ethnologists
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the fivevmajor fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Easy
23.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Unlike ethnohistorians, ethnographers .
describe avgivenvsociety basedvon their own fieldwork
study societies with writing systems
compare societies cross-culturally
are interestedvinv“primitive” peoples
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
24.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anvethnohistorian would
.
workvinvthe field for long periods ofvtime
study only past cultures, muchvas archaeologists do
study the way invwhichvculturesvhave changedvover time
prepare lengthy reports onvextinctvcultures
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Moderate
25.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the focus of cross-cultural researchers?
They hope to discover general patterns about cultural traits.
Their goal is to minimize the effects of cultural homogenization.
They are interestedvinvfindingvthe bestvways of behaving.
They bridge the gap between anthropology and other social sciences.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fieldsvof Anthropology
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SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Moderate
26.
A)
B)
C)
D)
To what does the term basic research usually refer?
researchvthat is necessary for the development of a new technology
researchvthatvis driven by simple curiosity
testingvof already existingvproducts
testingvnew tools to meet basic needs, such as medications
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
27.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following may be trained in any or all ofvthe subfields ofvanthropology?
appliedvanthropologist
biological anthropologist
ethnologist
political anthropologist
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Easy
28.
In contrast to research anthropologists, who are almost always employed in universities,
A)
B)
C)
D)
anthropologists are commonly employedvinvgovernment agencies, development
agencies, consulting firms, charitable foundations, and other settings outside academia.
archaic
historical
applied
philosophical
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Moderate
29.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which type of anthropological knowledge is oftenvapplied to forensic investigations?
archaeological
linguistic
cultural
biological
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
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Difficulty Level: Moderate
30.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anvanthropologistvwithva
specializationvfocuses much ofvhis or her research onvaparticular region ofvthe world.
time period
geographical
theoretical
political
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in which anthropologists specialize within their fields of study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Easy
31.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How did anthropology help disprove assumptions by American educators in the 1960s that Africanv
American schoolchildrenvrarely drank milkvbecause they were poor and uneducated?
Anthropological research has shownvthat many ethnic groups invdifferent parts ofvthe world, includi
ng Asians, Arabs, Jews, and African Americans,vavoid fresh milk because they cannot digestit.
Anthropologists established that milk was intentionally beingvwithheld fromvblack students as a
formvof institutionalizedvracism.
Researchers established that African Americans canvafford milkvbut do not like the taste of it.
Anthropologists demonstrated thatvall ethnic groups who do notvdrinkvfresh milkvare poor andv
uneducated, notvjustvAfricanvAmericans.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the scope of anthropology.
Topic: The Scope of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
32.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How mightvanthropologists employ the holistic approach invthe study of avparticular religious
custom?
They wouldvconsider the environmental and economic origins of the custom.
They wouldvrecord the history of the custom as told by the community’s elders.
They wouldvemploy the methods ofvparticipant observationvto better understand the custom.
They would approach the custom with Western biases in mind.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain the holistic approach.
Topic: The Holistic Approach
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
33.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following areas of study is a part of anthropology?
how race is linked to behavior and intelligence
how insect colonies are organized
when and how dinosaurs became extinct
why contemporary peoples have different cultures
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Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
34.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What two distinct sets ofvquestions are soughtvby biological anthropologists?
the emergence and evolution of human beings; how and why contemporary humans vary
biologically
reconstructing cultural changes invthe past throughvartifacts; the history and diversity ofvlanguages
applyingvknowledge of culture to correct social problems; understandingvhow and why peoplet
oday vary invtheir customs and behaviors
using cultural knowledge to dominate and exploit other societies; studyingvthe earliestvexamples ofvt
ool use by our humanvancestors
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
35.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How do we know that all living people belong to the species Homo sapiens?
All modern humansvhave the same blood type.
Humans fromvaround the world look pretty much the same.
Historical documents can trace ancestry backvto the origin ofvour species.
People from all populations can successfully interbreed.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
36.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which type ofvanthropologistvwouldvbe best suitedvto investigating the daily life of an Asian
civilizationvdatingvto 15,000 years ago?
anvethnologist
anvarchaeologist
anvethnohistorian
a primatologist
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
37.
A)
B)
C)
Compared to anthropologists ofvprevious years, anvanthropologist today is more likely to
.
specialize in one certainvtopic or area
investigate many differentvaspects of life ofvthe people studied
study avgeographically more distant society
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D)
do fieldworkvalone
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in whichvanthropologistsvspecialize within their fieldsvof study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
38.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Some specialties cross anthropological subfields. Whatvsubfields contribute to medicala
nthropology?
ethnology and biological anthropology
linguistic anthropology and ethnology
archaeology and linguistic anthropology
biological anthropology and archaeology
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in whichvanthropologists specialize within their fields of study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
39.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anthropology helps us realize that people are physically and culturally adapted to their particular
.
religions
lifestyles
environments
languages
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.7 Communicate the relevance of anthropology.
Topic: The Relevance ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
40.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following illustrates one way in which anthropology helps to alleviate cultural
misunderstandings?
Understanding differences in body language across cultures helps withvcommunication.
Anthropologists insistvthat you learnvat least one other language.
Anthropology teaches that allvbehaviors are acceptable.
Anthropology encourages everyone to do avcross-cultural immersion course invcollege.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.7 Communicate the relevance of anthropology.
Topic: The Relevance ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
41.
A)
B)
C)
What drives anthropologists to choose suchva broad subject of study?
A key tenet withinvanthropology is that there is a fundamentalvbase to all human culture.
They believe thatvany generalizationvabout humans should be applicable across time andvspace.
Many anthropologists believe thatvother disciplines lackvscientific rigor.
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D)
Anthropology attracts people who have difficulty narrowing their research focus.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the scope of anthropology.
Topic: The Scope of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
42.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Although archaeologists andvhistoriansvare both interestedvin the past, how does archaeology differ
fromvhistory invits approach?
Unlike historians, archaeologists only care about the writing systems of non-Englishvspeakers.
Archaeologists digvup dinosaurs, while historians focus on humans.
Archaeologists only rely on fossil remains fromvhuman ancestors.
Unlike historians, archaeologists study past societies that predate written records, using onlymaterial remains such as pottery andvstone tools.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
43.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Compared to the historian, the archaeologist is
more likely to study very ancient cultures
less likely to analyze written records of ancient societies
more likely to analyze writtenvrecords of ancientvsocieties
more likely to study how societies change over time
.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fieldsvof Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
44.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following disciplines would have the greatestvoverlap withvarchaeologists researchingv
early toolmaking?
anatomy
geography
geology
sociology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.
Topic: Fields ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
45.
A)
B)
C)
What is the primary purpose of an ethnologist’s fieldwork?
It allows researchers to become more sympathetic to their research subjects’ concerns.
Fieldwork is avtrainingvperiod to prepare ethnologistsvfor jobs as professors.
It provides the datavneeded to describe the typical culturalvbehaviors of avgroup of people.
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D)
It is a rite of passage for anthropologists, as it is avtraditional componentvof anthropological work.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
46.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How is the ethnohistorian’s workvsimilar to thatvof avhistorian?
They must piece together information fromvscattered—and sometimes contradictory—sources.
They workventirely on populations fromvthe past.
They eschew artifacts in favor of the written record.
Bothvare housed invhistory departments invmost universities.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
47.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ethnology overlaps with more specific disciplines, suchvas literature, economics, or religious
studies. What, then, is the distinctive feature ofvethnology?
It compares these topics cross-culturally.
It is interestedvinvhow these various aspects of life fit together.
It focuses onvnon-Westernvvariation in these areas.
Only ethnology studies these issues among people withvno writtenvlanguage.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fields of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
48.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why do mostvdisciplines become more specializedvas they grow?
Knowledge accumulates andvmethods become more advanced.
People get bored studying the same topics over and over again.
Theories fade out ofvuse and more complexvideas must take their place.
Scientists today are simply more intelligent than scientists of the past.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in whichvanthropologists specialize within their fields of study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
49.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How does specializationvaffectvanvanthropologist’s connection to other disciplines?
Specializationvisolates anthropologists from other disciplines.
There is very little specialization in anthropology, so communicationvwithvother disciplines is
frequent.
Anthropologists canvbecome so specialized they become a partvof another discipline altogether.
Most anthropologists have some overlap withvother disciplines thatvshare their research.
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Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in whichvanthropologists specialize within their fields of study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
50.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How is the study of anthropology useful?
It teaches us that Westernvculture should be replaced by more indigenous belief systems.
The study of anthropology gives us avbetter understanding of humankind.
Exploring humanvvariationvshows us why socialvstratificationvis unavoidable.
The study of world cultures helps us determine which culture traits are the best.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.7 Communicate the relevance of anthropology.
Topic: The Relevance ofvAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Dif
ficulty Level: Moderate
Essay Questions
51.
Anthropology is sometimes calledvthe “umbrella discipline” because it can encompass so many
diverse areas ofvstudy. Explainvwhat topics fallvunder the scope ofvanthropology, and why.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Define anthropology as the study ofvhumans
2. Explain breadth ofvscope, bothvgeographically andvhistorically
3. Focus onvhuman life in allvits expressionvandvvariety
Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the scope of anthropology. To
pic: ThevScope of Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Dif
ficulty Level: Moderate
52.
What is the holistic approach? Demonstrate how the holistic approachvis a vital component of thea
nthropological perspective.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Define the holistic approach
2. Give a specific example of how anthropologists use this approach
3. Connect this to the overall scope of anthropologicalvcuriosity
Learning Objective: 1.3 Explainvthe holistic approach.
Topic: The Holistic Approach
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Diffic
ulty Level: Difficult
53.
Consider the following subfields ofvanthropology: archaeology, primatology, paleoanthropology,
ethnology, and linguistic anthropology. Group these subfields into either biological anthropology
or cultural anthropology, and explain your answer.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Define each of the five subfields givenvin the question
2. Correctly label primatology and paleoanthropology as biological, the restvasvcultural
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3. Justify the classificationvofveach
Learning Objective: 1.5 Differentiate among the five major fields ofvanthropology.To
pic: Fieldsvof Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
54.
Anthropologists are becomingvmore and more specialized. Does this specializationvcomplementvo
r weakenvthe historically unique anthropological perspective?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Explain the ways anthropologists are becoming more specialized, and why
2. Discuss the relationships between anthropologists andvother scientists
3. Take a position (complements or weakens) and justify it
Learning Objective: 1.6 Explain ways in whichvanthropologists specialize within their fields of study.
Topic: Specialization
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Di
fficulty Level: Difficult
55.
What is the relevance ofvanthropology? Give at leastvthree examples of anthropologicalk
nowledge being appliedvto real-worldvproblems.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Show a clear understanding ofvbasic research versus appliedvanthropology
2. Provide accurate examples of the applicationvofvanthropology invother fields
Learning Objective: 1.7 Communicate the relevance of anthropology.
Topic: The Relevance of AnthropologySkil
l Level: Apply WhatvYouvKnow Difficulty
Level: Difficult
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CHAPTERv2: Research Methods in Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The method of
guessing
proving
falsification
testing
shows that a theory seems to be wrong.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role invanthropology.
Topic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
2.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Whiting predicated that societies withva
low-proteinvdiet
high-proteinvdiet
means ofvbirth control
history of overcrowding
would have long postpartumvsexvtaboos.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
3.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which theorist was pivotal invthe theoretical approach of evolutionism?
JulianvSteward
Franz Boas
CliffordvGeertz
Lewis Henry Morgan
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the main theoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
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4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of these fields focuses onvthe relationship between a society and its environment?
culturalvbiology
culturalvecology
socialvecology
socialvbiology
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the mainvtheoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Dual-inheritance theory relates to the roles of
invtransmittingvtraits tofuture generations.
genes; culture
culture; lineage
genes; diet
diet; lineage
and
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the main theoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How a researcher describes the procedure that will be followed to measure a variable is
.
only a guess
the theory
the hypothesis
the operational definition
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts Diffi
culty Level: Easy
7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
To measure somethingvis to say how it compares withvother things on some scale of
society
classification
variation
quality
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
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.
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Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts Diffi
culty Level: Easy
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is true ofvthe archive knownvas the HumanvRelations Area Files?
Its collections have beenvindexedvto make them easier to consult.
It specializes invproviding information on social problems invsocieties around the world.
It is available only to qualifiedvresearchers.
It contains information only on present societies.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andvt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts Diffi
culty Level: Difficult
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Participant-observation refers to the .
practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs ofva society
use of a laboratory to standardize measurements
observationvof how people interact in carefully contrived situations
employment ofvnatives to gather information fromvtheir peers
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch in Anthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
10.
A)
B)
C)
D)
From where do we derive most anthropologicalvdata?
accounts of early explorers
governmentvcensuses andvreports
ethnographic fieldwork
controlledvstudies
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of research invanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anything made or modified by a humanvis called a(n)
fossil
artifact
ecofact
feature
Answer: B
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.
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Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsv
find and how they analyze it.
Topic: Studying thevDistant Past
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Some estimate that there have beenvaround 6,000 primate species in existence. What percentage oft
hese has been found in the fossil record?
3
5
10
20
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologists
find andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past
SkillvLevel: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
13.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anvexplanation is anvanswer to a
“who”
“what”
“why”
“where”
question.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” and discuss its role invanthropology.
Topic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Easy
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How is a law defined in the physicalvsciences?
It is a narrative statement.
It is a relationship betweenvvariables whose existence is suggested by repeatedvobservation.
It is a statement about how things ought to be if we are right in our theories.
It is a detailed explanationvaboutvwhy things occur the way they do.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role invanthropology.
Topic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Difficult
15.
A)
What is a statistical association?
It is a relationship betweenvtwo variables that may be meaningful, but that may equally well be duet
o chance.
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B)
C)
D)
It is a chance association betweenvtwo variables.
It is anvorganization devoted to the documentationvof numerical information fromvdifferent
societies.
It is a relationship between two variables that is unlikely to be due to chance.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Difficult
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Theories are
.
explanations of laws and statistical associations
ideas which explainvuntestedvhypotheses
guesses as to how things are related
precise answers to a question that had been unanswerable
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” and discuss its role in anthropology.
Topic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
17.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What was one ofvthe ways thatvFranz Boas broughtvabout the endvofvthe evolutionism period in
early anthropology?
He was strongly opposed to “race” theory, and emphasized the importance ofvcultural context.
He disagreed with the dependence onvfieldworkvandvencouragedvmore theoretical research.
Boas was the first to consider adaptation to environmental conditions as a major factor for culturalt
raits.
Boas was the only anthropologist to work with subjects from developing nations.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the main theoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Difficult
18.
A)
B)
C)
D)
The goal of interpretive anthropology is to
.
explainvwhy cultures vary
understandvwhat itvmeans to be a personvlivingvinvavparticular culture
identify cultural universals
determine why people in different cultures have different ethics and morals
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the main theoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
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19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Interpretive anthropology can be contrasted with more
aesthetic
philosophical
traditional
scientific
approaches.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the mainvtheoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
20.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In any field ofvinvestigation,
tests
data
theories
formulae
are generally the most plentiful commodity.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
21.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How are cases chosenvfor a random sample?
to ensure that each case has an equal chance ofvbeing selected
by preconceived ideas of whichvcases willvsupport the hypothesis
on the basis of some standard criterion, such as size of population
fromvamong materials the researcher happens to have available
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
22.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anthropologists have realized that
their experiences and personal interactions is animportant part of understanding.
documenting
reflecting on
reporting
theorizingvon
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
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Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts Diffi
culty Level: Moderate
23.
A)
B)
C)
D)
In
, anthropologists compare ethnographic information obtained from societies foundvin avparticular r
egion.
regional-controlledvcomparisons
within-culture comparisons
cross-cultural research
historical research
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of research invanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
24.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What type of research allows anthropologists to generate interpretations onvthe basis of worldwide
comparisons ofvparticular characteristics?
within-culture comparison
non-historical controlled comparisons
historical research
cross-cultural research
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
25.
A)
B)
C)
D)
is the study ofvdescriptive materials about a single society at more thanvone point invtime.
Ethnography
A within-culture comparison
Ethnohistory
Cross-cultural research
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Difficult
26.
A)
B)
C)
What is one major impediment to historicalvresearch?
There is no historical data for most of the world.
Collecting and analyzing historical data is very time consuming.
Historical data is less respected thanvethnographic data.
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D)
There is no way to statistically analyze historicalvdata.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Conceptsv
Difficulty Level: Moderate
27.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the difference between a feature and an artifact?
A feature is an artifact that cannot be removed from the archaeological site.
Anvartifact is a feature that cannot be removedvfromvthe archaeological site.
A feature is an item made by humans, while anvartifact is something that was only modified for use.
Anvartifact is anvitemvmade by humans, while a feature is something that was only modified for use.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Skil
l Level: Understand the ConceptsDiff
iculty Level: Moderate
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28.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why is Pompeii suchva well-preservedvsite?
It is inva particularly arid regionvof the world.
It was covered quickly by avvolcanic eruption.
It was sunkvdeep under the seavby anvearthquake.
Local superstition prevented anyone from disturbing the remains.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Skil
l Level: Understand the ConceptsDiff
iculty Level: Moderate
29.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the benefit ofvstratified archaeological sites?
Stratificationvprovides a relative date for materials as they are excavated.
Stratified sites are better preserved than non-stratifiedvsites.
Stratified sites are easier to locate than non-stratifiedvsites.
Stratificationvallows for absolute dating of the artifacts.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Skil
l Level: Understand the ConceptsDiff
iculty Level: Moderate
30.
A)
B)
C)
D)
To whom do anthropologists have the most important ethical obligation?
their colleagues
the public
the people they study
their students
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the ethical requirements of anthropologicalvresearch.
Topic: Ethics invAnthropological Research
SkillvLevel: Understandvthe Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
31.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of the following is anvexample ofvavhypothesis?
Democracy is the best form ofvgovernment.
We will interview 400 people for this study.
Our datavsupport the ideavthatvEnglishvand Germanvare in the same language family.
Kinship terminology is associated with marital patterns.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Apply What YouvKnow
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Difficulty Level: Difficult
32.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why can theories not be proven?
Humanvbehavior is basically unpredictable.
Many of the concepts and ideas in theories are not directly observable.
They are too complex to be tested.
Theories are too vague to be tested.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” and discuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
33.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of these gives an accurate example of a researcher’s sampling universe?
Anvinvestigator wants to understand high school dropout rates, so she draws her sample from all the
highvschoolvstudents invher city.
Anvinvestigator wishes to understandvparent’s vaccination decisions, so he reads avselectionvof
papers already published onvthe anti-vaccinationvmovement.
A researcher hopes to explain the relationship betweenvdivorce rates and religious belief, so shei
nterviews one divorced couple aboutvtheir faith.
A researcher plans to teachvsafe sex to teens, so he provides leaflets and workshops to local clinics.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know Di
fficulty Level: Difficult
34.
A)
B)
C)
D)
When would you use a statistical test of significance?
to definitively prove a theory
to determine the levelvof importance to attach to avtheoretical construct
to measure the differences amongvvariables
to determine whether your conclusionvwas right or wrong
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andvt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: TestingvExplanations
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know Di
fficulty Level: Difficult
35.
A)
B)
C)
Which of these is an example ofvcultural lag?
A sedentary society relies onvmore grains than a nomadic society in the same environment.
Women in one society learn new trends later than men, because they are less likely to be literate.
A community adopts Englishvwords for pop culture but notvfor other aspects of language.
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D)
A society has recently changed their dietvbut stillvmaintains a food-relatedvtaboo.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain the process of operationalization, the importance of measurement, andvt
he value ofvstatistical evaluationvinvtesting explanations.
Topic: Evidence: Testing Explanations
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know Di
fficulty Level: Difficult
36.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What should be taken into account whenvusingvethnographic informationvfrom multiple cultures?
You should make sure that all of the informationvwas gathered in the same time period.
It is importantvthat allvinformation was collectedvby the same anthropologist.
It is necessary for all ofvthe cultures to live invthe same type ofvenvironment.
You must ensure thatvall of the ethnographies are written from the same theoretical perspective.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of research invanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply WhatvYou Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
37.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Anthropological research canvbe classified by its
temporal; ecological
spatial; temporal
ecological; economic
economic; spatial
and
scope.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
38.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Which of these is a commonvecofactvfoundvat archaeological sites?
brokenvpottery
human skeletons
pollen
tools
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind and how they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Ski
ll Level: Apply What YouvKnowDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
39.
Archaeologists are concerned with recovering intact
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, while paleoanthropologistsvare
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A)
B)
C)
D)
concerned with recovering intact
features; fossils
ecofacts; artifacts
fossils; artifacts
features; ecofacts
.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds of evidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologists f
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Ski
ll Level: Apply What You KnowDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
40.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Potassium-argon dating is an example of a(n)
comparative
complete
relative
absolute
dating technique.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past Ski
ll Level: Apply What You KnowDif
ficulty Level: Moderate
41.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Why is itvincorrect to explain a cultural feature by saying itvis “traditional”?
It is incorrect because, by definition, traditions are not cultural features.
Cultural features are too variable to be consideredvtraditional.
It is anvunsatisfactory answer because it is tautological.
Tradition always precedes the adoption ofvcultural features.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” and discuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDi
fficulty Level: Difficult
42.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the relationship betweenvassociations and theories?
Theories are more complicated explanations for observed associations.
Associations are required before theories can be made.
Theories are required before associations canvbe made.
Associations are more complicatedvexplanations for observedvtheories.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.1 Define “explanation” andvdiscuss its role in anthropology.To
pic: Explanations
SkillvLevel: Analyze It
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Difficulty Level: Moderate
43.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What influence didvthe theory of evolution have onv19th-century anthropology?
Early anthropologists believedvthat cultures develop invavuniformvand progressive manner.
It was assumed thatvonly Europeanvsocieties were humans, andvthatvother peoples constitutedv
differentvspecies.
Their acceptance ofvevolution placed early anthropologists in a position ofvconflict with the church.
Cultural anthropology was approached from the perspectives of biologists.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe some of the mainvtheoretical approaches in anthropology.
Topic: A Brief History of Anthropological Theory
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Dif
ficulty Level: Moderate
44.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What methodvshould be usedvto test a theory concerningvonly one society?
regional controlled comparison
within-culture comparison
cross-cultural research
historical research
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of researchvinvanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Dif
ficulty Level: Moderate
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45.
A)
B)
C)
D)
When makingvsampling decisions invhumanvresearch, what factor becomes very important?
who makes the sampling decision
how the files willvbe takenvcare of
how convenientvthe sampling populationvis
choosing which populationvto study
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 2.4 Differentiate the types of research invanthropology.
Topic: Types ofvResearch invAnthropology
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Dif
ficulty Level: Moderate
46.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How did the goals of archaeology change invthe 1950s?
Anthropology was changing, shifting from historical particularismvto avvariety of new approaches.
It tookvon a new focus onvculture history.
It shifted from a theoreticalvscience to avfield-basedvscience.
It beganvto ignore material culture in favor of human skeletal remains.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind and how they analyze it.
Topic: Studying thevDistant Past
SkillvLevel: Analyze ItvDifficult
y Level: Difficult
47.
A)
B)
C)
D)
How does archaeology differ from other approaches to culturalvanthropology?
Only archaeology canvlookvthroughvlong stretches of time and directly examine evolutionary trends.
Archaeology is the only approachvthat uses historical records invaddition to studying living peoples.
Archaeology studies both humans andvother animals, which aids our understanding of evolutionaryt
rends.
Only archaeology uses cultures around the world to explainvglobal trends.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the four kinds ofvevidence that archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsf
ind andvhow they analyze it.
Topic: Studying the Distant Past
SkillvLevel: Analyze It Difficult
y Level: Difficult
48.
A)
B)
C)
D)
What is the major difference between relative dating andvabsolute dating methods?
Absolute datingvis an outmoded technique, while relative datingvis state-of-the-art.
Relative dating compares the age of anvartifact withvthings around it, while absolute dating providest
he actual age ofvthe artifact.
Absolute datingvcompares the age ofvanvartifact with things aroundvit, while relative datingvprovidest
he actual age of the artifact.
Relative dating is anvoutmoded technique, while absolute dating is state-of-the-art.
Answer: B
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