Tutorial 2
1. The sentences below contain vague, emotional, informal or biased language. Correct the
mistakes and make them sound more academic.
A. You can even decide whether you want to start working gigs full-time job (…).
B. The number of digital platforms is growing by the minute, which means that the gig-economy
is becoming more relevant by the day.
C. A deontological person will base his actions on how he would like to be treated in that
particular situation.
D. Corporate tax avoidance seems to be a hot-button issue these days since most people allege
that tax avoidance is morally unethical and that everyone should contribute equally.
E. This method’s downside is that the amount of nitrogen each producer issues can’t be
measured easily (Stiglitz et al., 2017).
2. Cohesion
Consider the following passage and improve the coherence between the two paragraphs. It
has to become clear that both paragraphs discuss causes of unemployment.
The development of employment
‘(…) In order to research the contribution of the decline in employment on unemployment in
2013, employment is forecasted using Model 2 out-of-sample, and confronted with the actual
figures and the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) forecast for 2013. It
turns out that the CPB forecasts, Model 2, and the actual figures are virtually identical through
to November: a drop in employment of about 100,000 employed persons. It can be concluded
that the severe loss of jobs in 2013 is no surprise, in light of economic development.
The development of labour supply
During a slump, the labour supply can respond in two ways. On the one hand, job seekers
become discouraged and withdraw from the labour market. In economic literature, this is
referred to as the ‘discouraged worker effect’. On the other hand, during an economic crisis,
people could offer themselves on the labour market to maintain household, in what is referred
to as the ‘added worker effect’. Empirical research demonstrates that both opposing effects are
observed, but commonly the discouraged worker effect is larger in its absolute scope (Borjas,
2008; Duval et al., 2011).’
3. Referencing
Below you will find a number of questions that specifically address the issues of how to correctly
acknowledge your sources in your text and a reference list. Try to answer these questions as precisely
as possible. Referencing as well as listing your sources is a matter deserving your greatest attention
and care!
3. In the following text fragment you can leave out two of the four source acknowledgements
(which refer to the same page in the same text), and substitute these for textual references. In
the fragment below, indicate by means of textual references how you would indicate that you
are discussing one source only. You will need to rephrase the sentences to some extent.
A. In their article, Van Soest and Kooreman (1987, p. 20) discuss the effect of income on
consumption. Earlier studies have shown that income is an important factor in the decision
whether or not to go on holiday, therefore Van Soest and Kooreman (1987, p. 20) decided
to incorporate this variable in their research. The model shows that income does affect the
decision to go on holiday as well as the holiday destination and its duration (Van Soest
and Kooreman, 1987, p. 20).
B. How do you put this source in a reference list?
Peter van Baalen. The first lecture of the course. You use the Powerpoint slides. Title of the
Powerpoint is: Lecture 1 Canvas Big Tech Firms Seizing Power
C. How do you refer in-text to the Van Baalen (see previous question) in case you would like
to paraphrase something that Van Baalen wrote on slide 31? How would you refer to the
source if you quoted something from slide 31?