REACTIVITY SERIES: POSITIVE & NEGATIVE
most
reactive
Positive Ions
K
1+
POTASSIUM
KANGAROO
Na
1+
SODIUM
NEEDS
Ca
2+
CALCIUM
CAT
Mg
2+
MAGNESIUM
MONKEY
Al
3+
ALUMINIUM
AND
C
-
CARBON
CUTE
Zn
2+
ZINC
ZEBRA
Fe
2+
IRON
FOR
Sn
2+
TIN
SMART
Pb
2+
LEAD
PEOPLE
H
1+
HYDROGEN
HAMPER
Cu
2+
COPPER
COMES
Ag
1+
SILVER
Negative Ions
F
-
2-
SO 4
-
NO3
Cl
-
-
Br
I
-
OH
ALONG
least
reactive
FLUORIDE
SULFATE
NITRATE
CHLORIDE
BROMIDE
IODIDE
-
HYDROXIDE
Types of Reactions & Examples
Double Replacement
Reaction
Combination Reaction
A+B
AB
AB + CD
Two elements combine to form a
compound.
2Na (s) + Cl 2(g)
2NaCl (s)
2Mg (s) + O 2(g)
2MgO (s)
A & C are cations, and B & D are anions.
One of its products are solid, gas or a
molecular compound like water.
Single Replacement
Reaction
Decomposition
Reaction
AB
A+B
A compound breaks down into two
or more simpler substances.
CaCO 3(s)
2NaOH (s)
CaO (s) + CO 2(g)
Na 2 O (s) + H 2 O (g)
AD + CB
A + BC
Y + XZ
Mg(NO3) 2 (aq) + Cu (s)
XY + Z
Y and Z are non-metals, Y replaces Z as it
is more reactive.
Cl 2 (g) + CaI 2 (aq)
2KNO 3 (aq) + PbI 2 (s)
NaCl (aq) + AgNO 3 (aq)
NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)
AC + B
A and B are metals, A replaces B as it is
more reactive.
Mg (s) + Cu(NO3) 2 (aq)
2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 (aq)
CaCl2 (aq) + I 2 (g)
Combustion Reaction
CxHy+ O2
CO 2 + H 2O
A compound burns with oxygen, to form
carbon dioxide and water.
Occurs commonly with hydrocarbons.
C3H 8 (g) + 5O2 (g)
3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g)
2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g)
Rules in Chemistry!
Metal, Non-metal, Salts
Metal, Non-metal, Salts
Ionic salts > carbonate & nitrate < are generally
solids, they leave solid metals and gaseous nonmetallic oxides.
When metals combine with something, it gives
off solid products. Non-metals give off
gaseous products.
CaCO3 (s)
CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Metals > solids, acids > liquid/aq
Salts > aq, Elements > gas
Chemistry
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq)
MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Ba (s) + Cl 2 (g)
BaCl 2 (s)
Simple non-metallic elements are gases > Cl2,
H2. Bigger covalent compounds > liquid,
metals and ionic compounds > solids (exc. Hg)
Soluble?
Insoluble?
All nitrates, acetates, ammonium, Group 1
salts
All chlorides, bromides, iodides EXCEPT silver,
lead and mercury (I)
All fluorides EXCEPT Group 2, lead (II) and
iron (III)
All sulfates EXCEPT calcium, strontium,
barium, mercury, lead (III) and silver.
All carbonates and phosphates EXCEPT
Group 1 and ammonium
All hydroxides EXCEPT Group 1, strontium,
barium and ammonium
All sulfides EXCEPT Group 1 and 2, and
ammonium
All oxides except Group 1.