INTRODUCING LATIN
Volume I
A. W. GODFREY
(With Some Additions by Kathleen de Riesthal)
Dept. of European Languages,
Literatures, and Cultures
S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook
September 2019
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreward
Introduction
Chapter I
The Verb
Present Tense and Infinitive of the First Conjugation
Chapter II
The Verb to be (esse)
Present, Imperfect and Future Tenses
Chapter III
The Noun: First Declension
Chapter IV
Reviews: Loose Ends and the Imperative
Chapter V
The Second Conjugation
The Verb posse – to be able
Chapter VI
The Second Declension
Chapter VII
Adjectives of the First and Second Declension
Chapter VIII
Review: Loose Ends and the Vocative
Chapter IX
The Third Declension
Chapter X
Adjectives of the Third Declension
Chapter XI
The Comparison of Adjectives
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Chapter XII
Review
Chapter XIII
The Third Conjugation
Present Tense, Infinitive and Imperative
Chapter XIV
The Fourth Conjugation
ire, Present, Imperfect and Future
Chapter XV
The Imperfect Tense, All Conjugations
Chapter XVI
Review and Adverbs
Chapter XVII
The End of Nouns
Fourth and Fifth Declensions
Chapter XVIII
Demonstrative Pronouns
Chapter XIX
Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
Chapter XX
Review
Chapter XXI
The Future Tense
Chapter XXII
The Passive Voice- Review
Chapter XXIII
Ablatives and Datives
Chapter XXIV
Review
Chapter XXV
The Perfect Tense
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Chapter XXVI
The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense
Chapter XXVII
The Perfect Passive System
Chapter XXVIII
Review
Key to Vocabularies
English-Latin Vocabulary
Latin-English Vocabulary
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* FOREWARD *
********************
Some purists may object to the style and orientation of this work or even to its lack of
consistent organization. It is my contention that most students today respond to the unexpected
and resist the routine. A few unusual and homely words thrown in certainly will do no harm
even if the students come upon them rarely, so long as they enhance interest and the basic
lessons are learned. Vocabulary can always be looked up once principles of a language are
mastered.
The Romans, officially, were very serious and not known for their light-heartedness.
There is an almost smiling statue of Vespasian; I can recall no others. But other Roman statues
reflect the gravitās (seriousness) for which they were known and which they admired. Latin
teachers, too, have hardly been known for their joviality—and it is this undue seriousness which
may have contributed to the decline of Latin studies. Perhaps the unexpected and a light touch
may motivate students to find out “what next” and to learn what went before.
In the earlier chapters the memory load will be much heavier—even vocabulary—so that
students will have more time to review and refine during the latter part of the course. Besides,
enthusiasm is greater at the beginning before term papers, midterms and guilt begin to disrupt the
learning process.
The text is partially set up as a workbook and you probably will not need a notebook.
When developing the exercises, I have tried to begin with simpler concepts and then move to
those that are more complex.
Every fourth chapter is a review chapter which puts together what you have learned in the
previous three chapters.
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* INTRODUCTION *
********************
The Latin language has inspired an enormous amount of unnecessary awe. Some people
consider it the language of intellectuals and have set up mental barriers against it; others have
decided to learn it as a status symbol; still others have heard a lot of good and bad about the
language from parents and the older generation.
Latin used to be the foundation of a good liberal education, the basic language of Western
culture and an essential tool for the medical and legal professions. It is maligned by those who
had dyspeptic, dried-up or authoritarian Latin teachers who seemed to teach it joylessly more for
the sake of structure and discipline than for its beauty.
While I was learning Latin in high school, students who were having difficulty with Latin
used to repeat:
Latin is a language, dead as it can be.
First it killed the Romans, now it's killing me.
In many ways Latin in America has been the prisoner of the English educational system.
That system was oriented towards uppercrust males preparing for imperial service as soldiers or
lawyers. Caesar the soldier and Cicero the lawyer were models studied for both their style and
content. Neither author seems to respond to the needs of American students who can hardly be
thrilled at the many military doings or bombastic political invective.
The Romans in general were a non-intellectual, practical people very much like the
Americans. They were able to deal effectively with problems by applying new and often
interesting solutions that required good common sense. Of all the great people in Western
history they were the only nation whose roots were in the same soil from which they expanded.
They were peasants, farmers, and never forgot their agricultural origins which are reflected in the
language. The very word that came to mean “culture,” cultura, meant “manure” and laetus,
meaning “happy,” originally referred to a field that was well-manured; pecunia—“money,” came
from pecus—“flock.” Names like Fabius, Lentulus and Cicero meant “bean,” “lentil,” and
“chick pea.”
Their achievements were in practical things—bridges, roads, sewers and aqueducts that
still work—achievements that are more remarkable when anyone tries to make engineering
calculations with Roman numerals. I believe, nonetheless, that their greatest accomplishment
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was the Latin language which is precise, accurate and can convey subtle shades of meaning
without any ambiguity. Law, too, a major accomplishment, was made possible by the precision
and accuracy of the Latin language.
What is the key to learning Latin? It is memorization—there is no substitute for it.
People can memorize songs, trivia and TV commercials, but resist memorizing material for
school. When you think of it, a verb conjugation is at least as interesting as a beer commercial
and can be learned as quickly.
Latin in some ways is so different from English in structure that it can be difficult to
learn. The vocabulary should be easy to learn since most Latin words have an English cousin or
cognate. Latin is also the language from which Italian, Spanish, Catalan, French, Portuguese and
Rumanian, the Romance languages, developed.
At the beginning there will be a lot of memorization and you may be confused. If you
stay with it and work a little every day, it will become clearer. The Romans were careful
plodders. Plodding is dull and seems uncreative, but the results of plodding will be rewarding.
In your mastery of the language you will forget the pain. Most of the memorization will involve
what are called inflections (bendings), or endings. Verbs are conjugated; nouns, pronouns and
adjectives are declined. Declensions will be dealt with in Chapter III.
The greatest obstacle to learning Latin is that we no longer know English grammar.
Grammar in itself is not exciting and the English language in the last generation has changed
drastically to make a lot of grammar old-fashioned. We must begin with grammar so that there
is a common ground of understanding. If it seems too simple at first, be patient because your
patience will pay dividends.
I. PARTS OF SPEECH AND PRONUNCIATION
A.
A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Marcus, Julia, Rome and war are
nouns. In Latin as in English, nouns have gender (sex) masculine, feminine and neuter,
though they are not always the same sex in Latin and English. English has natural gender
whereas Latin and Romance languages have what is known as grammatical gender.
B.
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. He takes the place of Marcus, she of Julia, it of
war, they of Marcus and Julia. These are personal pronouns. I is the first person
singular, you the second, he, she, it, the third singular. We is the first person plural, you
(all) the second plural, they the third plural. There are also relative pronouns, who,
which, or what, that replace nouns. Other kinds of pronouns will be outlined in later
chapters.
C.
An adjective is a word which modifies (or describes) a noun. Modify means “to
change.” When the teacher says woman, everyone in the class has a different image of
woman. When the teacher adds adjectives, the image becomes limited and clearer. Tall,
fat, lazy, old, all change our image of the woman that was first mentioned.
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D.
A verb is an action word, a word which expresses action or a state of being: love, sing,
be.
E.
An adverb modifies a verb—he ran quickly—another adverb—very quickly—or an
adjective —very good.
F.
A conjunction is a connective word like and, but, or, nor, since and although that links
words, phrases and clauses.
G.
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to define its relation to other
words in the sentence. I am with you. He goes to Rome.
II. LATIN PRONUNCIATION
In Europe and in America during the last century, there were several theories about the
pronunciation of Latin and several ways of pronouncing Latin. The “Italian” pronunciation used
in the Roman Church has perhaps the most pleasant sound and certainly best for singing. This,
however, was not the pronunciation used by the Romans, nor was it the pronunciation favored in
England and Central Europe. The so-called “German” or “teutonic” pronunciation, in which
Caesar is pronounced “kaisar,” is closer to the pronunciation used by educated people about the
time of Augustus. We know this from statements of grammarians, from puns and word plays in
texts and from the transliteration of Latin names into Greek letters on monuments, equestrian
statues and the like. Some combinations, however, are a bit too difficult and unusual for 20th
century ears. In every case we will try to make the sounds feasible to pronounce.
Although Latin is rarely spoken today, it is a good thing to be able to read Latin with
some ease, fluency and accuracy. Once you know what the sounds of the letters are, Latin is
completely phonetic and you will never have the nightmare of the English words bough, cough,
dough, rough, through, lover, mover, or pint, tint.
H.
Vowels
Long and short vowels are pronounced differently:
a short as in ago (never as in fat)
ā long as in father (never as in gate
e short as in get
ē long as the a in gate
i short as in bit
ī long as in machine
o short as in got
ō long as in boat
u short as in put
ū long as in boot
y as the German ü, but this vowel is not found frequently
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I.
Consonants
b
c/ch
d
f
g
h
j
k
l
m
n
p
q
r
s
t
v
x
z
J.
as in English, except before s and t, when it is pronounced as p
like the English k
as in English
as in English
hard as in get; gn as gn in hangnail
as in English. There has been a great deal of discussion about whether it was
pronounced, but there seems to be convincing evidence that it was. In the middle
of a word like mihi and nihil it was definitely pronounced.
is really i used as a consonant and pronounced like y
rarely used but pronounced as in English
as in English
as in English
as in English
as in English
as in English qu and always used with u
always rolled
always hissed as in say
as in English (never as in motion)
is a consonant pronounced like w (never like vomit)
as in the English word box
as in English
Dipthongs
A diphthong is two vowels pronounced as one and is counted as a long vowel.
ae as in cry or ai in aisle
au as in cow
ei as in day
oe as in toy
K.
Accent
In Latin, word accent can fall only on the next to the last (penult) or second to last
(antepenult) syllable. (Penult is from paene, “almost” and ultima, “the last.”)
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In words of three or more syllables, the following rules apply:
l.
Words of two or more syllables are never accented on the last syllable. This sometimes
is difficult when you are in the process of learning endings but remember that the teacher
may cringe when you say amó, amás, amát.
2.
The accent tries to go back to the antepenult (as in cógito, gládius) except when the
penult is a long syllable—Romānus, amāmus, magīster.
L.
Long and Short Syllables
For us who speak English, long and short syllables are of no great consequence partly
because of the lack of consistency in rules of pronunciation. For people speaking Latin, long and
short syllables were important both for proper word accent and for poetry, since the basis for
Latin poetry was an arrangement of long and short syllables rather than accented and unaccented
syllables as in English.
A syllable is long either by nature or position. It is long by nature when it contains a long
vowel. In this book, long vowels will usually be indicated by a macron (¯) or long mark (an
easier name to remember). You will know vowels should be accented whenever you see a
macron on the next to the last syllable:
a, e, i, o, or u.
Remember that all diphthongs are long.
A vowel is long by position when it precedes two consonants (it takes longer to
pronounce) magister, coniungo. To some extent the rule applies in English. Cónifer, cónduit;
conjúnction, contráction—For purposes of accent, the letter x (and sometimes z) is considered a
double consonant.
With the rules you have just learned, try reading aloud the following passage from
Caesar. Keep at it until you've got it right. The long marks will not be included unless necessary
for the correct pronunciation of the penult.
Apud Helvetiōs longē nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is Messallā et Pisonē
consulibus regni cupiditāte inductus coniuratiōnem nobilitatis fecit et civitātī persuasit ut
dē finibus suīs cum omnibus copiīs exīrent; perfacile esse, cum virtūte omnibus praestārent
totius Galliae imperiō potīri. Id hōc facilius eīs persuāsit, quod undique locī natūra
Helvetiīs continentur.
***
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More Pronunciation Practice
Magistra linguam Latinam docēre amat. (The teacher loves to teach Latin language)
Discipulī discere Latīnam volunt. (The students want to learn Latin)
Quis magistra nostra est? (Who is our teacher?)
Cur linguam mortuam discimus? (Why do we learn a dead language?)
Latīnam discimus quod lingua mortua non est!
(We learn Latin because the language is not dead!)
Feminae et virī (discipuli) de grammaticā et verbīs discere volunt.
(Women and men want to learn about grammar and words.)
Lingua Latīna homines adiuvat ut grammaticam Anglicam bene intellegant.
(The Latin Language helps people to understand English grammar well.)
Magistra feminas et viros laudat.
(The teacher praises the women and the men.)
Ubi moenia sunt?
(Where are the city walls?)
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Europa
Haec est Eurōpa. Haec est Rōma.
Rōma est in Italiā. Italia est in Eurōpā.
Ubi est Rōma? Ubi est Italia?
Roma est in Italiā. Italia in Europā est.
Italia non est īnsula; Italia est paenīnsula.
Estne Italia in Āsiā? Non est; Italia est in Eurōpā.
Quid est Italia? Paenīnsula est.
Haec Sicilia est. Sicilia est īnsula.
Haec est Hispānia; estne Hispānia īnsula?
Hispānia non est īnsula; Hispānia paenīnsula est.
Haec Germānia est. Estne Germānia īnsula? Non est.
Ubi est Sicilia? In Eurōpā est. Quid est Sicilia? Īnsula est.
Haec Gallia est. Estne Gallia īnsula? Non est.
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CHAPTER I
The Verb
Present Tense and Infinitive of the First Conjugation
Active and Passive Voice
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Section I. The Verb: The First Conjugation
I wondered whether to begin the text with the noun or the verb. I chose the verb, because
a single verb in Latin can be a whole sentence. In English a verb needs an expressed subject: I
love, Maria loves, They are loved. In Latin, if the subject is a personal pronoun, it is included in
the verb ending.
The First Conjugation
The Present Tense Active
______________________________________________________________________________
AMARE To love
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant
I love, I am loving, I do love
you love, are loving, do love
he (she/it) loves, is loving, does love
we love, are loving, do love
you (all) love, are loving, do love
they love, are loving, do love
DARE To give
dō
I give, I am giving, I do give
dās
you give, are giving, do give
dat
he (she/it) gives, is giving, does give
dāmus
we give, are giving, do give
dātis
you (all) give, are giving, do give
dant
they give, are giving, do give
______________________________________________________________________________
Both of these verbs are of the first conjugation and have an infinitive ending in -āre.
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Section II. Verb Endings
The ending of the verb tells you who is doing the action:
-o or -m:
-s:
-t:
I
you (sing)
he/she/it
-mus:
-tis:
-nt:
we
you (pl)
they
Some of you may remember the Mickey Mouse song:
M-I-C
K-E-Y
M-O-U-S-E
M-U-S
T-I-S-N-T
Try singing
O-S-T
(M)*
... and you will soon know the personal endings of the verb.
*M in parentheses indicates that in the other tenses the first person singular ends in M.
These endings are added to the STEM of the verb - that is the root of the verb without an ending.
In the verb laudo, laudāre, laudāvi, laudātus - the present STEM is the LAUD + Ā
Section III. Passive Voice
The passive voice is a grammatical construction that is defined as when the object of an action
becomes the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not
the grammatical subject of the sentence.
Example: Active Voice- I throw the ball.
Passive Voice- The ball is thrown by me.
So far, you have learned how to express the present tense in the ACTIVE voice: I love, you
love, etc. In the PASSIVE voice, the subject is the RECEIVER of the action, as opposed to the
doer of the action. Therefore the passive present voice of I love is I AM LOVED.
Forms: Add the PASSIVE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS to the present stem of the
verb. One exception: in the first person singular, add an –R to the –O ending.
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
-r
-ris
-tur
Plural
-mur
-mini
-ntur
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Example
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
amor (I am loved)
amāris (You are loved)
amatur (He/She is loved)
Plural
amāmur (we are loved)
amāmini (you all are loved)
amantur (they are loved)
Section IV. Principal Parts
English verbs have principal parts. They are the present tense, the past tense and the past
participle as —
love, loved, loved
bring, brought, brought
send, sent, sent
go, went, gone
The English verb is usually identified by the first principal part.
Latin verbs have four principal parts. The first person singular of the present tense, the
present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect tense and the perfect passive participle.
In Latin there are four conjugations each identified by the ending of the second principal
part, the present infinitive. The signature of the first is ARE. The stem of the present is derived
from the present active infinitive minus the infinitive ending. The dominant vowel of the first
conjugation is a and the first conjugation is the most regular and therefore the easiest to learn.
Even though you will not use them immediately, all the principal parts of the verb will be
given. You must memorize them. It will make life easier as the semester progresses. Note that
when you consult a Latin dictionary, the verb will be listed under the first principal part rather
than the infinitive. The third principal part is the first person singular of the perfect tense. The
fourth part is the perfect passive participle. Where no perfect passive participle exists, the future
active participle will be given.
Examples:
The third principal part of amāre is “amāvi” and translates “I have loved.” The fourth
principal part, “amātus,” is translated “loved” or “having been loved.” In the vocabulary,
memorize the four parts; but at this point you only need to know the first two parts.
______________________________________________________________________________
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Section IV. Vocabulary
Verbs
ambulō
amō
dō
habitō
laudō
optō
pugnō
sperō
stō
superō
vitō
vocō
ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulatus
amāre, amāvī, amātus
dare, dedī, dātus
habitāre, habitāvī, habitātus
laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
optāre, optāvī, optātus
pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus
sperāre, sperāvī, sperātus
stāre, stetī, stātus
superāre, superāvī, superātus
vitāre, vitāvī, vitātus
vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus
Other Words
ac (conj)
and
atque (conj) and
et (conj)
and
ibi (adv)
there
etiam (adv) even, also
mē (pronoun) me (object pronoun)
ego (pronoun) I (subject pronoun)
te (pronoun) you (object pronoun)
tu (pronoun) you (subject pronoun)
walk, walk over
love
give
live, dwell
praise
desire
fight
hope, hope for
stand
overcome, conquer
avoid
call
non (adv)
not
nunc (adv) now
saepe (adv) often
sed (conj)
but
semper (adv) always
-ne
indicates a question (attaches to the first word in sentence)
Quis…?
Quid…?
Who…?
What…?
Minime
Sīc, Ita
No
Yes
Note: The negative non usually comes right before the word it negates. Latin does not need to
follow English word order (subject, verb, object) because it is inflected. The tendency, however,
is to put the verb at the end of its clause.
________________________________________________________________________
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Section V. Exercises
A. Conjugate each of the following verbs in the present tense active and passive
1. amāre
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular
Plural
2.
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular
Plural
3. vitāre
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular
Plural
4.
optāre
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular
Plural
5.
stāre
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular
Plural
habitāre
Read aloud:
1. Amāsne mē? Sīc, te amo.
2. Quis tē amat? Mater me amat. Pater me amat. Amīcus me amat. Ego amor.
3. Quid laudās? Romam laudo. Roma laudatur. Te laudō. Tu laudāris.
4. Quis saepe ambulat? Ego saepe ambulo. Tu saepe ambulas. Saepe ambulamus.
5. Quis ibi habitat? Puella ibi habitat. Ego ibi habito. Ibi habitamus.
6. Quid semper sperātis? Pacem speramus. Amorem speramus. Pax speratur. Amor
speratur.
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7. Pugnātisne? Minime, non pugnamus. Sic, saepe pugnamus.
B. Translate each verb. Pay attention to the ending, which indicates the subject of the verb. Pay
attention to whether the verb is active or passive.
1. stātis _________________________
2. sperās _________________________
3. superātis ________________________
4. superāmini ________________________
5. dat _______________________________
6. datur ______________________________
7. ambulāre ____________________________
8. laudō _______________________________
9. laudor _______________________________
10. stant _________________________________
11. vitās _________________________________
12. dāmus ________________________________
13. dāmur ________________________________
14. vocant _______________________________
15. vocantur ________________________________
C. Translate the following.
1.
I desire to stand and to walk. …..............................................................................
2.
We are always hoping and loving. .................................................................................
3.
I give but you avoid. .....................................................................................................
4.
They live there. ...............................................................................................................
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5.
We always love to praise. ....................................................................................................
6.
They always overcome ……………………………………………………………………
7.
We often hope …………………………………………………………………………..
8.
He does not walk but stands ……………………………………………………………….
9.
You all overcome and fight …………………………………………………………….....
10.
You now avoid ……………………………………………………………………………
D. Translate the following.
1. Sperāmus atque amāmus. ................................................................................................
2. Ibi habitātis. .....................................................................................................................
3. Optās sed sperās. .............................................................................................................
4. Nunc stat. ........................................................................................................................
5. Etiam vitant. ....................................................................................................................
6. Semper sperō. .................................................................................................................
7. Optat et superat. .............................................................................................................
8. Saepe dant. ......................................................................................................................
9. Nunc dantur ……………………………………………………………………………..
10. Nunc laudāmus ac amāmus. ............................................................................................
11. Semper laudāmur ac amāmur …………………………………………………………..
12. Nōn saepe vocat. .............................................................................................................
13. Saepe vocatur …………………………………………………………………………..
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Section VI. Reading
In oculīs animus habitat. In the eyes their character (mind) lives.
(Pliny the Elder – Natural History)
Dum spiro, spero. While I breath, I hope. (Cicero)
Hīs lacrimīs vitam dāmus. We give life to these tears. (Virgil)
Aemilius Celer hīc habitat. Aemilius Celer lives here. (CIL IV 3794: Painted Wall Graffito
from Pompeii- from Mary C. English –A Little Latin Reader)
Marcus Spedūsa(m) amat. Marcus loves Spedusa. (CIL IV 7086: Painted Wall Graffito from
Pompeii- from Mary C. English –A Little Latin Reader)
20
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CHAPTER II
The Verb to be (esse)
Present, Imperfect and Future Tenses
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Section I. Introduction
In English the verb to be is irregular. It is both an auxiliary (helping) verb and a
copulative (linking) verb. In English we say I am working, she is loved (auxiliary), or Julia is a
woman, It is I, (note the correct It is I, not “It's me”). They are happy, We were happy
(copulative). The verb does not take a direct object, but a predicate nominative, either a noun or
adjective. (The predicate is that part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said about the
subject. It contains the verb, objects and adverbial modifiers).
Section II. The Verb To Be (Esse)
Since the verb to be is so frequently used by itself and attached to other verbs, I am
presenting it earlier than most texts.
Present Tense
Esse - to be
sum
es
est
I am
you are
he (she/it) is
sumus
estis
sunt
we are
you (all) are
they are
Repeat these to yourself until you are thoroughly sick of them because they will be used a
lot. This verb also ends in M - S - T, MUS, T - I - S - NT and you can sing the Mickey Mouse
jingle for these endings too. (es and est are pronounced as they read, not with the s or st silent as
they are in French). The imperfect tense is a piece of cake once you know the first person
singular. The future moves its vowels a bit, in the first person singular and the third person
plural.
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Section III. The Imperfect Tense of Esse
Note: The imperfect tense represents past action or continuous action in the past.
Imperfect Tense
eram
erās
erat
I was, was being, used to be
you were, were being, used to be
he (she/it) was, was being, used to be
erāmus
erātis
erant
we were, were being, used to be
you were, were being, used to be
they were, were being, used to be
Section IV. The Future Tense of Esse
In the first person singular and third person plural the future of esse moves its last
syllable vowels.
Future Tense
erō
eris
erit
I will be
you will be
he (she/it) will be
erimus
eritis
erunt
we will be
you (all) will be
they will be
Note: Remember that no Latin word is accented on the last syllable, so gratify your teacher by
putting the accent where it belongs, not on the endings you are memorizing. It will sound awful
to the teacher and probably give her (him) indigestion even if you have the right ending. If you
say eram in such a way, someone will think you are referring to a male sheep.
Note 2: Remember that words of three or more syllables are accented on the antepenult (two
before the last): habitō, erimus, superant, unless the next to the last syllable is long: amātis,
erātis.
22
______________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Vocabulary
sum (esse, fuī, futūrus)
be
Adverbs and Conjunctions
aut
aut...aut
bene
clam
or
either, or
well
secretly (this, not the shellfish, is where the slang
expression clam comes from)
diū
hīc
nam
rursus
sī
tunc
ubi?
for a long time
here
for
again, back
if
then
where? when?
Note: Adverbs modify or change verbal action. They answer such questions as: How? When?
and Where?
He often sings.
He sings.
When?
Often.
We give well.
We give.
How?
Well.
They are here.
They are.
Where?
Here.
______________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Exercises
A. Translate into English.
1. es .............................................................................................................................................
2. erit ...........................................................................................................................................
3. erant.........................................................................................................................................
4. esse..........................................................................................................................................
5. sunt..........................................................................................................................................
6. eritis.........................................................................................................................................
23
B. Conjugate esse in the
Present tense
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Imperfect tense
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Future tense
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
C. Show the indicated form.
1. Esse (1st pers. sing. present) ...................................................................................................
2. Esse (2nd pers. plur. present) ..................................................................................................
3. Esse (3rd pers. sing. present) ...................................................................................................
4. Esse (1st pers. sing. future) .....................................................................................................
5. Esse (3rd pers. plur. future) .....................................................................................................
6. Esse (1st pers sing. imperfect) .................................................................................................
7. Esse (3rd pers. sing. imperfect) ................................................................................................
8. Esse (2nd pers. plural imperfect) ..............................................................................................
24
D. Translate the following.
1. Erō aut hīc aut ibi. ..................................................................................................................
2. Est, erat et semper erit. ...........................................................................................................
3. Ubi sumus? .............................................................................................................................
4. Tunc erās ibi sed nunc es hīc. ..................................................................................................
5. Sī saepe sperātis, hic eritis. ....................................................................................................
6. She will be. .............................................................................................................................
7. They were. ..............................................................................................................................
8. I was. ......................................................................................................................................
9. You (all) were. ........................................................................................................................
10. We will be. .............................................................................................................................
11. He was. ..................................................................................................................................
12. It will be. ................................................................................................................................
13. You are. .................................................................................................................................
14. They are. ................................................................................................................................
15. They will be. ..........................................................................................................................
E. Give the Latin for each of the following.
1. for.......................................................
6. well.....................................................................
2. for a long time.....................................
7. secretly................................................................
3. again....................................................
8. here....................................................................
4. where?.................................................
9. if.........................................................................
25
5. or.........................................................
10. then..................................................................
Reading Practice
Quis es? Sum Marcus. Quis est? Est Sextus. Ubi sumus? Hīc sumus. Ubi Aurelia et Sextus
sunt? Ibi sunt. Ibi diu erunt. Estne ibi Sextus? Estne ibi Aurelia? Sīc, Aurelia atque Sextus ibi
sunt. Erantne ibi tunc? Minimē, tunc ibi nōn erant.
Read the questions aloud and choose one of the answers.
1. Quis hīc semper est? Ego hīc semper sum. Nos hīc semper sumus.
2. Ubi estis? Ibi sumus. Romā1 sumus. In Europā sumus.
3. Quis bene dat? Ego bene do. Bene dāmus. Bene dātis. Romani bene dant.
4. Ubi tunc eras? Ubi nunc es? Ibi eram. Nunc hīc sum.
5. Quid est? Est Roma. Europa est. Gallia est. Italia est.
6. Quis diu ambulat? Ego diu ambulo. Nos diu ambulamus. Diu ambulant
7. Ubi sum? Romā es. Hīc es. In Galliā es.
8. Estne hīc Marcus? Sīc, Marcus hīc est. Minime, Marcus hīc nõn est.
9. Ambulasne bene? Sīc, bene ambulo.
10. Marcusne bene pugnat? Sīc, Marcus bene pugnat. Minime, Marcus bene non
pugnat.
1
Romā means "in Rome"
26
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER III
The Noun: First Declension
******************************************************************************
Section I. The Noun
A noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Nouns in Latin have gender (sex),
number (singular and plural) and case, five ways in which they can be used. In classical Latin
the definite or indefinite articles do not exist. The word puella means girl, the girl, or a girl.
In English we recognize the following cases: the nominative (subject), genitive
(possessive), and accusative (direct object or object of the preposition).
N: The girl is beautiful.
G: The girl's father is ugly.
A: He walks to the girl, He avoids the girl.
In English there is also the dative case or indirect object: He gives the girl money or He
gives money to the girl. Obviously, the girl is not being given but is the indirect object of the
money being given. The dative case occurs after verbs of giving, showing or telling. In the
rather homely example, He gave me the finger, what is being given? In English, when the
proposition to is not used, the indirect object comes before the direct object in the sentence.
In Latin the fifth case is the ablative (accent on the antepenult) sometimes called the
“adverbial” case because nouns in the ablative case modify verbs and answer the questions
where?, when?, and how? In general, the ablative can be called the by/with/from case and is
often preceded by a preposition in Latin, e.g.:
He stands with a girl.
He is loved by the girl.
He avoids letters from the girl.
Note: The traditional order of memorizing the cases in Latin is: nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative and ablative. The singular is given first and then the plural. In all, ten endings must
be memorized.
In English, case is determined by a word's position in the sentence; in Latin it is the
ending, its case.
27
Summary of Uses of the Cases- Version One
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nominative- subject, predicate nominative
Genitive – possession (indicates the possessor)
Dative – indirect object
Accusative – direct object, object of certain prepositions
Ablative – object of certain prepositions and other uses
Vocative – direct address
Examples in English of each case:
Nominative- Subject of the Sentence: The girl is in the car. The girl lives in the city.
Genitive - possessor - The girl's mother is sick. The mother of the girl is sick.
Dative - Indirect Object - We give money to the girl. We give the girl money.
Accusative- Direct Object - I love the girl. We love the girls.
Accusative - Object of preposition- We walk towards the girl.
Ablative- Object of preposition - We walk with the girl. We walk away from the girl.
Section II. The First Declension
...or the first way nouns are declined. The signature of this declension is -ae and the declension
is dominated by the letter a.
puella, puellae, f.
girl
singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
puell -a
puell -ae
puell -ae
puell -am
puell -ā
the girl
of the girl
to/for the girl
the girl: direct object
by/with/from the girls
plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
puell -ae
puell -ārum
puell -īs
puell -ās
puell -īs
the girls
of the girls
to/for the girls
the girls: direct object
by/with/from the girls
28
Note: The signature of a declension is the ending of the genitive singular and the stem of a word
is the genitive minus the signature.
Almost all of the first declension nouns are feminine. There are, however, a few
masculine nouns, since the Romans were male chauvinists and could not even dream that a
woman could be a farmer, sailor or poet. These words are masculine. Since the language is
dead, we can't change that. Of course, there were Sappho and Corinna, poets, but they were
Greek.
Note: As you memorize these endings, do not panic because different cases have the same
endings.
1.
How can one tell the difference between the genitive and dative singular or the
nominative plural?
It can be the nominative plural only if you have a verb ending in -nt of which it is the
subject or if it is the predicate nominative after the verb esse.
The genitive and dative are sorted out fairly easily when you try to make sense from the
passage.
2.
The difference between the nominative and ablative singular:
The nominative has a short a and the ablative a long ā which will be marked in this book.
The sense of a passage will also give you a clearer idea.
11.
The difference between the dative and ablative plural:
These forms are the same in every declension, ending either in -is or -bus. The context
nearly always will give you the key.
12.
Prepositions govern the accusative or the ablative case. Nearly always, they immediately
precede the noun they govern.
______________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
When we give nouns, we will give the nominative and genitive singular with the gender.
This will be a fairly hefty list and will include nouns and prepositions. The nouns, fifteen, are
matched by the same number of prepositions.
Nouns
agricola, ae, m.
anima, ae, f.
farmer
soul, spirit
29
aqua, ae, f.
cēna, ae, f.
faba, ae, f.
insula, ae, f.
water
meal, principal meal at midday
bean
island
īra, ae, f.
nauta, ae, m.
ōra, ae, f.
poēta, ae, m.
puella, ae, f.
anger
sailor
shore
poet
girl
stella, ae, f.
terra, ae, f.
via, ae, f.
vīlla, ae, f.
vīta, ae, f.
star
earth, land
road, street
villa, house
life
Prepositions
Governing the accusative:
ad
apud
ante
contra
inter
post
propter
towards, to
at, near, at the house of
before
against
between, among
after
on account of, because of
Governing the ablative:
ā, ab*
cum
dē
e, ex**
prō
sine
by, away from, from
with
concerning, about, down from, from
out of, from
on behalf of, for, in front of
without
Governing both cases:
in + ac.
in + ab.
sub + ac.
sub + ab.
into (motion)
in, on (rest)
under (motion)***
under (rest)****
* ā/ab
a before consonants:
ab before vowels or h:
ā terrā
ab orīs
** ē/ex
ē before consonants:
ex before vowels or h:
ē vitā
ex aquā
30
***
****
She walks under the bridge.
He lies under the earth.
Latin word order is more flexible than English because the ending of the noun tells you
how the noun is used. Consider the following nonsense sentence:
nom.
gen. .. acc.
dat. . abl.
The sailor gives the farmer's money to the girl with anger.
acc.
gen.
dat. nom.
abl.
Pecūniam agricolae puellae nauta cum irā dat.
The verb is usually (but not always) placed at the end of the sentence. When you are
translating anything, look for the verb first.
More examples of Latin word order
nom.
gen. acc
dat.
abl.
The farmer gives the girl’s bean to the sailor on the road.
acc. gen.
nom. dat.
abl.
Fabam puellae agricola nautae in viā dat.
nom.
nom.
The farmer is a poet.
nom.
nom.
Agricola poeta est.
Example Sentences:
English
Latin
The farmer is on the island.
agricola in īnsulā est.
The girls live in Italy.
puellae in Ītaliā habitant.
31
__________________________________________________________________________
32
Section IV. Exercises
A. Decline the following nouns.
1.
soul _________________________
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
4. earth ______________________
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
2.
bean ___________________________
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
5. anger __________________
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
3.
poet ________________________
Singular
Plural
6. water ____________________
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
B. Translate the following phrases and give the case and number of the noun.
1. Dē animā .............................................................................................................................
2. In insulā ..............................................................................................................................
3. Cum stellīs ...........................................................................................................................
4. Propter nautam ....................................................................................................................
5. Sine fabīs .............................................................................................................................
6. Inter puellās .........................................................................................................................
7. Post vitam ...........................................................................................................................
33
8. Apud poētam .......................................................................................................................
9. Ab aquā ...............................................................................................................................
10. Ē terrā ................................................................................................................................
C. Translate the following phrases. Pay careful attention to the case that follows each
preposition.
1. Among the beans..................................................................................................................
2. Towards the shore................................................................................................................
3. On behalf of the poet............................................................................................................
4. Against the house................................................................................................................
5. Without anger......................................................................................................................
6. Underneath the waters (he swims)......................................................................................
7. By the farmers.....................................................................................................................
8. Into the road........................................................................................................................
9. Before the stars....................................................................................................................
10. Under the earth (it lies)........................................................................................................
D.
Translate the following sentences from Latin
1. Agricola fabas puellīs in īnsulā dat.
2. Fabae puellīs in insulā dantur.
3. Hīc in Siciliā vīllae nautārum sunt.
34
4. In viā sub stellīs saepe stāmus.
5. Poētae vitās agricolārum laudāre non amant.
6. Diu in īnsulā habitāre sperātis.
7. Poetae saepe laudantur. Vītae agricolārum non laudantur.
E. Reading Practice
Agricola in insulā habitat. Cum puellā in villā habitat. Puella et agricola terram amant. Aqua
quoque2 ab agricolā et a puellā amatur et laudatur. Ad oram saepe ambulant. Sub stellīs in aquā
stant.
Nunc nauta in īnsulā est. Cum agricolā pugnāre optat sed agricola cum nautā pugnāre non optat.
Agricola et nauta ad villam ambulat et agricola fabas nautae dat. Fabae a nautā laudatur. Nunc
agricola et puella et nauta in insulā bene habitant.
English to Latin
F. Translate the following sentences. Remember that the verb to be takes a predicate
nominative.
1. There is life among the stars. ................................................................................................
2. The farmer also loves beans. ................................................................................................
3. Where is the girl's villa?........................................................................................................
2
Quoque, also
35
4. We are avoiding the poet's anger for a long time. .................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
5. Farmers give the land life again. ...........................................................................................
6. Girls often avoid sailors on the streets. .................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
7. We secretly call the sailor from the shore. ............................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
8. You all desire to overcome anger. ........................................................................................
9. We are calling the poet from the island. ................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
10. Even now they will be in the house. ....................................................................................
11. He is walking with the girl on the road. ………………………………………………….
More Practice
G.
Write the following phrases in English
1. ad īnsulam __________________________
2. ā villā ______________________________
3. contra oram ______________________
4. post cenam _________________________
5. sine īrā ____________________________
6. cum agricolā _________________________
7. dē terrā ______________________________
8. prō poetā ________________________
9. inter vias ____________________________
10. in aquam __________________________
11. in orā _________________________________
12. sub stellīs ___________________________
36
H.
Write the following phrases in Latin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
at the house of the poet ________________________________
before the meal _________________________________________
out of the water _________________________________________
because of the anger _____________________________________
among the farmers _______________________________________
away from the earth ____________________________________
towards the sailors ____________________________________
with the beans ___________________________________________
37
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER IV
Review: Loose Ends and the Imperative
******************************************************************************
You have had to absorb a lot in the previous chapters. This one will tie up a few loose
ends and give you some more vocabulary words.
Section I. Enclitics
Enclitics are particles or words which do not stand by themselves but are added to other
words. The most frequently used are:
-ne
added to the most emphatic word at the beginning of a question that gets a yes or
no answer:
Estne poēta?
Vitasne vitam?
Is he a poet?
Do you avoid life?
The -ne particle is not a negative, it simply indicates a question.
-que
This particle, meaning and is added to the second or last of two words that are
joined:
Stāmus sperāmusque.
Terram stellāsque laudat.
We are standing and hoping.
He praises the earth and the stars.
Section II. Plural nouns with singular meanings
There are also words which are plural in Latin but singular in English. The singular of
the Latin word either does not exist or has a different meaning. In English there is the word
trousers or pants which are (is) roughly equivalent, although one student recently described
them as being singular at the top and plural at the bottom. Think also of Athens or Thebes which
in English and Latin are both plural: I know neither of an Athen or a Thebe. But we say Athens
is in Greece.
38
Examples:
insidiae, ārum
litterae, ārum
Athenae, ārum
Thebae, ārum
an ambush, treachery
a letter, literature
In English we say a man of letters.
In the singular, littera is a letter of the alphabet. If
more than one letter is written, use epistula, ae.
Athens
Thebes
Section III. Postpositive words
These are words which should never be first in a sentence. In English, however is
supposed to be postpositive. These words are often conjunctions:
autem
enim
igitur
however, moreover
for, but
therefore, consequently
Section IV. The Imperative
The imperative mood gives a command: Sing! Shout! Drop dead! The imperative
applies only to the second person singular (you: Sing!) or plural (you all: Sing! or Everybody
sing!).
First Conjugation:
singular ending
plural ending
ā
āte
dā
dāte
give!
give! (all of you)
laudā
laudāte
praise!
praise! (all of you)
cantā
cantāte
sing!
sing! (all of you)
The imperative can also take a direct object:
Vitā nautam!
Laudāte puellās!
Dā puellae pecūniam!
Avoid the sailor!
Praise the girls!
Give the girl money!
39
Section V. Roman Trivia: Names
Roman men generally had three names: the personal name or praenomen, the name of
the gens or tribe or nōmen, and the name of the family (often beginning as a nickname) or
cognōmen.
The Romans had very little imagination in first names and most frequently they were
abbreviated. There were only 18 of them and some of them were rarely used. Among the most
common with their abbreviations are:
Aulus (A.)
Decimus (D.)
Gaius (C.)
Gnaeus (Cn.)
Lucius (L.)
Marcus (M.)
Manius (M')
Publius (P.)
Quintus (Q.)
Sextus (Sex.)
Spurius (Sp.)
Tiberius (Ti.)
Titus (T.)
Thus in the name Marcus Tullius Cicero—Tullius, the gens was from Tullus, its original
founder, and Cicero, the cognomen, surname or family name, means chick pea. Some others are:
Fabius—bean; Varus—knock-kneed; Crassus—fat; Bibulus—the drunk; Flaccus—flap-eared;
Plautus—flatfoot; Mucco—snotnose; Crispus—curly. Some of the noble families in Florence
also got their family names from nicknames: The Pazzi—the crazies; Strozzi—swindlers;
Medici—doctors.
Roman women, however, got names from their fathers. Cicero's daughter was Tullia. If
he had two daughters it would be Tullia maior (elder) and Tullia iunior (younger). The names
Claudia, Julia, Flavia, etc. were from the father's family.
______________________________________________________________________________
Section VI. Vocabulary
Verbs
cantō, cantāre, cantāvī, cantātus
clamō, clamāre, clamāvī, clamātus
cogitō, cogitāre, cogitāvī, cogitātus
festino, festināre, festinavī, festinatus
labōrō, laborāre, laborāvī, laborātus
negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus
nō, nāre, nāvī
paro, parare, paravi, paratus
rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātus
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus
sing
shout, shout for
think
hurry, make haste
work
deny, say no
swim
prepare, get ready
ask, ask for
forbid
40
Nouns
(all feminine)
causa, ae, f
cēna, ae, f
fāma, ae, f
insidiae, ārum, f
littera, ae, f
litterae, ārum, f
mensa, ae, f
musca, ae, f
pecūnia, ae, f
poena, ae, f
silva, silvae, f
cause, reason
dinner meal
reputation, fame
ambush, treachery, plot
a letter of the alphabet
a letter, literature
table, meal
fly, flea
money
punishment
forest, grove
Other words
autem (postpositive)
bis
crās
enim (postpositive)
ergō
herī
hodiē
igitur (postpositive)
-que (enclitic)
semel
valē
however, moreover
twice
tomorrow
for, but
therefore
yesterday
today
therefore, consequently
and
once
goodbye, be well
Places
(all feminine)
Identify these, which are generally like English.
Africa, ae
........................................................
Asia, ae
........................................................
Athēnae, ārum
........................................................
Britannia, ae
........................................................
41
Gallia, ae
.......................................................
Germania, ae
.......................................................
Graecia, ae
.......................................................
Hispania, ae
.......................................................
Italia, ae
.......................................................
Rōma, ae
.......................................................
______________________________________________________________________________
42
Fabula Muscae (The Story of the Fly)
Musca in villā agricolae sub mensā habitat. Heri in terrā cum agricolā erat. Agricola
semper fabas muscae dat. Musca igitur agricolam amat. Musca etiam ab agricolā amatur.
Agricola poeta est. Agricola de stellīs silvāque cantat. Musca agricolam laudat.
Hodie apud oram musca ambulat. Nauta est. Nauta muscas non amat. Propter iram
contra muscas, nauta superare muscam optat. Musca nautam vitāre et ā nautā festināre
optat. Musca autem apud oram stat atque non nat. Nauta ad muscam ambulat. Nunc
musca agricolam vocat sed agricola non est.
Nunc puella in aquā nat. Quis est? Puella amica (friend) agricolae est. Puella muscam
nautamque videt (sees). Muscam adiuvare (to help) optat. Clam puella in terram ambulat.
Ubi agricola est? Puella ad villam agricolae ambulat et clamat: “Agricola, festinā ad oram.
Sunt insidiae nautae!”
Agricola atque puella ad oram festinant. Nauta pecuniam agricolae rogat et poenam vitare
optat. Agricola nautam non recusat. Pecuniam nautae dat. Nauta muscam non superat
sed ad insulam festinat. Puella et agricola cantant. Puella agricolaque a muscā laudantur.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
43
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Rogationes:
1. Quis muscam amat?
2. Quid musca amat?
3. Quid nauta optat?
4. De quo agricola cantat?
5. Quis puella est?
6. Quid agricola nautae dat?
7. Quis puellam et agricolam laudat?
44
Section VII. Exercises
A. Vocabulary review. Give the English meaning and at least one English word that comes
from the following.
1. anima
...............................
...............................
2. parare
...............................
...............................
3. ante
...............................
...............................
4. ira
..............................
...............................
5. insula
..............................
...............................
6. aqua
..............................
...............................
7. vocāre
..............................
...............................
8. cantāre
..............................
...............................
9. nauta
..............................
...............................
10. vetāre
..............................
...............................
B. Give the imperative singular and plural of the following.
1. sing
..............................
...............................
2. shout
..............................
................................
3. give
..............................
................................
4. forbid
..............................
................................
5. overcome
..............................
................................
C. Translate the following phrases.
1. In the water.............................................................................................................
2. We were..................................................................................................................
3. Hurry!......................................................................................................................
45
4. Desire fame!............................................................................................................
5. They swim...............................................................................................................
6. They will be.............................................................................................................
7. You (all) are............................................................................................................
8. Stand (all) of you.....................................................................................................
9. Forbid punishment...................................................................................................
10. Hope! ....................................................................................................................
D. What are enclitics? Give two illustrations of their use.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
E. Translate the following sentences.
1. Cogitō, ergō sum. ....................................................................................................
2. Muscās semper vitāmus. ..........................................................................................
3. Ubi, enim, anima est? ...............................................................................................
4. Puella in silvā cum nautā ambulat. …….....................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
5. Tomorrow they will be with the girls in Italy. ...........................................................
......................................................................................................................................
6. The sailor swims once or twice in the water. ..............................................................
......................................................................................................................................
7. Is this the coast of Italy? .............................................................................................
8. Sing and shout all of you. ...........................................................................................
46
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER V
The Second Conjugation
The Verb posse—to be able
******************************************************************************
Section I. The Second Conjugation
Verbs of the second conjugation are dominated by a long e, and with that exception is
very much like the first conjugation. It has the O - S - T - MUS - TIS - NT endings also.
Infinitive
delēre
to destroy
Present
deleō
delēs
delet
I destroy, am destroying, do destroy
you destroy
he (she, it) destroys
delēmus
delētis
delent
we destroy
you (all) destroy
they destroy
delē
delēte
destroy!
destroy! (pl)
Imperative
Section II. The verb possum
Possum (the first person, singular) is not a nocturnal marsupial, but an auxiliary verb
meaning can or be able and is followed by an infinitive. It is formed by adding the prefix pot- to
the verb to be (esse). Since the Romans were adverse to ts in combination, whenever a part of
esse begins with s, then the t of pot- is changed to an s, forming a double s. The infinitive,
however, is posse: to be able.
posse
to be able
Present Tense
possum
potes
potest
I am able, I can
you are able, you can
he (she/it) is able, can
47
possumus
potestis
possunt
we are able, can
you are able, you can
they are able, can
Imperfect
poteram
poterās
poterat
I was able, could
you were able, could
he (she/it) was able, could
poterāmus
poterātis
poterant
we were able, we could
you (all) were able, could
they were able, could
poterō
poteris
poterit
I will be able
you will be able
he (she/it) will be able
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
we will be able
you (all) will be able
they will be able
Future
potuī is the third (and last) principal part and is translated “I have been able,” and “I
could have.”
SECOND CONJUGATION – PASSIVE VOICE
Forms: Add the PASSIVE VOICE PERSONAL ENDINGS to the stem of the verb. One
exception: in the first person singular, add an –R to the –O ending.
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
-eor
-ris
-tur
Plural
-mur
-mini
-ntur
Singular
doceor (I am taught)
docēris (You are taught)
docetur (He/She is taught)
Plural
docemur (we are taught)
docemini (you all are taught
docentur (they are taught)
Example
st
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
48
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
Verbs
(The present stem is derived from the second principal part, without the infinitive ending).
debeō
deleō
doceō
habeō
iubeo
maneō
moneō
moveō
teneō
timeō
valeō
valē/valēte
videō
(debēre, debuī, debitus)
(delēre, delēvī, delētus)
(docēre, docuī, doctus)
(habēre, habuī, habitus)
(iubēre, iussi, iussus)
(manēre, mansī, mansurus)
(monēre, monuī, monitus)
(movēre, mōvī, motus)
(tenēre, tenuī, tentus)
(timēre, timuī)
(valēre, valuī, valitūrus)
(vidēre, vidī, visus)
owe, ought(1)
destroy
teach
have, hold (2)
order
remain
advise, warn
move
hold
fear, be afraid of (4)
be well, be strong (5)
Goodbye!
see
1.
The verb debeō is usually an auxiliary verb followed by an infinitive to complete its
meaning. I ought to teach is Debeō docēre. When used by itself it means owe:
Pecūniam debet. (He owes money.) The English words debit and debt come from this
word.
2.
In classical Latin, habeō is not used as an auxiliary verb.
3.
The verb iubeo is followed by an accusative and an infinitive. Agricola nautam movēre
iubet. (The farmer orders the sailor to move.)
4.
When timeō means be afraid of it takes the accusative, not the genitive. Nautam timet.
(She is afraid of the sailor.)
5.
Valeō means I am well.
______________________________________________________________________________
49
Section IV. Exercises
A. Conjugate moveo, movēre in the present tense active and passive
Active
Passive
Singular
Plural
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Singular Imperative _____________________
Plural Imperative ______________________
B. Conjugate possum, posse, potui in all three tenses.
Present
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Imperfect
1.
2.
3.
Singular
Plural
Future
1.
2.
3.
Singular
Plural
Musca Parva Potest
Est musca parva. Semel poterat cantāre. Cum puellīs poterat cantāre. In viā villāque
cantāre poterat. Sub stellīs atque in orā et in silvā cantāre poterat.
Nunc nauta apud villam est. Rursus muscam delēre optat. Musca nautam videt et nautam
timet. Propter iram nautae, musca sub mensā in villā agricolae manēre non potest.
Propter nautam, musca cantare non potest. In viā non potest cantāre. In villā cantare non
potest.
Agricola muscam movēre iubet et monet, “movē ad insulam et valē.” Musca movēre optat.
Valēre optat.
Musca ad insulam nat. Ibi cantare poterit. Ibi sine nautā puellas cantāre docēre poterit.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
50
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
A. Translate.
1. Movēte nautam sī in viā stat. ………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Valē! Ibi crās erō. …………………………………………………………………………
3. Potesne cantāre hīc? ………………………………………………………………………..
4. In silvā cogitāmus animas paramusque.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Propter fāmam semper timēmus. …………………..………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. In pecūniā saepe fāmam vidēmus. …………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Litterās poetārum delēre debēmus. ……………………………………………...................
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
51
8. Post cenam fabārum saepe in viā ambulamus.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Ad Asiam ā Germaniā movēmus. ………………………………………………………….
10. Iram poētae semper timēre debētis. ……………………………………………………….
B. Translate.
1. movēs......................................................................................................................................
2. potest......................................................................................................................................
3. poterunt..................................................................................................................................
4. vidēte......................................................................................................................................
5. possunt....................................................................................................................................
6. timētis.....................................................................................................................................
7. docēre.....................................................................................................................................
8. moneō.....................................................................................................................................
9. poterātis..................................................................................................................................
10. iubemus....................................................................................................................................
C. Translate.
1. I ought. ..................................................................................................................................
2. They see. ................................................................................................................................
3. He has. ...................................................................................................................................
4. You have. ...............................................................................................................................
5. We remain. .............................................................................................................................
52
6. You (all) order. ...........................................................................................................................
7. He advises. .............................................................................................................................
8. I am well. ...............................................................................................................................
9. She sees. ................................................................................................................................
10. It moves. ...............................................................................................................................
11. She teaches. ...........................................................................................................................
12. We fear. ................................................................................................................................
13. They could. ............................................................................................................................
14. You (all) were able........................................................................................................
15. I will be able. .........................................................................................................................
D. Translate.
1. I can teach. .............................................................................................................................
2. You could see. .......................................................................................................................
3. She ought to fear. ...................................................................................................................
4. We will be able to move. .........................................................................................................
5. They ought to sing. .................................................................................................................
6. She could say no. ....................................................................................................................
7. He ought to warn ..................................................................................................................
8. They can see. .......................................................................................................................
9. I ought to move. .....................................................................................................................
10. You (all) can work. ...............................................................................................................
11. We ought to shout. ................................................................................................................
12. It can be. ...............................................................................................................................
53
E. Translate.
1. Can we swim today? ...............................................................................................................
2. Ought anger to destroy the soul? ............................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
3. Do you have money now? .......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Farewell but hurry back! ………..............................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
5. At the farmer's house we are afraid of the beans for a long time. ............................................
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Could Greece overcome Italy? ................................................................................................
7. Ought I to fear the poet's anger tomorrow? ……………………………….………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He is secretly destroying the meal of the farmer. …………………………………………….
9. Can we remain here always? ……………………………………………………………….
10. He can give the farmers money. ………………………………………………………………
11. I am able to teach the girls now. ……………………………………………………………
11. You were able to warn the farmers about the ambush in the forest.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. We will be able to remain in the villa for a long time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
54
14. The poets can destroy the reputation of the sailor with literature. (for literature use the
ablative plural by itself – no cum)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. Marcus was able to see the fly in the water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. Julia will not be able to hold the farmer’s beans.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
More Practice - Passive Voice- 2nd Conjugation Verbs
Conjugate deleo, delēre in the present passive and translate
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Translate into English
1. Movetur _______________________
2. Delemur ________________________
3. Monentur ______________________
4. Docemini _______________________
5. Iubeor ________________________
6. Teneris _______________________
Translate into Latin
1. We are taught by the girl ____________________________
2. They are warned by the farmer ________________________
3. You all are destroyed by the sailors _____________________
4. The table is moved by the poet. _________________________
5. I am ordered to destroy the villa by the sailor. ________________________
55
**************************************************************************
CHAPTER VI
The Second Declension
***************************************************************************
The first declension was all female except for a few words such as sailor, poet and
farmer. The second is male and neuter, also with some interesting exceptions. There are really
no dominant vowels in this declension, but the signature is the i in the genitive singular. It is in
this declension that you can become aware of the importance of the stem. The meanings of the
cases will not be indicated to help your recall.
Section I. Masculine Nouns
hortus
garden
Singular
Plural
hortus
hortī
hortō
hortum
hortō
hortī
hortōrum
hortīs
hortōs
hortīs
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
Singular
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
gladius - sword
gladiī
gladiō
gladium
gladiō
caper - goat
caprī
caprō
caprum
caprō
puer - boy
puerī
puerō
puerum
puerō
gladiī
gladiōrum
gladiīs
caprī
caprōrum
caprīs
puerī
puerōrum
puerīs
Plural
N
G
D
56
Ac
Ab
gladiōs
gladiīs
caprōs
caprīs
puerōs
puerīs
Notes:
1.
The dative and ablative singular are the same. The dative and ablative plural are also the
same —the same as the first declension. The genitive singular and the nominative plural
are the same. To reduce confusion, remember that nominative plurals occur only if the
verb ends in -nt.
2.
In gladius, both i's remain and are pronounced in the genitive singular and nominative
plural.
3.
Words like caper, puer and vir show the importance of knowing the stem of words.
Most -er words are declined like caper.
4.
There are some interesting feminine exceptions in this declension: they include the
names of trees like cedrus, ī: cedar; ulmus, ī: elm; also humus, ī: earth, soil, ground
(Mother Earth) and Aegyptus, i: Egypt.
Section II. Neuter Nouns
There are two general rules applying to neuter nouns of all declensions:
1.
2.
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
The nominative and the accusative singular are the same.
The nominative and the accusative plural are the same and end in a.
periculum
danger
Singular
Plural
periculum
periculī
periculō
periculum
periculō
pericula
periculōrum
periculīs
pericula
periculīs
Most neuter nouns end in um. There are a few neuter nouns of the second declension
ending in -us, like virus: poison and vulgus: crowd.
Section III. Notes on the Vocabulary
Most beginning Latin texts have vocabulary that is preparatory for translating Caesar or
Cicero, and are connected with war or politics. There was an everyday life in Rome and I am
trying to give you some of these words while avoiding some of those that are too exotic. It
57
crossed my mind briefly to give the following as examples for the second declension, but thought
better of it: adulter, adulterī, m; onager, onagrī, m: wild ass; scomber, scombrī, m: mackerel.
______________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Vocabulary
Nouns
ager, agrī, m
animus, ī, m
aper, aprī, m
bellum, ī, n
cancer, cancrī, m
field, territory
mind
wild boar, pig
war
crab (the sign of Cancer)
caper, caprī, m
cedrus, ī, f
discipulus, ī, m
donum, ī, n
equus, ī, m
filius, ī, m
goat
cedar
pupil, student
gift
horse
son
focus, ī, m
fungus, ī, m
gladius, ī, m
hortus, ī, m
humus, ī, f
liber, librī, m
hearth
mushroom
sword
garden
earth, ground, clay
book
magister, magistrī, m
odium, ī, n
otium, ī, n
periculum, ī, n
puer, puerī, m
servus, servi, m
teacher
hatred
leisure
danger
boy, slave
slave
ulmus, ī, f
vinum, ī, n
vir, virī, m
elm
wine
man
______________________________________________________________________________
58
Section V. Exercises
1. Decline ager, agri, m.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
2. Decline equus, equi, m.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
Plural
3. Prepositional Phrase Practice
1. in the fields __________________________
2. on account of the danger _______________________
3. with the student ______________________________
4. among the sons ____________________________
5. about the book _____________________________
6. after the war ________________________________
7. into the garden _______________________________
8. under the elm _________________________________ (motion)
9. away from the teachers ________________________
10. near the hearth ___________________________
A. Give an English word that is derived from each of the following Latin words. Define it and
show how the English word came about if it is not obvious.
1. animus..................................................................................................................................
2. ager......................................................................................................................................
3. filius.....................................................................................................................................
4. bellum..................................................................................................................................
5. caper....................................................................................................................................
6. donum..................................................................................................................................
59
7. focus....................................................................................................................................
8. fungus..................................................................................................................................
9. humus..................................................................................................................................
10. hortus..................................................................................................................................
B. How are masculine and neuter nouns of the second declension different?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
C. Translate the following.
1. Cancrī in aquīs bene nāre possunt. ....................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. In hortō fungī sub ulmō sunt. ............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Dona magistrō clam dant. .................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
4. Dē periculīs pecūniae puerōs monent. ...............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
5. In Galliā, puerī aprōs timēre debent. .................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Propter periculum fungōs vitāre debēs. .............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
7. Sub ulmō propter iram agricolārum stāre timeō. ...............................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
60
8. Aprī fungōs sub humō vidēre spērant. ..............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
9. In Germaniā, Galliā Hispaniaque saepe bella sunt. ...........................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Nōn ōtium hodiē est, sed crās in villā erimus. .................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
11. Pueri cum magistro in orā ambulant. ……………………………………………………
D. Translate into Latin.
1. Can goats swim to the island? ...........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. The teacher forbids the boys and remains in the garden. ...................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. You should not fill the men with wine. .............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
4. The farmer's horses were in the fields yesterday. ..............................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
5. You should overcome hatred of beans. .............................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6. He calls the boys from the fields. ......................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
7. Horses and goats are standing here in the fields. ...............................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
8. She avoids gifts from the poet's garden. ............................................................................
61
.............................................................................................................................................
9. Books can give fame even to boys. ...................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Who can see mushrooms in the garden? ...........................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
11. The cedars in the fields could give the farmers danger. ………..……………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. The teachers are not able to teach the students on account of the war. ………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Can we fear the hatred of men? ………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. In Italy the horses remain in the fields under the cedars. …………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
62
Servi in Īnsulā
Tunc ibi in īnsulā bellum non erat. Muscae et feminae virique atque puellae
puerique sine odio habitāre poterant. Feminae puellaeque in horto cantāre
poterant. Viri puerique cum equis in agris et silvis ambulāre poterant. Periculum
in viis non erat. Otium in vīllīs erat. Magister discipulos docēre poterat. Puellae
puerique sub ulmīs sub stellīs manēre poterant et de animis virorum cantāre
poterant. In mensīs erant fabae fungique et semper vinum. Viri feminīs dona
semper dare poterant. Viri feminaeque valēre poterant. Magistri libros pueris
puellisque dare poterant.
Nunc servi autem semper laborant. A servīs capri moventur. A servīs fungi
fabaeque parantur. Pro servis viri otium vetant. Servi semper ad agros festinant.
Viri semper servos parare apros iubent. Servi poenas timent. Servi odium virōrum
timent. Clamare optant sed non possunt. Cantare optant sed non possunt. Vidēre
filios servi optant, sed non possunt. Otium habēre optant, sed non possunt,
Hodie unus servus3 servōs in agrōs vocat. Rogat servōs, “Cur4 in agrīs laboramus?
Cur a magistrīs non docēmur. Cur fabas et fungos paramus sed in villā habitāre
non possumus? Cur viros et poenas timemus? Bellum esse debet. Servi pecuniam
et otium habēre debent. Nunc gladiīs contra viros pugnare debemus.”
3
4
Unus -one
Cur – why…?
63
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER VII
Adjectives of the First and Second Declension
******************************************************************************
Section I. Declension of Adjectives
An adjective modifies a noun and in Latin agrees with the noun in gender, number and
case. The traditional way of learning adjectives is masculine, feminine and neuter. It is helpful
to learn them by case horizontally—to strengthen your grasp of the first and second declension.
bonus-a-um
good
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
Masc.
bonus
bonī
bonō
bonum
bonō
Fem.
bona
bonae
bonae
bonam
bonā
Neut.
bonum
bonī
bonō
bonum
bonō
Plural
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
bonī
bonōrum
bonīs
bonōs
bonīs
bonae
bonārum
bonīs
bonās
bonīs
bona
bonōrum
bonīs
bona
bonīs
Singular
Adjectives declined like caper drop the e:
N
G
pulcher-a-um
pretty, beautiful
pulcher
pulchrī
pulchra
pulchrae
64
pulchrum
pulchrī
(What is the stem?)
Adjectives declined like puer retain the e:
N
G
tener-a-um
tender
tener
tenerī
tenera
tenerae
tenerum
tenerī
Notes:
1.
An adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case: not
necessarily in ending. Hence:
bonus nauta
bonī nautae
bona ulmus
bonae ulmī
2.
Adjectives are often used as nouns. Thus bonus is a good man, bona: a good woman;
bonum: a good thing. The neuter plural, bona, means good things. English, American,
and German are adjectives used as nouns in our language.
3.
The verb esse takes a predicate nominative. Predicate adjectives are nominatives and
agree in gender and number with the subject of esse:
Puella est pulchra.
The girl is pretty.
Est pulchra.
She is pretty.
______________________________________________________________________________
Section II. Vocabulary
Adjectives
altus, a, um
asper, aspera, asperum
bonus, a, um
cārus, a, um
clārus, a, um
fessus, a, um
high, deep
rough, harsh
good
dear, precious
clear, bright, famous
tired
foedus, a, um
grātus, a, um
līber, lībera, līberum
laetus, a, um
magnus, a, um
malus, a, um
foul, gross, disgusting, ugly
pleasing, welcome, agreeable
free
happy
great, large
evil, bad
miser, misera, miserum
wretched, miserable, unfortunate
65
multus, a, um
novus, a, um
parvus, a, um
paucī, ae, a
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
Romānus, a, um
stultus, a, um
tener, tenera, tenerum
much, many
new, strange
small, little
few
pretty, beautiful, handsome
Roman
stupid, foolish
tender
tūtus, a, um
safe
vērus, a, um
true
______________________________________________________________________________
Notes:
1.
In Latin, the neuter plural is used to express an abstract quality. Thus, mala is evil; vēra:
the truth. (Literally: evil things, true things.
2.
Predicate adjectives are nominatives and agree with the subject in gender, number and
case:
Caprī sunt stultī.
3.
Goats are stupid.
The adjective līber (free) can be confused with liber (book) only in the nominative
singular. Why?
Section III. Exercises
A. Fabula
Servi sub altis cedris ulmisque in agris stant. Fessi et miseri sunt quod5 diu laborant.
Fungi teneri viris Romanis grati sunt. Aper magnus a magistro discipulisque optatur.
Servi esse liberi optant quod vita aspera est. Multa autem a viris vetantur. Servi cum
paucis donis habitant. Viri et feminae6 in villā multa dona habent. Pecuniam et multum
vini habent. Propter otium, in horto pulchro sedēre7 possunt et de animo animāque
cantāre possunt.
5
Quod- conjunction - because
femina, -ae, f. woman
7
sedēre – to sit
6
66
Magister Romanus multos magnos libros habēre potest. Viri Romani foeda vitāre possunt.
Laeti sunt.
A. Decline in the singular.
gross sailor
stupid goat
evil gift
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
B. Noun/Adjective Pairs
1. deep water (abl. sing.) ____________________________________________________
2. harsh punishments (acc. pl. ) _____________________________________________
3. good book (nom. sing. )__________________________________________________
4. dear sons (abl. pl. )______________________________________________________
5. famous poet (gen. sing.)_________________________________________________
6. tired teacher (acc. sing.) _________________________________________________
7. foul pigs (dat. pl. ) ______________________________________________________
8. pleasing leisure (nom. sing.) _____________________________________________
9. free gifts (nom. pl. ) __________________________________________________
10. happy girl (dat. sing. )__________________________________________________
11. large gardens (gen. pl. ) ______________________________________________
12. evil student (acc. sing. ) _______________________________________________
13. wretched farmers (nom. pl. ) _____________________________________________
14. many reasons (acc. pl. ) ________________________________________________
15. new dangers (acc. pl. ) ________________________________________________
67
16. little boy (dat. sing. ) _______________________________________________
17. few goats (nom. pl. ) _____________________________________________
18. pretty flies (gen. pl. ) ______________________________________________
19. Roman war (acc. sing. ) __________________________________________
20. foolish minds (acc. pl. ) _______________________________________________
21. tender soul (abl. sing. )_____________________________________________
22. safe house (gen. sing. ) ______________________________________________
23. true reputation (nom. sing. ) _________________________________________
C. Translate the following phrases.
1. Of a good war.........................................................................................................................
2. Toward the high elm................................................................................................................
3. A good gift (subj) ................................................................................................................
4. He gives the tender poet money..............................................................................................
5. Handsome sailors (DO)...........................................................................................................
6. To evil farmers (IO)....................................................................................................................
7. With gross goats.....................................................................................................................
8. Of true men.............................................................................................................................
9. Clear stars (subj).........................................................................................................................
10. In great danger.......................................................................................................................
D. Translate into Latin.
1. Good men avoid evil.
...............................................................................................................................................
2. They are afraid of a few good men.
...............................................................................................................................................
68
3. The tender poet avoids the causes of a rough life.
...............................................................................................................................................
4. Many men are strong but they are afraid of miserable punishments.
...............................................................................................................................................
5. The Romans fill Spain with good books.
...............................................................................................................................................
6. The stupid farmer refuses much money.
...............................................................................................................................................
7. A little hatred can be a great danger.
................................................................................................................................................
8. The earth cannot move towards the high stars.
................................................................................................................................................
9. The wretched will be safe from danger.
................................................................................................................................................
10. The new poet could teach here in the garden.
................................................................................................................................................
D. Translate into English.
1. Vērus Romānus mala superāre potest.
................................................................................................................................................
2. Puerī puellīs pulchrīs cancrōs dant.
................................................................................................................................................
3. Dona bona laetīs puellīs dāre debet.
69
................................................................................................................................................
4. Līber agricola semper labōrat et mala nōn timet, sed saepe fessus est.
................................................................................................................................................
5. Cāra puella asperum poētam amāre nōn potest.
................................................................................................................................................
6. Laetae dē vitā bonā saepe cantant.
................................................................................................................................................
7. Clarās stellās in Cancrō vidēre potestis.
................................................................................................................................................
8. Focus Romanus erit tutus a periculis propter viros liberos.
................................................................................................................................................
9. Romanī in mensīs vinum fabāsque habent.
................................................................................................................................................
10. Paucī pulchrās villās hodiē delent.
................................................................................................................................................
70
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER VIII
Review: Loose Ends and the Vocative
******************************************************************************
The last chapters may have given your mind a vocabulary overload, but memorize a few
words each night and remember their declension and conjugation. We have three declensions
and two conjugations to go, but if you know the first two thoroughly, the rest will be a lot easier.
Section I. The Vocative
The vocative is direct address, calling someone — almost like what comes after Hey —
farmer, Marcus, girl, etc. It is quite unlikely that anyone sober will address a field, a crab, a road
or leisure.
Many texts make a big deal of this and include the form in the regular declension of the
noun. I think it is a waste of time because: 1. How often is it used? 2. When does it differ from
the nominative?
1. In all but the second declension the form is the same as the nominative.
2. In singular -us nouns of the second declension, the ending is e. Marcus would be
Marcē. If you care to address your garden it would be O hortē. (But who would do
such a thing?) In the plural the nominative and the vocative are the same.
3. In singular and proper nouns ending in -ius and filius the vocative ends in -i. Julius
becomes O Julī! Vergilius becomes O Vergilī! Filius becomes O filī!
Section II. Adjectives
Adjectives can come either before or after the words they modify. Demonstratives and
cardinal numbers precede nouns, possessive adjectives and ordinal numbers and certain words
like Romanus usually follow the noun. More often the adjectives will precede the noun.
71
When a single adjective describes both masculine and feminine words, masculine gender
(true to Rome's male chauvinism) takes precedence:
Puella poetaque bonī sunt.
The girl and the poet are good.
Amīcus, ī is a friend. Amīca, ae is also a friend, feminine, but also means mistress or
girlfriend but not a respectable one. This is another indication of the built-in sexism of Latin, but
perhaps no more so than English when one considers the pejorative connotations of the female
equivalent to many titles: king, prince, master, sir.
Section III. Roman Trivia
Time
The years were given by the names of the consuls or from the founding of the city
(AUC — ab urbe condita) which was 753 BCE. Thus 200 AUC is 553 BCE and 800 AUC is 47
CE (AD).
The year originally began in March; hence, September was the seventh month. With the
reform of the calendar under Julius Caesar, January and February began the year and Quintilis,
the fifth month, was renamed July after Julius and later the sixth month, Sextilis, named August
after Augustus, so each emperor was honored with the same number of days.
The day began at sunrise and divided into twelve hours varying from 45-75 minutes. On
the average, one could say the day was from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. The night, from sunset to sunrise,
was divided into four watches.
Section IV. Latin Expressions That May Be Used to Liven Up a Class
Salvēte discipulī!
Salvē magister!
Quid agis?
Quid cupis?
Bene valeō.
Tacē.
Tacēte.
Gratiās agō tibi.
Valē.
Valēte.
Bonam fortūnam!
Hello (greetings) students!
Hello (greetings) teacher!
How are you? or What are you doing?
What do you want?
I am doing well.
Be quiet.
Be quiet — all of you.
Thank you.
Good bye.
Good bye.
Good luck!
72
______________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Vocabulary
Verbs
dubitō
gustō
mandūcō
respondeō
taceō
(dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus)
(gustāre, gustāvī, gustātus)
(manducāre, manducāvī, manducātus)
(respondēre, respondi, responsus)
(tacēre, tacuī, tacitus)
hesitate, doubt
taste
eat, chew
answer, reply
be silent
Nouns
amīcus, ī, m
amīca, ae, f
agnus, ī, m
auxilium, ī, n
cibus, ī, m
culina, ae, f
femina, ae, f
filia, ae, f
hora, ae, f
nihil, n (undeclinable)
oppidum, ī, n
ovum, ī, n
populus, i, m
verbum, ī, n
vitium, ī, n *
friend
friend (see above)
lamb
help
food
kitchen
woman
daughter (sometimes the dative and ablative plural
form is found-filiabus)
hour
nothing
town
egg
people
word
vice, fault, crime
*vitium has no common forms with vita: life.
Other
diū (adv)
for a long time
et... et...
both... and...
nec... nec
neither... nor
numquam
never
salvē, salvēte
hello!, greetings!
______________________________________________________________________________
73
Section VI. Exercises
A. Review of vocabulary.
Give the genitive singular and gender of the following.
1. kitchen............................................
6. reputation..........................................................
2. town...............................................
7. teacher...............................................................
3. sailor..............................................
8. boy.....................................................................
4. horse..............................................
9. shore..................................................................
5. elm.................................................
10. son....................................................................
Modify, in the genitive, the odd numbers above with the adjective good: bonus, a, um:
1. .....................................................
7. ..........................................................................
3. .....................................................
9. ..........................................................................
5. .....................................................
B. Give the infinitive and plural imperative of the following.
1. sing
........................
.........................
2. eat
........................
.........................
3. remain
........................
.........................
4. see
........................
.........................
5. call
........................
.........................
6. be silent
.......................
.........................
7. stand
.......................
.........................
8. be well
.......................
.........................
9. hope
......................
.........................
10. refuse
.......................
.........................
74
C. Translate into Latin.
1. Both the men and the women hesitate to move from Italy.
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. At the table they are eating lamb and beans.
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. We cannot answer good friends with bad words.
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. They refuse help for the wretched in the hour of great danger.
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. The foul flies are now moving from the road to the house.
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. The vices of evil men and women should not be without harsh punishment.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. I am calling the good men and women from the free towns of Italy.
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. O (my) son! Evil men never hesitate to teach new vices.
.....................................................................................................................................................
9. The kitchen is disgusting with many flies.
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. The bright sword of evil men cannot overcome good souls.
.....................................................................................................................................................
75
D. Translate into English.
1. O Julī! Vitā vitia in vītā!
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Caper et Cancer clārae stellae sunt.
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Semper laborāte in hortō apud feminās pulchras.
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Manducāte cibum hodiē! Crās nihil erit.
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. Ubi verba aspera poetārum laudātis?
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Ova fabāsque apud magistrum manducāre dubitō.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. In otiō bonō pecūniam multam habēre debēmus.
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. In oppidīs magnīs, vitās bonās numquam habēre potestis.
.....................................................................................................................................................
9. Ā terrā agnōs caprōsque gustāmus, ab aquā cancrōs.
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. Dē vitiīs filiārum filiōrumque tacēmus.
.....................................................................................................................................................
76
E. Group together all the words you have learned that have to do with food or eating.
..............................
..............................
...............................
..............................
...............................
..............................
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER IX
The Third Declension
******************************************************************************
Section I. Introduction
Gird your loins! for (a “loining” experience) because this declension, which has the most
words, has some very special difficulties. They are:
1.
The genitive singular form does not follow logically from the nominative, nor is there
any special ending for the nominative.
2.
The declension embraces all three genders. You will have to memorize the gender along
with the nominative and genitive. One way of guessing gender (but not always) is that
nouns ending in –er or –or are masculine; those ending in s, o, and x are feminine; those
ending in l, a, n, c, e, t are neuter.
The endings of the third declension are not difficult. They are added to the stem, the
genitive singular minus the -is ending.
Neuter nouns follow the same principles established in Chapter VI:


The accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular.
The nominative and accusative plurals end in -a.
Adjectives modify nouns in gender, number and case, not in ending. First and second
declension (us, a, um) adjectives can modify third declension nouns.
Here are the regular third declension endings. Commit them to memory.
77
M/F
Nominative
-is
-ī
-em
-e
Neuter
ēs
um
ibus
ēs
ibus
Nominative
-is
-ī
Nominative
e
78
a
um
ibus
a
ibus
Section II. Regular Third Declension Nouns
Here are some paradigms (models) of third declension nouns:
lex, f
law
virtus, f
courage, virtue
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
lēx
lēgis
lēgī
lēgem
lēge
virtūs
virtūtis
virtūtī
virtūtem
virtūte
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
lēgēs
lēgum
lēgibus
lēgēs
lēgibus
virtūtēs
virtūtum
virtūtibus
virtūtēs
virtūtibus
lapis, m
stone
leo, m
lion
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
lapis
lapidis
lapidī
lapidem
lapide
leō
leōnis
leōnī
leōnem
leōne
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
lapidēs
lapidum
lapidibus
lapidēs
lapidibus
leōnēs
leōnum
leōnibus
leōnēs
leōnibus
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
tempus, n
tempus
temporis
temporī
tempus
tempore
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
tempora
temporum
temporibus
tempora
temporibus
time
nomen, n
name
nōmen
nōminis
nōminī
nōmen
nōmine
nōmina
nōminum
nōminibus
nōmina
nōminibus
79
Section III. The Third Declension - i Stems
There is another class of third declension nouns which grammarians call “i stems.” They
are slightly troublesome because rules for them are not logical (but a lot of grammar is not). Nor
should you have any difficulty if you learn the rules. Perhaps their chief importance is that third
declension adjectives are “i stems.”
All “i stem” nouns have the genitive plural in -ium instead of -um. They fall under the
following categories:
1.
2.
Nouns whose stems end in two consonants:
(the genitive less -is)
N + G sing.
G pl.
urbs, urbis, f
cor, cordis, n
urbium
cordium
Nouns which have the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive:
avis, avis, f
ignis, ignis, m
nubēs, nubis, f
3.
city
heart
avium
ignium
nubium
bird
fire
cloud
Neuters which end in -e, -al or -ar are pure i stems:
mare, maris, n
animal, animālis, n
calcar, calcāris, n
marium
animālium
calcārium
sea
animal
spur
These neuters also have -i instead of -e in the ablative singular and -ia in the nominative
and accusative plural.
urbs, f
city
avis, f
urbs
urbis
urbī
urbem
urbe
avis
avis
avī
avem
ave
urbēs
urbium
avēs
avium
bird
80
urbibus
urbēs
urbibus
cor, n
avibus
avēs
avibus
heart
*mare, n
cor
cordis
cordī
cor
corde
mare
maris
marī
mare
marī
corda
cordium
cordibus
corda
cordibus
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus
*animal,
animal
sea
*calcar, n
animal
animālis
animalī
animal
animalī
calcar
calcāris
calcārī
calcar
calcārī
animālia
animālium
animālibus
animālia
animālibus
calcāria
calcārium
calcāribus
calcāria
calcāribus
spur
Note: Exceptions to the i stem rule are frater, mater and pater in the vocabulary of Part I.
_______________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Vocabulary
Part I
These will all be third declension words: many of them. Note how different they are but remember that the genitive minus the -is ending is the stem. Remember also the rules for
neuter nouns.
amor, amōris, m
carmen, carminis, n
corpus, corporis, n
love
poem, song
body
81
dux, dūcis, m
frater, fratris, m
genus, generis, n
holus, holeris, n
homō, hominis, m
leader, general
brother
kind, class, race
vegetable
man, human being
lapis, lapidis, m
leō, leōnis, m
lēx, lēgis, f
mater, matris, f
mulier, mulieris, f
stone
lion, the constellation Leo
law
mother
woman
nōmen, nōminis, n
opus, operis, n
pater, patris, m
pēs, pedis, m
ratiō, ratiōnis, f
name, noun
work
father
foot
reason, calculation
soror, sorōris, f
sister
tellūs, tellūris, f
earth, globe
tempestas, tempestātis, f
weather, storm
tempus, temporis, n
time
virtūs, virtutis, f
courage, virtue
________________________________________________________________________
Part II
Nouns - i stems
animal, animālis, n
avis, avis, f
ars, artis, f
calcar, calcāris, n
carō, carnis, f
animal
bird
art
spur
flesh, meat
cīvis, cīvis, m
cor, cordis, n
fons, fontis, m
hostis, hostis, m
ignis, ignis, m
citizen
heart
fountain, spring
enemy
fire
mare, maris, n
mens, mentis, f
mons, montis, m
nāvis, nāvis, f
nox, noctis, f
sea
mind, intellect
mountain
ship
night
82
nūbes, nūbis, f
cloud
ovis, ovis, f
sheep
pars, partis, f
part, share, region
piscis, piscis, m
fish, Pisces the constellation
pons, pontis, m
bridge
urbs, urbis, f
city
________________________________________________________________________
Verbs
adiuvō (adiuvāre, adiuvī, adiutus)
monstrō (monstrāre, monstrāvī, monstrātus)
volō (volāre, volāvī, volātus)
help
show
fly
Other words
causā (+ genitive)
nondum
cūr?
dum
quando?
quōmodo?
for the sake of
not yet
why?
while, until
when?
how?
Note 1: The English cognates are generally formed from the stems, i.e., genitive, corporal,
generic, lapidary, legal, and temporal.
Note 2: In the third declension nouns above, the genitive has one more syllable than the
nominative.
Note 3: There are here six words (and there are more) with nominatives ending in -us.
Memorize the stems and give the right endings. Nothing is more irritating than to have opus,
tempus and virtus declined in the second declension.
____________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Exercises
Part I
A. Decline amor, amōris, m.
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
83
Decline mater, matris, f.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline opus, operis, n.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
Plural
B. Translate the following nouns or noun phrases
1. leader (acc. sing.) ________________________________
2. with poems (abl. w/o cum) _________________________
3. against the brother _______________________________
4. concerning the law ________________________________
5. vegetables (acc. pl.) _________________________________
6. to the woman (indirect object) ____________________________
7. of the sister _______________________________
8. away from the earth __________________________________
9. on account of the courage _________________________________________
10. among the stones _______________________________________
11. names (nom. pl.) _________________________________________
12. kind, class, race (nom. sing.) ___________________________________
Noun-Adjective Pairs (Remember that your adjective will have 1st and 2nd declension endings
while your noun will have 3rd declension endings. They will still agree in case, gender, and
number)
1. many fathers (abl. pl.) ____________________________
84
2. famous race (acc. sing.) __________________________
3. large stones (acc. pl. )________________________________
4. harsh law (abl. sing.) __________________________________
5. beloved sister (nom. sing.) ___________________________________
6. foul weather (gen. sing.)________________________________________
7. evil lions (gen. pl. )_________________________________________
8. miserable leaders (dat. pl. ) _____________________________________
9. tired mother (acc. sing. )_____________________________________
10. small vegetables (nom. pl. )____________________________
11. few bodies (acc. pl. ) __________________________________________
12. pretty song (dat. sing. ) _________________________________________
Translate the following phrases.
1. At the house of the good sisters …………….............................................................
2. Gross feet (Ac)............................................................................................................
3. Free time (Ac).............................................................................................................
4. Against good leaders...................................................................................................
5. On behalf of a great name...........................................................................................
6. Of many vegetables....................................................................................................
7. For the big lion (D).....................................................................................................
8. With many stones........................................................................................................
9. Big brothers (N)..........................................................................................................
10. Among unfortunate men............................................................................................
C. Translate into Latin.
1. The brothers and the sisters eat many vegetables at the table.
........................................................................................................................................
85
2. Can the good name of the leader overcome the causes of a good war?
.......................................................................................................................................
3. The evil sisters are destroying the reputation of a few good men.
…………………………………………………………………………………….….
4. Love can overcome the evil words of the teacher.
......................................................................................................................................
5. Reason teaches men courage.
......................................................................................................................................
6. Bad weather on the earth can destroy both men and animals.
......................................................................................................................................
7. Many stones can destroy the tender body.
......................................................................................................................................
8. Both sisters and brothers help (their) mothers and fathers.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. The poet often sings beautiful songs about the class of men on earth.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. We do not hesitate to praise the good leader on account of his courage in war.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
11. You all will be able to see the names of famous men on the stones in the town.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. The leader demonstrates the virtue of good laws to the people.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
86
D. Translate (this time Latin into English).
1. De montibus fontibusque pulchrīs saepe pater cogitat.
......................................................................................................................................
2. In temporibus periculī, bonī hominēs auxilium rogāre debent.
......................................................................................................................................
3. Sub legibus miseris etiam bonī timent.
........................................................................................................................................
4. Pontes Romani in noctibus claris pulchri sunt.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5.Quomodo tellurem in tempestate malā vidēre possumus?
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Section VI. Exercises for i stems
Part II
A. Decline nox, noctis, f
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline navis, navis, f
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline mare, maris, n
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Plural
Plural
Plural
87
Acc.
Abl.
B. Translate.
1. Of beautiful bridges.....................................................................................................
2. In a rough sea...............................................................................................................
3. The eggs of big animals...............................................................................................
4. Small animals...............................................................................................................
6. A dear heart..................................................................................................................
7. Love of many arts.........................................................................................................
8. Star of the sea...............................................................................................................
9. Among the high mountains..........................................................................................
10. In good Roman ships..................................................................................................
B. Translate.
1. Cūr avēs magnae volāre nōn possunt?
......................................................................................................................................
2. Quandō erunt bonī civēs in urbibus magnīs?
......................................................................................................................................
3. Crabs are from the sea but goats are from the high mountains.
......................................................................................................................................
4. The laws of good citizens do not yet warn enemies against wars.
......................................................................................................................................
5. Sailors, even in big ships, fear the deep sea.
......................................................................................................................................
88
Fabula – Third Declension Nouns – Part One and Two – Tempestas!!!!
Hodie, in urbe multi homines timent. Tempestas magna cras erit. Nunc dux
homines in vias vocat. “Cives, Popule Romane, sum dux. Magna tempestas cras
erit in urbe. Nunc tempus est. Rationem habeo. Festinate ad hortos et agros.
Movete holera, fungos et fabas ad villas. Adiuvate amicos in agris. In villis, parate
multum cibi. Tenete virtutem.”
Homines ad villas pedibus festinant. Sorores et fratres ad agros festinant.
Servos et agricolas adiuvant et ad villas holera movent. Agricolae capros, apros,
oves et multa animalia ab agris in locum tutum movent. Animalia in montibus sub
ulmis et cedris stant. Mulieres et puellae in culinā ignem in foco habent. In igne
cibum parant.
Nunc nox est. Tempestas hīc est. Multae nubes sunt. Cives in villis sunt.
Matres patresque filios et filias adiuvant. Tempestas aspera hostis est. Cives urbis
virtutem in cordibus sperant. Cives esse tuti optant. In agris lapides volant. Mare
naves superant. Animalia timent et clamant. Urbs tempestate deletur. Cives miseri
sunt et magnum opus habent.
89
****************************************************************************
CHAPTER X
Adjectives of the Third Declension
****************************************************************************
Section I. Introduction
Adjectives of the third declension are i stems with the following qualities different from
regular third declension nouns:
-i
in the ablative singular
-ia
in the nominative and accusative plural neuter
-ium in the genitive plural
Many beginning books complicate these adjectives by giving them too many categories.
Memorize these endings:
MF
N
Singular
nom.
is
ī
em
ī
nom.
is
ī
nom.
ī
Plural
ēs
ium
ibus
ēs
ibus
ia
ium
ibus
ia
ibus
90
celer, celeris, celere
swift, quick
m
f
n
celer
celeris
celerī
celerem
celerī
celeris
celeris
celerī
celerem
celerī
celere
celeris
celerī
celere
celerī
celerēs
celerium
celeribus
celerēs
celeribus
celerēs
celerium
celeribus
celerēs
celeribus
celeria
celerium
celeribus
celeria
celeribus
Note that except for the nominative singular the masculine and feminine forms are
identical. The neuter differs only in the nominative and accusative. In the next two paradigms
the forms not identical will have an asterisk.
omnis, omnis, omne
all, every
m
f
n
omnis
omnis
omnī
omnem
omnī
omnis
omnis
omnī
omnem
omnī
omne*
omnis
omnī
omne*
omnī
omnēs
omnium
omnibus
omnēs
omnibus
omnēs
omnium
omnibus
omnēs
omnibus
omnia*
omnium
omnibus
omnia*
omnibus
ingens, ingens, ingens
huge
m
f
n
ingens
ingentis
ingentī
ingentem
ingentī
ingens
ingentis
ingentī
ingentem
ingentī
ingens
ingentis
ingentī
ingens*
ingentī
91
ingentes
ingentium
ingentibus
ingentēs
ingentibus
ingentes
ingentium
ingentibus
ingentēs
ingentibus
ingentia*
ingentium
ingentibus
ingentia*
ingentibus
Notes:
1.
Except for a few adjectives which have masculine endings in er and feminine endings in
-is, the masculine and feminine forms are identical.
2.
Third declension adjectives agree in gender and number, not endings, with the nouns they
modify.
in omnī corpore
omnium virtūtum
in villā ingentī
in every body
of all virtues
in a huge house
______________________________________________________________________________
Section II. Vocabulary
ācer, ācris, ācre
sharp, fierce
brevis, brevis, breve
brief, short
celer, celeris, celere
swift
difficilis, difficilis, difficile
difficult
dulcis, dulcis, dulce
sweet
facilis, facilis, facile
easy
fēlix, fēlix, fēlix, fēlicis (genitive)
happy
fortis, fortis, forte
brave, strong
gravis, gravis, grave
heavy, serious
gracilis, gracilis, gracile
graceful
humilis, humilis, humile
humble, low
ingens, ingens, ingens, ingentis (genitive) huge
levis, levis, leve
light, fickle
omnis, omnis, omne
all, every
puter, putris, putre
rotten
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Exercises
A. 1. How are third declension adjectives different from those of the first and second
declension?
.................................................................................................................................................
92
2. Decline the word “fierce” in all genders
Singular
masculine
feminine
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
neuter
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
B. Noun/Adjective Pairs
1. fierce anger (nom. sing.) …………………………..
2. short letter (acc. pl.) ……………………………….
3. swift birds (gen. pl.) …………………………………
4. difficult enemy (acc. sing.) ……………………………
5. sweet spring (abl. sing.) ………………………………..
6. easy work (gen. sing.) ……………………………………
7. happy citizens (abl. pl.) ……………………………………
8. brave leaders (dat. pl. ) ……………………………………..
9. heavy hearts (nom. pl.) ……………………………………….
10. graceful sheep (dat. sing.) ………………………………………..
11. humble poet (acc. sing.) …………………………………………..
12. huge elm (gen. sing.) …………………………………………..
13. fickle minds (acc. pl. )………………………………
14. all animals (nom. pl.) …………………………………………..
93
15. rotten wine (abl. sing. )………………………………….
Supply the appropriate form of the adjective.
1. sub huge ulmō
…………………………………..........................
2. vitae happy hominum
..............................................................................
3. odium rotten holerum
..............................................................................
4. otium sweet est
..............................................................................
5. brave viri happy sunt
..............................................................................
6. corda all
..............................................................................
7. soror non est swift
..............................................................................
8. viae urbium large sunt difficult
..............................................................................
9. sweet aquae sunt few
..............................................................................
10. vītae many sunt good
..............................................................................
11. amant vīna sweet
..............................................................................
12. brief vitae sunt bad
..............................................................................
13. fierce hostes vidēs
..............................................................................
14. periculum of all temporum
..............................................................................
15. in humō low state
..............................................................................
C. Translate the following.
1. The lives of brave men can overcome all vices.
…………………………………………………………..........................................................
2. The food of humble men is beans, vegetables, rotten meat and bad wine.
..................................................................................................................................................
94
3. We cannot love difficult men even if they are fortunate.
…………………………………………………………..........................................................
4. The enemy of all free citizens is a fickle leader.
..................................................................................................................................................
5. The spur of virtue was hatred of vice.
..................................................................................................................................................
6. A swift war can destroy many lives. A strong leader can help many citizens.
..................................................................................................................................................
7. In good time all should work with minds and bodies.
..................................................................................................................................................
8. A few humble men can teach many things.
..................................................................................................................................................
9. All men and women should see the dangers of a brief life.
..................................................................................................................................................
10. Yesterday there was a huge lion in the elm tree.
..................................................................................................................................................
D. Translate.
1. In omnī periculō.......................................................................................................................
2. Ad partēs difficilēs...................................................................................................................
3. Femina celeris..........................................................................................................................
4. Cor leve…................................................................................................................................
5. Odium humilium hominum.....................................................................................................
95
6. In pecuniā fēlix est sed nōn in vītā.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. In mensā musca ingens est.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. Ingentēs leōnēs in montibus sunt.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. Dē nubibus, tellure marīque nihil cogitāmus.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Temporibus bonīs vitās brevēs hominum vidēmus.
.............................................................................................................................................
E. Fabula de Bello Punico
Carthago urbs in Africā est. Dux fortis, Hannibal, in urbe habitat. Populum Romanum
Hannibal non amat. Omnes Romanos superare optat.
Pater Hannibalis, Hamilcar, etiam acer hostis Romanis civibus est. In bello difficili,
Hamilcar et viri naves ingentes in mari habent. Hamilcar insulam Siciliam habēre optat. In
mari contra Romanos navibus et gladiis Hamilcar et viri pugnant. Bellum difficile et grave
est. Hamilcar hominibus vocat, “Nunc pugnare tempus est! Superate putres cives
Romanos! Pugnate magnā cum virtute. Opus difficile est sed naves ingentes celeres sunt.
Tempestas contra Romanos sumus.”
Naves Romanorum autem etiam celeres sunt atque ducem acrem Hamilcarem cives et
96
duces Romani superare possunt. Hamilcar non felix est. Pater filium, Hannibalem vocat,
“Filī, Romani hostes sunt. Mente et arte, Romanos delē. Semper odium contra Romanos
erit.”
In secundo bello, Hannibal contra Romanos animalibus pugnat. Hannibal et viri in
montibus sunt cum animalibus. Via difficilis est. Tempestas mala est et multae nubes sunt.
Viri fortes sunt. Hannibal urbem Romam vidēre optat. Cives urbis Romae timent. Urbs
Roma, autem, non deletur. Viri Hannibalem monent et Hannibal delēre urbem Romam
dubitat.
97
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XI
The Comparison of Adjectives
***************************************************************************
Section I. Introduction
Adjectives (and adverbs) have a positive, comparative and superlative degree. In English
it is big, bigger, biggest or beautiful, more beautiful and most beautiful.
The positive degree of the adjective indicates the fundamental or the basic quality or
quantity of the noun which is modified: Marcus is big.
Another noun may have more of this quantity or you may want to express that a noun has
more than the usual degree of this quantity. Marcus is bigger than Quintus or Marcus is rather
(quite or comparatively) big; this is the comparative degree of the adjective.
Finally, if the noun possesses the greatest degree of the quality among three or more or a
whole group, or if the noun has an unusual degree of the quality, it is expressed by the
superlative. Marcus is the tallest or Marcus is very (or extremely) tall.
In English there are irregular comparisons and words which sound strange with the
addition of -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative like beautiful (or bashful) more
beautiful or most or very beautiful. (Do not make the mistake a student made when he compared
beautiful (The spelling is phonetic) be-yutiful, be-more-yutiful, be-most-yutiful.)
Section II. The Comparative Degree
In Latin the usual way of forming the comparative of the adjective is by adding -ior (M
& F) -ius (N) to the stem (genitive singular minus the declension ending) and declining it as a
third declension noun.
Example:
altus (tall)
fortis (brave)
M&F
N
altior (taller)
fortior
altius (taller)
fortius
98
altus-a-um
(high, tall)
altior (M & F)
altius (N)
(rather high, tall)
fortis -e brave; fortior, fortius, braver, rather brave
felix - happy; felicior, felicius, happier, rather happy
The comparative degree of adjectives are not i stems as other adjectives of the declension. The
ablative singular ends in e, the nominative and accusative plurals in a, and the genitive plural in
um.
M&F
N
M&F
N
N
G
D
AC
AB
altior
altiōris
altiōrī
altiōrem
altiōre
altius
altiōris
altiōrī
altius
altiōre
fortior
fortiōris
fortiōrī
fortiōrem
fortiōre
fortius
fortiōris
fortiōrī
fortius
fortiōre
N
G
D
AC
AB
altiōres
altiōrum
altioribus
altiōres
altioribus
altiōra
altiōrum
altioribus
altiōra
altioribus
fortiōres
fortiōrum
fortioribus
fortiōres
fortiōribus
fortiōra
fortiōrum
fortioribus
fortiōra
fortioribus
Section III. The Superlative Degree
The superlative degree of the adjective is formed by adding -issimus (a, um) to the stem
of the adjective. All superlatives are adjectives of the first and second declension.
altissimus -a -um
fortissimus -a -um
felicissimus -a -um
tallest, highest, very high
bravest, very brave
happiest, very happy
But:
1. Adjectives ending in er form superlative by adding -rimus instead of -issimus.
Positive
ācer
asper
celer
liber
miser
pulcher
puter
tener
Comparative
ācrior (ius)
asperior (ius)
celerior (ius)
liberior (ius)
miserior (ius)
pulchrior (ius)
putrior (ius)
tenerior (ius)
Superlative
acerrimus
asperrimus
celerrimus
liberrimus
miserrimus
pulcherrimus
puterrimus
tenerrimus
99
2.
Six adjectives ending in -ilis. They form the superlative by adding -limus to the stem of
the positive. They are facilis - easy; difficilis - difficult; similis - like; dissimilis unlike; gracilis - graceful; humilis - low.
difficilis –ē
facilis –ē
difficilior (ius)
facilior (ius)
difficillimus -a -um
facillimus -a -um
Section IV. Irregular Comparisons
As in English (good, better, best), Latin has a few adjectives that are thoroughly irregular.
Once you have the forms the inflection is regular.
Positive
bonus, a-um (good)
malus, a-um (bad)
magnus, a-um
(large, great)
parvus, a-um (small)
multus, a-um (much)
Comparative
melior, ius (better)
peior, peius (worse)
maior, maius (larger)
superior, superius
(higher, greater)
minor, minus
(smaller, less)
plūs* (more)
Superlative
optimus, a-um (best)
pessimus, a-um(worst)
maximus, a-um(largest)
summus-a-um (highest
or greatest)
minimus a-um
(smallest, least)
plūrimus, a-um (most)
*In the singular plus, pluris is a neuter noun followed by a genitive: plus pecūniae - more
money. The plural (plurēs-plura) is an adjective.
**These comparatives do not have a positive, but are used in the comparative and superlative.
Section V. The Adverb Quam
1.
Quam is an adverb used with the comparative meaning than.
Melior quam Marcus est.
He is better than Marcus.
2.
Quam used with the superlative is “as...as possible.”
Quam felicissima est.
She is as happy as possible.
Quam plurimum
as much as possible
Note: Watch your English in the comparative used with quam; English usage has gotten sloppy.
John is taller than I (not me).
John is better than he (not him).
The translation is quam ego (than I), quam is (than he).
100
Section VI. Vocabulary
dissimilis, dissimilis, dissimile
unlike
maior, maius
larger, greater, older
maximus –a – um
largest, greatest
melior, melius
better
minimus –a – um
smallest, least
minor, minus
smaller, less
optimus –a – um
best
peior peius
worse
pessimus –a – um
worst
plūrēs, plūra
more (plural)
plūrimus –a – um
most, very, many
plūs, plūris
more –of a genitive
similes, similis, simile
similar, like
summus –a – um
highest
superior, superius
higher, greater
___________________________________________________________________________
Section VII. Exercises
A. Give the nominative singular of the following adjectives in the positive, comparative and
superlative degrees.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1. free...............................................................................................................................................
2. sweet............................................................................................................................................
3. happy............................................................................................................................................
4. low................................................................................................................................................
5. gross.............................................................................................................................................
6. rough ...........................................................................................................................................
7. easy..............................................................................................................................................
8. strong............................................................................................................................................
9. swift ........................................................................................................................................
10. difficult.........................................................................................................................................
11. heavy, serious .............................................................................................................................
12. high..............................................................................................................................................
13. true...............................................................................................................................................
101
B. Write the irregular adjective chart in all degrees
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1. Good ……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Bad …………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Large, Great ………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Small ……………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Much……………………………………………………………………………………….
C. Decline brevis in the comparative degree
Singular
Plural
MF/N
MF/N
N
G
D
Acc
Abl
D. Decline ingens in the superlative degree
M
F
N
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
E. Translate the following.
1. maxima urbs.............................................................................................................
2. altissima ulmus.........................................................................................................
3. erat quam pulcherrima..............................................................................................
102
4. terrae plus..................................................................................................................
5. puer gracillimus........................................................................................................
6. nōmen melius............................................................................................................
7. ulmus gracillima.......................................................................................................
8. humillima fama.........................................................................................................
9. maxima avis..............................................................................................................
10. tempus maximum.....................................................................................................
11. frātres minōres..........................................................................................................
12. puella clarior.............................................................................................................
13. nauta foedior.............................................................................................................
14. ovum puterrimum.....................................................................................................
F. Translate.
1. Rōma est propior quam Athēnae.
.....................................................................................................................................
2. Puellae sunt quam felicissimae.
......................................................................................................................................
3. Caprī sunt putriōres quam agni.
........................................................................................................................................
4. Plus otiī quam Marcus habeō.
....................................................................................................................................
5. Pecūnia melior est quam nihil.
....................................................................................................................................
103
6. Anna est felicior quam Julia.
....................................................................................................................................
7. Tempus brevius est quam cogitātis.
.....................................................................................................................................
8. Cassius erat maximus; es minimus.
.....................................................................................................................................
9. Cancrī peiores sunt quam ova.
.....................................................................................................................................
10. Omnes Romanae quam gracillimae sunt.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
G. Translate into Latin.
1. We are all as happy as possible.
.....................................................................................................................................
2. Julia is smaller than Mark.
.....................................................................................................................................
3. The mountain is rather large.
.....................................................................................................................................
4. He is the grossest of all men.
.....................................................................................................................................
5. The names of the sisters are longer than the names of the brothers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. In the largest city, the citizens have more courage.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
104
7. The largest bridge in the city is also the strongest.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. The song of the poet is the prettiest of all.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The citizens are swifter than the enemies.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. The work of the best leader is easier than the work of the most humble farmer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Marcus eats more food than Brutus but Marcus is lighter than Brutus.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. On the highest mountain the stones are larger than lions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. The feet of my sister are smaller than the feet of my brother.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. They are the most graceful women in the city.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Haec fabula optima est!!!!!! Roma melior quam Carthago8 est.
Scipio, dux clarissimus Romanus Hannibalem,
ducem fortissimum Carthaginiensem9 in urbe in Asiā videt.
Hannibal, hostis pessimus contra Romanos,
maxima opera amicis, civibus in Asiā, monstrat.
Homines de periculis Romanorum Hannibal monet.
8
9
Carthago, Carthaginis, f. the city of Carthage – in Northern Africa
Carthaginiensis, Carthaginiensis – adj. third declension - Carthaginian
105
Rogat,
“Optatisne auxilium contra puterrima vitia Romanorum?
Scipio cives adiuvare non potest. Sum fortior quam Scipio.”
Interea10, Scipio apud mensam stat.
Cibum, holera et fabas, manducat.
Plus vini habet.
Fortasse11 plurimum vini habet.
Scipio ad Hannibalem ambulat.
Clamat, “Hannibal, tenes nihil rationis!
Habeo plus virtutis quam tu! Sum maximus dux in tellure!
Genus Romanum optimum est.
Clarus Aeneas pater Italiae erat.
Acer Romulus pater Romanorum erat.
Etiam leges Romanae meliores sunt quam leges Carthaginienses.
Viri acriores sunt Romae12 quam viri Carthagini13.
Vinum Romae dulcius est quam vinum Carthagini.
Equi Romani celeriores sunt quam equi Carthaginienses.
Omnes cives Romani in maximā urbe habitant.
Urbs ingens est. Vita dulcis et facilior Romanis est.
Vita Carthaginiensibus peior et asperior est.
10
Interea - meanwhile
fortasse – perhaps
12
Romae – in Rome
13
Carthagini – in Carthage
11
106
Numquam eris dux optimus in tellure.
Romani Carthaginienses superant et Carthaginem delent.
Nunc nihil Carthagini est.
Nunc cives Carthaginienses humillimi et miseri sunt.
Tace, Hannibal. Roma summa est.”
107
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XII
Review
***************************************************************************
Section I. Paradigms and observations of the first three declensions
The first three declensions include by far the largest numbers of nouns. The third
declensions are more difficult than those which preceded or follow. Here is a recapitulation of
the declensions.
Feminine
I
III
Masculine
Neuter
hortus
hortī
hortō
hortum
hortō
periculum
periculī
periculō
periculum
periculō
puellae
puellārum
puellīs
paellās
puellīs
hortī
hortōrum
hortīs
hortōs
hortīs
pericula
periculōrum
periculīs
pericula
periculīs
virtūs (f)
virtūtis
virtūtī
virtūtem
virtūte
leō (m)
leōnis
leōnī
leōnem
leōne
tempus (n)
temporis
temporī
tempus
tempore
virtūtēs
virtūtum
virtūtibus
virtūtēs
virtūtibus
leōnēs
leōnum
leōnibus
leōnēs
leōnibus
tempora
temporum
temporibus
tempora
temporibus
puella
puellae
puellae
puellam
puellā
II
108
i stems
urbs (f)
urbis
urbī
urbem
urbē
urbēs
urbium
urbibus
urbēs
urbibus
mare (n)
maris
marī
mare
marī
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus
From these models, some observations can be made that may help you identify noun forms.
1.
Singular forms
The dative and ablative singular end in a vowel.
The accusative singular ends in -m except for neuters of the third declension whose
nominatives may end in other letters.
Neuter nouns have the same nominative and accusative.
2.
Plural forms
The dative and ablative plural have the same form -is in the first and second declension,
-bus for the third.
The genitive plural of all declensions is: -um/ -ārum/ -ōrum/ - ium.
3.
Neuter nouns end in -a in the nominative and accusative plural.
Section II. Adjectives of the third declension and the comparison of adjectives
1.
Third declension adjectives in the positive degree are i stems. They have i in the ablative
singular -ia in the neuter nominative and accusative plural and -ium in the genitive
plural.
2.
The comparative degree of the adjective adds -ior, ius to the stem, and is a third
declension adjective. The comparative degree, however is not an i stem.
109
Section II. Adverbs
In English, most adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly to the adjective:
quick, quickly; tender, tenderly. There are some irregular adjectives/adverbs like good and well,
though one often hears I did good, or worse, I done good. There are also those adverbs like very,
now and those given in previous lessons which do not have adjective equivalents. To form an
adverb from an adjective in Latin apply the following rules:
1.
Adjectives of the first and second declension form adverbs by adding an e to the stem:
tutus
pulcher
asper
2.
safe
beautiful
rough
tutē
pulchrē
asperē
safely
beautifully
roughly
Adjectives of the third declension usually add -iter to the stem:
acer, acriter
felix, feliciter
sharp, sharply
happy, happily
But stems ending in -nt, add -ter to the stem:
ingens, ingenter
110
Adjectives ending in -lis form adverbs from the neuter nominative singular:
facilis, facile
Some exceptions:
bonus
magnus
multus
parvus
3.
good
great
much
little
bene
magnopere
multum
parum
well
greatly
much, a lot
little
The comparison of adverbs:
Adverbs that derive from adjectives (and some others) are compared and are generally
consistent with the corresponding adjective forms.
The comparative degree of the adverb is the same as the neuter nominative and
accusative of the adjective.
The superlative is formed by adding -e to the superlative stem of the adjective.
carē
carius
carissimē
dearly
rather dearly
very dearly
fortiter
fortius
fortissimē
bravely
more bravely
very bravely
pulchrē
pulchrius
pulcherrimē
prettily (nicely)
rather nicely
very nicely
The irregulars are:
bene
melius
optimē
well
better
best, very well
malē
peius
pessimē
badly
worse
the worst, very badly
magnopere
magis
maximē
greatly
rather more
very greatly
multum
plus
plurimum
much
more (quantity)
very much, most
parum
minus
minimē
little
less
least
Diū (for a long time), prope (near), and saepe (often), have no adjective equivalent, but
form their comparisons regularly (diutius, diutissimē; saepius, saepissimē).
111
Quam with the superlative of the adverb is also as...as possible - quam saepissimē, as
often as possible; quam pessimē, as badly as possible.
Section III. Roman Trivia
Roman Magistrates
The consuls, two in number, were elected each year and had the highest power called
imperium, which included command of the army. In many ways, they were equivalent to our
president.
The praetors, elected annually, were in charge of the administration of justice. By the
Punic Wars, there were six and twelve by the time of Augustus.
Curule aediles, elected every year, were in charge of public games, the police and fire
departments and in the distribution of grain to the poor. There were two of them.
Quaestors were in charge of the treasury and the number increased as the empire
expanded. It was an annual office, but one of those preparatory to being a candidate for consul.
The tribunes of the people originally were protectors of the people (plebs) against the
patricians or senatorial class. They could halt action of the senate by a veto, which they used to
gain power for the plebs.
The censors, two in number, were elected and drew up lists of the senate and citizens.
They could degrade or censure any citizen considered to have been worthy of such disgrace.
Section IV. Vocabulary – mostly food
cāseus, i
olea, ae
oliva, ae
pomum, ī
panis, panis
pax, pacis
uva, ae
m
f
f
n
m
f
f
cheese
olive, olive tree
olive, olive tree
fruit of any kind
bread
peace
grape
112
Section V. Exercises
A. Write out the irregular adverb chart.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus ……………………………………………………………………………….
malus ……………………………………………………………………………….
magnus ……………………………………………………………………………..
parvus ……………………………………………………………………………….
multus ………………………………………………………………………………..
facilis ………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Write the comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs for each positive adjective.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
brevis _______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
ignavus ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
fidelis ________________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
facilis ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
acris ________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
liber ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
lentus ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
diligens _____________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
similis _____________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
113
miser ______________________________________________________________
Adv. _______________________________________________________________________
C. Form adverbs from the following adjectives.
1. good.....................................................................................................................................
2. true.......................................................................................................................................
3. gross.....................................................................................................................................
4. wretched...............................................................................................................................
5. rotten....................................................................................................................................
6. huge......................................................................................................................................
7. brief......................................................................................................................................
8. brave....................................................................................................................................
9. easy......................................................................................................................................
10. dear....................................................................................................................................
11. sweet..................................................................................................................................
12. free.....................................................................................................................................
13. great...................................................................................................................................
14. bad.....................................................................................................................................
15. happy.................................................................................................................................
Section IV. Roman Trivia
This may be the right time to introduce the Roman gods and to give you their job and
their Greek equivalent. It is sometimes confusing because the gods served different functions
that often seem contradictory.
114
Roman God
Greek God
Job
Jupiter
Juno
Neptune
Apollo
Diana
Venus
Vulcan
Mercury
Minerva
Vesta
Bacchus (Liber)
Ceres
Mars
Zeus
Hera
Poseidon
Apollo
Artemis
Aphrodite
Hephaistos
Hermes
Athena
Hestia
Dionysus
Demeter
Ares
Head god, thunder
Jupiter's wife, the family
The sea
The sun, poetry, archery, prophecy
The moon, hunting
Love
Crafts, fire
Messenger of the gods
War, weaving, wisdom, the olive
The Hearth
Wine, ecstasy
Grain, agriculture
War
Section V. Vocabulary
arbor, arboris, f
flos, floris, m
iter, itineris, n
longus-a-um
tree
flower
journey, passage, march
long
Section V. Exercises
Even though you may not have all the words in your vocabulary, they have English
cognates which will help you. In translating from Latin, always begin with the verb. It will tell
you who is doing the action. Unless it ends in -t or –nt, the subject is contained in the verb. If
the verb ends in -t or –nt, either the subject is contained in the verb or there is a nominative
elsewhere in the sentence. In sayings or mottoes, the verb is often omitted.
A. Translate.
1. Fāma volat.
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Dum spirō, sperō. (spirō, spirāre: breathe)
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Bis dat qui cito dat. (qui: who) (cito: quickly)
115
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Errāre est humānum.
......................................................................................................................................................
5. Labōrāre est orāre. (to pray)
......................................................................................................................................................
6. In vinō veritās.
......................................................................................................................................................
7. Mens sāna* in corpore sāno.*
......................................................................................................................................................
8. Ars longa, vīta brevis.
......................................................................................................................................................
9. Nihil sine magnō labōre vīta mortalibus* dat.
......................................................................................................................................................
B. Translate.
1. Hodiē adsum, heri aberam, crās aderō.
..................................................................................................................................................
2. Dulce est nāre in marī.
..................................................................................................................................................
3. Sine vinō ciboque vita nōn esse fēlix potest.
..................................................................................................................................................
4. Donō optimō dulcique saepe deerat.
..................................................................................................................................................
5. Fortīssimīs virīs praeerat.
116
..................................................................................................................................................
6. Omnibus verbīs verīs deerant.
..................................................................................................................................................
7. In urbe bonā aquae numquam desumus.
..................................................................................................................................................
8. Fabās et holera dē hortō ducis gustāre debētis.
..................................................................................................................................................
9. Agrōs hostium delēre debēmus.
..................................................................................................................................................
10. Pars insulae aquae dulcī semel deerat.
..................................................................................................................................................
11. Julius fortior quam Marcus erat.
..................................................................................................................................................
12. Iter vitae longum et difficile est.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Pueri et puellae flores patri matrique dant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Julia pulchrior erat, mater autem pulcherrima omnium.
.................................................................................................................................................
C. Translate into Latin.
1. The journey to the city can be very swift.
117
.................................................................................................................................................
2. While time is flying there are rather fierce fires in the city.
.................................................................................................................................................
3. For the sake of a brief word he was not able to warn (his) sister about the danger.
.................................................................................................................................................
4. Today he will be able to eat beans and wine in the sister’s kitchen.
.................................................................................................................................................
5. They should move more stone from the tall mountains to the city.
.................................................................................................................................................
6. Nothing can move a very brave man.
.................................................................................................................................................
7. A good name will always be rather dear to the leader's father.
.................................................................................................................................................
8. Why does he sing to the trees, birds and animals?
.................................................................................................................................................
9. At the table of the leader we could eat big fish.
.................................................................................................................................................
10. The brave heart can overcome all things.
................................................................................................................................................
118
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XIII
The Third Conjugation
Present Tense, Infinitive and Imperative
***************************************************************************
We've concentrated on nouns and adjectives and it's time for more action: Verbs.
The first two conjugations presented only the difficulty of endings; getting used to the o,
s, t, mus, tis, nt without the expressed subject I, you or we. The verbs esse (to be) and posse (to
be able) are no worse than in English and retain the m, s, t pattern of all Latin verbs.
Section I. The Third Conjugation, General Observations
The third conjugation, like the third declension, presents certain difficulties for the
beginning student. Among them are:
1.
The infinitive - The signature of the third conjugation is -ere which looks the same as the
-ere of the second conjugation except the first e is short. The infinitive word accent goes
back to the antepenult: mittere and ducere instead of habēre and movēre. The first e
looks the same, but the sound differs in length. We will keep the long mark over the
second conjugation infinitive so don't panic! (Yet!)
2.
The principal parts, like the third declension, are very interesting.
3.
There is a sub-category, -iō verbs, which some texts make more complicated than
necessary.
4.
In the present tense there is great movement of vowels from o to i to u.
5.
There are a lot of third conjugation verbs so here goes:
-ō
-is
-it
-imus
-itis
-unt
119
Section II. Examples
mittere
to send
mitt ō
mitt is
mitt it
mitt imus
mitt itis
mitt unt
I send
you send
he (she, it) sends
we send
you (all) send
they send
ducere
to lead
dūc ō
dūc is
dūc it
dūc imus
dūc itis
dūc unt
I lead
you lead
he (she, it) leads
we lead
you (all) lead
they lead
capere
to take
cap iō
cap is
cap it
cap imus
cap itis
cap iunt
I take
you take
he (she, it) takes
we take
you (all) take
they take
Note that the verb capio differs from mitto or duco only in the first person singular and the third
person plural. Each of those forms contains and extra –i.
The Imperative
mitte!
mittite!
send!
send! (all of you)
dūc!*
dūcite!
lead!
lead! (all of you)
cape!
capite!
take!
take! (all of you)
*duco, together with dico (say) and facio (do), have irregular singular imperatives ending in c.
dūc! (lead!)
dīc! (say!)
fac! (do!)
120
Third Conjugation Passive Present
mittere
to send
mitt ōr
mitt eris
mitt itur
mitt imur
mitt imini
mitt untur
I am sent
you are sent
he (she, it) is sent
we are sent
you (all) are sent
they are sent
ducere
to lead
dūc ōr
dūc eris
dūc itur
dūc imur
dūc imini
dūc untur
I am led
you are led
he (she, it) is led
we are led
you (all) led
they are led
capere
to take
cap iōr
cap eris
cap itur
cap imur
cap imini
cap iuntur
I am taken
you are taken
he (she, it) is taken
we are taken
you (all) are taken
they are taken
Section III. Vocabulary
agō, agere, egī, actus
bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitus
capiō, capere, cepī, captus 3io
coquō, coquere, coxī, coctus
dīcō, dicere, dīxī, dictus
dūcō, dūcere, duxī, ductus
faciō, facere, fecī, factus
3io
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugiturus 3io
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus*
lacesso, lacessere, lacessivī, lacessitus
legō, legere, legī, lectus
mittō, mittere, misī, missus
petō, petere, petīvī, petitus
drive, do, lead
drink
take
cook
say, speak
lead, consider
do, make
flee
carry, wear, carry out
harass, provoke, irritate
gather, read
send
seek, attack
121
scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tactus
vincō, vincere, vicī, victus
vīvō, vīvere, vixī, victus
write
touch
conquer
live
*gero is used in many idiomatic expressions – e.g. bellum gerere means to wage war
arbor, arboris, f
flos, floris, m
iter, itineris, n
longus-a-um
tree
flower
journey, passage, march
long
____________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Exercises
Conjugate ago, agere in the present tense
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Regular Third Conjugation Practice
1. bibunt_________________
2. legimus _________________________
3. petitis ________________________________
4. coquo_________________________________
5. gerit _______________________________________
6. mittis ______________________________________
7. vincite! ____________________________________
8. duc!________________________________________
9. dic!______________________________________
10. tangere ____________________________________
11. vive!________________________________________
12. scribimus ___________________________________________
Conjugate fugio, fugere in the present tense
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
122
Third -io practice - Active
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
capite !__________________________________
faciunt ________________________________
fugis _________________________________
fugimus ___________________________________
capio __________________________________________
fac!_______________________________________
fugere _______________________________________
Translate into Latin.
1. They wage war.......................................................................................................................
2. We are drinking......................................................................................................................
3. What are they wearing?..........................................................................................................
4. You (all) do touch...................................................................................................................
5. She is reading.........................................................................................................................
6. I am living..............................................................................................................................
7. Say!........................................................................................................................................
8. Flee! (all of you)....................................................................................................................
9. To seek...................................................................................................................................
10. Read!.....................................................................................................................................
Translate.
1. Caprōs ovesque ex agrīs propter bellum agricola agit.
................................................................................................................................................
2. Māter fūngōs cum avibus ac holeribus in culinā bene coquit.
................................................................................................................................................
123
3. Ducēs cīvēsque Romānōs lacessere nōn debēs.
...............................................................................................................................................
4. Omnēs hostēs vincere nōn poterāmus.
...............................................................................................................................................
5. Pecūniam dē hominibus malīs duces optimi saepe capiunt.
...............................................................................................................................................
6. Dē duce malō dicere civis in urbe timet.
............................................................................................................................................
7. Litterās ad Romānōs hodiē hostis Carthaginiensis mittit.
............................................................................................................................................
8. Bella contra hostēs populī Romānī saepe gerunt.
............................................................................................................................................
9. In itinere ad Galliam propter montes altos, festinare non possumus.
……....................................................................................................................................
10. Equōs miserōs e montibus asperis dux et viri agere poterunt.
…………………………………………………................................................................
11. Filī, cur dicis sorori pessima?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Fortes cives hostes acres in urbe vincunt et mali hostes ad montes fugiunt.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Agricolae equos ad aquam in agris agunt. Maiores equi bibunt plus aquae quam minores.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
124
Translate into Latin.
1. The teacher writes a short letter to his father in Gaul. The father reads the letter with his
wife (woman).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. We should seek good things on the earth and in the sea, but not among the stars.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. The ugly birds are flying under the huge elms and fleeing from the anger of the farmer.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. He takes money from the miserable farmers.
............................................................................................................................................
5. A mother's heart can be rather tender, but a leader's heart should be very strong.
............................................................................................................................................
6. We are reading the letter again. You should read books.
............................................................................................................................................
7. We send pretty flowers to the women in the city.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The students are reading books concerning the laws of the citizens.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. You all wage war against the enemies in the fields.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
125
10. Do you drink much wine at the house of the poet?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Live the best life (y’all)!
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. Every bird is able to touch the clouds.
Third Conjugation Passive Present Tense Practice
Conjugate duco, ducere and capio, capere in the passive present voice
Singular
Plural
Singular
1.
2.
3.
1. Equi celeres a hominibus ad montes aguntur.
2. Asperrima verba a duce civibus dicuntur.
3. Brevis liber a poetā legitur.
4. Libri longi a optimo poetā scribuntur.
5. A acrioribus Romanis in bello vincimur.
6. (A fortiore duce) (ad Galliam) (in itinere longo) ducimini.
7. Pulchra holera in culinā igne a servo coquuntur.
8. Vinum bibitur ā omnibus viris in villā.
126
Plural
9. Litterae ad villam mittuntur.
10. Bellum contra hostes inter arbores geritur.
11. Pecunia a multis civibus petitur.
Fabula – Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar est clarissimus Romanus. Est dux acerrimus.
Caesar multos viros in itinere longo ad Galliam trans14 montes Alpes ducit.
Caesar et viri equos trans montes agunt.
Acriores viri Romani contra fortes Gallos bellum gerunt
quod cives Galli ē Helvetiā fugiunt ad Galliam Romanam.
Romani Gallos vincunt et multos homines capiunt. Caesar homines esse servos facit.
Plurimi servi mittuntur Romam15 et laborant in agris et in urbe.
Caesar paucos Gallos agit ē Galliā. Galli ad Germaniam fugiunt.
In Galliā Caesar et viri pontes ingentes faciunt.
Omnes poetae libros de Caesare scribunt. Caesar etiam libros de bello scribit.
Caesar libros Romam mittit. Verba Caesaris ab omnibus civibus legunt.
Omnes cives Caesarem non laudant.
Pauci homines dicunt, “Caesar mala contra Gallos facit.”
Catullus, poeta Romanus dicit, “Caesarem non amo. Foedissimus est.”
14
15
Trans – across – followed by accusative
Romam – acc. – to Rome
127
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
128
****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XIV
The Fourth Conjugation
īre, Present, Imperfect and Future
****************************************************************************
Section I. The Fourth Conjugation
The fourth conjugation is rather like the third conjugation. The main differences are:
1.
2.
3.
The infinitive ends in īre in which the ī is long.
The first and second person plural have a long ī which means the accent falls there.
The imperative has a long ī in both the singular and plural.
Review and Compare
IV
III
audīre - to hear, listen
capere - to take
audiō
audis
audit
audīmus
audītis
audiunt
I hear
you hear
he (she, it) hears
we hear
you (all) hear
they hear
capiō
capis
capit
capimus
capitis
capiunt
hear!
hear (all of you)!
cape
capite
Imperative
audī
audīte
129
Section II. The verb eō, īre (go) ii (ivī) itus
This verb, like dō and stō, can almost be called a minimal verb in form. The infinitive
associates it with the fourth conjugation - except eunt (below).
īre - to go
Present
ēo
is
it
īmus
itis
eunt
I go, I am going
you go
he (she, it) goes
we go
you (all) go
they go
Imperfect
ībam
ības
ībat
ībāmus
ībātis
ībant
Future
I went, I was going
ībō
ībis
ībit
ībimus
ībitis
ībunt
I will go
Imperative
ī
īte
go!
go! (all of you)
The verb has compounds like exeō (to go out). She goes out is exit. The compounds are
conjugated like eō plus the prefix.
_________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
Verbs formed from eō, īre
abeō, abīre, abiī (ivī), abitūrus
adeō, adīre, adiī (ivī), aditus
eō, īre, iī (ivī), itus
exeō, exīre, exiī(ivi), exitus
pereō, perīre, periī(īvī), peritūrus
redeo, redire, redii(ivi), reditus
transeō, transīre, transiī, transītus
go away, depart
approach, go to
go
go out
perish, pass away, die
return, go back
cross over, go across
130
Fourth Conjugation Verbs
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertus
open
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus
hear, listen
custodiō, custodīre, custodīvī, custodītus
keep, guard
dormiō, dormīre, dormīvi, dormītus
sleep, rest
finiō, finīre, finīvī, finītus
finish
nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī
not to know, be ignorant
scio, scire, scivi, scitus
know
sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus
feel, think
veniō, venīre, venī, ventum
come
____________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Exercises
A. Give the principal parts of the following fourth conjugation verbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
to open ________________________________________________
to hear, listen _________________________________________
to keep, guard ________________________________________
to sleep, rest ___________________________________________
to finish ______________________________________________________
to not know, be ignorant _______________________________________________
to know ___________________________________________
to feel, think ________________________________________________
to come ______________________________________________________
B. Conjugate “to come” in the present tense
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
C. Translate
1. audīmus ________________________________
2. venīte _________________________________
3. dormiunt _______________________________
4. sentītis _________________________________
5. finis _______________________________________
6. aperio _____________________________________
7. custodit ____________________________________
8. dormī _______________________________________
9. scīre ___________________________________________
131
C. Write the four principal parts of “to go”_______________________________
Write the principal parts for the verbs that come from eo, ire, ii, itus
1. to go away, depart ___________________________
2. to approach, go to ___________________________
3. to go out __________________________________
4. to perish, pass away, die ____________________________
5. to return, go back ________________________________
6. to cross over, go across ____________________________
D. Translate:
1. I will go _____________________
2. You were going _____________________
3. They go ________________________
4. You all will go __________________________
5. I am going ______________________________
6. We were going _____________________________
7. We go _____________________________________
8. He goes ________________________________
9. She will go _________________________________
10. I was going _________________________________
11. He was going ___________________________________
12. They will go __________________________________
E. Translate:
1. veniunt
..................................................................................................................
2. finī
..................................................................................................................
3. perībunt
..................................................................................................................
4. peribātis
..................................................................................................................
5. redības
..................................................................................................................
6. aberāmus
..................................................................................................................
132
7. venī
..................................................................................................................
8. sentītis
..................................................................................................................
9. adīte
..................................................................................................................
10. exibāmus
..................................................................................................................
11. aperīte
..............................................................................................................
12. abīte
..............................................................................................................
13. finīre
..............................................................................................................
14. redeunt
..............................................................................................................
15. scit
..............................................................................................................
16. transit
..............................................................................................................
F. Translate into English:
1. Bona veniunt et eunt.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Verba mala contra bonōs Romanos audīre non possum.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Potesne carmen audīre? Amorem omnium sentiō.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Mulieres fessae sunt et nunc dormire optant.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. Filiae pulchrae carmina audīmus.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Sine cibō et aquā in urbe, omnes cives perībunt.
.............................................................................................................................................
133
7. Animam aperī. Hodiē numquam redībit.
...........................................................................................................................................
8. Romani, redīte ad urbem!
………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Clam hostes adeunt ad villam ducis.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Transībamus altissimos montes in tempestate malā ad mare.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Cras ad pontem sine me non ibitis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
G. Translate into Latin:
1. Go away! I cannot hear the bad words of the leader.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. We will return tomorrow. Good friends are coming from Spain with gifts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. They are coming to Italy. Return the books to the poet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I cannot finish the work here. Therefore, I will go to the city.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I do not know the name of the highest mountain in Italy.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I feel the fire and am afraid of the weather.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
134
7. He departed with all the friends of the enemy.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Tomorrow we will cross over from Italy to France.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Who can know all the poems of the Roman poets?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. We will perish if you do not give the women help.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. The boy opens his heart to the girl but the girl does not feel love for the boy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. We do not sleep in the house but we sleep in the fields.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Come all to the city! You hear the leader. He speaks to the citizens against the enemies in
the mountains.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. The leaders always go to the city with horses.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. We were going away from the island on account of the enemy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. I will go to the highest mountain in Italy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. You (sing.) are no longer going to the ships.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
135
Fourth Conjugation Passive Voice Present Tense
1. –ior
2. –iris
3. –itur
With a verb:
1.
audior ( I am heard)
2.
audiris (you are heard)
3.
auditur (he is heard)
-imur
-imini
-iuntur
audimur (we were heard)
audimini (y’all are heard)
audiuntur (they are heard)
Practice with new verbs:
1. aperitur _____________________________
2. sciuntur _____________________________
3. finitur ________________________________
4. audimur _________________________________
5. custodiris __________________________________
6. scior ______________________________________
7. audimini ___________________________________
Translate the following sentences.
1. Urbs a civibus propter hostes non aperitur.
2. Omnes libri optimi a clarissimis poetis sciuntur.
3. Nocte carmina non audiuntur in viis urbis.
4. Filii et filiae a patribus in villā custodiuntur.
5. Audior a omnibus civibus in urbe quod clamo maximā cum voce16.
16
Vox, vocis, f. voice –third declension
136
**************************************************************************
CHAPTER XV
The Imperfect Tense, All Conjugations
**************************************************************************
Section 1. Introduction
The Latin imperfect tense has no exact equivalent in English. It is a past tense
designating incompleted, continuous, descriptive or interrupted action. (It is not the tense to sin
in, as students years ago believed.) It can be translated as: I loved, I was loving, I used to love,
and I kept loving. The four conjugations have similar endings, and they all end in -bam, -bas, bat, -bamus, -batis and -bant. Again the m, s, t, mus, tis, nt sequence. The endings sound
almost like the way noises are expressed in comic strips. A chant of these endings in class is
very good for apathy.
I
love
amābam
amābas
amābat
amabāmus
amabātis
amābant
I
you
he, she, it
we
you (all)
they
II
(loved, was loving, used to love, kept loving)
III
IV
destroy
send
take
hear
delēbam
delēbus
delēbat
delebāmus
delebātis
delēbant
mittēbam
mittēbas
mittēbat
mittebāmus
mittebātis
mittēbant
capiēbam
capiēbas
capiēbat
capiebāmus
capiebātis
capiēbant
audiēbam
audiēbas
audiēbat
audiebāmus
audiebātis
audiēbant
The first conjugation adds a before the bam; the second and third conjugations have the
e; -io verbs of the third and fourth conjugations have the -ie before the bam.
____________________________________________________________________________
137
Section II. Vocabulary
Verbs
ardeō
ardēre, arsī, arsus
burn
clepō
clepere, clepsī, cleptus
steal
haereō
haerēre, haesī, haesus
cling
micō
micāre, micuī
twinkle, glitter
nubō
nubere, nupsī, nuptus
marry (with dative) and only for a woman
rapiō
rapere, rapuī, raptus
seize, carry away
trahō
trahere, traxī, tractus
drag
in matrimonium ducere
to marry (for a man)
____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Exercises
A. Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect tense.
duco, ducere
ardeō, ardēre
Singular
Plural
Singular
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
micō, micāre
Singular
rapiō, rapere
Singular
Plural
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
B. Label the conjugation of the verb and translate.
1. I was leading __________________________________
2. She was praising_______________________________
3. They were holding ____________________________________
4. We were coming_______________________________
5. You (pl.) were remaining_________________________
6. You were making_______________________________
138
Plural
Plural
7. I was capturing________________________________
8. They were saying _______________________________
9. We were moving________________________________
10. He was overcoming _________________________________
C. Place the correct form of the verb in the imperfect in each sentence. Pay attention to the
subject in each sentence.
1. Pueri saepe in villā_________________. (maneo)
2. Femina semper bonum opus______________________ (facio)
3. Vos (you pl.) semper felices__________________. (sum)
4. Ego (I) bona magistro________________. (dico)
5. Pater filium filiamque _______________. (amo)
6. Tu (you sing.) aves in arboribus_____________. (audio)
Translate:
1. Marcō cras nubere optābas.
................................................................................................................................................
2.
Ā Caesare pecuniam clepēbant.
................................................................................................................................................
3. Ad amicam haerēbat.
................................................................................................................................................
4. Ulmi magnae in Hispaniā propter tempestates ardēbant.
................................................................................................................................................
5.
Iuliam in matrimonium ducere optō.
139
................................................................................................................................................
6.
In amōre puellae dulcis ardēbat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.
Ab hostibus acerrimīs fugiēbant.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.
Plūs pecuniae optābant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Caprōs celeres dē montibus altissimīs agēbant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
F. Translate.
10. I used to eat mushrooms, beans and vegetables.
................................................................................................................................................
11. They kept standing in the streets with swords.
...............................................................................................................................................
12. We were swimming when the wicked boys saw (our) bodies.
................................................................................................................................................
13. We were reading books when the teacher came to the house.
...........................................................................................................………………………
14. We used to go to the shores of Italy.
.....................................................................................................................................
15. He used to be afraid of the sea because of the large crabs and fish.
...............................................................................................................................................
140
16. He used to steal, but now he clings to virtue.
..............................................................................................................................................
G. Translate.
1. Pecuniam ab hostibus clepebātis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Iulia propter nomen bonum Sexto nubere optābat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Cum malīs feminīs peccābam. Nunc autem virtutem haereō.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Cives Romanī virtūte ardēbant quando hostes urbem petēbant.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Fontes Romanī quasi stellae clarae altā nocte micābant.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
H. In your own words – Using vocabulary we have learned in class, write 5 sentences that
describe things you used to do (or see, hear, love, praise, seek, etc.) when you were children.
1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
141
*****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XVI
Review and Adverbs
*****************************************************************************
Section I. Review of Verbs
The last three lessons gave you the last of the conjugations and another irregular verb. It
might be good to look at all four of them in the infinitive, the present tense and the imperative.
The present active infinitive is the signature of the conjugation in the same way that the
genitive singular is the signature of the declension. It is also the second principal part:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
amāre
habēre
mittere/capere
audīre
Present Tense
The present tense has the same personal endings in every conjugation, so that even if you
do not know the meaning of the verb, you know what person is doing the action. The first
conjugation is dominated by the vowel a, the second by long e, the third is mixed i and e and the
fourth by long i. Note that except for the long i, the third and fourth are very much alike.
I
II
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant
habeō
habēs
habet
habēmus
habētis
habent
142
III
IV
mittō
mittis
mittit
capiō
capis
capit
audiō
audīs
audit
mittimus
mittitis
mittunt
capimus
capitis
capiunt
audīmus
audītis
audiunt
The imperatives of conjugations I, II and IV show the dominant vowels of the infinitives
and should help you remember:
amā
amāte
mitte
mittite
habē
habēte
cape*
capite
audī
audīte
*Remember the exception in the sungular dīc, dūc, fac
Section II. Adverbs
In English, most adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly to the adjective:
quick, quickly; tender, tenderly. There are some irregular adjectives/adverbs like good and well,
though one often hears I did good, or worse, I done good. There are also those adverbs like very,
now and those given in previous lessons which do not have adjective equivalents. To form an
adverb from an adjective in Latin apply the following rules:
1.
Adjectives of the first and second declension form adverbs by adding an e to the stem:
tutus
pulcher
asper
2.
safe
beautiful
rough
tutē
pulchrē
asperē
safely
beautifully
roughly
Adjectives of the third declension usually add -iter to the stem:
acer, acriter
felix, feliciter
sharp, sharply
happy, happily
But stems ending in -nt, add -ter to the stem:
ingens, ingenter
143
Adjectives ending in -lis form adverbs from the neuter nominative singular:
facilis, facile
Some exceptions:
bonus
magnus
multus
parvus
3.
good
great
much
little
bene
magnopere
multum
parum
well
greatly
much, a lot
little
The comparison of adverbs:
Adverbs that derive from adjectives (and some others) are compared and are generally
consistent with the corresponding adjective forms.
The comparative degree of the adverb is the same as the neuter nominative and
accusative of the adjective.
The superlative is formed by adding -e to the superlative stem of the adjective.
carē
carius
carissimē
dearly
rather dearly
very dearly
fortiter
fortius
fortissimē
bravely
more bravely
very bravely
pulchrē
pulchrius
pulcherrimē
prettily (nicely)
rather nicely
very nicely
The irregulars are:
bene
melius
optimē
well
better
best, very well
malē
peius
pessimē
badly
worse
the worst, very badly
magnopere
magis
maximē
greatly
rather more
very greatly
multum
plus
plurimum
much
more (quantity)
very much, most
parum
minus
minimē
little
less
least
Diū (for a long time), prope (near), and saepe (often), have no adjective equivalent, but
form their comparisons regularly (diutius, diutissimē; saepius, saepissimē).
144
Quam with the superlative of the adverb is also as...as possible - quam saepissimē, as
often as possible; quam pessimē, as badly as possible.
Section III. Roman Trivia
Roman Magistrates
The consuls, two in number, were elected each year and had the highest power called
imperium, which included command of the army. In many ways, they were equivalent to our
president.
The praetors, elected annually, were in charge of the administration of justice. By the
Punic Wars, there were six and twelve by the time of Augustus.
Curule aediles, elected every year, were in charge of public games, the police and fire
departments and in the distribution of grain to the poor. There were two of them.
Quaestors were in charge of the treasury and the number increased as the empire
expanded. It was an annual office, but one of those preparatory to being a candidate for consul.
The tribunes of the people originally were protectors of the people (plebs) against the
patricians or senatorial class. They could halt action of the senate by a veto, which they used to
gain power for the plebs.
The censors, two in number, were elected and drew up lists of the senate and citizens.
They could degrade or censure any citizen considered to have been worthy of such disgrace.
Section IV. Vocabulary – mostly food
cāseus, i
olea, ae
oliva, ae
pomum, ī
panis, panis
pax, pacis
uva, ae
m
f
f
n
m
f
f
cheese
olive, olive tree
olive, olive tree
fruit of any kind
bread
peace
grape
145
Section V. Exercises
A. Write out the irregular adverb chart.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus ……………………………………………………………………………….
malus ……………………………………………………………………………….
magnus ……………………………………………………………………………..
parvus ……………………………………………………………………………….
multus ………………………………………………………………………………..
facilis ………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Write the comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs for each positive adjective.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
brevis _______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
ignavus ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
fidelis ________________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
facilis ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
acris ________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
liber ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
lentus ______________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
diligens _____________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
similis _____________________________________________________________
Adv.______________________________________________________________________
146
miser ______________________________________________________________
Adv. _______________________________________________________________________
C. Form adverbs from the following adjectives.
1. good.....................................................................................................................................
2. true.......................................................................................................................................
3. gross.....................................................................................................................................
4. wretched...............................................................................................................................
5. rotten....................................................................................................................................
6. huge......................................................................................................................................
7. brief......................................................................................................................................
8. brave....................................................................................................................................
9. easy......................................................................................................................................
10. dear....................................................................................................................................
11. sweet..................................................................................................................................
12. free.....................................................................................................................................
13. great...................................................................................................................................
14. bad.....................................................................................................................................
15. happy.................................................................................................................................
D. Supply an adverb for each of the following words (that makes sense). You cannot use the
same adverb more than twice.
1. cantābant............................................................................................................................
2. nabāmus.............................................................................................................................
3. stant....................................................................................................................................
147
4. dabātis................................................................................................................................
5. coquebātis..........................................................................................................................
6. mittimus.............................................................................................................................
7. veniēbat..............................................................................................................................
8. lacessebātis........................................................................................................................
9. amāte..................................................................................................................................
10. tangunt..............................................................................................................................
C. Translate. From this chapter the first sentence will be translated to give you a head start.
1. They used to shout a lot, but now they are silent and hope for peace.
`
Multum clamabant, sed nunc tacent et pacem optant.
2. She used to eat vegetables, cheese and fruit very quickly, but now she eats meat and bread.
............................................................................................................................................
3. Stand on the street until you see (my) brothers.
.........................................................................................................................................
4. I will go there shortly and send a letter as quickly as possible.
.........................................................................................................................................
5. For the sake of a good word I used to work well in the garden.
.........................................................................................................................................
6. We rather foolishly used to swim in the rough sea by night.
.........................................................................................................................................
7. The girl's brother remained under the elm and was shouting very bravely for help.
.........................................................................................................................................
148
8. He was driving the spurs sharply into the horse and the animal was able to flee very quickly.
.........................................................................................................................................
9. We used to read the girl's letter very often.
.........................................................................................................................................
10. They kept standing in the street and shouting again for the girl's father.
.........................................................................................................................................
11. The Roman farmers did not taste meat very often but ate bread, vegetables, fruit
and cheese at dinner.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
D. Translate.
1.
Ad Italiam ibimus et uvas, poma olivasque quam celerrime mittere possumus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. De periculis itinerum Romā ad Germaniam et Galliam saepe cogitabat.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Romani iram de legibus malis contra cives liberos sentiebant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Orpheus carmina arboribus, lapidibus et mari dulciter cantabat.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Amicos ducis inter montes altos Siciliae petebant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Caseum et panem manducabamus quando puellae redibant et cibum feliciter rogabant.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7.
Tempus non dormit sed genus hominum quam maxime dormire potest.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
149
8. Romani contra hostes urbis multa bella gerebant.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Poeta pulcher carmina propter amorem mulieris pulchrae dulciter cantabat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Nihil in vita ad cor tenerum matris respondere poterat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
150
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XVII
The End of Nouns
Fourth and Fifth Declension
***************************************************************************
The fourth and fifth declensions will be a relief after the third because not only are they
quite regular, but the fourth declension is similar to the second, and the fifth is similar to the
third. Most fourth declension nouns are masculine and most fifth are feminine.
Section I. The Fourth Declension
fructus, m - fruit
domus, f - home*
genū, n - knee
N fructus
G fructūs
D fructui
Ac fructum
Ab fructū
domus
domūs (ī)
domō (ui)
domum
domō
genū
genūs
genū
genū
genū
N fructūs
G fructuum
D fructibus
Ac fructūs
Ab fructibus
domūs
domōrum (uum)
domibus
domōs (ūs)
domibus
genua
genuum
genibus
genua
genibus
The endings of the fourth declension, when repeated in succession with emphasis, can
result in a very satisfying series of grunts.
A. Some peculiarities of the fourth declension:
There are a few feminines like domus (house), manus (hand), and tribus (tribe).
There are even fewer neuters, cornū (horn), being the other.
*Through some confusion or perhaps an ancient mistake, domus has forms in both the second
and fourth declension. The most common forms are in the paradigm.
151
Section II. The Fifth Declension
rēs, f - thing
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
rēs
reī
reī
rem
rē
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
rēs
rērum
rēbus
rēs
rēbus
*diēs (day) is masculine as is meridiēs (noon), but when diēs is a definite or appointed day, it
can be feminine.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
cornū, cornūs, n
diēs, dieī, m*
domus, domūs, f
fidēs, fideī, f
fructus, fructūs, m
horn
day
house, home
faith, trust
fruit, benefit, profit
genū, genūs, n
lacus, lacūs, m
manus, manūs, f
meridiēs, meridieī, m*
metus, metūs, m
motus, motūs, m
knee
lake
hand, band (of soldiers)
noon
fear
movement
rēs, reī, f
rēs + publica becomes:
rēs publica, rei publicae
senatus, senatūs, m
spēs, speī, f
speciēs, specieī, f
spiritus, spiritūs, m
thing, affair, case
Idioms
gratiās agō, gratiās agere + dat
poenas dare
the republic (Rome)
senate
hope, trust
appearance, beauty
breath, air, spirit
give thanks
to pay the penalty
152
Section IV. Exercises
Decline domus, domūs f. (with second declension forms as well)
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline manus, -ūs, f
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline genū, genus, n.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline rēs, reī, f.
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Decline diēs, diēī, m
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Plural
Plural
Plural
Plural
153
Translate the following noun/adjective pairs into Latin
1. large lake (nom. sing.)_____________________
2. huge horn (abl. sing) _____________________
3. humble spirit (acc. sing.)__________________
4. sweet fruit (gen. sing.)______________________
5. rotten senate (dat. sing. ) ________________________
6. difficult days (nom. pl. )_______________________
7. brief hope (nom. sing.)_______________________
8. graceful movements (abl. pl. )___________________
9. good faith (abl. sing)________________________
10. many hands (dat. pl.)__________________________
11. beautiful homes (gen. pl.)_______________________
12. new things (acc. pl.)___________________________
13. high knees (nom. pl.)___________________________
Translate.
1. A miserable horn (subj.)
..................................................................................
2. Into all good things
..................................................................................
3. With humble knees
..................................................................................
4. You are in good hands.
..................................................................................
5. Love the good days!
..................................................................................
6. With sweet hope
..................................................................................
7. On behalf of the Roman Senate
..................................................................................
8. In strong faith
..................................................................................
9. With swift movements
..................................................................................
154
10. In many homes
................................................................................
11. All fears are fleeing.
................................................................................
12. On account of true beauty
................................................................................
13. For the sake of many benefits
................................................................................
14. New things are a danger.
................................................................................
15. He sings with bad breath.
................................................................................
16. She secretly knows the faith.
................................................................................
Translate.
1. Italia clarissima est propter lacus pulchros, montes altos et cibum bonum.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Cicero rem publicam multum amabat sed fructum magnum de agris sperabat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Omnes cives Senatui romano pro omnibus fructibus dare debent.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. De motu stellārum, telluris specie et hominum fide scribebat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Duces virtutis sunt spes rei publicae in temporibus periculi.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
G. Translate.
1. The senate and the republic should give hope to all wretched citizens.
Senatus et res publica spem omnibus miseris civibus dāre debent.
2. We can hear many horns before noon and after noon. (AM/PM)
...............................................................................................................................................
155
3. Why do you deny a little profit from (my) father's money?
...............................................................................................................................................
4. Trust and hope pass away very swiftly.
...............................................................................................................................................
5. We can now know the movements of the stars.
...............................................................................................................................................
6. Home is where the heart is.
...............................................................................................................................................
7. He hopes greatly for a new day in the republic.
..............................................................................................................................................
8. For the sake of beautiful hands, she refuses to swim.
..............................................................................................................................................\
9. We should conquer fear and hatred.
..............................................................................................................................................
10. The fruit of many vices is the hatred of all good citizens.
..............................................................................................................................................
11. The lakes of Italy are very beautiful.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
156
Senatus Malus
Rēs publica metum magnopere sentiebat propter senatum. Senatus speciem speī
habebat sed populus in senatū fidem non habebat quod senatus fructūs ab
hominibus in urbibus rapiebat.
Pecuniā civium in urbibus, homines in senatū domūs ingentes apud lacum
faciebant. Homines in senatū manūs militum17 contra cives agebant. Pauci cives
in urbibus fortiter rēs contra senatum dicebant et petere senatum quam celerrime
optabant quod cum irā acriter ardebant. Dicebant, “Audīte! Senatus debet poenas
dāre!”
Multi cives, autem18, fugere nocte ab urbe ad montes et cum ovibus habitāre
optābant. Multōs diēs, cives trans pontem ab urbe fugiebant.
Unō diē, duces paucorum civium in urbe ad lacum adibant ubi homines senatūs
habitabant. Clam in genibus ad domūs hominum ambulabant. Celeribus cum
motibus cives fortes homines senatūs et manūs militum qui19dormiebant petebant.
17
18
19
Miles, militis, m. soldiers – militum – of soldiers
autem – however
qui- nom. pl. who relative pronoun
157
Cives boni fortiter putrem senatum vincebant.
Omnes cives ad urbem redibant. Cives qui fūgerant20 civibus fortibus gratiās
agebant.
20
Fugerant – pluperfect tense –who had fled
158
****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XVIII
Demonstrative Pronouns
****************************************************************************
I debated whether or not to present these here or wait until later, but thought this group of
lessons would be better if you kept with the declensions and got them over with. The
demonstrative pronouns are also adjectives and can be viewed in the same substantive way as
adjectives, i.e. used as nouns (bonus, a good man: hic, this man; bona, good things; haec, these
things). Hic, haec, hōc is perhaps the most irregular and should be chanted consistently until
you know it thoroughly.
Demonstrative means pointing, as you do at food or merchandise you want when you are
in a foreign country and are unable to speak the language.
Section I. hic
hic, haec, hoc
this (he/she/it)
m
f
n
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hōc
haec
huius
huic
hanc
hāc
hōc
huius
huic
hōc
hōc
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
hī
hōrum
hīs
hōs
hīs
hae
hārum
hīs
hās
hīs
haec
hōrum
hīs
haec
hīs
You may often see haec, meaning these things.
159
ille, illa, illud
that (he/she/it)
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
ille
illīus
illī
illum
illō
illa
illīus
illī
illam
illā
illud
illīus
illī
illud
illō
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
illī
illōrum
illīs
illōs
illīs
illae
illārum
illīs
illās
illīs
illa
illōrum
illīs
illa
illīs
is, ea, id
he/she/it
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
is
eius
eī
eum
eō
ea
eius
eī
eam
eā
id
eius
eī
id
eō
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
eī
eōrum
eīs
eōs
eīs
eae
eārum
eīs
eās
eīs
ea
eōrum
eīs
ea
eīs
160
Ille refers to a person or thing that is more remote than hic; when it follows a noun, it
means “that distinguished,” “that famous.” Caesar ille: that famous Caesar. One can almost
remember the hic - ille distinction by the Brooklynism “this here, that there.”
Is, ea, id is used for the third personal pronoun: he, she, it.
Section III
ipse
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
-self (he/she/it)(intensive)
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
ipse
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsum
ipsō
ipsa
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsam
ipsā
ipsum
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsum
ipsō
N
G
D
Ac
Ab
ipsī
ipsōrum
ipsīs
ipsōs
ipsīs
ipsae
ipsārum
ipsīs
ipsās
ipsīs
ipsa
ipsōrum
ipsīs
ipsa
ipsīs
1. Idem means the same. You may have seen footnotes that said idem or ibid (ibidem),
another form. Idem is formed by adding dem to is, ea, id. The accusative singular and
genitive plural are the only forms that might give you trouble and are underlined. Idem
is often used emphatically in Latin in a way that cannot effectively be translated in
English.
2. Ipse, the intensive pronoun, means self or very.
Ipse vocō.
Ipsō diē venit.
I myself am calling.
He is coming on the very day.
Ipse also is used for emphasis in a way that cannot be smoothly translated into English,
161
but adds a bit of class to Latin.
Of this group of pronouns/adjectives, remember they have the genitive in -īus and the
dative in -i (except hic and idem). Never ask why! With hic only the dative differs.
Section IV. Other Pronomials with Irregular Genitives and Datives
Alter, unus, neuter, ullus
Solus, totus, uter, nullus
And to these add alius
Have the genitive in īus,
And the dative ends in -i
Never ask the reason why!
__________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Vocabulary
All the following (except aliēnus) have singular genitives in -ius and datives in -i. Note
that contrary to the general rule, the -i- in the genitive is long and carries the word accent. To
refresh your memory, the rule is: a vowel before another vowel is short and should not be
accented: gladius, capiunt, videam.
aliēnus-a-um
alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
alter...alter
neuter, neutra, neutrum
nūllus, a, um
sōlus, a, um
tōtus, a, um
ullus, a, um
ūnus, a, um
uter, utra, utrum
of another, belonging to another
another*
the other of two**, second
the one...the other
neither of two
none or no (used as an adjective)
alone
whole
any
one
which (of two)
necesse est
cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus
neco, necare, necavi, necatus
it is necessary (for a dative + infinitive)
to fall (dead)
to kill
castra, castrorum, n. (only plural) military camp
fabula, fabulae, f.
story, tale
galea, galeae, f.
helmet
iuvenis, iuvenis, m.
young man, youth
miles, militis, m
soldier
162
praeda, praedae, f.
loot, booty
ornamentum, ornamenti, n.
decoration, fancy clothing
splendor, splendoris, m.
brightness, shine
__________________________________________________________________________
*The genitive of alius is rarely seen. The adjective aliēnus is used instead. Rēs alienae means
other people's property, the property of another.
**The genitive singular is alterīus.
Section VI. Exercises
A. Hic and Ille Practice
Translate the following phrases in the indicated case.
1. this loot (acc. sing.)_____________________________________
2. that journey (nom. sing.)_______________________________________
3. these helmets (abl. pl.)____________________________________
4. these soldiers (nom. pl.)_______________________________________
5. those young men (acc. pl.)_______________________________________
6. this courage (gen. sing.)_____________________________________
7. that friend (dat. sing.)_______________________________________
8. those stories (gen. pl.)________________________________________
9. this senate (abl. sing.)________________________________________
10. that fear (gen. sing. )__________________________________________
11. those hands (nom. pl. )_________________________________________
12. these decorations (dat. pl. )________________________________________
13. this thing (acc. sing. )_______________________________________
14. that trust (nom. sing.) _________________________________________
163
Sentence Practice
Hic senatus multas res gerit, ille senatus nihil faciebat. (here gero means “to accomplish”)
Ex illo tempore, poetae fabulas de praedā et ornamentis scribebant. His temporibus poetae
fabulas de amore scribunt.
________________________________________________________________________
Quis hunc iuvenem in viis audit? Heri illum iuvenem in senatu audiebam. Hic bene dicit.
Ille male dicebat.
__________________________________________________________________________
On this day I am able to see the clouds clearly. On that day I was able to see the clouds a
little.
___________________________________________________________________________
The songs of this poet are beautiful. The songs of that poet are foul.
This student reads more quickly than that student.
I love this leader, but I fear that leader.
__________________________________________________________________________
The splendor of this helmet is clearer than the splendor of that helmet.
______________________________________________________________________________
164
Is, Ea, Id
Decline is, ea, id in all cases and genders
Masculine
Feminine
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Neuter
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
1. Tu semper dicēbas, “Nolite eum laudāre21! Is nostram urbem delēre optabat!
2. Necesse est eis hostes ad insulam mittere.
3. Soror amorem non amat. Is eam saepe capiebat.
5. Iulius, filius eius, propter virtutem iuvenes laudat.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Eis in castris Iulus dicit, "Macte and ite tute ad castra hostium.
______________________________________________________________________________
21
Noli or Nolite (sing/plural) + infinitive = negative imperative - don't ....
165
Ipse Practice
Decline Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum in all cases and genders
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
1. Iuppiter ipse viros in bello ducebat.
2. Seneca dicebat, “virtus ipsa satis22 est.”
3. Cives ipsi duci hoc donum dant.
4. Metus ipse causa belli est.
5. Hostes ipsi trans montes ad Galliam transibant.
22
Satis - enough
166
Translate into English
Filius huius virī nullam pecuniam illī mulieri dat.
.........................................................................................................................................
Hic miles sōlus superat inter eadem pericula.
................................................................................................................................................
Illās litterās ad ducem alterum hodie mittimus.
................................................................................................................................................
Translate into Latin
The soul of this man alone is dear to him.
..................................................................................................................................................
Your friend Julia gives that man much money.
................................................................................................................................................
The whole city is afraid of that man's reputation.
................................................................................................................................................
This woman can touch the hearts of the whole island.
................................................................................................................................................
Neither boy could move the strong mind of that teacher.
................................................................................................................................................
167
Another man could do nothing until that very friend returned.
................................................................................................................................................
To cook well is one gift. This man gives the other beans and meat at dinner.
................................................................................................................................................
She knows the very causes of the stars' movement.
................................................................................................................................................
Fabula (adapted from Thirty Nine Latin Stories - Wheelock)
Nisus and Euryalus (From the Aeneid)
Aeneas Troianos contra Rutulos ducebat.
Dux nox erat et milites dormiebant,
duces Troianorum in castris dicebant.
Ad hos Nisus Euryalusque, iuvenes Troiani, veniebant.
"O magni viri," dicit Nisus, "Dum hostes dormiunt,
ire in castra Rutulorum et petere vincereque illos hostes optamus.
Etiam praedam et alienas res ex illis rapere optamus.
Iulus, filius ipsius Aeneae, clamat,
"Animos virtutemque horum iuvenum laudo! Valete!"
168
Nunc veniunt Nisus Euryalusque in castra Rutulorum.
Necant unum, tum multos alios.
Euryalus ornamenta unius, galeam alterius, rapit.
Cum hāc praedā fugiunt.
Sed Volcens, dux Rutulorum, illos Troianos videt
et alios Rutulos vocat.
Splendor ipsius galeae illos ad Euryalum ducit.
Nisus hunc in periculo videt sed adiuvare non potest.
Volcens Euryalum necat.
Tum alii Nisum vincunt. Hic super corpus Euryali cadit. Neuter vir
vivit et nulla praeda ad Troianos mittitur.
A Vergilio haec fabula scribitur et fama his Troianis datur.
169
******************************************************************************
CHAPTER XIX
Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
******************************************************************************
These have some irregularities of form, but can be memorized easily and quickly.
Perhaps a class chant of ego and tu might stir the blood enough to incise them permanently in
your memory.
Section I. Personal Pronouns
ego
I
tū
you
nōs
we
vōs
you all
N
G
ego
mei
tū
tui
D
Ac
Ab
mihi
mē
mē
tibi
tē
tē
nōs
nostrum
nostrī
nōbis
nōs
nōbis
vōs
vestrum
vestrī
vōbis
vōs
vōbis
The dual forms for the genitives of nos and vos may confuse you slightly, but nostrum
and vestrum are used as partitive genitives (genitives of the whole): Pars nostrum - part of us;
unus vestrum - one of you; otherwise use nostrī and vestrī. These genitives will be explained
in greater detail later.
The third personal pronoun is is, ea, id, but when it is reflexive another pronoun is used.
Many texts make a big fuss about the reflexive and only succeed in confusing the student (and in
some cases the teacher).
The third person reflexive
There is no nominative. If you wish to express the nominative “self,” use ipse, the
intensive. Ego ipse faciō. - I myself am doing it. The singular and plural of the third person
reflexive are identical.
N
--G
suī
of him(self) her(self)
D
sibi
Ac
sē
(sese)*
Ab
sē
(sese)*
*sese is an alternate intensive form.
it(self)
170
them(selves)
1.
These forms should give you no trouble except possibly for mihi, tibi, sibi, which are
similar and are datives ending in i.
2.
The nominative of the personal pronouns is used only for emphasis; or when necessary to
avoid confusion. Ego sum bona, sed tū es mala.
3.
The genitive of the personal pronoun should never be used instead of the possessive
adjective my, your, her.
4.
Nota bene (N.B.) The preposition cum is always incorporated at the end of personal
pronouns as an enclitic: mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nōbiscum, vōbiscum. Pax vōbiscum.
Peace be with you all.
Section II. Possessive Adjectives
My, your, our, are adjectives and in Latin have first and second declension forms:
meus
tuus
suus
eius
noster
vester
eōrum
mea
tua
sua
eius
nostra
vestra
eārum
meum
tuum
suum
eius
nostrum
vestrum
eōrum
my
your
his, her, their (reflexive)
his, her (non-reflexive)
our
your (plural)
their (non-reflexive)
Remember, these are adjectives and agree with the noun they modify in gender, number and
case. They also follow the nouns they modify. Therefore:
frater tuus
frater suus
terra mea
your brother (even if “you” is a woman)
her (own) brother
my land
The reflexive adjective suus, sua, suum is used when the object possessed belongs to the subject
of the sentence: Mihi pecuniam suam dat. He gives me his money. When the possessor is
other than the subject of the sentence, use eius or eōrum, eārum, eōrum.
Mihi pecuniam eius dat.
He gives me his (another person's) money.
Mihi pecuniam earum dat. He gives me their money. Earum here refers to a group of women.
171
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
ego
meus, mea, meum
nōs
noster, nostra, nostrum
suus, sua, suum
tū
tuus, tua, tuum
vōs
vester, vestra, vestrum
I
my
we, us
our
his, her (own)
you (singular)
your (singular)
you (plural)
your (plural)
caverna, caverna, f
epistula, epistulae, f
mora, morae, f
nemo, neminis, n.
ramus, rami, m
cavern, cave
letter
delay
no one
branch
navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus
to sail
____________________________________________________________________________
A. Write the correct form of each personal pronoun or phrase with personal pronoun.
1. I _______________
2. With me _________________
3. To me ______________________
4. Of me _______________________
5. For you (sing.)_________________
6. With you (sing)_______________________
7. You (sing) (acc)__________________________
8. We ____________________________
9. To us ___________________________
10. Us (acc)___________________________
11. You all (Nom)____________________________
12. With you all _____________________________
172
B. Make sure you know the difference between using the genitive of eius, eorum/earum and
suus, sua, suum. Note how the remaining possessive adjectives are used.
1. Puer sororem suam laudat.
2. Puella fratrem eius laudat.
3. Se audīre non possunt.
4. Eos audīre non possunt.
5. Pecuniam meis amicis mitto.
6. Pecuniam eorum amicis mitto.
7. Pecuniam suis amicis mittit.
A. Translate.
1. Apud mē vōs vidēbam.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Mēcum venīte in cavernam!
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Haec mihi solī dabant.
............................................................................................................................................
4. Fama eius mēcum semper erit.
............................................................................................................................................
173
5. Nōbiscumne venis?
............................................................................................................................................
6. Et ego et tū vitās nostrās sine odiō agere debēmus.
............................................................................................................................................
7. Tē amō. Mēne amās?
...........................................................................................................................................
8. Dux malus vitia sua videt sed nihil facit.
...........................................................................................................................................
9. Puer sorōrem suam de periculis in urbe monet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Vōbis cras nihil dāre poterimus.
...........................................................................................................................................
11. Sē cogitāre discipulus optimus docet.
............................................................................................................................................
12. Corda eārum bona sunt.
............................................................................................................................................
B. Translate.
1. Why does she give me this letter?
Cur mihi hanc epistulam dat?
2. I was cooking your food. We can drink this wine before the meal.
............................................................................................................................................
174
3. Your friend Cicero is reading your letter with us.
............................................................................................................................................
4. They themselves cannot hope for your money.
............................................................................................................................................
5. They are leading me to a safe town.
............................................................................................................................................
6. Your friends are driving them out of town.
............................................................................................................................................
7. Why are you seeking us? We are doing nothing against you.
............................................................................................................................................
8. I hesitate to live with her. She is afraid of flies and animals.
...........................................................................................................................................
Section IV. Exercises
A.
To distinguish between is and the reflexive sē; eius (eōrum) and suus.
1.
She teaches* herself Latin. (Latina, ae)
Se Latinam docet.
2.
I was teaching her Latin.
.............................................................................................................................................
3.
They cannot hear themselves.
.............................................................................................................................................
4.
We cannot hear them.
.............................................................................................................................................
175
5.
He is calling his sister.
.............................................................................................................................................
6.
I am calling his sister.
.............................................................................................................................................
7.
They are driving his sheep.
.............................................................................................................................................
8.
He is driving his goats.
.............................................................................................................................................
9.
His mouth is larger than his mind.
.............................................................................................................................................
11.
I am sending money to their friends.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
* The verb doceo takes two accusatives.
B. Translate.
1. Why were you calling those men?
Cur illos vocabas?
2. She gave me these things because of my love of art.
..............................................................................................................................................
3. Those same men are fleeing from all their enemies.
..............................................................................................................................................
176
4. All these things are good.
..............................................................................................................................................
5. I myself am doing it.
..............................................................................................................................................
6. He used to send us good things
..............................................................................................................................................
7. It is noon, we are going home.
..............................................................................................................................................
8. These fickle men are without faith or hope.
..............................................................................................................................................
9. The enemy should give many gifts to the senate and the republic.
..............................................................................................................................................
10. When will you be at home? Can I come today?
..............................................................................................................................................
C. Translate.
1. Propter speciem tuam tē amāmus.
..............................................................................................................................................
2. Manus eius est in aquā, caput in nubibus.
..............................................................................................................................................
3. Fungōs in genibus suīs petēbat.
................................................................................................................................................
4. Cornū illō ovēs agnōsque domum vocābāmus.
................................................................................................................................................
177
5. Magnum fructum dē hortō eius optabātis.
................................................................................................................................................
6. Propter mē hostēs suōs vitābat. Alium diem vivere poterit.
................................................................................................................................................
7. Diēs magnus prō hāc rē publicā venit.
................................................................................................................................................
8. In tellure motūs hārum stellārum vidēre poterāmus.
................................................................................................................................................
9. Motus cordis, sanguinis oculorum que in corporibus multis sciunt.
................................................................................................................................................
10. Nūlla spēs, nūlla fidēs illum movēre potest.
................................................................................................................................................
Fabula - (Adapted from Thirty Eight Latin Stories -5th Edition)
Ulysses and the Cyclops
Post bellum Troianum venit Ulixes cum XII viris ad terram Cyclopum.
In cavernā bonum caseum inveniunt. Dum eum manducant, Cyclops
Polyphemus in hanc cavernam magnas oves ducit et Graecos videt.
"Quid vos facitis in meā cavernā? Poenas dare debetis."
Ulixes ei dicit, "Troiā navigamus, Quid tu nobis dare optas?"
178
Polyphemus autem clamat, "Parve vir, tu tuique viri mihi dona dare
debetis!" Sine morā paucos viros capit manducatque! Tum rogat, "Quid
tibi nomen est?" Ulixes respondet, "Nemo." Dum Polyphemus dormit,
Graeci insidias faciunt. Ramum arboris in ignem ponunt et deinde in
oculum eius mittunt. O miser Polypheme! Tibi non bene est. Alii
Cyclopes veniunt, sed verum periculum non sentiunt: "Nemo me
necat!" Polyphemus vocat. "Bene!" ei dicunt, "Valē!"
Graeci igitur ex cavernā fugere possunt. Cyclops haec verba audit.
"Vale! Ego non Nemo, sed Ulixes sum!"
179
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XX
Review
***************************************************************************
Section I. Summary
The last three chapters have not been complicated, but have required a lot of
memorization. The demonstrative pronoun/adjectives and the pronomials, when used by
themselves, take the place of a noun and take their gender and number from the nouns whose
place they take. The third personal pronoun perhaps may cause the most difficulty. Is, ea, id
(he, she, it) is non-reflexive. Hic and ille used as pronouns, mean this man or woman, that man
or woman. Hic and ille used together refer to the former...the latter.
The fourth declension except for genū, cornū and domus, is thoroughly regular.
Remember the forms domī and domum, at home and (to) home. The fifth declension, too, is
regular. The paradigm rēs, thing, is a word used in several contexts, like cosa in Italian. Rēs
modified by the adjective publica, becomes the state, the nation, the republic, and often runs
together as a single word, each part in its proper case. When this thing, these things or good
things is the subject or object of a sentence, it is sufficient to use the neuter adjective without rēs
(rem) - haec, bona.
Section II. Roman Trivia
A list of common words that are exactly the same in Latin and English: A-C, just to
prove there is a connection.
abacus
abdomen
actor
addendum
alias
alibi
apex
ardor
area
aroma
basis
bonus
cactus
cadaver
calculator
campus
captor
censor
census
chaos
character
cinnamon
180
asparagus
aura
circus
citrus
clamor
color
colossus
coma
competitor
consensus
cornucopia
creator
creditor
crisis
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
Parts of the body or 16 words that might do you some good on the MCATS:
bracchium, -ī (n)
caput, capitis (n)
crūs, crūris (n)
dens, dentis (m)
digitus, -ī (m)
femur, femoris (n)
frons, frontis (f)
iugulum, ī (n)
maxilla, -ae (f)
nāsus, ī (m)
oculus, i (m)
ōs, ōris (n)
os, ossis (n)
pilus, -ī (m)
sanguis, sanguinis (m)
tibia, -ae (f)
arm, lower arm
head
leg, shin
tooth
finger
thigh
the forehead, brow
throat, collarbone
jaw
nose
eye
mouth
bone
hair (used in plural)
blood
shin bone
_____________________________________________________________________________
181
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXI
The Future Tense
***************************************************************************
There are many people who would complain that I have delayed the future tense. “Get
the verbs over with so the students can have a longer familiarity with them!” I always found the
nouns and pronouns more troublesome and less logical, especially hic, ipse and idem. They are
difficult to teach and the only way seemed to be was to have a class chant at the beginning. The
class seemed to be more alert after venting huius, his or ipsis a few times.
The future tense should present no grammatical problems and there is a basic similarity
between conjugations I and II and between III and IV. It can also be translated: I am going to
love, have, send.
Section I – I and II Conjugations Active
amābo
amābis
amābit
I will love
you will love
he (she, it)
will love
delēbo
delēbis
delēbit
amābimus
amābitis
we will love
you (all) will
love
they will love
delēbimus
delēbitis
amābunt
delēbunt
I will destroy
you will destroy
he (she, it)
will destroy
we will destroy
you (all) will
destroy
they will destroy
Instead of -bam, -bas, -bat, there is -bo, -bis, -bit and the third plural is -bunt (as in
baseball). The vowels of the endings move from o to i to u. The first conjugation keeps the -ābefore the future endings, the second -ē-. Note also that the o, s, t, mus, tis, nt endings persist.
182
Section IA: I and II Conjugations Future Passive
amābor
amāberis
amābitur
I will be loved
you will be loved
he (she, it)
will be loved
delēbor
delēberis
delēbitur
I will be destroyed
you will be destroyed
he (she, it)
will be destroyed
amābimur
amābimini
we will be loved
you (all) will be
loved
they will be loved
delēbimur
delēbimini
we will be destroyed
you (all) will be
destroyed
they will be destroyed
amābuntur
delēbuntur
Section II -- III and IV Conjugations
mittam
mittēs
mittet
mittēmus
mittētis
mittent
I will send
you will send
he (she, it) will send
we will send
you (all) will send
they will send
capiam
capiēs
capiet
capiēmus
capiētis
capient
I will take
you will take
he (she, it) will take
we will take
you (all) will take
they will take
audiam
audiēs
audiet
audiēmus
audiētis
audient
I will hear
you will hear
he (she, it) will hear
we will hear
you (all) will hear
they will hear
The first person singular ends in -am. In the second person, the vowel changes to e and
stays there until the -nt, unlike I and II whose vowels move from o to i to u.
Capiam and -io verbs of the third conjugation retain the -i- throughout the endings of the
future tense.
Latin used the future where English sometimes uses the present. If the sense is future,
use the Latin future. I am coming tomorrow is Cras veniam.
183
Section Iia: III and IV Conjugations Future Passive
mittar
I will be sent
mittēris
you will be sent
mittetur
he (she, it) will be sent
mittēmur
we will be sent
mittēmini
you (all) will be sent
mittentur
they will be sent
capiar
capiēris
capietur
capiēmur
capiēmini
capientur
I will be taken
you will be taken
he (she, it) will be taken
we will be taken
you (all) will be taken
they will be taken
audiar
audiēris
audietur
audiēmur
audiēmini
audientur
I will be heard
you will be heard
he, (she, it) will be heard
we will be heard
you (all) will be heard
they will be heard
___________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
Nouns
casus, -ūs
deus, -ī
accident, fall
God (plural for the pagans:)
N
di
G
deorum/deum
D
dis
Ac
deos
abl
dis
mors, mortis, f
timor - ōris (m)
vōx, vōcis, f
death
fear
voice, word
Adjectives
frigidus, a, um
turpis, turpis, turpe
cold
shameful, disgraceful, repulsive, vile
184
Verbs
amittō, amittere, amīsī, amissus
exspectō, exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātus
iaciō, iacere, iecī, iactus
ponō, ponere, posui, positus
rīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus
sedeō, ēre, sedī, sessus
vertō, vertere, vertī, versus
lose
wait for, expect
throw
put, place
laugh, laugh at
sit, sit down
turn
Other Words
circum (prep + accusative)
iam (adv)*
mox (adv)
nōn iam (adv)
paene (adv)
praeter (prep + accusative)
quāre? (adv)
around, about
already, now, by this time
soon
no longer
almost
except, besides, beyond
why?
*Note: nunc (now) is used only with the present tense, iam with the past. We were now (iam)
tired of walking.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Exercises
Conjugate “wait for” in the future tense active.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate “destroy” in the future tense passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate “to laugh” in the future tense active.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
185
Conjugate “to put, place” in the future tense passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate “to seize, carry away” in the future tense active.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Translate the following verb forms.
1. petēmus _____________________________
2. scribent _____________________________
3. delēbo ____________________________
4. faciētis _____________________________
5. geret _______________________________
6. amābimus _______________________________
7. mittam _______________________________
8. ducētis _____________________________
9. audiēs ________________________
10. respondēbunt _________________________
11. rogābis ______________________________
12. cogitābitis _____________________________
13. laudābor _______________________________
14. docēbimur _______________________________
15. mittentur __________________________________
16. rapieris ______________________________________
17. amabimini ___________________________________
18. vincetur______________________________________
Translate the following verb forms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
they will come __________________________
he will overcome ____________________________
I will make _____________________________
you all will send _________________________
186
5. we will stand ____________________________
6. you (sing.) will write ______________________
7. the leader will destroy ______________________
8. the boys will walk __________________________
9. I will hope________________________________
10. we will lead ________________________________
11. you all will warn ___________________________
12. she will see _______________________________
13. I will drink ________________________________
14. They will capture ___________________________
15. You all will hear _________________________
16. I will be seen _____________________________
17. They will be led _____________________________
18. We will be guarded ___________________________
19. You will be moved ______________________________
20. He will be called ____________________________________
A. Translate into English:
1. manducābitis............................................................................................................................
2. agam........................................................................................................................................
3. faciēs.......................................................................................................................................
4. vidēbō......................................................................................................................................
5. coquētis....................................................................................................................................
6. lacessētis..................................................................................................................................
7. amābit......................................................................................................................................
8. erunt.........................................................................................................................................
9. tacēbit ....................................................................................................................................
187
10. gerent......................................................................................................................................
11. poteram..................................................................................................................................
12. ridē.........................................................................................................................................
13.dormietis……………………………………………………………………………………..
14.respondebitis…………………………………………………………………………………
15.ambulabo…………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Translate into Latin:
1. They will flee. .......................................................................................................................
2. You (all) will laugh. ..............................................................................................................
3. She will conquer. ..................................................................................................................
4. It will be well. .......................................................................................................................
5. Why will you refuse? ............................................................................................................
6. We will put. ...........................................................................................................................
7. Why will we wear the toga? ..................................................................................................
8. I will touch. ...........................................................................................................................
9. She will attack. ......................................................................................................................
10. Will you speak? ....................................................................................................................
11. You will laugh. ........................................................................................................................
12. They will read. ......................................................................................................................
13. She will sit. ............................................................................................................................
188
Synopses!!!!!! A synopsis is “the abbreviated conjugation of a verb in one person only.”
They are really useful in seeing all of the verb tenses you know in one place. They allow you to
see the BIG PICTURE
Example
Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus in the 1st singular
Conjugation 1st
Active
Passive
Present ___laudo_- I praise
laudor - I am praised
Imperfect ___laudābam_- I was praising
laudabar – I was being praised
Future ________laudābo – I will praise
laudabor – I will be praised
Complete the following synopses.
1. venio, venire, veni, venturus in the 2nd singular
Conjugation _______
Active Only
Present __________________________
Imperfect________________________
Future ______________________________
2. deleo, delēre, delevi, deletus in the 3rd singular
Conjugation _______
Active
Passive
Present ____________________________________________________________
Imperfect___________________________________________________________
Future _______________________________________________________________
3. vinco, vincere, vici, victus in the 1st plural
Conjugation ______
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________
Future ____________________________________________________________
4. fugio, fugere, fūgi, fugiturus in the 2nd plural
Conjugation ________
Active Only
Present ____________________________
Imperfect __________________________
Future _____________________________
189
5. habeo, habēre, habui, habitus in the 3rd plural
Conjugation _________
Active
Passive
Present _____________________________________________________________
Imperfect____________________________________________________________
Future ______________________________________________________________
Translate Latin to English - Active Verbs.
1. Bellum contra turpes hostes populi Romani diu geremus et vincemus.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Iter ad Germaniam asperum erit. Ergo cibum et equos mittermus.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Oculi omnium pacem otiumque videbunt quando omnia bella finient.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Librum eius cras legemus et vera de animā sciemus.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Te amabo si Romam mecum cras ibis.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
D. Translate:
1. I am returning home tomorrow. Wait for me!
Domum cras redibo me exspecta!
2.
No man will conquer death. Hope for a safe life!
...................................................................................................................................................
3. That brother of yours was putting flowers on the table at home.
...................................................................................................................................................
190
4. Why will you laugh at all my poems? I like them!
...................................................................................................................................................
5. His voice is rather gross. Will he sing today?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. They will soon finish their work in his garden.
...................................................................................................................................................
7. All bad things will soon pass away.
...................................................................................................................................................
8. Will you give me that letter from his brother?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. Why won’t you cook dinner for me tomorrow?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. Soon you will know the truth and you will flee from all these dangers.
...................................................................................................................................................
11.We will send the women into the kitchen and they will cook meat and vegetables for the
leaders of the republic.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Translate Latin to English - Passive Verbs.
1. Ad Brittaniam pro populo Romano propter bella mittar.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Puella multa dona propter speciem et virtutem quam debebitur.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
191
3. Olivae et uvae ab omnibus agricolis bonis manducabuntur.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Oves caprique de montibus altis propter tempestates agentur.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Translate- English to Latin - Passive Verbs
1. The girl will be praised by the famous poet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The earth will soon be turned around the sun by the gods.
…………………………………………………..................................................................
3. The book will be written in a few days. I will send it to you.
..............................................................................................................................................
4. All my work will be lost if you refuse to give me money.
..............................................................................................................................................
5. We will never walk among the mountains on the coast of Italy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
192
*****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXII
The Passive Voice – Review of All Tenses So Far
*****************************************************************************
Section I. Introduction
When you make a statement like I love food, I harass my sister or She finishes nothing,
the subject is doing the action and the verbs are transitive, that is they take a direct object, food,
my sister, and nothing. These accusatives are immediately affected by action of the verb.
A transitive verb in Latin is one which takes its direct object in the accusative case and
which can form a passive, which brings us to the passive.
I love that woman: I am performing the action. I am not necessarily receiving any
action, but when I say I am loved, I am receiving the action. In English, the passive is formed
from the past participle plus the appropriate form of the verb to be.
In English, the verb form remains unchanged. Only the auxiliary verb to be changes. I
am, you are, she is (loved). (This may be too elementary, but this point must be made absolutely
clear.)
ENGLISH
infinitive
present
imperfect
future
Active
Passive
to love
I love
I loved
I will love
to be loved
I am loved
I was loved
I will be loved
In Latin, the passive of the present, imperfect, and future indicative is changed in a rather
curious but consistent manner. The -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt endings are dropped and changed to
-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini and -ntur. (If the first person singular ends in -o, add r to the o.*)
193
LATIN
Person
Singular
Active Ending
1
2
3
1
2
3
Passive Ending
-o, -m
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
-r
-ris
-tur
-mur
-minī
-ntur
The doer of the action in the passive voice is the agent (from ago, agere). When I am
loved, the person or agent is the person by whom or from whom I am getting the action.
Section II. Paradigms
I CONJUGATION
amōr (Present)
I am loved
amābar (Imperfect)
I was being loved
amābor (Future)
I will be loved
amābar
amabāris
amabātur
amābōr
amāberis
amābitur
amabāmur
amabāminī
amabantur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur
Singular
amor
amāris
amātur
Plural
amāmur
amāminī
amantur
The second person singular of the future is slightly irregular; it is -beris.
II CONJUGATION
deleor (Present)
I am destroyed
delēbar(Imperfect)
I was destroyed
delēbōr (Future)
I will be destroyed
deleor
delēris
delētur
delēmur
delēbar
delēbāris
delēbātur
delēbāmur
delēbor
delēberis
delēbitur
delēbimur
194
delēminī
delentur
delēbaminī
delēbantur
delēbiminī
delēbuntur
III CONJUGATION
ducor
I am led
ducebar
I was led
ducar
I will be led
ducor
duceris
ducitur
ducēbar
ducēbāris
ducēbātur
ducar
ducēris
ducētur
ducimur
ducimini
ducuntur
ducēbāmur
ducēbāmini
ducēbantur
ducēmur
ducēmini
ducentur
capior
I am taken
capiēbar
I was taken
capiar
I will be taken
capior
caperis
capitur
capiēbar
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capimur
capiminī
capiuntur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī
capiebantur
capiēmur
capiēmini
capientur
IV CONJUGATION
audior
I am heard
audiēbar
I was heard
audiar
I will be heard
audior
audīris
audītur
audiēbar
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audīmur
audimini
audiuntur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāmini
audiēbantur
audiēmur
audiēmini
audientur
195
Some general observations:
1.
Only the second person singular presents problems for apparent irregularity. Memorize
this person in the future of all four conjugations and the present tense of the third
conjugation. These forms are underlined.
2.
The endings are a faithful guide as to who is getting the action. -minī is you (all), which
may sound funny which is all the more reason you should memorize it. (-minī comes
after -mur, the stem of mouse (mus, muris), which should keep you in the Disneyland
mentality.)
______________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Exercises
A. Present Passive Practice
Conjugate moveo, movēre in the present tense passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate scio, scire in the present tense passive.
Singular
1.
2.
3.
Plural
Write the passive form for each verb in the person and number requested and translate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ago (present 1st singular) ______________________________
mitto (present 2nd plural) ____________________________
voco (present 2nd singular)_____________________________
moneo (present 1st plural)_______________________________
capio (present 3rd singular)______________________________
audio (present 3rd plural)_________________________________
laudo (present 1st singular)_________________________________
duco (present 2nd singular)_________________________________
Place the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Holera in agris ab agricolis ______________. (pono)
Homines ad urbem ā duce _______________________. (mitto)
Carmen ā pueris ______________________.(audio)
Paucae feminae in villā ab hominibus ____________. (video)
196
5. Ego ā magistro saepe_______________. (doceo)
6. Vos ā matribus semper _______________. (laudo)
7. Multi libri ā poetā _______________. (scribo)
B. Imperfect Passive Practice
Conjugate moneo, monēre in the imperfect tense passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate audio, audire in the imperfect tense passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Write the passive form for each verb in the imperfect in the person and number requested and
translate.
1. doceo (1st singular)___________________________________
2. aperio (2nd singular) _________________________________
3. dico (3rd singular)____________________________________
4. custodio (1st plural)____________________________________
5. rapio (2nd plural)______________________________________
6. teneo (3rd plural)______________________________________
Conjugate manduco, are in the future
passive.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate duco, ducere in the future
passive
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Translate the following verb phrases.
1. I will be taught ______________
2. You will be seen ______________
3. He will be heard _________________
4. They will be placed __________
197
5. We will be captured _________________
6. It will be given _______________
7. You (pl.) will be sent _________________
8. The citizens will be led_________
A. Change the following to the passive:
1. amāmus
................................................................................................................................
2. ducis
................................................................................................................................
3. audītis
................................................................................................................................
4. scribis
................................................................................................................................
5. amābis
................................................................................................................................
6. amābitis
................................................................................................................................
7. habeo
................................................................................................................................
8. vertent
................................................................................................................................
.
9. vidēbis
................................................................................................................................
10. iaciēbas
................................................................................................................................
B. Translate into English:
1. vertor
................................................................................................................................
2. delebuntur ................................................................................................................................
3. agēris
................................................................................................................................
4. laudabātur ................................................................................................................................
5. duceris
................................................................................................................................
6. iaciuntur ................................................................................................................................
7. capiēris
................................................................................................................................
8. scribēbamini
....................................................................................................................
198
9. scribētur
................................................................................................................................
10. vitābor
...........................................................................................................................
11. daris
...........................................................................................................................
12. amabimini...........................................................................................................................
13. audiēmur ...........................................................................................................................
14. ponētur
...........................................................................................................................
15. lacessor
...........................................................................................................................
16. caperis
...........................................................................................................................
17. ducēbar
...........................................................................................................................
18. daberis
...........................................................................................................................
19. agēmur
...........................................................................................................................
20. gerar
...........................................................................................................................
C. Translate into Latin:
1. She is heard. .......................................................................................................................
2. He will be avoided. ............................................................................................................
3. You will be loved. .............................................................................................................
4. She was known. ..................................................................................................................
5. They seem. .........................................................................................................................
6. We were harassed. .............................................................................................................
7. We are driven. ...................................................................................................................
8. You are sought. .................................................................................................................
9. You (all) are given. ...........................................................................................................
10. You (all) were led. ...........................................................................................................
199
11. It will be cooked. ..............................................................................................................
12. I am given. .....................................................................................................................
13. She will be touched. .......................................................................................................
14. We are taken. .................................................................................................................
15. They were turned. ..........................................................................................................
200
**************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXIII
Ablatives and Datives
**************************************************************************
Thus far, we have been a bit sloppy about the uses of the ablative and the dative. It is
time to be more precise.
Section I. The Ablative
The ablative, the “by, with, from and in” case, is the adverbial case. Nouns, pronouns
and adjectives in the ablative case act as adverbs; that is, the prepositional phrase modifies the
verb. The problem is to learn when a preposition must be used (or omitted) and to learn the
special uses of the case which have no English equivalent.
1.
With prepositions - ā/āb, coram (in the presence of), cum, dē, ē/ex, pro, sine, in and
sub. (In and sub are also used with accusative; see Chapter III.)
2.
Agent: by
With passive verbs this ablative is used to indicate the person by whom something is
done or the source of the action. When it is a person, you must use the preposition ā or
āb.
Āb eō amabātur. She was loved by him.
Ā fratre meō lacessuntur. They are harassed by my brother.
Ā Caesare ducimur. We are led by Caesar.
3.
Means: by
If the “agent” is a thing, then no preposition is used.
Bello superātur. He is overcome by war.
Muscis manducabimur. We will be eaten by flies.
Gladiō tangitur. She is touched by a sword.
4.
Accompaniment: with (equivalent of “accompanied by”).
Use the preposition.
Mēcum venis. You are coming with me.
201
Cum fratre meo eunt. They are going with my brother.
Cum piscibus nabant. They were swimming with the fish.
5.
Manner: (how?) with
Use the preposition if the noun is not modified by an adjective.
Cum periculo vivit. He lives with danger.
When an adjective modifies the noun, the cum may be omitted.
Magno periculo vivit.
Note: The ablative of manner when modified by magnus (or summus) places the
preposition between the adjective and the noun as in
Magna cum laude, summa cum laude. (May you all earn it!)
6.
Separation - from
After verbs which imply separation or freedom and adjectives indicating freedom from
and can be used with or without a preposition.
Metū libera est. She is free from fear.
Metū mē liberābis. You will free me from fear.
7.
After certain verbs:
Careo. I lack.
Egeo. I need.
Pecuniā careo (egeo). I lack (need) money.
Technically these are ablatives of separation, but it seems easier to have them as a
separate category. The caret (^) sign comes from the Latin verb and is not a vegetable
as students have often thought.
8.
Time when or time within which: no preposition is used.
Illō diē veniēmus. On that day we will come.
Unō diē redībit. Within a day he will return.
9.
Place, where: with the names of towns or cities -- no preposition.
Athenīs - in Athens.
Otherwise use the preposition. In Italiā, in Graeciā, in urbe. But idioms like terrā
marīque (on land and sea) and hōc lōco (in this place), do not use the preposition.
10.
After some adjectives like dignus (worthy) and indignus (unworthy):
Amico dignus. Worthy of a friend.
11.
Degree of difference: no preposition.
Multō (paulō) altior quam Marcus est. He is much (a little) taller than Marcus.
Pede altior est. He is a foot taller.
202
12.
Comparison without quam is used when a nominative or accusative is compared:
Quintus est altior Marcō. Quintus is taller than Marcus.
These are among the more common uses of the ablative. To summarize:
Prepositions are needed except:
1. means
2. manner, when using an adjective
3. separation
4. time when or within which
5. place, where, with town or cities
6. with verbs like careo
7. degree of difference
8. comparison
Section II. The Dative Game
You have already experienced the dative of indirect object after the verb dāre. The
dative is used to indicate the person and sometimes the thing for whose benefit the action is
performed. There are a number of other uses of this case which have no equivalent in English.
Below we will list a few which seem to occur the most frequently.
1.
Indirect object:
Mihi pecuniam dat. He gives me money.
Haec nōbis dicit. She says this to us.
2.
With many verbs which in English are transitive, especially compounds, i.e. verbs like
prosum and praesum.
Mihi credit. He believes me.
Rei publicae prosunt. They benefit the republic.
Operī praeerat. He was in charge of the work.
The dative is used also after many verbs compounded with the prefixes ad-, prae-, pro-,
de-, in-, inter-, sub- and super-.
3.
With adjectives like similis, fidēlis, cārus.
Patrī similis. Similar to his father.
Mihi cāra erat. She was dear to me.
4.
Dative of possession. When something is possessed, the Romans used the verb to be
instead of to have. The owner (the person for whose benefit something exists) is put into
the dative case and the thing possessed is in the nominative. This is used when the thing
possessed is stressed more than the possessor.
203
Amīcus est mihi. I have a friend (literally a friend is for me).
Tibi est anima. You have a soul.
Often this dative is used instead of a possessive adjective, when the person is interested in
the action of the verb.
Tibi spem delent. They are destroying hope for you.
Please pay attention to this because it is used frequently.
Section III. The Compounds of Sum, Esse
The verb sum has some compounds:
absum, abesse, āfuī
adsum, adesse, adfuī
desum, deesse, defuī
praesum, praeesse, praefuī
prosum, prodesse, profuī
to be absent
to be present
to be lacking (governs the dative case)
to be in charge of, to preside over
(governs the dative case)
to benefit (governs the dative case)
Note: Deesse is three syllables as in praeesse.
Compounds of esse and other verbs often govern cases other than the accusative or the direct
object, even though in English the verb takes a direct object. Such verbs are not considered
transitive verbs in Latin.
Pecūniae deeram.
Bellum hominibus malīs proderat.
I was lacking money.
The war benefitted evil men.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
Nouns and Adjectives
amīcus, a, um
civitās, civitātis (f)
dignus, a, um
fidēlis, e
hora, -ae (f)
indignus, a, um
laus, laudis (f)
pax, pacis (f)
similis, -e
friendly to (+ dative)
state
worthy of (+ ablative)
faithful to (+ dative)
hour
unworthy
praise
peace
similar to (+ dative)
204
Verbs
careo, carēre, caruī, caritūrus
credo, credere, credidī, creditus
egeo, egēre, eguī
noceo, nocēre, nocui, nociturus
pareo, parēre, parui
absum, abesse, āfuī
adsum, adesse, adfuī
desum, deesse, defuī
praesum, praeesse, praefuī
prosum, prodesse, profuī
lack, be without (+ ablative)
believe (+ dative)
need (+ ablative)
harm (+ dative)
obey (+ dative)
to be absent
to be present
to be lacking (governs the dative case)
to be in charge of, to preside over
(governs the dative case)
to benefit (governs the dative case)
____________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Exercises
A. The Ablative
1. I am sent by Caesar.
A Caesare mittor.
2. We all need good friends.
..........................................................................................................................................
3. We were in Italy yesterday; tomorrow we will be in Athens.
..........................................................................................................................................
4. They were overcome by the deep sea.
..........................................................................................................................................
5. At noon we will go.
..........................................................................................................................................
6. They were in Spain.
..........................................................................................................................................
205
7. They are free from fear.
..........................................................................................................................................
8. All these things will be read by my brother.
..........................................................................................................................................
9. They lacked money.
..........................................................................................................................................
10. She was worthy of love.
..........................................................................................................................................
11. Within an hour we will finish the work.
..........................................................................................................................................
12. They were coming from Sicily.
..........................................................................................................................................
13. We are much better than you.
..........................................................................................................................................
14. Within a day we will be in Germany.
..........................................................................................................................................
B. The Dative
1. I cannot believe you.
..........................................................................................................................................
2. Why are you harming me?
..........................................................................................................................................
3. He will never obey his father.
..........................................................................................................................................
206
4. She was never faithful to me.
...........................................................................................................................................
5. We do not have money.
...........................................................................................................................................
6. Those men have big birds.
...........................................................................................................................................
7. All good women need love.
............................................................................................................................................
8. They have few friends.
............................................................................................................................................
9. He used to be like his father.
............................................................................................................................................
10. Your beans will give me a bad name.
............................................................................................................................................
11. She will be very dear to me.
............................................................................................................................................
C. Translate.
1. Urbs auxiliō ā Caesare egēbat.
............................................................................................................................................
2. Dux Romam ā Senatū vocabātur.
............................................................................................................................................
3. Amicī multī Athenīs mihi sunt.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
207
4. Nōs omnēs illō diē in Galliā amittebāmur.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Plus pecuniae mihi erat quam sororī meae.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Marcus multō altior est quam ista Julia.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Marcus opus maxima cum laude finiet.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Pater vester semper mihi carissimus erat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Amicīs suis multīs malīs verbīs nocēbat.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Verbīs fratrum tuorum credere nōn possum.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Translate.
1. The citizens lacked food and did not have money.
Cives cibo carebant et pecunia eis non erat.
2. That man was loved neither by women nor animals.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I was never friendly to her and her sister always seemed to need money.
............................................................................................................................................
4. That woman was now without food, but was able to act with great courage.
208
............................................................................................................................................
5. Why don't you love me? I kept sending you presents, but you refuse them.
............................................................................................................................................
6. The gods give us laws for help, but you do not obey them.
............................................................................................................................................
7. I have no money or food. Give me help as quickly as possible.
............................................................................................................................................
8. Good men will never believe his words.
9. He will be sent to Rome by a few leaders of the Roman senate.
...........................................................................................................................................
10. The city was without food and water, but within a few days overcame the enemy.
...........................................................................................................................................
209
210
**************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXIV
Review
**************************************************************************
Section I. Synopsis of Verbs
One of the better ways of reviewing verb forms is by a synopsis of the verb. If I were to
ask you for a synopsis in the second person plural of the verb send, it would be:
You are sending
You used to send
You will send
You are sent
You were sent
You will be sent
mittitis
mittebātis
mittētis
mittimini
mittebāmini
mittēmini
A. Exercises
Give a synopsis in Latin of the following verbs in the person indicated:
1. hear (we)
............................................................................
2. conquer (they)
............................................................................
3. teach (you all)
............................................................................
4. lead (she)
............................................................................
5. think (I)
............................................................................
6. cook (she)
............................................................................
7. taste (it)
............................................................................
8. forbid (you)
............................................................................
211
9. destroy (you)
..........................................................................
10. see (they)
..........................................................................
11. avoid (I)
..........................................................................
12. wear (you)
..........................................................................
Section II. Some Miscellaneous Notes and Review
1.
Agreement of subject and verb. When I am doing something with someone else or
several people, the verb becomes we.
Ego et puella in amōre sumus. The girl and I are in love.
Ego et virī ad Italiam venīmus. The men and I are coming to Italy.
Et ego et tū eōs monēmus. Both you and I are warning them.
The subject ego in this case must be expressed and comes first in the sentence. When
you and any third person (singular and plural) do something together, it becomes second
person plural.
Et tū et Julia in Italiā estis. Both you and Julia are in Italy.
Et tū et virī ad Italiam venītis. You and the men are coming to Italy.
2.
The adverb nunc is only used with the present tense, otherwise use iam.
3.
Verbs whose objects are not in the accusative in Latin are not considered transitive.
4.
When the verb dicō is negative, use negō, never nōn dicō.
5.
Hostis is a public enemy, an enemy of the state. Unless it is a single person, it is used in
the plural. The enemy is here, Hostēs adsunt, is plural if it refers to the army. Inimicus
would be a personal enemy. Inimīcus meus abest. My enemy is away.
6.
The verb eō, īre does not have a passive, but its compounds do.
7.
Instead of the ablative of place where Latin singular towns and small islands of the first
and second declension have a special case called the locative, the form is the same as the
genitive. Romae, at or in Rome; Rhodī, at Rhodes.
There are also special locatives:
domī, at home; rurī, in the country; humī, on the ground;
militiae, in military service, in the field.
212
This rule does not seem very logical. In Roman times, all islands were small except
England (Britain), Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete and Cyprus.
Section III. Latin Trivia
A. The Seven Hills of Rome
1.
Aventine - The furthest south of the hills. It was the scene of the fight between Hercules
and Cacus. In later times it had many slums.
2.
Caelian - Densely populated in Republican times, it became a posh section with many
homes and gardens of the rich.
3.
Capitoline - Where the Capitol and the great Temple of Jupiter were located.
4.
Esquiline - The location of Nero's golden house and the Baths of Trajan.
5.
Palatine - The hill of the first settlement where the most important Romans lived. The
word palace comes from this hill.
6.
Quirinal - The northwest hill, believed to have been the home of the Sabines.
7.
Viminal - Named from the grove of willow tress on this hill.
B. Roman Roads
Romans were great road builders. Many of the roads lasted until the present century.
The most famous of the Roman roads were:
1.
Via Appia - the Appian Way (built 312 BCE) from Rome to Capua and from there to
Benevento and across to Brindisi (241 BCE).
2.
Via Aurelia - from Rome to Pisa.
3.
Via Flaminia (220) - from Rome to Rimini and in 148-32 extended downward to
Brindisi.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Vocabulary
Verbs
fleo, flēre, flēvī, flētus
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectus
weep, weep for
kill
213
iungō, iungere, iunxī, iunctus
ludō, ludere, lusī, lusus
liberō, liberāre, liberāvī, liberātus
mordeō, mordēre, momordī, morsus
neque . . . neque (nec . . . nec)
rus, ruris (n)
tegō, tegere, texī, tectus
urō, urere, ussī, ustus
join
play
free
bite
neither . . . nor
the country (as opposed to the city)
cover
burn
Other Words
inimīcus, -ī
enemy (private)
inimīcus, a, um
hostile, unfriendly
____________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Exercises
A.
Translate the following into English.
1.
vocāberis
.............................................................................................
2.
audiēmini
.............................................................................................
3.
iungeris
.............................................................................................
4.
dōr
.............................................................................................
5.
amābitur
.............................................................................................
6.
mordentur
.............................................................................................
7.
urēbar
.............................................................................................
8.
liberābimur
.............................................................................................
9.
flentur
.............................................................................................
10.
laudabimini
.............................................................................................
11.
caret
.............................................................................................
12.
tegēris
.............................................................................................
13.
interficientur
.............................................................................................
214
14.
mitte
.............................................................................................
B.
List the four ablatives that do not use the preposition.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
C.
What is the dative of possession? Give an example (in Latin) of its use.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
D.
Translate.
1.
I am bitten by love.
Amore mordeor.
2.
The city will be burnt by fire.
....................................................................................................................................................
3.
They were not covered by flies.
....................................................................................................................................................
4.
They will be freed from fear of the enemy.
....................................................................................................................................................
5.
You and I will be taught the ways of peace.
....................................................................................................................................................
215
6.
The large elm was killed by animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7.
Why were you and your sister weeping?
....................................................................................................................................................
8.
My enemy is hated by all good men.
....................................................................................................................................................
9.
Boys and girls were playing in the field.
....................................................................................................................................................
10.
The poet and I are without friends or money.
....................................................................................................................................................
11.
Within an hour I was waiting for my enemy with a sword.
....................................................................................................................................................
12.
You and his friend were never faithful to me.
....................................................................................................................................................
13.
Neither you nor your sister could obey your father.
....................................................................................................................................................
E.Translate.
1.
Inimici mei propter timorem, omnes amicos meos interficient.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Italia et Gallia viis pontibusque per montes altissimos iungentur.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Urbs magna ab hostibus acerrimis uno die urebatur.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
216
4. Romani hostes reipublicae delebunt et ossa eorum in ignem iacient.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Propter mortem matris meae, et ego et frater meus multum flebimus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Domi et ruri otii et cibi boni causa habitabimus.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Omnes cives Romani metu et morte paucis diebus liberabunter.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Puer et puella in horto florum et inter arbores ludent.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Ruri in Italia agros floribus pulchris et arboribus magnis semper videbis.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
217
***************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXV
The Perfect Tense
***************************************************************************
Section I. The Past Participle (English)
In English, the perfect and the passive systems are formed from the past participle (with
the auxiliary verbs to have and to be). A participle is a verbal adjective. As an adjective it has
sex (gender), that is it must be masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural, and agrees with
the noun it modifies.
In English, the past participle does not change and combines with the auxiliary verb to be
to form the passive system and with the verb to have to form the perfect system. I am loved is
present passive; I have loved is perfect and active. We have seen that the formation of the
passive is in Latin different from English. The perfect system also differs.
Section II. Principal Parts of Verbs - The Third Principal Part
You have learned the principal parts of the Latin verb without fully knowing their
function. As you may have noticed, the principal parts of conjugations I and IV give little
difficulty since their patterns are quite regular. The second conjugation presents a few
difficulties. The third conjugation, however, has no clear pattern and the memorization of the
principal parts has been a challenge.
The first and fourth conjugation tend to have regular patterns of formation.
The first conjugation - principal parts:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus (a, um)
Exceptions include the following:
dō, dāre, dedī, dātus (a, um)
stō, stāre, stetī, stātus (a, um)
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus (a, um)
give
stand
forbid
218
The fourth conjugation - principal parts:
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus (a, um)
hear
The exceptions include the following:
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertus, (a,um)
sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus, (a, um)
veniō, venīre, venī, ventum
open
feel
come
Section III. The Perfect Tense
In the perfect system the personal endings are the same for all conjugations and irregular
verbs. This means that there is much less to memorize.
The endings of the perfect active indicative tense are:
Singular
-ī
- isti
- it
Plural - imus
- istis
- ērunt
I
II
amav-ī - I have loved, I loved
amav-isti - You have loved
amav-it - He, (she, it) has loved
amav-imus - We have loved
amav-istis - You (all) have loved
amav-ērunt* - They have loved
delev-i - I have destroyed
delev-isti - You have destroyed
delev-it - He (she, it) has destroyed
delev-imus - You (all) have destroyed
delev-istis - You (all) have destroyed
delev-ērunt* - They have destroyed
III
dux-ī (I have led, etc.)
dux-isti
dux-it
dux-imus
dux-istis
dux-ērunt*
cep-ī (I have taken, etc.)
cep-isti
cep-it
cep-imus
cep-istis
cep-ērunt*
219
IV
audiv-ī (I have heard etc.)
audiv-isti
audiv-it
audiv-imus
audiv-istis
audiv-ērunt
*The third person plural ending -ērunt should be especially noted and memorized.
The third principal part of all verbs ends in ī and the endings are the same regardless of the verb,
whether it be fuī, duxī, potuī, or scivī.
Venī, vidī, vicī is the perfect of IV, II and III conjugation verbs.
___________________________________________________________________________
Section IV. Vocabulary
Verbs
caveō
dividō
fleo
interficiō
iungō
libero
ludō
liberō
misceō
mordeō
premō
regō
tegō
urō
cavēre
dividere
flēre
interficere
iungere
liberare
ludere
liberāre
miscēre
mordēre
premere
regere
tegere
urere
cavī
divisī
flēvī
interfēcī
iunxī
liberavi
lusī
liberāvī
miscuī
momordī
pressī
rexī
texī
ussī
cautus-a-um
divisus-a-um
flētus, a um
interfectus, a, um
iunctus
liberatus
lusus
liberātus
mixtus-a-um
morsus
pressus-a-um
rectus -a-um
tectus
ustus
take care, beware
divide
weep, weep for
kill
join
free (from ablative)
play
free
mix
bite
press, restrain
rule
cover
burn
Other Words
neque . . . neque (nec . . . nec)
rus, ruris (n)
inimīcus, -ī, m
inimīcus, a, um
neither . . . nor
the country (as opposed to the city)
enemy (private)
hostile, unfriendly
220
___________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Random Review of Principal Parts of Verbs Already Cited But Judged To Be
Troublesome
agō
dō
doceō
iungō
mordeō
ponō
tangō
urō
veniō
videō
vivō
agere
dāre
docēre
iungere
mordēre
ponere
tangere
urere
venīre
vidēre
vivere
egī
dedī
docuī
iunxī
momordī
posuī
tetigī
ussī
venī
vidī
vixī
actus-a-um
datus-a-um
doctus-a-um
lunctus-a-um
morsus-a-um
positus-a-um
tactus-a-um
ustus-a-um
ventum
visus-a-um
victus-a-um
do, drive
give
teach
join
bite
put, place
touch
burn
come
see
live
Section VI. Exercises
Conjugate traho, trahere, traxi, tractus in the perfect tense (think about what principal part
you will use)
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Translate the following phrases
1. I have divided ____________________________________
2. We saw ___________________________________________
3. They have walked ___________________________________
4. He has ruled ________________________________________
5. You (pl.)restrained _________________________________
6. You (sing.) have joined_______________________________
Translate the following phrases in two ways
1. egisti _________________________________
2. dedimus ___________________________________
3. docuērunt ___________________________________
221
4. laudavistis __________________________________
5. posuit _______________________________________
6. vēni _______________________________________
A. Translate into Latin.
1. You have cooked.
..................................................................................................................
2. She has believed.
...................................................................................................................
3. I have said.
.............................................................................................................................
4. We led.
...................................................................................................................................
5. He has taken.
..........................................................................................................................
6. You fled.
................................................................................................................................
7. You have bitten.
.....................................................................................................................
8. They have been able.
..............................................................................................................
9. You (pl) have thrown.
............................................................................................................
10. He has harassed.
....................................................................................................................
11. I sought.
.................................................................................................................................
12. We have driven.
....................................................................................................................
13. She has ruled.
........................................................................................................................
222
14. They have dragged.
...............................................................................................................
15. He has sent.
...........................................................................................................................
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus– write a synopsis in the 3rd plural
Active
Passive
Present ____________________________________________________________
Imperfect __________________________________________________________
Future ______________________________________________________________
Perfect ___________________________________
Write the third principal part for the following
18. interficio _________________________
verbs and translate the perfect form:
19. verto ____________________________
1. scribo______________________
20. ambulo ___________________________
2. video ______________________
21. voco _____________________________
3. vivo___________________________
22. scio ____________________________
4. iungo __________________________
23. dormio __________________________
5. facio ____________________________
24. tego ____________________________
6. capio ____________________________
25. mordeo __________________________
7. moveo ___________________________
26. ludo ____________________________
8. maneo ___________________________
27. uro _____________________________
9. moneo __________________________
28. misceo ___________________________
10. audio ___________________________
29. coquo ____________________________
11. aperio ___________________________
30. pono ____________________________
12. venio ___________________________
31. sum _____________________________
13. iacio ____________________________
32. possum _________________________
14. traho ____________________________
33. rego __________________________
15. tango ____________________________
34. sto __________________________
16. invenio __________________________
35. amo ___________________________
17. ardeo ____________________________
36. credo _________________________
223
37. duco ____________________________
38. dico ___________________________
39. mitto ____________________________
40. eo ____________________________
41. vinco __________________________
42. peto___________________________
43. sentio _________________________
44. gero _____________________________
224
Translate
1. Ad villam ambulavimus et matrem nostram vidimus.
2. Dux cives in urbe bene rexit. Bonas leges pro hominibus fecit et omnes hostes vicit.
3. Fessus magister discipulos multos dies docuit. Discipuli claros libros lēgerunt.
4. Eo die, ingentes nubes in caelo vidi. Nocte claras stellas in caelo vidi.
5. Pater meus fructūs ad me in urbe misit. Litteras mihi scripsit.
6. Plus cibi pueris in agris dedisti. Pueri in agris multas horas laborabant.
7. Nauta bonus in mari navit et ad insulam vēnit ubi puella pulchra habitabat.
D. Translate the following.
1.
Caesar Galliam cum suis militibus vicit.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Poetae amōrem et odium in carminibus suis miscuērunt.
..............................................................................................................................................
225
3. Cūr celerius sedistis? Melius est fortiter stare. (celerius is the comparative adverb)
..............................................................................................................................................
4.
Cives nos laudant quod eōs e periculo magno traximus.
..............................................................................................................................................
5.
Tetigistine corda civium omnium?
...............................................................................................................................................
6.
Mēne in oppidīs magnīs vidistī?
...............................................................................................................................................
7.
Tēne magnopere nōn amāvī?
...............................................................................................................................................
E. Translate.
1. We have written a long letter to the Roman Senate.
Litteras longas senatui Romano scripsimus.
2. Have you(pl) believed all the words in his book?
................................................................................................................................................
3. I have driven my sheep to the mountains.
...............................................................................................................................................
4. We have been able to see the coast of Italy from the mountains.
................................................................................................................................................
5. Where have they taken my friends?
................................................................................................................................................
6. She has sent her sons from home and will write to them often.
................................................................................................................................................
226
7. They all have gone to Rome at midday and will return tomorrow.
................................................................................................................................................
8. Caesar has ruled the Senate and the Roman people well.
................................................................................................................................................
227
****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXVI
The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense
****************************************************************************
Section I. The Roman Sense of Time
The forms for these tenses should cause no difficulty because the pluperfect adds the
imperfect tense of esse (eram etc.) to the stem of the third principal part and the future perfect
adds the future tense of esse except for the third person plural. Both tenses need to be
understood, as does the Roman sense of time.
Verbal activity other than simple sentences was viewed as occurring in a time frame that
was present, past or future - or to be technical, contemporaneous, prior or subsequent.
In the sentence: “When I was in New York, you were in London.” the tense is past, but
the verbal action is contemporaneous, that is, going on at the same time.
“I think that he was a great man.” The tense of the main verb I think is present but the
verb was is in the past - it took place prior to the thinking.
“I believe he will come.” The action he will come is subsequent to the believing.
In English we are often vague about time relationships. Look at the following sentences:
1. Mounting his horse, he rode for three miles.
2. I was there an hour when he arrived.
3. When I return, I will visit you.
Which tense should the opening clause of each sentence be?
Section II. The Pluperfect
The pluperfect tense indicates a past action that took place before another past action. I
had been there an hour when he arrived. He arrived is in the past. I had already been there
was even before he arrived.
Pluperfect Tense
I
amaveram
II
(I had loved)
deleveram
228
(I had destroyed)
amaverās
amaverat
amaverāmus
amaverātis
amaverant
(You had loved)
(He, she had loved)
(We had loved)
(You (all) had loved)
(They had loved)
III
duxeram (I had led) etc.
duxerās
duxerat
duxerāmus
duxerātis
duxerant
deleverās
deleverat
deleverāmus
deleverātis
deleverant
(You had destroyed)
(He, she had destroyed)
(We had destroyed)
(You (all) had destroyed)
(They had destroyed)
IV
Esse
audiveram (I had heard) etc.
audiverās
audiverat
audiverāmus
audiverātis
audiverant
fueram (I had been) etc.
fuerās
fuerat
fuerāmus
fuerātis
fuerant
Section III. The Future Perfect
The future perfect indicates a future action that will take place before another future
action.
Future Perfect Tense
I
amaverō
amaveris
amaverit
amaverimus
amaveritis
amaverint
II
(I shall have loved)
(You will have loved)
(He, she will have loved)
(We will have loved)
(You (all) will have loved)
(They will have loved)
III
duxerō
duxeris
duxerit
duxerimus
duxeritis
duxerint
delevero
deleveris
deleverit
deleverimus
deleveritis
deleverint
IV
Esse
audiverō
audiveris
audiverit
audiverimus
audiveritis
audiverint
fuerō
fueris
fuerit
fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint
Section IV. Exercises
A. Identify the following verbs and translate them. For the sake of clarity, translate the perfect
as have, has (loved) the pluperfect as had (loved), and the future perfect as shall (will) have
(loved). When identifying verbs, you should get into the habit of doing it in this order:
229
1.
2.
3.
4.
Person (1-2 or 3)
Number (singular or plural)
Tense (present-)
Mood (so far you have only had the indicative, although the imperative and infinitive are
moods.)
5. Voice (active or passive)
Thus, amavimus is first person plural, perfect indicative active of amāre.
1. coxeris
.................................................................................................................................
2. miseris
.................................................................................................................................
3. habitāvit
.................................................................................................................................
4. gesserātis .................................................................................................................................
5. crediderimus..............................................................................................................................
6. legērunt
.................................................................................................................................
7. egerint
.................................................................................................................................
8. scripsistis .................................................................................................................................
9. ieceritis
.................................................................................................................................
10. fuērunt
.................................................................................................................................
11. vixit
.................................................................................................................................
12. vicimus
.................................................................................................................................
13. tetigerant .................................................................................................................................
14. vertēmus .................................................................................................................................
15. dixērunt .................................................................................................................................
230
16. duxerās
..................................................................................................................................
17. ageris
..................................................................................................................................
18. dederō
..................................................................................................................................
19. riserās
..................................................................................................................................
20. fuī
..................................................................................................................................
21. presserāmus...............................................................................................................................
22. traxeritis ..................................................................................................................................
23. rexerant ..................................................................................................................................
24. senserint ..................................................................................................................................
25. flexerat
..................................................................................................................................
B. Translate.
1. They have heard. ......................................................................................................................
2. I had touched. ...........................................................................................................................
3. We will have loved. .................................................................................................................
4. You (pl) have placed. ...............................................................................................................
5. They have laughed. ..................................................................................................................
6. We have been able. ..................................................................................................................
7. She had been. ...........................................................................................................................
8. I have felt. ................................................................................................................................
9. They will have seen. ................................................................................................................
10. You have bitten. ......................................................................................................................
11. She has moved. .......................................................................................................................
12. We had taught. ........................................................................................................................
231
13. You shall have feared. ..........................................................................................................
14. I have destroyed. ..................................................................................................................
15. It has come. ..........................................................................................................................
16. They had sat down. ..............................................................................................................
17. We had ruled. .......................................................................................................................
18. We will have divided. ..........................................................................................................
19. They have seen. ....................................................................................................................
20. I shall have sent. ...................................................................................................................
C. Translate.
1. Why has he said all these things?
…………………………………………………………………………….
2. I had finished the work when they came home.
................................................................................................................................................
3. When will they have seen my father?
................................................................................................................................................
4. That man has already destroyed the republic.
................................................................................................................................................
5. . If you have led the men safely home, I will send help.
................................................................................................................................................
6. They had eaten more beans and meat than the enemy.
................................................................................................................................................
.
7. When Caesar had come to Rome, all the citizens praised him.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
232
.
E. More Practice – English to Latin and Latin to English
1. The students had not heard the songs of the poet.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The brave leader had already destroyed the city of the enemies.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The leader had led the soldiers back to Italy.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Cum23 Romani ad urbem vēnerint, Graecos vincent.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Matres fessae filios domum24 traxerant.
_____________________________________________________________________
6.
We had placed the food on the table. Marcus ate more food than I.
7. Agricola vocem deae audiverat sed non ei credidit.
8. When the people drive (will have driven) the horses into the town, they will conquer the
enemy.
23
Here cum means when.
24
Domum without a preposition means “home”
233
F. Synopses
caveo, cavēre, cavi, cautus – 2nd singular
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________
Future ____________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________
Pluperfect ______________________________
Future Perfect ______________________________
traho, trahere, traxi, tractus – 1st plural
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________
Future ____________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________
Pluperfect ______________________________
Future Perfect ______________________________
rego, regere, rexi, rectus – 3rd plural
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________
Future ____________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________
Pluperfect ______________________________
Future Perfect ______________________________
misceo, miscēre, miscui, mixtus – 3rd singular
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________
234
Future ____________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________
Pluperfect ______________________________
Future Perfect ______________________________
Fabulae
1. A Gift Bearing Greeks (adapted from 38 Latin Stories- Wheelock)
In Asiā erat magna urbs, Troia. Ibi rex Priamus vīvēbat. Paris fīlius
illīus, Helenam, pulchram feminam Graecam, cēperat. Propter hoc
vitium multī Graecī ad Asiam vēnerant et diu cum Troianīs bellum acre
gesserant. Muros autem urbis superare non potuerant. Sed tum Epeus,
unus ex Graecīs, eīs hoc consilium dedit: "Sī magnum equum ligneum
faciēmus et Troianīs dabimus, eōs vincere poterimus; Graecōs enim in
equō condiderimus."
"Nōs bene docuisti," Graecī dīxērunt et has insidias sine morā fēcērunt.
Post bellum Aeneas, dux Troianus, dīxit, "Militēs in equō non vīdimus;
eum in urbem dūximus. Graecī igitur non vincere potuerunt. Dī
fortunam malam praesenserat et nostrā ex urbe fūgerant.
235
1. Homo miser
Amicam habui. Nomen ei erat Clodia. Clodia pulcherrima et gracillima
omnium mulierum erat. Magnam domum in urbe et ingentem villam ruri
proper oram habuit. Saepe cantabat et cum ave ludebat. Semper avis
digitos eius mordebat. Tunc fidelis mihi erat. Tunc mihi non nocuit.
Tunc amore ego non carui. Tunc ego et mea amica semper ridebamus.
Vita bona fuit.
Nunc miser sum. Dormire non possum. Omni nocte solus sedeo, sine
amicā. Ego eam amisi. Nunc inimica mihi est. Mē ex vitā suā Clodia
iecit. Tunc dignus amore fui. Nunc indignus sum.
nunc me interficere optat. Quid feceram?
236
Me amaverat sed
*************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXVII
The Perfect Passive System
*************************************************************************
Section I. Introduction
In English, the perfect passive system is formed by the perfect of the verb to be plus the
past participle.
Perfect:
Pluperfect:
Future Perfect:
I have been - loved, had, sent
I had been - taken, heard
I shall have been - loved, etc.
In Latin, the perfect passive system is formed in a similar way, which should be a relief.
The fourth principal part - the perfect passive principle, amātus - a - um is used in the
same way as the English past participle. But remember: a participle is an adjective and therefore
has sex (gender). Remember that it is also passive; it does not act but receives the action. The
“loved” one is quite passive and the action of loving is necessarily completed in the past,
especially when you hear it in the hollow pear-shaped tones of funeral directors, (Vespillo, onis
(m)). The perfect passive tense is formed from the fourth principal part of the verb plus the
present tense of esse. The pluperfect passive uses the imperfect tense of esse and the future
perfect, the future tense of esse, both with the fourth principal part of the verb.
Section II. Perfect Indicative Passive
I.
Singular
amātus -a-um sum
amātus-a-um es
amātus-a-um est
I have been loved.
You have been loved.
He she, it has been loved.
Plural
amātī - ae- a sumus
amātī-ae-a estis
amātī-ae-a sunt
We have been loved.
You (all) have been loved.
They have been loved.
237
II.
III.
IV.
deletus-a-um sum, etc.
ductus-a-um sum, etc.
audītus-a-um sum, etc.
I have been destroyed.
I had been led.
I have been heard.
Section III. Pluperfect Indicative Passive
amātus - a-um eram
amātus-a-um eras
amātus-a-um erat
I had been loved.
You had been loved.
He, she, it had been loved.
amātī-ae -a eramus
amātī-ae-a eratis
amātī-ae-a erant
We had been loved.
You (all) had been loved.
They had been loved.
II.
deletus-a-um eram, etc.
I had been destroyed, etc.
III.
ductus a-um- eram, etc.
I had been led, etc.
IV.
audītus-a-um eram, etc.
I had been heard, etc.
I.
Section IV. Future Perfect Indicative Passive
amātus-a-um erō
amātus-a-um eris
amātus-a-um erit
I shall have been loved.
You shall have been loved.
He, she, it shall have been loved.
amātī-ae-a erimus
amātī-ae-a eritis
amātī-ae-a erunt
We shall have been loved.
You (all) shall have been loved.
They shall have been loved.
II.
deletus-a-um erō. etc.
I shall have been destroyed, etc.
III
ductus-a-um ero, etc.
I shall have been led, etc.
IV.
auditus-a-um ero, etc.
I shall have been led, etc.
I.
a.
If a woman was loved, it is: amāta sum (I have been loved).
b.
If we (male) have been loved, it is: amātī sumus (We have been loved).
c.
If they (female) have been loved, it is: amātae sunt (They have been loved).
238
____________________________________________________________________________
Section V. Vocabulary
coram - preposition, with ablative
creber, crebra, crebrum
dolor, dolōris (m)
libertās, libertātis (f)
quasi
rex, regis, m
regina, reginae, f
regnum, regni, n
in the presence of
frequent
pain, sorrow
freedom, liberty
as if, like (adv.)
king
queen
kingdom, power
More principal parts:
invenio, invenīre, invenī, inventus-a-um
find
pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum
arrive, arrive at (ad.)
____________________________________________________________________________
Section VI. Exercises
Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Passive Tenses
Forms Practice
Conjugate dico, dicere, dixi, dictus in the PERFECT passive and translate
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate video, vidēre, vīdi, visus in the PLUPERFECT passive and translate.
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Conjugate audio, audire, audivi, auditus in the FUTURE PERFECT passive and translate
Singular
Plural
1.
2.
3.
Identify the tense of each verb phrase and translate
1. Caesar in senatu interfectus est ______________________________________________
2. Puellae a magistro laudatae sunt _____________________________________________
239
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Carmina a poetā scripta erant ________________________________________________
Hostes a Romanis victi erunt ________________________________________________
Tu, Flavia, ad urbem missa es _______________________________________________
Ego, Marcus, ab amico in mare iactus sum _____________________________________
Nos amore usti eramus _____________________________________________________
Vos a patre de virtute doctae estis ____________________________________________
English to Latin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I had been loved (F) _____________________
We were driven (M) ____________________
They will have been conquered (M) _______________________
You all have been captured (F)_____________________________
They had been written (N)____________________________
You will have been seen (M)____________________________
It had been thrown (N) ___________________________________
She has been sent (F)_____________________________________
He will have been warned (M)________________________________
Synopses- example
Amo, amare, amavi, amatus – 3rd singular masculine
Active
Passive
Present
amat - he loves
amatur – he is loved
Imperfect
amabat – he was loving
amabatur – he was being loved
Future
amabit –he will love
amabitur –he will be loved
Perfect
amavit – he has loved
amatus est – he has been loved
Pluperfect
amaverat – he had loved
amatus erat – he had been loved
Future Perfect amaverit – he will have loved amatus erit – he will have been loved
pono, ponere, posui, positus -1st singular feminine
Conjugation ________
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________________
Future ____________________________________________________________________
Perfect ______________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect __________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
240
Video, vidēre, vīdi, visus – 2nd singular masculine
Conjugation _______________
Active
Passive
Present ___________________________________________________________________
Imperfect _________________________________________________________________
Future _____________________________________________________________________
Perfect __________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect ________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus – 3rd singular neuter
Conjugation _________
Active
Passive
Present _____________________________________________________________________
Imperfect ___________________________________________________________________
Future _______________________________________________________________________
Perfect ______________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect __________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
scio, scire, scivi, scitus – 1st plural masculine
Conjugation _________
Active
Passive
Present __________________________________________________________________
Imperfect __________________________________________________________________
Future ______________________________________________________________________
Perfect ____________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect _________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
241
deleo, delēre, delevi, deletus -2nd plural feminine
Conjugation __________
Active
Passive
Present _____________________________________________________________________
Imperfect ____________________________________________________________________
Future ________________________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect ____________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
do, dare, dedi, datus – 3rd plural neuter
Conjugation ________
Active
Passive
Present ____________________________________________________________________
Imperfect ___________________________________________________________________
Future ______________________________________________________________________
Perfect _______________________________________________________________________
Pluperfect __________________________________________________________________
Future Perfect _________________________________________________________________
A. Translate the following.
1. ustī sumus................................................
9. captae sumus.............................................
2. lectum erit................................................
10. gestī sunt.................................................
3. actae erant................................................
11. apertum est............................................
4. tecta est.....................................................
12. tacta est.............................................
5. amata est..................................................
13. dictum erat.........................................
6. positum erat...............................................
14. victae estis...................................
8. interfectus erit.........................................
242
14.
docta erit..........................................
21.
data erant.....................................
15.
tacta sunt……................................
22.
sensī sumus..................................
16.
coctum erit........................................
23.
visa est.........................................
17.
motī sunt...........................................
24.
acta sunt.......................................
18.
ductī erātis......................................
25.
versa erunt......................................
19.
tectī erunt...................................
26.
tractī sunt.........................................
20.
iactus est............................................
27.
recta est..........................................
C. Translate into Latin.
1. I had been laughed at............................................................................................................
2. She has been moved..............................................................................................................
3. We shall have been seen.......................................................................................................
4. You have been bitten............................................................................................................
5. It has been read.....................................................................................................................
6. You (pl.) have been conquered.............................................................................................
7. They have been harassed......................................................................................................
8. I shall have been...................................................................................................................
9. It had been written................................................................................................................
10. We have been attacked........................................................................................................
11. We shall have been taken....................................................................................................
12. You (pl.) have been sought..................................................................................................
13. She had been killed..............................................................................................................
243
14. They shall have been loved..................................................................................................
15. I have been led.....................................................................................................................
16. They had been bent..............................................................................................................
17. It has been mixed.................................................................................................................
18. I have been seen...................................................................................................................
19. They will have been cooked................................................................................................
20. We had been bitten...............................................................................................................
D. Translate.
1. The sheep and goats have been driven from the mountains and they will be safe from
danger.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. All the money has been found and we will arrive soon.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Why have you been ruled for a long time by that evil leader?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The enemy had already been conquered by the Romans when Caesar arrived at the city.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The food has been eaten but we will remain at table.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The books of the poet had already been read when the teacher arrived.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
244
Section IV. Exercises
A. Translate into Latin.
1. We have loved and been loved; nothing remains for us.
Amavimus et amati sumus nihil nobis manet.
2. Why have I not been warned about the dangers of war in the presence of the king?
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. The meat and the mushrooms had been cooked on the hearth at home.
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. I have been burned by the fire of love but I did not perish.
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. The horses have been driven from the fields by the farmer's enemy.
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. He was captured and killed with the help of the Roman soldiers.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7.The soldiers have been sent to Italy by Caesar.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
B. Translate into English.
1. Feminae ā militibus Romānis lacessitae sunt.
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Amāta sum a poetā et amōris dolōre perīvī.
.....................................................................................................................................................
245
3. Igne amōris usta est et mandūcāre nōn poterat.
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. In manibus vestris vitam meam posuī. Adiuvate mihi, aut perībō.
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. Caprī herī ad montēs actī sunt; hodiē fugere debēmus.
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Igne amōris tactī et captī erāmus; ā periculō fugimus et tūtī sumus.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. Timōrem mortis vicerat sed ab inimīcis suīs interfectus est.
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. Urbs magna ab hostibus est capta et victa. Tota libertās delēta est.
.....................................................................................................................................................
246
*****************************************************************************
CHAPTER XXVIII
Review
*****************************************************************************
Section I. Review and Summary
The last three chapters have taken you through the perfect system, active and passive.
This review chapter will focus on the perfect system and will pick up on other points previously
mentioned.
I.
A transitive verb in Latin is one which takes an object in the accusative case. In Latin
there are verbs which govern the dative case. The English translation of these verbs is
misleading because the English verb governs the accusative case. The Latin verbs are not
transitive and therefore do not form a personal passive.
II.
The perfect active system is formed from the third principal part of the verb; the perfect
passive system is formed from the fourth part with the verb esse.
III.
At times, the participle is separated from the conjugated part of the verb esse, and
frequently it is omitted because it is understood. Caesar est in Italiā amātus - Caesar
has been loved in Italy.
Section II. Latin Trivia
A.
Roman Weights, Measures, and Money
1.
The pound, libra, was almost 12 ounces of our weight, and divided into 12 unciae
(ounces).
2.
Liquid and dry measure was based on the sextarius which was almost a pint.
3.
a.
Linear measure: The pes (foot) was nearly the same as our foot, divided into 12
unciae (inches). 5 pedes 1 passus (pace) and 1000 passus = 1 mile (mille
passus) or 4854 feet.
b.
Square measure: the pes quadratus (square foot); the iugerum - 5/8 of an acre.
247
4.
Money:
assis (m) - copper - a penny
sestertius - brass - 100 asses
denarius - silver - 4 sestertii
aureus - gold - 100 sestertii
B. Some Latin names for elements
Symbol
Ag
Au
Cu
Fe
Hg
K
argentum
aurum
cuprum
ferrum
hydrargyrus
kalium
silver
gold
copper
iron
mercury (quicksilver)
potassium
(not found in classical texts)
Na
natrium
sodium
(not found in classical texts)
Pb
plumbum
lead
Sb
stibium
antimony
Sn
stannum
tin
_____________________________________________________________________________
Section III. Vocabulary
More of the dative game: All verbs below govern the dative case. From now on regular
verbs of the first and fourth conjugation will be provided only with the first principal part and the
number of the conjugation. The infinitive will be indicated by the number of the conjugation.
faveō, (2), fāvī, fautus
ignōsco, (3) ignōvī, ignōtus (a-um)
imperō (1)
invideo, (2), invidī, invisus (a-um)
persuādeo, (2) persuāsī, persuāsus (a-um)
favor
pardon
command
envy
persuade
248
serviō (4)
serve (to be a slave)
KEY TO VOCABULARIES
Abbreviation
Meaning
D/C
Gen
PSP
n
v
prep
pp
ppn
pn
dem pro
adj
adv
dv
irr
Declension/Conjugation
Gender
Part of Speech
noun
verb
preposition
past positive
personal pronoun
pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
adjective
adverb
deponent verb
irregular
NB: Regular verbs of the first and fourth conjugation will show only the number of the conjugation (1)
or (4).
249
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
English
D/C
about (prep)
3
accident (n)
4
accustom (v) {to be accustomed to}
admire (dv)
advise (v)
2
affair (n)
5
afraid (to be)
2
Africa (n)
1
after (c)
46
after (prep)
again (adv)
against (prep)
air (n)
4
all (adj)
3
allow (v)
3
alone (adj)
already (adv)
21
also (c)
always (adv)
am seen (v)
2
ambush (n)
1
among (prep)
and (c)
and (c)
and (c)
and (c)
anger (n)
1
animal (n)
3
another (adj)
any (pn)
anyone, anything (pn)
appearance (n)
5
apple (n)
2
approach (v)
4
arise (dv)
arm
2
around (prep)
art (n)
3
as long as (c)
as often as (adv)
Asia (n)
1
Unit
Latin
dē (+ abl)
casūs, us (n)
sōleō, solēre, solitus-a-um-sum
miror,mirāri,mirātus-a-um sum
moneō,monēre,monuī, monitus-a-um
rēs, reī (f)
timeō, timēre, timuī
Africa, ae (f)
postquam, post...quam
post (+ acc)
rursus
contra (+ acc)
spiritus, ūs (m)
omnis, e
sinō, sinere, sivī, situs-a-um
sōlus, a, um
iam
etiam
semper
videor, vidēri, visus-a-um sum
insidiae, arum (f)
inter (+ acc)
ac
atque
et
-que (enclitic)
īra, ae (f)
animal, animalis (n)
alius, alia, aliud
quisquam, quidquam (quicquam)
quis, quid (used after ne, si)
species, eī (f)
pomum, i (n)
adeō, adīre, adiī (or adivi), aditus-a-um
orior, orīri, ortus-a-um sum
bracchium -i (n)
circum (+ acc)
ars, artis (f)
donec, dum
quotiens
Asia, ae (f)
22
32
31
5
17
5
4
3
2
3
17
11
49
18
1
1
22
4
3
1
1
1
4
3
10
18
50
43
17
16
14
31
20
22
10
46
45
4
250
251