TEST BANK
Principles of Human Physiology
Cindy Stanfield
6th Edition
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology
Chapter 2 The Cell - Structure and Function
Chapter 3 Cell Metabolism
Chapter 4 Cell Membrane Transport
Chapter 5 Chemical Messengers
Chapter 6 The Endocrine System - Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions
Chapter 7 Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
Chapter 8 Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration
Chapter 9 The Nervous System - Central Nervous System
Chapter 10 The Nervous System - Sensory Systems
2
34
93
150
196
236
262
303
349
402
Chapter 11 The Nervous System - Autonomic and Motor Systems
475
Chapter 12 Muscle Physiology
Chapter 13 The Cardiovascular System - Cardiac Function
Chapter 14 The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
Chapter 15 The Cardiovascular System - Blood
Chapter 16 The Respiratory System - Pulmonary Ventilation
Chapter 17 The Respiratory System - Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
Chapter 18 The Urinary System - Renal Function
Chapter 19 The Urinary System - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
500
557
603
662
693
737
785
840
Chapter 20 The Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 21 The Endocrine System - Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth
Chapter 22 The Reproductive System
Chapter 23 The Immune System
Chapter 24 Diabetes Mellitus
889
959
1008
1066
1113
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology
1.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called
A) organs.
B) organ systems.
C) tissues.
D) cells.
E) organelles.
Answer: D
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
2) Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories?
A) squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranes
B) skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervous
C) neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue
D) atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systems
E) endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
3) Epithelial cells are associated with a noncellular material called a(n)
A) fibroblast.
B) connective tissue.
C) endocrine gland.
D) basement membrane.
E) muscle fiber.
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
4)
are found in the linings of hollow organs where they separate fluids in the interior
cavity from the surrounding body fluids. The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel is known
as a
.
A) Endocrine cells : lumen
B) Smooth muscle cells : cavity
C) Epithelial : lumen
D) Connective tissues : basement membran
E) Elastin cells : cavity
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
5) The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is
controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is
tissue.
A) muscle
B) epithelial
C) connective
D) nervous
E) skeletal
Answer: A
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1|2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
6) Glands are derived from what type of tissue?
A) muscle
B) connective
C) epithelial
D) nerve
E) reticular
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
2|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) The cell types blood, bone, fat, and lymph would be categorized into which of the following
major cell classes?
A) neurons
B) muscle cells
C) epithelial cells
D) connective tissue cells
E) endocrine cells
Answer: D
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
8) Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen
and elastin?
A) muscle tissue
B) epithelial tissue
C) connective tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) endocrine tissue
Answer: C
Learning Outcome: 1.1
HAPS LO: HAPS-1|2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
9) What is a general name for the noncellular material that holds the widely scattered cells of
connective tissue together?
A) basement membrane
B) collagen
C) intracellular matrix
D) extracellular matrix
E) elastin
Answer: D
HAPS LO: HAPS-1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Chapter Section: 1.1
3|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
10) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasproteinsfoundsinsconnectivestissuesthatsprovidessthestensilesstr
engthstosresistsstretching?
A) collagen
B) elastin
C) erythropoietin
D) basementsmembrane
E) vimentin
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
11) Whatsaresthesstructuressthatsattachsbonestosmuscle?
A) ligaments
B) aponeuroses
C) extracellularsmatrixsproteins
D) tendons
E) intracellularsmatrixsproteinss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
12) Organssofsthesbodysaresdefinedsas
A) ascollectionsofscellssthatsperformssimilarsfunctions.
B) twosorsmorestissuesscombinedstosformsasstructuresthatsallowsseachstissuestosfunctionsin
dependently.
C) ascollectionsofscellssthatsfunctionsindependentlysofsonesanother.
D) ascombinationsofstwosorsmorestissuessthatsmakesupsasstructureswhichsperformssasspecificsfun
ction.
E) ascollectionsofstissuessthatsfunctionsindependentlysofsonesanother.sA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
4|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaccuratelysrepresentssthesordersofscomplexitysforsthescomponentssofsth
esbody,sfromsleaststosmostscomplex?
A) organssystems,scells,stissues,sorgans
B) tissues,scells,sorgans,sorganssystems
C) cells,stissues,sorgans,sorganssystems
D) cells,stissues,sorganssystems,sorgans
E) organssystems,sorgans,stissues,scellss
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
14) Thesuptakesofsnutrientssacrosssthesepithelialscellssofsthesgastrointestinalstractsandsintosthesbl
oodstreamsisscalled
A) filtration.
B) excretion.
C) secretion.
D) absorption.
E) reabsorption.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
15) Whatsorganssystemsincludessthespituitarysgland,sadrenalsgland,sandsthyroidsgland?
A) nervous
B) endocrine
C) cardiovascular
D) integumentary
E) immune
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
16) Theslumensofswhichsofsthesfollowingssystemssisspartsofsthesinternalsenvironment?
A) gastrointestinalssystem
B) respiratoryssystem
C) cardiovascularssystem
D) urinaryssystem
E) gastrointestinalsandsurinaryssystemss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
5|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
17) Thesprocessswherebysfluidsfromsthesbloodstreamsenterssthestubulessofstheskidneyssisscalled
A) filtration.
B) excretion.
C) secretion.
D) absorption.
E) reabsorption.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
18) Thesprocessswherebysfluidsinstheskidneyssisstransportedsfromsthestubulessbacksintosthesbl
oodstreamsisscalled
A) filtration.
B) excretion.
C) secretion.
D) absorption.
E) reabsorption.
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
19) Referringstosasmembranesass"selectivelyspermeable"sdescribessitssabilitysto
A) allowsthesmovementsofsparticularsmoleculessacrosssasmembrane.
B) restrictsonlysthesmovementsofssodiumsacrosssasmembrane.
C) providesasbarriersthatsrestrictssthesmovementsofsallsmoleculessacrosssasmembrane.
D) providesasminimalsbarriersthatsallowssalmostsanysmoleculestosmovesacrosssasmembrane.
E) restrictsonlysthesmovementsofspotassiumsacrosssthesmembrane.sA
nswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
20) Extracellularsfluidsisscomposedsof
A) interstitialsfluidsandsplasma.
B) plasmasandsintracellularsfluid.
C) interstitialsfluidsonly.
D) plasmasonly.
E) intracellularsfluidsonly.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
21) Totalsbodyswatersisscomposedsof
A) intracellularsfluidsonly.
B) extracellularsfluidsonly.
C) intracellularsandsinterstitialsfluid.
D) intracellularsandsextracellularsfluid.
E) plasmasandsintracellularsfluid.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
22) Wheresissmostsofsourstotalsbodyswaterslocated?
A) instheslumensofstheskidneys
B) instheslumensofsthesgastrointestinalstract
C) insblood
D) insidescells
E) surroundingsthescellss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
23) Whichsofsthesfollowingscompartmentsscontainsmostsofstheswatersfoundsinstheshumansbody?
A) intracellularsfluid
B) plasma
C) interstitialsfluid
D) extracellularsfluid
E) lumensofsthesintestinalstracts
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
24) Whatsaresthestwosextracellularsfluidscompartmentssofsthesbody?
A) intracellularsfluidsandsinterstitialsfluid
B) intracellularsfluidsandsplasma
C) intracellularsfluidsandsblood
D) interstitialsfluidsandsplasma
E) interstitialsfluidsandsbloods
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
25) Thesportionsofsbodyswatersoutsidesofscellssthatsbathessmostscellssofsthesbodysisscalled
7|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) intracellularsfluid.
B) intercellularsfluid.
C) interstitialsfluid.
D) plasma.
E) extracellularsfluid.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
26) Thesfluidscompartmentswithsashighssodiumsandsproteinsconcentrationsisscalled
A) interstitialsfluid.
B) plasma.
C) intracellularsfluid.
D) extracellularsfluid.
E) intracellularsandsextracellularsfluids.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
27) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessintracellularsfluid?
A) richsinssodium,spotassium,sandschloride
B) richsinssodiumsandschloride
C) richsinsproteinssandschloride
D) richsinsproteinssandspotassium
E) richsinspotassiumsandschlorides
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
8|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
28) Thesfluidscompartmentswithsashighssodiumsconcentrationsthatscontainssonlystracesamountssofspr
oteinsisscalled
A) interstitialsfluid.
B) plasma.
C) intracellularsfluid.
D) extracellularsfluid.
E) intracellularsandsextracellularsfluids.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
29) Forsaspersonsweighings150spounds,showsmanysliterssofswatersarescontainedsinsallsofsthesbo
dy'sscompartments?
A) 70
B) 50
C) 42
D) 14
E) 11
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
30) Homeostasississastermswhichsdescribessthesprocessswherebysthesbody
A) affectssthesexternalsenvironment.
B) maintainssasconstantsexternalsenvironment.
C) maintainssasconstantsinternalsenvironment.
D) maintainssasvariablesinternalsenvironment.
E) maintainssasconstantsinternalsandsexternalsenvironment.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
31) Ofsthesfollowingsconditionssassociatedswithsexcesssheat,swhichsissthesmostsseriousscondition?
A) heatsexhaustion
B) heatsstroke
C) excessivessweating
D) dehydration
E) dizziness
sAnswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
32) Thesmaintenancesofsasstablesinternalsenvironmentscompatiblesforslifesisscalled
9|Page
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) physiology.
B) anatomy.
C) biochemistry.
D) microbiology.
E) homeostasis.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
33) Whatsissthesprimarysmechanismsforsmaintainingshomeostasis?
A) positivesfeedback
B) negativesfeedback
C) intrinsicscontrol
D) extrinsicscontrol
E) inherentscontrol
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
34) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutshomeostasississFALSE?
A) Thesextracellularsfluidsissmaintainedsinsasstatescompatiblesforslife.
B) Thesprimarysmechanismstosmaintainshomeostasississpositivesfeedback.
C) Thesorganssystemssworkstogetherstosmaintainshomeostasis.
D) Illnessscansresultsifshomeostasississdisrupted.
E) Homeostasississthesmaintenancesofsthesinternalsenvironment.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
35) Changessinsthesexternalsenvironmentsaltersthes
,sandsthatsinformationsisssentstosthesintegrator.
A) setspoints:sregulatedsvariable
B) regulatedsvariables:ssetspoint
C) errorssignals:sregulatedsvariable
D) sensors:sregulatedsvariable
E) regulatedsvariables:ssensors
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
,swhichsissdetectedsbysthes
36) Lisinoprilsissasmedicationsthatslowersshighsbloodspressuresbackstoswithinsasdesiredsrangesofsfun
ction.sThesactionsofsthissmedicationsisssimilarstosthatsofsa(n)s
instheshumansbody.
A) setspoint
B) regulatedsvariable
C) negativesfeedbacksresponse
D) positivesfeedbacksresponse
E) integratingscenter
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
37) Ifsyouswerestostakesthestemperaturesofseveryonesinsclass,sassumingsnosonesisssick,syouswouldsfin
dsthatsnotseveryoneshassastemperaturesofs98.6°F.sWhichsstatementsbelowsbestsexplainssyoursfinding
s?
A) Thesmeasuringsinstrumentsissnotsworkingsproperly;severyoneshassassetspointsofs98.6°F.
B) Mostsregulatedsvariables,ssuchsasstemperature,sfluctuatescontinuouslysandsoscillatesaboutsthesse
tspointsduestosnegativesfeedbackscontrol.
C) Ifsthessubjectsissnotsats98.6°Fsthenshesorsshesissinsasdiseasesstate
D) Anserrorssignalshassoccurredsandsaspositivesfeedbacksresponseshassputsthespersonssinsquestionsout
sofsthesnormalsrangesofsfunction.
E) Theirstemperaturesissnosdoubtshighersthans98.6°Fsbecausesaspositivesfeedbacksloopshassin
creasedsthessubjects'smetabolism.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3|1.4s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
38) Whenspeoplescutsthemselves,stheyshavesclottingsfactorssinstheirsbloodsthatswillsbesreleasedsco
ntinuouslysinsascascadesuntilstheirsbloodsclotssandsterminatessthesbleeding.sWhatsmechanismscaus
edstheirsbloodstosclot?
A) positivesfeedbackscontrol
B) negativesfeedbackscontrol
C) homeostasis
D) secretion
E) reabsorption
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
39) As
detectssaschangesinsasregulatedsvariablesandssendssthatsinformationstosa(n)
whichsrelaysssignalsstosa(n)s
,susuallysasmusclesorsasgland.
A) sensors:sintegratingscenters:seffector
B) sensors:seffectors:sintegratingscenter
C) stimuluss:sreceptors:sorganssystem
D) receptors:sstimuluss:sregulatedsvariable
E) receptors:sintegratingscenters:snegativesfeedbackscontrols
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
40) Vinnieshasshighsbloodsglucosesandsmuststakesinsulinsshotsstoscontrolshissbloodssugar.sWhysmu
stshesoverrideshissnormalshomeostaticsmechanismssbystakingsmedication?
A) Vinnie'sspositivesfeedbackscontrolssaresnotsfunctioningsproperly.
B) Vinnie'ssnegativesfeedbackscontrolssaresnotsfunctioningsproperly.
C) AnserrorssignalshassbeenssentstosVinnie'ssintegratingscenter,swhichsissnotsfunctioningsproperly.
D) Vinnie'sssetspointshasschangedstellingshimshesneedssmoressugar.
E) Vinnie'sssensorssaresdetectingshighslevelssofsglucosesandsthereforesaresnotssecretingsinsulinsdu
estospositivesfeedbackscontrol.
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
41) Aspatientshassashighssaltsorssodiumsintakeswhichsdrawssfluidsoutsofshisscellsstosdilutesthessod
ium.sThissprocesssoccurssassasresultsof
A) positivesfeedbackscontrol.
B) negativesfeedbackscontrol.
C) excretion.
D) reabsorption.
E) absorption.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
42) Thesprocesssofsmaintainingsthesinternalsenvironmentsinsasstatescompatiblesforslifesisscalled
,sandsitsoccurssprimarilysthroughs
.
A) intrinsicscontrols:shomeostasis
B) negativesfeedbacks:sintrinsicscontrol
C) homeostasiss:snegativesfeedback
D) intrinsicscontrols:snegativesfeedback
E) positivesfeedbacks:sintrinsicscontrols
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3|1.4s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
43) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansexamplesofsnegativesfeedback?
A) Ifsbloodspressuresincreasessabovesnormal,sbaroreceptorssinsmajorsarteriessdetectstheschangesan
dssendssignalsstosthesbrain.sCertainsareassofsthesbrainsthenssendssignalsstosthesnervessthatscontrolsthe
sheartsandsbloodsvesselsstosmakesthesheartsbeatsslowersandsthesbloodsvesselssincreasesinsdiameter,sw
hichsinsturnsreducesthesbloodspressure.
B) Duringsasbloodsclot,splateletssreleasesADP,swhichsstimulatessplateletsaggregation,scausingspl
ateletsstosreleasesmoresADP.
C) Duringsansinfection,sthesbodystemperaturessetspointsissincreased.sTheshypothalamusscommun
icatesstosskeletalsmusclesstosshiversandstosbloodsvesselsstosdecreasesbloodsflowstosthesskin,scausin
gsasrisesinsbodystemperature.
D) Atsthestimesofsbirth,suterinescontractionsspushsthesbabystowardsthescervix.sReceptorssinsthescervix
sdetectsthespressurescausedsbysthesbabysandscausesthesreleasesofsashormonescalledsoxytocin.sThisshor
monesstimulatessstrongersuterinescontractions,swhichspushsmoresonsthesbaby,scausingsansincreasesins
pressuresandsanothersincreasesinsoxytocin.sThescyclescontinuessuntilsthesbabysissdeliveredsfromsthes
mother.
E) Consumptionsofscaffeinesincreasessurinesoutput,scausingsdehydration.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) Luteinizingshormonemediatedsregulationsofsestrogensduringsovulationsinswomensissansexamplesof
A) asnegativesfeedbacksloop.
B) aspositivesfeedbacksloop.
C) asquasi-negativesfeedbacksloop.
D) asquasi-positivesfeedbacksloop.
E) bothsaspositivesandsasnegativesfeedbacksloop.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
45) Thesfeedbacksloopsinvolvingsluteinizingshormonesandsestrogensissterminatedsby
A) nothing;sthescyclescannotsbesterminated.
B) ovulation,swhichsdecreasessestrogenssecretion.
C) pregnancy.
D) birth.
E) ovulation,swhichsdirectlysinhibitssluteinizingshormonessecretion.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
46) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasnormalsbloodsglucoseslevel?
A) 100smg/dL
B) 100sgm/mL
C) 50smg/dL
D) 50smmolar
E) 200smmolar
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
47) Whatsissthesdifferencesbetweensdiabetessmellitussandsdiabetessinsipidus?
A) Onesissasdeficitsinsinsulinsactivity;sthesothersasdeficitsinsADHsactivity.
B) Onesissaslacksofsinsulinssecretion;sthesothersasresistancestosinsulin.
C) OnesissaslacksofsADHssecretion;sthesothersasresistancestosADH.
D) Onescausessincreasedsfluidsloss;sthesotherscausessincreasedsthirst.
E) Onescausessdiarrhea;sthesotherscausessdiuresis.s
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
48) Whatscellsssecretesinsulin?
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) Iscellssofsthesadrenalscortex
B) Gscellssofsthesadrenalscortex
C) alphascellssofsthespancreas
D) betascellssofsthespancreas
E) severalscellsslocatedsthroughoutsthesbodys
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
49) ApproximatelyswhatspercentagesofspeopleslivingsinsthesUnitedsStatesssufferssfromsdiabetessm
ellitus?
A) 0.1%
B) 0.5%
C) 1%
D) 8%
E) 15%
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
50) WhichsofsthesfollowingspeopleswouldsbesmorespronestosdevelopsdiabetessmellitusstypesII?
A) asthin,smalnourished,sAfricansAmericanschild
B) ansobeseswhitesadult
C) asthinswhitesadult
D) ansobesesHispanicsadult
E) ansobesesHispanicschilds
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
51) WhatspercentagesofsadultssinsthesUnitedsStatessissobese?
A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%
E) 35%
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
52) Whichsofsthesfollowingstypessofsdiabetessmellitusswassformerlysreferredstosassinsulinsdependentsorsjuvenile-onsetsdiabetessmellitus?
15 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) types1
B) types2
C) diabetessinsipidus
D) gestationalsdiabetes
E) prediabetes
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
53) Whatsaresthestwosmajorsconsequencessforsthoseswhossuffersfromsdiabetessmellitus?
A) highsbloodsglucosesandsglucosesinsthesurine
B) highsbloodsglucosesandsexcessivesthirst
C) highsbloodsglucosesandscellssthatscannotsutilizesthatsglucosesforsenergy
D) highsbloodsglucosesandsexcessivesurination
E) lowsbloodssugarsandsfaintings
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
54) Althoughsdiabetessmellitusshassmanyssymptoms,sthesprimarysdiagnosticssymptomssofsthesdi
seasesares
ands
.
A) elevatedsbloodsglucoses:sglucosesinsthesurine
B) elevatedsbloodsglucoses:slethargy
C) elevatedsbloodsglucoses:spoorshealing
D) dizzinesss:sdehydration
E) lethargys:sdizzinesss
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
55) Whatslabstest,softensdeemedsthes"liesdetectorstest"sbyshealthscaresworkers,smeasuressthesav
eragesbloodsglucoseslevelssforsthespasts2-3smonths?
A) fastingsbloodsglucosestest
B) glucosestolerancestest
C) hemoglobinsA1cstest
D) randomsbloodsglucosestest
E) siphonstest
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
56) Obesitysissidentifiedsusingswhatsmeasurement?
A) bodystypesindex
B) bodysmasssindexs(BMI)
C) waistscircumferencesscale
D) ethnicitysscale
E) CDCsdiseasesscales
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
57) Whatspercentagesofswomenswillsdevelopstypes2sdiabetessaftersdevelopingsgestationalsdi
abetes?
A) 1-2%
B) 3-4%
C) 5-10%
D) 12-15%
E) 25-30%
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
58) WhatsissthesprimarysreasonsthesprevalencesofsdiabetessissincreasingsinsthesU.S.spopulation?
A) ansagingspopulation
B) obesity
C) thesU.S.sdiet
D) sedentaryslifestyles
E) lacksofsphysicalsactivitys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
59) Prediabeticsshavesasfastingsbloodsglucoseslevelsofs
and,saccordingstosthesCenterssforsDiseasesControls(CDC),sapproximatelys
millionsAmericanssaresprediabetic.
A) 70-100smg/dLs:s10
B) 100-125smg/dLs:s80
C) 200-250smg/dLs:s50
D) 300-400smg/dLs:s100
E) 500-1000smg/dLs:s300
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
60) Johnshasstypes2sdiabetes.sHeshassassedentaryslifestyle,sissoverweight,sandsrecentlyswentstosthesdo
ctorswhosgaveshimsashemoglobinsA1cstestswhichscamesbacksats7%.sWhatsissthesbestscoursesofstreatm
entsforsJohn?
A) insulinsshotssandsexercise
B) insulinsshotssandsashealthysdiet
C) asstrictsdiet,sfrequentsmonitoringsofshissbloodsglucose,sexercise,sandsoralsglucosesmedication
D) frequentsmonitoringsofshissbloodsglucoseslevelsswithsinsulinsshots
E) measureshissBMI,scontinuedsmonitoringsofshissbloodsglucoseslevelsswithsashemoglobins
stest,sandschangessinslifestyle
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
61) Whichstissuesbelowsissspecializedsforsliningstheslumensofsvesselssmaterial?
A) epithelialstissue
B) connectivestissue
C) nervousstissue
D) musclestissue
E) reticularstissues
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
62) Whichstissuesbelowsconductsssignalssprimarilysviaselectricalsimpulses?
A) epithelialstissue
B) connectivestissue
C) nervousstissue
D) musclestissue
E) reticularstissues
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
63) Whichstissuesbelowsprovidessstructuralssupport?
A) epithelialstissue
B) connectivestissue
C) nervousstissue
D) musclestissue
E) reticularstissues
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
64) Whichstissuesbelowscontractsstosgeneratesforce?
A) epithelialstissue
B) connectivestissue
C) nervousstissue
D) musclestissue
E) reticularstissues
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
65) Theseliminationsofsunabsorbedsmaterialssfromsthesbodysrefersstoswhichsofsthesprocessessbe
low?
A) excretion
B) absorption
C) filtration
D) reabsorption
E) secretion
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
66) Movementsfromstheslumensofsthesgastrointestinalstractstosthesbloodswouldsrepresentswhichsofsthe
sfollowingsprocesses?
A) excretion
B) absorption
C) filtration
D) reabsorption
E) secretion
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
67) Movementsfromsthesbloodsintostheskidneystubulesswouldsrepresentswhichsofsthesfollowingspr
ocesses?
A) excretion
B) absorption
C) filtration
D) reabsorption
E) secretion
sAnswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
68) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresassociatedswithsthesendocrinessystem?
A) adrenalsgland
B) esophagus
C) bloodsvessels
D) bronchi
E) pancreas
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
69) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresassociatedswithsthesnervousssystem?
A) adrenalscortex
B) esophagus
C) bloodsvessels
D) bronchi
E) brainsA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
70) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresascomponentsofsthescardiovascularssystem?
A) adrenalsgland
B) esophagus
C) bloodsvessels
D) bronchi
E) brainsA
nswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
71) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresassociatedswithsthesrespiratoryssystem?
A) adrenalsgland
B) esophagus
C) bloodsvessels
D) bronchi
E) brainsAn
swer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
72) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresassociatedswithsthesgastrointestinalssystem?
A) adrenalsgland
B) esophagus
C) bloodsvessels
D) bronchi
E) brainsA
nswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
73) Thessmallestslivingsunits,scapablesofscarryingsoutstheirsownsbasicslifesprocesses,sare
A) atoms.
B) molecules.
C) cells.
D) tissues.
E) organs.
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
74) Cellssthatscarrysoxygensinsthesbloodstreamsarescalled
A) hemoglobin.
B) leukocytes.
C) lymphocytes.
D) erythrocytes.
E) karyocytes.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
75) Whatstissuesissspecializedsforsseparatingsfluids?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
76) Whatstissuesissasmajorscomponentsofsbone,sligaments,sandsblood?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
77) Whatstissuesissspecializedsforsgeneratingselectricalssignals?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
78) Whatstissuesissspecializedstoscontract?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) nervous
D) muscle
E) endocrine
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
79) Thesspecificsstructuressthatsattachsbonestosbonesarescalled
A) tendons.
B) sheathing.
C) smoothsmuscle.
D) skeletalsmuscle.
E) ligaments.
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
80) Thes
issthesinteriorscompartmentsofsashollowsorgansorsvessel.
A) intracellularsmatrix
B) basementsmembrane
C) epithelium
D) lumen
E) cavitysA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
81) Thesprocessswherebysenzymessaresmovedsintosthesgastrointestinalstractstosdigestsnutrientssisscal
led
A) absorption.
B) excretion.
C) filtration.
D) secretion.
E) reabsorption.
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
82) Thesprocessswherebysfluidsandsionssthatshavesnotsbeensreabsorbedsbystheskidneyssexitsthesbo
dysassurinesisscalled
A) excretion.
B) reabsorption.
C) filtration.
D) absorption.
E) secretion.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
24 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
83) Thesfluids(non-cellular)sportionsofsbloodsisscalled
A) thesinternalsenvironment.
B) intracellularsmatrix.
C) intracellularsfluid.
D) interstitialsfluid.
E) plasma.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
84) Thesfluidscompartmentswithsashighsproteinsandspotassiumsconcentrationsisscalled
A) thesinternalsenvironment.
B) extracellularsfluid.
C) totalsbodyswater.
D) interstitialsfluid.
E) intracellularsfluid.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
85) Wheresissmostsofstheswatersinsthesbodysfound?
A) insthesintracellularsfluid
B) insthesplasma
C) insthesextracellularsfluid
D) instheslumensofsthesstomach
E) insthesinterstitialsfluids
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
25 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
86) Insulinsissashormonesthatsregulatessbloodsglucoseslevels.sItsissreleasedswhensglucoseslevelssincr
easesabovesnormal.sBasedsonsthesconceptsofsnegativesfeedback,swhatseffectswillsinsulinshavesonsblo
odsglucoseslevels?
A) Insulinsdoessnotsregulatesbloodsglucoseslevels.
B) Itswillsdecreasesthem.
C) Itsmakessthemsgosbothsupsandsdown.
D) Insulinswillsnotsaffectsglucoseslevels.
E) Itswillsincreasesthem.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
87) Whatscellsssecretesinsulin?
A) exocrinescells
B) alphascells
C) collagenscells
D) neurons
E) betascellss
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
88) Bodysmasssindexsissasmeasuresofsweightsinskilogramssrelativesto
A) gender.
B) weights(inskilogramssinswater).
C) heightsinsmeterss(squared).
D) armslength.
E) wastescircumference.
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
89) Pre-diabeticsshavesfastingsbloodsglucoseslevelssof
A) 100-125smg/dL
B) 150-200smg/dL
C) 90-100smg/dL
D) 70-100smg/dL
E) 200-210smg/dL
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
26 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
90) Whatstypesofsductlesssglandssecretesshormonessintosthesbloodstream?
A) salivary
B) sweat
C) endocrine
D) matrix
E) exocrine
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
91) Whichsstatementsbelowsbestsdefinesshomeostasis?
A) Homeostasississthesprocessswherebysthesbodyschangesswithsthesexternalsenvironment.
B) Homeostasissrefersstosthesregulationsofstemperaturesinstheshumansbody.
C) Homeostasissmeanssallsregulatedsvariablessaresatsthessetspoint.
D) Homeostasississthesprocessswherebysthesbodysmaintainssthesinternalsenvironmentsinsasstatesco
mpatiblesforslife.
E) Homeostasississmaintainedsthroughspositivesfeedbacksloops.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.2
92) Whichsstatementsbelowslistssthesessentialscomponentssofsasfeedbacksloopsandsdescribesstheirsfu
nction?
A) Setspointsdetectssthesregulatedsvariable;sintegratorsinterpretssthesinformationsandssendssitstosth
esappropriateseffector;seffectorsdecidessifsitswillsreactsorsnotstosthessignal.
B) Sensorsdetectssasregulatedsvariable;ssetspointsissthesvaluesofsthesregulatedsvariable;sintegratorsint
erpretssthesinformationsandssendssitstosthesappropriateseffector;seffectorsalterssthesregulatedsvariabl
e.
C) Setspointsissthesvaluesofsthesregulatedsvariable;sintegratorsinterpretssthesinformationsandssendssitst
osthesappropriateseffector;seffectorsalterssthesregulatedsvariable;ssetspointsissthespointsthesvariablesm
ustsalwayssreturnsto.
D) Sensorsdetectssasregulatedsvariable;sintegratorsinterpretssthesinformationsandssendssitstosthesappr
opriateseffector;seffectorsalterssthesregulatedsvariable;sorganssystemsreturnssthesbodysbackstosnormal
E) Integratorsinterpretssthesinformation;ssetspointsissthesvaluesofsthesregulatedsvariable;seffectorsalt
erssthesregulatedsvariable.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3|1.4s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
1.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Physiologysissthesstudysofsfunctionsandscanscomesinsmanysforms,sincludingsplantsphysiology.sAn
swer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s Introduction
2) Pathophysiologysisswhatshappensswhensnormalsbodysfunctionssaresdisrupted.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s Introduction
3) Connectivestissuesformssbothsendocrinesandsexocrinesglands.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
4) Exocrinesglandsssecreteshormones.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
5) Thesimmunessystemsprotectssthesbodysfromsinvadingsmicroorganisms.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
6) Mostsofsthescellssofsthesbodysaresablestosdirectlysexchangesmaterialsswithsthesexternalsen
vironment.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 1.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Thesinternalsandsexternalsenvironmentssaresseparatedsbysthesselectivelyspermeablesmembranessofs
epithelialscells.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 1.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
8) Thesmostsabundantssubstancesinsthesbodysisscarbon.s
Answer:s FALSE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.1
9) Intracellularsfluidsandsextracellularsfluidsaresofsthessamesionscomposition.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
10) Theshomeostaticsmechanismssofsthesbodysaresunlimitedsinstheirsabilitystosrespondstoschangessinst
hesexternalsenvironment.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 1.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 1.2
11) Bloodsglucosesissasregulatedsvariable.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
12) Effectorssbringsaboutsasfinalsresponsesinsasnegativesfeedbacksloop.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
29 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Positivesfeedbacksloopssaresimpossiblestosstopsoncestheyshavesbegun.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
14) Allsformssofsdiabetessinvolvesasdecreasesinsplasmaslevelssofsinsulin.sA
nswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
15) Diabetessmellitussrequiressinsulinsinjectionssforsmaintenance.s
Answer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
16) Oncesaswomansdevelopssgestationalsdiabetes,ssheswillshavesdiabetessforslife.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
17) Peopleswithsasbodysmasssindexs(BMI)slesssthans25saresmostspronestosdevelopstypes2sdiabetessmel
litus.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 1.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 1.3
18) Casessofsdiabetessmellitussaresincreasingsthroughoutsthesworld,snotsjustsinsthesUnitedsStates.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
19) Obesityspredisposessaspersonstosdevelopstypes1sdiabetessmellitus.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.3
30 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
20) Diabetessmellitusscausesshyperglycemia.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 1.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 1.3
1.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Describesthesfoursgeneralsgroupssofscellss(tissues)sthatsaresfoundsinsthesbody,soutliningsthesim
portantscharacteristicssofseachsgroupsandstheirsfunctions.
Answer:s NervousstissuessNeuronssaresspecializedsforsthestransmissionsofsinformationsinsthesformsofselectricalssignals.sTheysty
picallyspossesssasnumbersofsbranchessthatsfunctionstosreceivesorstransmitsthoseselectricalssignals.sSo
mesaresevenscapablesofsdetectingssensorysinformation.
MusclestissuessMusclescellssaresinvolved sinsforcesdevelopmentsandsmovement.sTheystendstosbeselongatedsinsshapesa
ndscansbesunderseithersvoluntarysorsinvoluntaryscontrol.
Epithelialstissues-sEpithelialscellssaresarrangedsassassheet-likeslayersofscellssconnectedstosasthin,snoncellularsbasementsmembrane.sThesescellssaresfoundsinsmanysshapes,ssizes,sandslayersthicknesses.sTh
eysarescloselysassociatedswithstheirsneighbors,sprovidingsasbarriersseparatingsbodysfluidssfromsthesex
ternalsenvironment.sCertainsepithelialscellssaresspecializedstostransportsspecificsmoleculessfromsones
compartmentstosanother.
ConnectivestissuessThisstissuesencompassessmanyscellstypessincludingsbloodscells,sbonescells,sandsmanysothers.sInsasnar
rowssense,sthesescellssprovidesphysicalssupportsforsothersstructuresslikestendonssandsligaments.sInsasb
roaderssense,sthestermsconnectivestissuesencompassessfluidsslikesbloodsandslymphsthats"connect"spar
tssofsthesbodysbysprovidingsansavenuesforscommunication.
LearningsOutcome:s 1.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
2) Watersissthesmostsabundantsmoleculesinstheshumansbody.sIdentifysbothsthesamountsofswatersan
dsitsslocationswithinsthesbody.
Answer:s TBWsrepresentssthestotalsvolumesofsfluidswithinsthesbodysandsissapproximatelys42sliterssfo
rsansidealshumanssubjectsofs150spounds.sMostsofstheswatersinsthesbodys(28sliters)sissfoundsinsintracell
ularsfluidsorsthesfluidsfoundsinsidesofscells.sExtracellularsfluids(14sliterssofsTBW),sthesfluidsoutsidesof
scells,sisscomposedsofstwoscompartments.sOnesissthesfluidscomponentsofsbloods(plasma),swhichsissap
proximatelys3sliters.sThessecondsissthesfluidsthatsbathesscellss(interstitialsfluid),swhichsmakessups11sli
terssofsTBW.
LearningsOutcome:s 1.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.1
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3) Bloodsglucosesissasregulatedsvariablescontrolledsbysasnegativesfeedbacksloop.sExplainswhatsissme
antsbysthestermsnegativesfeedbacksandsdiscussshowsthissmechanismswouldsworksinsthescasesofshighsb
loodsglucose.
Answer:s Negativesfeedbackssystemssreversesthesresponsesofsansincreasingsvariablesbackstosthessetsp
ointsforsthatsvariable.sInsthisscase,sthesrisingsbloodsglucoseslevelssaresdetectedsbysthessensorssorsbetasc
ellsswithinsthespancreas.sThesbetascellssalsosactsassthesintegratingscentersandsreleasestheshormonesins
ulinsintosthesbloodsstream.sInsulinscausessglucosestosmovesfromsthesplasmasofsthesbloodsintosthescell
ssofsthesbodysorseffectorssthereforesdrivingsdownstheslevelssofsglucosesbackstoswithinsnormalsranges.
LearningsOutcome:s 1.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 1.2
4) Comparesandscontraststhesdifferentsformssofsdiabetes.
Answer:s Theresaresseveralstypessofsdiabetes,sincludingsdiabetessmellitusstypes1,sdiabetessmellitussty
pes2,sdiabetessinsipidus,sandsgestationalsdiabetes.sDiabetessmellitusstypess1sands2sares associatedswit
hsinsufficientsactionssofsinsulinscausingshyperglycemiasandsasnumbersofsotherssymptoms.
Diabetessmellitusstypes1sisscausedsbysdecreasedssecretionsofsinsulin.sWithoutssufficientsinsulin,scell
ssdosnotsuptakesglucosestosmeetstheirsmetabolicsneeds.sLiversandsmusclescellssdosnotsuptakesinsulinst
osstoresenergysforslatersneeds.sThusshyperglycemiasandsfatiguesarescommonssymptoms.sInsdiabetess
mellitusstypes2,sbetascellssofsthespancreasssecretesinsulin,sbutseffectorscellssdosnotsrespondstosthesins
ulin.sThusssymptomssaressimilarstosthatsofsdiabetessmellitusstypes1.
Diabetessinsipidussissasdiseasesaffectingsthesreleasesofsantidiureticshormones(ADH).sADHspromotess
watersreabsorptionsfromstheskidneys,sandsinsitssabsences(orsasdecreasesinstissuesresponsivenessstosit),s
excessiveswatersisslostsinsthesurinescausingsdehydration.
Gestationalsdiabetessdevelopssinssomespregnantswomen.sItsisssimilarstostypes2sdiabetessmellitus,swi
thshormonessofspregnancysthoughtstosinducesthesinsulinsresistance.sGestationalsdiabetessoftensrever
sessfollowingsdeliverysofsthesbaby.
LearningsOutcome:s1.5s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 1.3
32 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters2s ThesCell:sStructuresandsFunction
2.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
Figures2.1
1) WhichsofsthesfollowingsnucleotidessequencessaccuratelysreflectssthesmRNAsthatswouldsbespr
oducedsfromsthesdouble-strandedsDNAsshownsinsFigures2.1?
A) 3'TGTCTCACTGTCTTG5'
B) 5'ACAGAGTGACAGAAC3'
C) 5'UGUCUCACUGUCUUG3'
D) 3'ACAGAGUGACAGAAC5'
E) 3'GTTCTGTCACTCTGT5'
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
2) Basedsuponsassequencesofs15snucleotidessinsasstrandsofsDNA,swhatsissthesmaximumsamountsofsami
nosacidssproduced?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) 50
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
3) WhatsinteractionsbetweenscomplementarysbasessholdssthestwosstrandssofsasDNAsmoleculesto
gether?
A) hydrogensbonds
B) disulfidesbridges
C) ionicsbonds
D) covalentsbonds
E) vansdersWaalssforcess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
4) Whatsinteractionsbetweensthesphosphatesandsthescarbohydratesofsasnucleotidesholdssthesba
ckbonesofsasDNAsstrandstogether?
A) hydrogensbonds
B) disulfidesbridges
C) ionicsbonds
D) covalentsbonds
E) vansdersWaalssforcess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
5) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasmonosaccharide?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) galactose
D) deoxyribose
E) lactoses
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
34 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures2.2
6) WhatstypesofsmoleculesissshownsinsFigures2.2?
A) monosaccharide
B) disaccharide
C) fattysacid
D) phospholipid
E) aminosacids
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
7) Thespresencesofs
chemicalsgroupssmakesscarbohydratess
A) hydroxyls:spolar
B) hydroxyls:snonpolar
C) aminos:spolar
D) aminos:sacidic
E) carboxyls:spolarsandsacidics
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
.
8) Whichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculessissasdisaccharide?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) lactose
D) galactose
E) glycogen
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
35 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
9) Whichsofsthesfollowingscorrectlysdescribessglycogen?
A) Itsservessassasstructuralscomponentsofshumanscells.
B) Itsissansimportantsstoragespolysaccharidesfoundsinsanimalstissues.
C) Itsformssthesregulatorysmoleculessknownsassenzymes.
D) Itshelpsstosprotectsvitalsorganssfromsdamage.
E) Itscontainssthesgeneticsinformationsfoundsinscells.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
10) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansexamplesofsaspentosessugar?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) lactose
D) deoxyribose
E) sucroses
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
11)
issaspolysaccharidesfoundsinsanimalscells,swhereass
issaspolysaccharidesfoundsinsplantssthatscansbesdegradedsbyshumans.
A) Galactoses:sstarch
B) Glycogens:sstarch
C) Glycogens:scellulose
D) Lactoses:sstarch
E) Galactoses:scelluloses
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
12) Whichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculesswillsdissolvesreadilysinswater?
A) NaCl
B) cholesterol
C) C6H14
D) triglyceride
E) fattysacid
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
36 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssconcerningshydrogensbondssissFALSE?
A) Theysaresstrongsattractivesforcessbetweenshydrogensatomssandsnegativelyschargedsatoms.
B) Theyscansoccurswithinsassinglesmolecule.
C) Theyscansformsbetweensneighboringsmolecules.
D) Theysaresimportantsforcessforstertiarysstructuresofsproteins.
E) Theysaresresponsiblesforsmanysofsthesuniquespropertiessofswater.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
14)
aresmoleculessthatscontainsprimarilyscarbonssandshydrogensslinkedstogethersbysn
onpolarscovalentsbonds.
A) Lipids
B) Carbohydrates
C) Proteins
D) Nucleotides
E) Polysaccharides
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
15)
aresmoleculesscomposedsofsasglycerolsandsthreesfattysacids.
A) Phospholipids
B) Saturatedsfattysacids
C) Eicosanoids
D) Steroids
E) Triglycerides
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
16) Asfattysacidsthatscontainssthreesdoublesbondssinsitsscarbonschainsisssaidstosbe
A) saturated.
B) monounsaturated.
C) polyunsaturated.
D) hypersaturated.
E) polysaturated.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
37 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
17)
aresmoleculessthatsformsthesbilayersofscellsmembranessandsmicelles.
A) Phospholipids
B) Saturatedsfattysacids
C) Triglycerides
D) Steroids
E) Eicosanoids
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
18) Thesamphipathicspropertysofsphospholipidsscansbesdescribedsassa
A) nonpolarsregionsfacingsthesoutsidesandsaspolarsregionsfacingsthesinsidesofsascell.
B) singlespolarsregionsthatsissmisciblesinsaqueousssolution.
C) nonpolarsregionsthatsdissolvessinswatersandsaspolarsregionsthatsfacesonesanother.
D) polarsregionsthatsdissolvessinswatersandsasnonpolarsregionsthatsrepelsswater.
E) singlesnonpolarsregionsthatsissnotsmisciblesinsaqueousssolution.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
19)
aresmodifiedsfattysacidssthatsfunctionsinsintercellularscommunicationsandsincludespr
ostaglandinssandsthromboxanes.
A) Steroids
B) Eicosanoids
C) Saturatedsfattysacids
D) Phospholipids
E) Triglycerides
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
38 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
20)
act(s)sassthesprecursorstossteroidsmolecules,smanysofswhichsfunctionsasshormones.
A) Cholesterol
B) Saturatedsfattysacids
C) Unsaturatedsfattysacids
D) Eicosanoids
E) Phospholipids
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
Figures2.3
21) BasedsonsFigures2.3,swhatstypesofsmoleculesissthis?
A) aminosacid
B) phospholipid
C) steroid
D) nucleotide
E) fattysacid
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
39 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
22)
aresmoleculesswhosesgeneralsstructuresincludessascentralscarbonswithsascarboxylsgr
oup,sansaminesgroup,sashydrogensmolecule,sandsasresiduals(R)sgroup.
A) Lipids
B) Nucleotides
C) Proteins
D) Aminosacids
E) Carbohydrates
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
23) Alpha-helixessandsβ-pleatedssheetssaresexamplessofs
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
structuressofsasprotein.
24) Formationsofspeptidesbondssoccurssbyscondensationsreactionssbetweensthes
groupsofsonesaminosacidsandsthes groupsofsanother.
A) fattysacids:sglycerol
B) carboxyls:saminosacidsamino
C) aminosacids:saminosacid
D) glucoses:sglucoses
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
25) Thesmostscommonselementssfoundsinsbiomoleculessarescarbon,shydrogen,snitrogen,sand
A) phosphorous.
B) calcium.
C) oxygen.
D) potassium.
E) chlorine.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
26) Eachsaminosacidsdifferssfromsotherssonlysbysthe
40 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) numbersofscentralscarbonsatoms.
B) sizesofsitssaminosgroup.
C) numbersofsitsscarboxylsgroups.
D) characteristicsofsitssRsgroup.
E) numbersofspeptidesbondssinsthesmolecule.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
27) Hydrogensbondingsbetweensthesaminoshydrogensofsonesaminosacidsandsthescarboxylsoxygensofs
anothersissresponsiblesforswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) holdingsthestwosstrandssofsDNAstogethersbystheslawsofscomplementarysbasespairing
B) twistingsthesDNAsintosashelicalsstructure
C) primarysproteinsstructure
D) secondarysproteinsstructure
E) tertiarysproteinsstructures
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.1
28) Ansacidsissasmoleculesthatsactssassa(n)
A) protonsdonor.
B) protonsacceptor.
C) hydrogensacceptor.
D) electronsdonor.
E) hydroxidesdonor.s
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
29) Ketoacidss(ascarboxylicsacidsgroupsattachedstosasketone)saresoftensproducedsduringsfastingsandsu
ncontrolledsdiabetessmellitus.sWhatspotentialsoutcomesofsthisswouldsbesofsgreatestsconcern?
A) ketoacidosis
B) acetonesbreath
C) weightsloss
D) burningsketonesbodies
E) disorientedsthinking
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.1
30) Thes
structuresofsasproteinsissformedsbetweensresiduals(R)sgroupssofsthesaminosacidsbackbonesbysasnu
mbersofsdifferentschemicalsinteractions,sdependentsuponsthesnaturesofsthe
41 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
residualsgroupssinteracting.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.1
31) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansexamplesofsasfibroussprotein?
A) growthshormone
B) insulin
C) hemoglobin
D) Na+/K+spumps
E) collagen
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
32)
aresmoleculessthatsarescomposedsofsonesorsmoresphosphatesgroups,sas5carbonssugar,sandsasnitrogenoussbase.
A) Lipids
B) Phospholipids
C) Nucleotides
D) Aminosacids
E) Glycoproteins
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
42 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
33) Whysaresnucleotidess(andstheirspolymers)scalledsnucleicsacidsswhenstheyscontainsnitrogenoussba
ses?
A) Phosphoricsacidsgroupss(becomingsphosphates)saresmuchsstrongersthansnitrogensactssassasba
se.
B) Theresaresmoresacidssonsthesmoleculesthansbases.
C) Acidssalwaysswinsoutsoversasbase.
D) Nitrogenoussbasesissreallysasmisnomer.
E) Acidssendingsins"-ic"saresthesionizedsversionssofsthosesmoleculessendingsins"ate."sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 2.1
34) Whensthesbodysneedsstosmakestheseicosanoidsthromboxanesforswoundsrepair,swhatsco
mponentsofsthesplasmasmembranesdoessitsusesforstheirssynthesis?
A) fattysacidsfromsphospholipid
B) transmembranesglycoprotein
C) glycolipid
D) cholesterol
E) ATP
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.1
35) Whichsofsthesfollowingsis/aresfoundsinsDNAsbutsnotsRNA?
A) ribose
B) adenine
C) uracil
D) bothsadeninesandsthymine
E) bothsthyminesandsdeoxyriboses
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
43 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
36) AllsofsthesfollowingsaresbasicscomponentssofsproteinssEXCEPT
A) potassium.
B) hydrogen.
C) oxygen.
D) carbon.
E) nitrogen.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
37) WhichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculestypessissNOTsaspolymer?
A) protein
B) fattysacid
C) glycogen
D) DNA
E) RNA
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
38) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasbasesinsRNA?
A) adenine
B) thymine
C) uracil
D) guanine
E) cytosine
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
39) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdescriptionssofsaspolymersissFALSE?
A) Glycogensissaspolymersofsglucose.
B) Starchsissaspolymersofsglucose.
C) ATPsissaspolymersofsphosphates.
D) DNAsissaspolymersofsnucleotides.
E) Asproteinsissaspolymersofsaminosacids.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
44 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
40) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofsnucleotides?
A) storingsthesgeneticscode
B) expressingsthesgeneticscode
C) providingsmostsofsthesenergysforscellularsprocesses
D) providingselectronsstostheselectronstransportschain
E) providingssubstratessforsthescitricsacidscycles
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.1
41) Inseukaryotes,swhichsofsthesfollowingspropertiessissTRUEsforsbothsDNAsandsRNA?
A) double-stranded
B) followstheslawsofscomplementarysbasespairing
C) propagationsthroughssemi-conservativesreplication
D) involvedsinstranslation
E) containsthesbasessuracilsandsthymines
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
42)
isscomposedsofsasnucleotide,swheresthesphosphatesissboundstostwosspotssonsthesrib
osessugar.
A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) cAMP
E) ADP
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
43) Thespresencesofs
insthesplasmasmembranescansinhibitscrystallization.
A) cholesterol
B) integralsmembranesproteins
C) peripheralsmembranesproteins
D) glycoproteins
E) phospholipids
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
45 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsfoundsinsplasmasmembranes?
A) proteins
B) chromatin
C) cholesterol
D) carbohydrates
E) phospholipids
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
45) Whichsofsthesfollowingscomponentssofsthesplasmasmembranesformssionschannels?
A) phospholipids
B) cholesterol
C) transmembranesglycolipids
D) transmembranesproteins
E) peripheralsmembranesproteinss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
46) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsansintegralsmembranesprotein?
A) carriersproteinssforsmediatedstransport
B) connexons
C) channelssforsionsdiffusionsacrosssmembranes
D) occludins
E) actinsAn
swer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
47) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansamphipathicsmolecule?
A) peripheralsmembranesprotein
B) integralsmembranesprotein
C) glycogen
D) glucose
E) triglyceride
sAnswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
46 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
48) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsansamphipathicsmolecule?
A) phospholipid
B) integralsmembranesprotein
C) glycolipid
D) glucose
E) connexon
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
49) Whatsisstheslayersofscarbohydratessonsthesexternalssurfacesofsascellscalled?
A) inclusion
B) glycocalyx
C) glycogen
D) glycolysis
E) desmosome
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
50) Thes
issthessitesofsribosomalsRNAsproduction.
A) nucleus
B) nucleolus
C) mitochondria
D) cytosol
E) lysosome
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
51) Wheresissthesgeneticscodesstored?
A) brain
B) heart
C) nucleus
D) vaults
E) cytoplasm
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
47 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
52) Wheresinsidesascellsissglycogensstored?
A) mitochondria
B) lysosomes
C) cytosol
D) Golgisapparatus
E) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulums
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
53) Lipophobicsmoleculessthatsarestosbesreleasedsbyscellssaresstoredsinsmembraneboundsstructuresscalled
A) secretorysvesicles.
B) inclusions.
C) thesGolgisapparatus.
D) excretorysvesicles.
E) thesendoplasmicsreticulum.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
54) Continuousswithsthesoutersportionsofsthesnuclearspore,swhatsmembraneboundsstructuresfunctionssinsthessynthesissofssecretorysproteins,sintegralsmembranesproteins,sorsp
roteinssboundsforsothersorganelles?
A) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosome
E) nucleolus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
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55) Thes
issthessiteswhereslipids,striglycerides,sandssteroidssaressynthesized,sasswellsasswherescalciumsiss
storedswithinsthescell.
A) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosome
E) nucleolus
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
56) Whatsissthessiteswheressteroidssaresstoredsinsthescell?
A) Golgisapparatus
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) secretorysvesicles
D) lysosome
E) Steroidssareslipidsandswillsslidesrightsthroughsmembranes;stheyscannotsbesstoredsinsthescell.sAn
swer:s E
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.2
57) Whatsorganellespackagessandsdirectssproteinsstostheirspropersdestination?
A) ribosomes
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) Golgisapparatus
E) lysosomes
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
58) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsaspropertysofssmoothsendoplasmicsreticulum?
A) steroidshormonessynthesis
B) storesscalcium
C) storesssteroidshormones
D) formsstransportsvesiclesstosmovesproteinsstosthesGolgisapparatus
E) Insliverscells,sitscontainssdetoxifyingsenzymes.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.2
59) Hydrolyticsreactionssareswhen
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) twosmoleculessaresjoinedstogethersbysaddingsaswatersmolecule.
B) twosmoleculessaresjoinedstogether,sresultingsinsthesremovalsofsaswatersmolecule.
C) thesbondsbetweenstwosmoleculessissbroken,sresultingsinsthesremovalsofsaswatersmolecule.
D) thesbondsbetweenstwosmoleculessissbrokensthroughsthessplittingsofsaswatersmolecule,stherebyscre
atingstwosnewsbondsswithsthesHsandsOHsofsthatswatersinsitssplace.
E) watersissremovedsfromsthescell.s
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
60) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdescriptionssofsthesfunctionsofsthesorganellesissFALSE?
A) Oxidativesphosphorylationsoccurssinsthesmitochondria.
B) Peptideshormonessynthesissoccurssinsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulum.
C) Breakdownsofsphagocytosedsbacteriasoccurssinsthesperoxisomes.
D) PackagingsofssecretorysproductssintosvesiclessoccurssinsthesGolgisapparatus.
E) Calciumsissstoredsinsthessmoothsendoplasmicsreticulum.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.2
61) Detoxifyingsenzymessmaysbeslocalizedsinswhatsorganelle?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) Golgisapparatus
E) mitochondria
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.2
62) InsTay-SachssDisease,swhichsorganellescontainssthesimpairedsenzymes?
A) lysosome
B) mitochondria
C) centriole
D) Golgisapparatus
E) roughsendoplasmicsreticulums
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
63) WhatsorganellessynthesizessmostsofsthesATPsusedsbyscells?
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A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) mitochondria
E) Golgisapparatus
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
64)
aresmembraneboundsorganellesscontainingsenzymessthatsdegradescellularsandsextracellularsdebris.
A) Lysosomes
B) Mitochondria
C) Peroxisomes
D) Ribosomes
E) Vaultss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
65)
aresmembraneboundsorganellessthatscontainsenzymesslikescatalase,swhichscatalyzessthesbreakdownsofsH2
O2stosH2OsandsO2.
A) Lysosomes
B) Peroxisomes
C) Ribosomes
D) Mitochondria
E) Vaultss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
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66) WhichsofsthesfollowingscharacteristicssconcerningsribosomessissFALSE?
A) containsprotein
B) containsribosomalsRNA
C) aresthessitesofsproteinssynthesis
D) cansremainsfreesinsthescytosol
E) cansbeslocatedsinsthesGolgisapparatuss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
67) WhichsofsthesfollowingsorganellesscontainssitssownsDNA?
A) mitochondria
B) lysosomes
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
E) Golgisapparatus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
68) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofsthescytoskeleton?
A) cellularsmovement
B) contraction
C) mechanicalssupport
D) suspensionsofsorganelles
E) cellularscatabolism
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
69) Whichscytoskeletalsproteinssprovidesthesstructuralssupportsforsmicrovilli?
A) microfilaments
B) intermediatesfilaments
C) microtubules
D) centrioles
E) tightsjunctionss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
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70) Keratinsissansexamplesofswhichstypesofscytoskeletalsprotein?
A) microfilaments
B) intermediatesfilaments
C) microtubules
D) centrioles
E) tightsjunctionss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
71) Whichsofsthesfollowingsfilamentssissfoundsinsciliasandsflagella?
A) microfilamentssonly
B) intermediatesfilamentssonly
C) microtubulessonly
D) microfilamentssandsmicrotubules
E) microfilamentssandsintermediatesfilamentss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
72) Whichsmicrotubularsproteinssaresresponsiblesforsthesdistributionsofschromosomessduringscellsdi
vision?
A) tubulin
B) spindlesfibers
C) actin
D) myosin
E) keratins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
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73) Thesproteins
issresponsiblesforsgeneratingsforcesassmicrotubularsproteinssinsciliasslidespastsonesanother.
A) tubulin
B) dynein
C) myosin
D) actin
E) keratins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
74)
aresproteinssthatsfusesadjacentscellsstogetherstosformsasnearlysimpermeablesbarrier.
A) Connexins
B) Cadherins
C) Dyneins
D) Occludins
E) Tubulins
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
75)
aresproteinssattachedstosintermediatesfilamentssinsregionsswherescellssaresexposedstos
mechanicalsstresses.
A) Connexins
B) Cadherins
C) Dyneins
D) Occludins
E) Tubulins
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
76)
aresproteinssthatsformschannelssbetweenscells,sallowingsionssandssmallsmoleculesstos
diffusesdirectlysfromsonescellstosthesother.
A) Connexins
B) Cadherins
C) Dyneins
D) Occludins
E) Tubulins
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
77) Inssomescases,ssignalssoriginatingswithinsonescellscansdiffusesdirectlystosasneighboringscellsthr
ough
A) desmosomes.
B) cadherins.
C) gapsjunctions.
D) tightsjunctions.
E) occludins.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.3
78) Insthesdigestivestract,sabsorptionsisscontrolledsbysmechanismssonsthescell'ssapicalsmembranessu
rface.sWhatstypesofsphysicalsbarriersswouldsbesinsplacestoskeepsthesesmechanismssfromsbeingscircu
mnavigated?
A) tightsjunctions
B) desmosomes
C) gapsjunctions
D) carriersproteins
E) microvilli
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
79) Intercellularscommunicationscansoccursthroughsthesbindingsofsaschemicalsreleasedsfromsonesce
llstosasspecifics
onsanotherscell.
A) receptor
B) organelle
C) nucleus
D) clathrin-coatedsvesicle
E) phagosome
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.4
80) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdoessNOTsdescribesaspartsofspost-transcriptionalsprocessing?
A) cappingsofsthes5'send
B) removalsofsthesintronssfromsthesstrand
C) additionsofsaspolysAstailsatsthes3'send
D) formationsofsbondssbetweensasphosphatesgroupsandsassugar
E) splicingsofsnucleicsacidsfragmentss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
81) ThesprocessswherebysascomplementarysmRNAsissproducedsfromsasDNAstemplatesisscalled
A) translation.
B) post-translationalsmodification.
C) transcytosis.
D) transcription.
E) transoperon.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
82) Duringstranslation,s
isssynthesizedsinsthes
A) DNAs:snucleus
B) RNAs:snucleus
C) proteins:snucleus
D) RNAs:scytoplasm
E) proteins:scytoplasms
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
.
83) Basedsuponsthestripletsnaturesofsascodonsandsthespresencesofsfourspossiblesbases,showsmany
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
possiblesaminosacidssmightsbescodedsforsbysmRNA?
A) 8
B) 16
C) 32
D) 64
E) 128
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
84) Thesinitiatorscodonsisscomposedsofsthessequence
A) CCG.
B) CCC.
C) UUG.
D) AUG.
E) AAC.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
85) Thesinitiatorscodon,sthatsoriginatesstranslation,scodessforsthesaminosacid
A) proline.
B) methionine.
C) arginine.
D) leucine.
E) tyrosine.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
86) WhatsstrandsofsmRNAswouldsbestranscribedsfromsthesfollowingsstrandsofsDNA:s5'AATG?
A) 5'TTUC
B) 3'TTAC
C) 5'UUGT
D) 3'UUAC
E) 5'GGUA
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
87) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsthesgeneticscodesissTRUE?
A) Assinglesgenescontainssonlysthosesnucleotidessthatscodesforsassinglesprotein.
B) Terminationscodonssdosnotscodesforsaminosacids.
C) ThestRNAsanticodonsisscomplementarystosthesmRNAscodon,sandsthereforesissidenticalstosthesge
ne'ssDNAstriplet.
D) ThespromoterssequencesissfoundsonsthesantisensesstrandsofsDNA.
E) Assinglescodonsmayscodesforsmoresthansonesaminosacid.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3|2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
88) ThesstrandsofsDNAsthatsgetsstranscribedstosmRNAsisscalledsthe
A) intronsstrand.
B) exonsstrand.
C) ribophorin.
D) templatesstrand.
E) promoterssequence.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.5
89) Accordingstostheslawsofscomplementarysbasespairing,swhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsbesex
pectedsinsanysstrandsofsDNA?
A) As=sG
B) As=sGsandsCs=sT
C) As+sGs=sCs+sT
D) Gs+sCs=sTs+sA
E) As=sCsandsTs=sG
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
90) Duringstranscription,
A) DNAsisssynthesizedsfromsDNAsinsthesnucleus.
B) RNAsisssynthesizedsfromsDNAsinsthesnucleus.
C) RNAsisssynthesizedsfromsDNAsinsthescytoplasm.
D) proteinsisssynthesizedsfromsRNAsinsthesnucleus.
E) proteinsisssynthesizedsfromsRNAsinsthescytoplasm.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
91) WhatsissthesportionsofsDNAsthatscodessforsasparticularsprotein?
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A) nucleotide
B) gene
C) triplet
D) codon
E) promoterssequence
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3|2.4sBloo
m'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChap
tersSection:s 2.5
92) Ifsguaninesmakessups29%sofsthesnucleotidessinsassamplesofsDNA,swhatspercentagesofsthessa
mpleswouldsbesadenine?
A) 21
B) 29
C) 11
D) 35
E) 42
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
93) WhatscausessDNAstosuncoilsduringstranscription?
A) bindingsofstRNAstosthesinitiatorscodon
B) bindingsofsRNAspolymerasestosthespromoterssequence
C) bindingsofsDNAspolymerasestosthesleaderssequence
D) bindingsofshelicasestosthesDNA
E) bindingsofsubiquitinstosthesDNAs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
94) Ansanticodonsis
A) asthree-nucleotidesseriessonstRNAsthatsisscomplementarystosthesmRNAstoswhichsitsbinds.
B) thesstrandsofsDNAsusedstoscreatesmRNA.
C) thescodesforsasparticularsaminosacid.
D) thesstopssignalsthatsdoessnotscodesforsansaminosacid.
E) thescomplementstosthescomplementsofsthesgene.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
95) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsthesgeneticscodesissFALSE?
A) mRNAsissreads3sbasessatsastimesandsthesesunitssarescalledscodons.
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B) Eachscodonsissspecificsforsonlysonesaminosacid.
C) Eachsaminosacidsisscodedsforsbysonlysonescodon.
D) Theresares3sterminationscodonssthatsdosnotscodesforsaminosacids.
E) Theresissonesinitiatorscodonsandsitscodessforsansaminosacid.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
96) WheresdoessRNAspolymerasesbindstosinitiatestranscription?
A) hormonesresponseselement
B) initiationsfactor
C) promoterssequence
D) leaderssequence
E) Pssubunitsofsthesribosomes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
97) Thescodonsis
A) mRNAslanguagescodingsforsasparticularsaminosacid.
B) DNAslanguagescodingsforsasparticularsaminosacid.
C) thestripletsofsnucleotidessfoundsinsasgene'sssequence.
D) thesportionsofsmRNAsthatsissretainedsaftersprocessing.
E) thesgeneticscode.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
98) Thespromoterssequencesofsthesgenesissrecognizedsbys
A) DNAspolymerase
B) RNAspolymerase
C) gyrase
D) helicase
E) ligasesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
,swhichsinitiatesstranscription.
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99) WhatsissthesbasessequencesofsthestRNAsmoleculesthatsrecognizessthescomplementarysmRNAsm
olecule?
A) anticodon
B) codon
C) initiatorscodon
D) sense
E) nonsense
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
100) Whatsissthescorrectsordersforsthesfollowingslistsofsstepssforsinitiatingstranslation?
1. BindingsofsinitiatorstRNAstosmRNA
2. BindingsofslargesribosomalssubunitstosmRNA
3. BindingsofssmallsribosomalssubunitstosmRNA
4. Bindingsofsas2ndstRNAswithsitssaminosacidstosthesAssite
5. Formationsofscovalentsbondsbetweensmethioninesandssecondsaminosacid
A) 1,s2,s3,s4,s5
B) 1,s3,s2,s4,s5
C) 2,s3,s1,s4,s5
D) 3,s2,s1,s4,s5
E) 3,s1,s2,s4,s5
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
101) WhatshappenssatsthesPssitesofsasribosome?
A) Itscontainssthesenzymesthatscatalyzessformationsofsaspeptidesbond.
B) ItshassthesbindingssitesforsmRNA.
C) ItsholdssthestRNAswithsthesmostsrecentsaminosacidsthatshassbeensaddedstosthespolypeptidescha
in.
D) ItsholdssthestRNAswithsthesnextsaminosacidstosbesaddedstosthespolypeptideschain.
E) Itscausessthesribosomestosattachstosthesendoplasmicsreticulum.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
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102) Post-transcriptionalsprocessingsaddssa(n)s
A) polysAstail
B) exon
C) cap
D) intron
E) polysCstails
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
tosthes5'sendsofsthesmRNAsmolecule.
103) Post-transcriptionalsprocessingsaddssa(n)s
A) polysAstail
B) exon
C) cap
D) intron
E) polysCstails
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
tosthes3'sendsofsthesmRNAsmolecule.
104) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofsthesinitiationsfactorssassociatedswithstra
nslationsofsproteinsfromsmRNA?
A) Theysbindstosthescapsgroupsatsthes5'send.
B) Theysformsascomplexswithssmallsribosomalssubunits.
C) TheysformsascomplexswithschargedstRNA.
D) TheysalignsthesfirststRNAswithsthesAssitesonsasribosome.
E) TheystriggersbindingsofsthessmallsribosomalssubunitstosAUG.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
105) Thesleaderssequencesofsanysproteinsthatshassjustsbeenstranslatedsfunctionssto
A) endstranslationsofsasprotein.
B) determinesthesdestinationsofsthesprotein.
C) initiatesdegradationsofsansincompletesprotein.
D) stimulatestranslationsofsasprotein.
E) keepsthesproteinsinsthescytosol.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
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106) WhichsofsthesfollowingsprocessessissNOTsasposttranslationalsmodificationsthatsoccurssinsthesendoplasmicsreticulumsorsGolgisapparatusstosmakesp
roteinssfunctional?
A) thesremovalsofsthesleaderssequence
B) thescleavagesofsexcesssaminosacids
C) thesadditionsofscarbohydrates
D) thesadditionsofsmoresaminosacids
E) thesadditionsofslipidss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.5sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
107) Whatsissthesoutcomesofshavingsonlysthesheadsofsthesspermsenteringsthesoocyte?
A) MitochondrialsDNAsissonlysofsmaternalsinheritance.
B) Geneticsabnormalitiessaresreducedsbysone-half.
C) Flagellasissfreestosmovesthesfertilizedseggstosthesuterus.
D) Genealogyslinessbecomeslesssconclusive.
E) Paternalslineagesissmoreseasilystraced.s
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.5
108) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsaspossiblesdestinationsforsproteinssthatsarescompletelyssy
nthesizedsonsribosomessfreesinsthescytosol?
A) remainssinscytosol
B) peroxisome
C) mitochondrion
D) nucleus
E) secretedsfromsthescells
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
109) Whensproteinssaressynthesizedsbysribosomessonsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulum,swheresdo
essthestranslationsbegin?
A) cytosol
B) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) nucleus
E) Golgisapparatus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3|2.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
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110) WhichsofsthesfollowingsaresNOTsembeddedsinstheslipidsbilayersatsall?
A) peripheralsproteins
B) integralsproteins
C) transmembranesproteins
D) connexons
E) cadherins
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
111) Wheresissthesleaderssequencesofspreproinsulinsremoved?
A) lumensofsroughsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) surfacesofsroughsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) cissfacesofsthesGolgisapparatus
D) secretorysvesiclessofsthesGolgisapparatus
E) atsthesproteasomes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
112) Ubiquitinstagssproteinssforswhatspurpose?
A) tosprotectsfromsdegradationsbysproteasomes
B) tosmarksforsdegradationsbysproteasomes
C) forssynthesisstoscontinuesonsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) forsthesproteinstosbessecretedsbysexocytosis
E) forsthesproteinstosentersthesnucleussandsalterstranscriptionsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
113) Whatsenzymescatalyzessthesreactionswherebysnucleotidessaresaddedstosthespolynucleotidesch
ainsduringsreplication?
A) RNAspolymerase
B) helicase
C) DNAspolymerase
D) histone
E) chromatin
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
64 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
114) Aspirinsandsibuprofensbothsblocksthesenzymescyclooxygenasesfromschangingsarachidonicsac
id,sfoundsinsthesphospholipidsbilayer,sintoswhat?
A) prostaglandins
B) sterols
C) bilessalts
D) surfactant
E) leukotrienes
sAnswer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.5
115) Duringsreplication,swhichsstrandsofsthesnewsDNAsisssynthesizedsfromsthes5'stos3'sstrandsofsori
ginalsDNA?
A) beginningsstrand
B) endingsstrand
C) leadingsstrand
D) laggingsstrand
E) trailingsstrand
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
116) Okazakisfragmentssare
A) smallssectionssofsnewlysformedsDNA,sbuiltsonstheslaggings(5'stos3')stemplatesstrand.
B) sectionssofsnewlysformedsDNA,sbuiltsonsthesleadings(3'stos5')stemplatesstrand.
C) smallssectionssofsnonsensescodesfoundsbetweensgenes.
D) smallssectionssofsDNAsthatsdosnotscodesforsproteinsfoundswithinsasgene.
E) proteinsfragmentssreleasedsfromsasproteasome.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.5
117) DuringswhatsphasesofsthescellscyclesissthescellscarryingsoutsitssnormalsactivitysandsNOTsinv
olvedsdirectlysinscellsdivision?
A) G0
B) G1
C) G2
D) S
E) mitosiss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
65 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
118) DuringswhatsphasesofsthescellscyclesdoesscellularsreplicationsofsDNAsoccur?
A) G0
B) G1
C) G2
D) S
E) mitosiss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
119) Duringswhatsphasesofsthescellscyclesdoessrapidsproteinssynthesissoccursassthescellsgrowsstosdo
ublesitsssize?
A) G0
B) G1
C) G2
D) S
E) mitosiss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.6
120) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasphasesofsmitosis?
A) meiosis
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) telophase
E) anaphase
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
121) Duringswhatsphasesofscellsdivisionsdoschromosomessalignsalongsthesmidline?
A) prophase
B) interphase
C) telophase
D) anaphase
E) metaphase
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
66 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
122) Duringswhatsphasesofscellsdivisionsdostwosnewsnuclearsenvelopessbeginstosredevelop?
A) prophase
B) interphase
C) telophase
D) anaphase
E) metaphase
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
123) Whatslinksssisterschromatidsstogether?
A) histones
B) chromatins
C) centromeres
D) dyneins
E) actinssA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
124) Whatsissthescorrectslevelsofsstructuresforsproteinsscontainingsmoresthansonespolypeptidesch
ain?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
125) Whatsisstheslevelsofsstructuresthatscorrespondsstosthessequencesandsnumbersofsaminosacidssinst
hespolypeptideschain?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
67 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
126) WhatsisstheslevelsofsstructuresthatscorrespondsstostheschemicalsinteractionssbetweensRsgr
oupsswithinsthessamespolypeptideschain?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
127) Whatslevelsofsstructuresisscausedswhenstheshydrogensbondssbetweensthesaminoshydrogensofson
esaminosacidsandsthescarboxylsoxygensofsanothersaminosacidsissformed?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) quinarys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
128) Thesjunctionsscreatedsbysintermediatesfilamentsswhichspenetratesthesmembranessbetweenstwos
cellssatsthessitesofsproteinsplaques,stherebysformingsstrongslinkagesbetweensthestwoscells,saresalsoskn
ownsas
A) desmosomes.
B) tightsjunctions.
C) gapsjunctions.
D) hemidesmosomes.
E) basalslamina.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
68 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
129) Whatsjunctionssaresfoundsinsepithelialstissueswherestheyspreventsparacellularsmovementsofsm
olecules?
A) desmosomes
B) tightsjunctions
C) gapsjunctions
D) hemidesmosomes
E) basalslaminas
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
130) Whatsjunctionssallowsthespassagesofssmallsmoleculessandsionssfromsthescytosolsofsonescellstost
hatsofsasneighboringscell?
A) desmosomes
B) tightsjunctions
C) gapsjunctions
D) hemidesmosomes
E) basalslaminas
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.3
131) Whichsofsthesfollowingspackagessproteinssintossecretorysvesicles?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
69 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
132) Whichsofsthesfollowingspackagessproteinssintostransportsvesicles?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
133) Thesenzymescatalasesisslocatedswhere?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.4
134) Endocytoticsvesiclessfuseswithswhatsorganelle?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.4
135) ThesbulksofsATPsproductionsissperformedswhere?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.4
70 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
136) Lipidsssynthesississperformedswhere?
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) lysosomes
C) mitochondria
D) Golgisapparatus
E) peroxisomes
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.4
137) Whichscellularsproteinsissfoundsinsgapsjunctions?
A) cadherins
B) connexons
C) occludins
D) dynein
E) tubulins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.3
138) Whichscellularsproteinsissfoundsinstightsjunctions?
A) cadherins
B) connexons
C) occludins
D) dynein
E) tubulins
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.3
139) Whichscellularsproteinsissfoundsinsdesmosomes?
A) dynein
B) connexons
C) occludins
D) tubulin
E) cadherins
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.3
71 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures2.4
140) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"A"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
B) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
C) nucleus—containssthescell'ssDNA
D) mitochondria—productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATP
E) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum—
sitesofslipidssynthesissandsstoragesofscalciumsAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
141) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"B"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum—sitesofslipidssynthesissandsstoragesofscalcium
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
D) mitochondria—productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATP
E) nucleus—
containssthescell'ssDNAsAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
72 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
142) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"C"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum—sitesofslipidssynthesissandsstoragesofscalcium
B) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
D) nucleus—containssthescell'ssDNA
E) mitochondria—
productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATPsAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
143) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"D"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
B) mitochondria—productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATP
C) nucleus—containssthescell'ssDNA
D) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
E) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum—
sitesofslipidssynthesissandsstoragesofscalciumsAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
144) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"E"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) mitochondria—productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATP
B) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
D) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum—sitesofslipidssynthesissandsstoragesofscalcium
E) nucleus—
containssthescell'ssDNAsAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
73 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
145) Identifysthesorganellesreferredstosass"F"sinsFigures2.4sandsselectsthesfunctionsofsthatsorg
anelle.
A) nucleolus—siteswithinsthesnucleussforsthessynthesissofsrRNA
B) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum—synthesissofsproteinsstosbespackagedsintosvesicles
C) nucleus—containssthescell'ssDNA
D) Golgisapparatus—processessandspackagesspeptides,sdirectssthemstostheirsultimateslocation
E) mitochondria—
productionsofscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATPsAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
146) Whatsissasglycerolswiths3sfattysacidssattached?
A) glycerolipid
B) eicosanoid
C) saturatedsfat
D) phospholipid
E) triglyceride
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
147) Whatsissthesextensivelysbranchedspolymersofshexosesfoundsinsanimals?
A) lactose
B) glucose
C) starch
D) rRNA
E) glycogen
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
74 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures2.5
148) InsFigures2.5,swhatsissthissstructuresandswhatstypesofsmoleculesmakessupsitsscomposition?
A) desmosome,scomposedsofscadherins
B) micelle,scomposedsofsphospholipids.
C) cilia,scomposedsofsmicrotubulessandsdynein
D) sperm,scomposedsofshaploidsDNAsandsmicrotubules
E) peroxisome,scomposedsofsperoxidasesenzymessandsfattysacidss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
149) Whatstwosstructuralscharacteristicssofsproteinssaresformedsbyshydrogensbondssbetweensthesca
rboxylsOsandsthesaminosHsofsaminosacidsswithinsthessamesprotein?
A) strengths:sresilience
B) flexibilitys:sshearsresistance
C) fibrouss:sglobular
D) doubleshelixs:sfoldedssheets
E) α-helicess:sβpleatedssheetssAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
75 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
150) Whatssphericalsstructuressaresinvolvedsinsthestransportsofsnonpolarsmoleculessthroughsthesaq
ueoussenvironmentsandsarescomposedsofsasphospholipidsmonolayer?
A) lysosomes
B) vacuoles
C) proteasomes
D) peroxisomes
E) micelles
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 2.1
151) Whatsaresthesthreescomponentssofsasnucleotide?
A) pentose,snitrogenoussbase,sphosphorus
B) deoxyribonucleicsacid,sbasespairs,sphosphate/sugarsbackbone
C) 5-carbonscarbohydrate,sphosphate,snitrogenoussbase
D) pentosessugar,s5-carbonscarbohydrate,sphosphate
E) ribonucleicsacid,sbasespairs,sphosphatesbackbones
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
152) Ofsthesfivesbasessfoundsinsnucleicsacids,swhichsarespurinessandswhichsarespyrimidines?
A) Pyrimidiness=scytosine,sthyminesandsuracils:sPuriness=sadeninesandsguanosine
B) Pyrimidiness=sthyminesandsuracils:sPuriness=scytosine,sadeninesandsguanosine
C) Pyrimidiness=scytosinesandsuracils:sPuriness=sadenine,sthyminesandsguanosine
D) Pyrimidiness=sadeninesandsguanosine:sPuriness=scytosine,sthymine,sandsuracil
E) Pyrimidiness=scytosine,sadeninesandsguanosine:sPuriness=sthymine,sandsuracilsA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
76 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
153) Whatstypesofsintegralsmembranesproteinsspanssthesmembrane,stherebysallowingspartsofsitstosfac
esthescytosolsandsanotherspartstosfacesthesextracellularsfluid?
A) peripheralsmembranesprotein
B) transmembranesprotein
C) paramembranesprotein
D) glycoprotein
E) steroidsreceptors
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
154) Whatsstructuresseparatessthesnucleussfromsthescytosol?
A) nuclearspore
B) nuclearsenvelope
C) plasmasmembrane
D) matrix
E) nucleolus
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
155) ThroughswhatsstructuresinsthesnucleusscansmRNAspasssthroughstosgetsintosthescytosol?
A) nucleolus
B) plasmasmembrane
C) matrix
D) nuclearsenvelope
E) nuclearspores
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
77 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
156) Whatsaresmassessofsglycogensinsthescytosolsofssomescellsscalled?
A) Lewysbodies
B) stipplings
C) inclusions
D) granules
E) Heinzsbodies
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
157) Thesmembranesofsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulumsisscontinuousswithswhatsothersm
embrane(s)?
A) nucleolussandsnuclearspore
B) Golgisapparatus
C) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulumsandsnuclearsenvelope
D) matrix
E) plasmasmembrane
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
158) Whatsissthesinnermostschambersofsasmitochondrionscalled?
A) nucleolus
B) nuclearspore
C) plasmasmembrane
D) matrix
E) nuclearsenvelope
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
159) Componentssofstheselectronstransportschainsaresfoundsinswhatsregionsofsasmitochondrion?
A) cristae
B) matrix
C) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
D) intermembranesspace
E) outersmembranes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
78 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
160) Whatsorganellescontainssalcoholsdehydrogenase,susedsinsthesliverstosmetabolizesalcohol?
A) peroxisomes
B) desmosomes
C) liposomes
D) lysosomes
E) proteasomes
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.4
161) Whatstwostypessofsmoleculessmakesupsribosomes?
A) phospholipidssandsRNA
B) mRNAsandstRNA
C) rRNAsandstRNA
D) proteinssandsphospholipids
E) rRNAsandsproteinss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
162) Myosinsisscomposedsofswhatstypesofsmolecule?
A) integralsprotein
B) intermediatesfilament
C) globularsprotein
D) microfilament
E) microtubule
sAnswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
163) Certainsepithelialscellsshavesasdecidedspolarityswheresthes
membranesfacesstheslumensofsashollowstube,swhereassthes
membranesfacessthesextracellularsfluid.
A) apicals:sbasement
B) luminals:sextracellular
C) apicals:sbasolateral
D) positivelyschargeds:snegativelyscharged
E) uppers:slowers
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.4
79 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
164) ThesCAPsregionsofsmRNAsissnecessarysfors
A) accuracy
B) propagation
C) transcription
D) termination
E) initiation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
ofstranslation.
165) WhatsaresthestRNAsbindingssitessonsthesribosomescalled?
A) nucleotidescomplementssites
B) translationssites
C) TsandsRssites
D) AsandsPssites
E) proteogenicssites
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
166) WhatsmodificationssmadestosmRNAsfunctionstospreventsitssdegradationsinsthescytoplasmsbysex
onucleases?
A) CAPsandspolysAstail
B) proteinscoat
C) introns
D) promotersregions
E) exonssA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 2.5
167) Proteinsstaggedswithsthespolypeptides
arestargetedsforsdegradationsbysasproteinscomplexscalledsasproteasome.
A) ubiquitin
B) amyloid
C) cachectin
D) degratin
E) apoptosin
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
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168) Withinsthesnucleus,schromosomessarescoiledsaroundswhichsproteins?
A) introns
B) chromatids
C) proteasomes
D) histamines
E) histones
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
169) Whatsissthespropersordersofsthesfivesphasessofsmitosis?
A) interphase,sprophase,sprometaphase,smetaphase,stelophase
B) prophase,sprometaphase,smetaphase,sanaphase,stelophase
C) prophase,sprometaphase,sanaphase,smetaphase,stelophase
D) prophase,smetaphase,sanaphase,sprotelophase,stelophase
E) prophase,sinterphase,smetaphase,sanaphase,stelophases
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.6
2.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Sucrosesissasdisaccharidescomposedsofsasglucosesandsaslactosesmolecule.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
2) Disulfidesbridgesscontributestosthestertiarysstructuresofsproteinssbyscovalentsbondssbetweensthessu
lfhydrylsgroupssonstwoscysteinesaminosacids.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
3) Cholesterolsissthesprecursorsmoleculesforsallssteroidssinsthesbody.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
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4) Glycoproteinsshavesasglycogensmoleculescovalentlysboundstosasprotein.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
5) Cyclicsnucleotidessformsringsstructuressduestosthescovalentsbondingsbetweensansoxygensofsthesph
osphatesgroupsandsascarbonsofsthescarbohydrate.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.1
6) Thyminesissaspyrimidine.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
7) Guaninesandscytosinesaresheldstogethersbystwoshydrogensbonds.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
8) Inclusionssaresintracellularsstoressofsglycogensorstriglycerides.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
9) Thesinnermostscompartmentsofsasmitochondrionsisscalledsthesmatrix.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
10) Vaultssdirectsthesdevelopmentsofsthesmitoticsspindlesduringscellsdivision.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
11) Thescytoskeletonssuspendssthesorganellesswithinsthescytoplasm.
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Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
12) Movementsbetweenscellssinsansepitheliumsisscalledstransepithelialstransport.sA
nswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
13) Anabolismsdescribessthesbreakdownsofslargesmoleculesstossmallersmolecules.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
14) EverysadeninesnucleotidesofsDNAswillsbestranscribedsintosasthyminesonsthesmRNA.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
15) ThesexonsisscutsfromsthesoriginalsmRNAssequence,sleavingsthesintronsassthesportionsofsm
RNAsthatsleavessthesnucleusstosbestranslatedsintosasprotein.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
16) ThesmRNAscodonsUUUscodessforsthesaminosacidsphenylalanine.sTherefore,snosotherscodonsca
nscodesforsphenylalanine.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
17) EachsstrandsofsmRNAsisstranslatedsbysonesribosomesatsastime.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
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18) ThesGolgisapparatusssortssandspackagessproteinssintosvesiclesstargetedsforstheirsfinalsde
stination.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
19) Thesanticodonsisscomplementarystosthestripletscodingsforsasparticularsaminosacid.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
20) Theshormonesinsulinsissaspeptideshormonesconsistingsofstwospolypeptidessheldstogethersbysdi
sulfidesbridges.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
21) ThessemiconservativesnaturesofsthesreplicationsofsDNAsmeanssthatsasnewsstrandsisscoupledstosans
oldsstrand.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
22) Whensinsulinsissfirststranslatedsbysribosomes,sthesinitialsinactivespolypeptidesthatsissformedsisscal
ledspreinsulin.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 2.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
23) BondingsbetweensOkazakisfragmentssformsstheslaggingsstrandsofsDNA.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
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24) HelicasescatalyzessthesunwindingsofsDNAsduringstranscription.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.5
25) Proteasessbreakspeptidesbonds.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.4
26) Microtubulessaresdynamicsstructuressinsthatstheysmaysformsandsdisassemblesrepeatedlysinsascel
l.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 2.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.2
27) Thesmitoticsspindlesformssfromsthescentrosomesduringscellsdivision.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 2.6
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2.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Carbohydratessandslipidssaresimportantsbiomoleculessthatsstoresenergysforsthesbodystosuseslater
.sDescribesthesstructuressandspropertiessofscarbohydratessandslipids,sincludingsthesdifferentsformss
ofsthesesbiomoleculessthatsarespresentswithinsthesbody.
Answer:s CarbohydratesshavesthesgeneralsstructuresofsCnH2nOn.sTheysarespolarsmoleculessthatsread
ilysdissolvesinswater.sTheysaresdescribedsbasedsonstheirssizesassmono-,sdi,sandspolysaccharides.sMonosaccharidessaressimplessugarsscomposedsofssixscarbons,sincludingsgluc
ose,sfructose,sandsgalactose,sorsfivescarbons,sasswithsribosesandsdeoxyribose.sDisaccharidessarescom
binationssofssimplessugarsscovalentlysboundstogether,sasswithssucroses(glucosesandsfructose)sandslac
toses(glucosesandsgalactose).sPolysaccharidessaresformedsbysmanyssimplessugarssboundstogethersco
valently,sincludingsglycogensandsstarch.
Lipidssaresasdiversesgroupsofsmoleculessprimarilyscontainingscarbonssandshydrogenssboundsbysnonp
olarscovalentsbonds.sSomescontainsoxygen,swhilesothersscontainsphosphatesgroupssthatspolarizesthes
molecule.sTriglyceridessaresasformsofslipidstypicallysreferredstosassasfatscomposedsofsonesglycerolswit
hsthreesfattysacidssboundstosit.sFattysacidssareslongscarbonschainsmoleculesswithsascarboxylsgroupsatst
hesend.sSaturatedsfattysacidsshavesnosdoublesbondssbetweensthescarbons,swhereassunsaturatedsfattysa
cidsshavesatsleastsones(monounsaturated)sorsmores(polyunsaturated)sdoublesbondssbetweenscarbonss
onsthesfattysacid.sTriglyceridessandsfattysacidssaresbothsnonpolarsandsdosnotsreadilysdissolvesinswater
.sPhospholipidssaressimilarstostriglyceridessexceptsonesofsthesfattysacidssattachedstosglycerolsissreplac
edswithsasphosphatesgroup.sTherefore,sthesmoleculesissamphipathicswithsaspolars(phosphate)sandsnon
polars(fattysacids)sregion.sEicosanoidssaresfattys acidsderivativessthatsfunctionsinscellularscommunica
tion.sFinally,ssteroidssaresproducedsfromsthesprecursorscholesterolsandsactsasshormonesstoscommunic
atesbetweenscells.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
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2) Definesandsdescribesthesstructuresofsproteins,sincludingsthesforcessthatsdeterminesthesthreesdimensionalsstructuresofsthesesmolecules.
Answer:s Proteinssareschainssofsaminosacidssboundsbyspeptidesbondssformedsbysthescondensationsrea
ctionsofsthesaminesgroupsonsonesaminosacidswithsthescarboxylsgroupsonsthesothersaminosacid.sThesdif
ferencesbetweenspeptidessandsproteinssissthesnumbersofsaminosacids;speptidessarescomposedsofsfewe
rsthans50saminosacids,swhereassproteinsshavesmoresthans50.sOncesformed,stheresaresmanyschemicalsi
nteractionssinvolvedsinsthescreationsofsthissthreedimensionalsstructuresthatscansbesdescribedsatsdifferentslevels.sPrimarysstructuresrefersstosthesseque
ncesofsaminosacidssthatscomprisesasparticularspeptidesorsprotein.sSecondarysstructuresinvolvessthesfo
ldingsofsthatsprimarysstructure,sproducedsbyshydrogensbondssbetweensaminesgroupsswithsthesoxyge
nsonsthescarboxylsgroupsofsanothersaminosacid.sThissformssproteinssintosα-helicessandsβpleatedssheets.
Tertiarysstructuresissformedsbysthesinteractionsbetweensresidualsgroupss(Rsgroups)sonsparticularsami
nosacids.sHydrogensbondsscansformsbetweenspolarsRsgroups.sIonicsbondsscansformsbetweensionizeds
orschargedsRsgroups.sVansdersWaalssforcessaresastemporarysintermolecularselectricalsattractionsbetw
eenstheswarpedselectronsfieldsofsonesmoleculesbeingsslightlysmoresnegative,swithstheswarpedselectron
sfieldsofsanothersmoleculesbeingsslightlysmorespositive,swhereasscovalentsbondsscansformsdisulfidesb
ridgessbetweenssulfhydrylsgroupssonscysteinesresidues.sQuaternarysstructuresexistssonlysinsproteinss
withsmoresthansonespolypeptideschain,slikeshemoglobin,swhichscontainssfoursseparatespolypeptidesc
hains.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.1
3) Describesthesstructuresandsfunctionsofsnucleotidessandsnucleicsacids.
Answer:s Nucleotidessarescomposedsofsonesorsmoresphosphatesgroups,sasfivecarbonssugars(ribosesorsdeoxyribose),sandsasnitrogenoussbase.sThesnitrogenoussbasessinsnucleotidess
cansbesfromsonesofstwosclasses:spuriness(asdoublescarbonnitrogensringsforsadeninesandsguanine)sorspyrimidiness(assinglescarbonnitrogensringsforscytosine,sthymine,sandsuracil).sNucleotidesscansfunctionsinsthesexchangesofscellula
rsenergysinsmoleculesslikesadenosinestriphosphates(ATP),snicotinamidesadeninesdinucleotides(NAD
+)sandsflavinsadeninesdinucleotides(FAD).sCyclicsnucleotidessfunctionsassintracellularssecondsmess
engers,slikescyclicsguanosinesmonophosphates(cGMP)sandscyclicsadeninesmonophosphates(cAMP)
.sNucleotidespolymerssfunctionsinsthesstoragesofsgeneticsinformation,slikesdeoxyribonucleicsacids(D
NA)sandsribonucleicsacids(RNA).sThespolymericsstrandssofsDNAsandsRNAsaresidentifiedsbysthes3'sa
nds5'send,swithsthes3'sbeingsthescarboxylsends(fromsthescarbohydrate)sandsthes5'sendscontainingsthesph
osphatesgroup.sThesLawsofsComplementarysBasesPairingsensuressthatsdoublestrandedsDNAswillshavesmatchingsinformationsonsbothsstrands.sCytosinesissalwaysspairedswithsguan
ine,swhereassadeninesissalwaysspairedswithsthymine.sInsRNA,sthesthyminesissreplacedswithsuracil.sD
NAsstoressthesgeneticscodeswhereassRNAsissnecessarysforsexpressionsofsthescode.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
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4) Thesmembranesofsascellsissansimportantsstructuresthatsisolatessthescell'sscytosolsfromsthesexternalse
nvironment.sThescomponentssofsmembranessaresimportantsdeterminantssofstheirsfunction.sWhatsares
thescomponentssofsasmembranesandshowsdosthosescomponentssfunction?sAnswer:s Cellsmembraness
arescomposedsofsphospholipids,scholesterol,sintegralsproteins,speripheralsproteins,sandscarbohydrate
s.sPhospholipidssaresthesmajorsconstituentsofsmembranes.sTheysaresamphipathicsmoleculesswithspol
ars(hydrophilic)sandsnonpolars(hydrophobic)sregions.sThesphospholipidssformsasbilayerswithstheshyd
rophilicsregionsexposedstosthesoutsidesandsinsides ofsthescell,sandsthesnonpolarsregionsassociatedswith
sitselfswithinsthescoresofsthesphospholipidsbilayer.sAssasconsequence,sthesmembranesissasfluidsstructu
reswithsnosstrongsbondssbetweensitsscomponents.sCholesterolscansalsosbespresentswithinsthesmembra
ne,swhichsactsstosinterfereswithshydrophobicsinteractionssliningsupsthesmoleculesswithinsthesmembra
ne,stherebysdecreasingsviscositysandsincreasingsmembranesfluidity.sIntegralsmembranesproteinssaresi
ntimatelysassociatedswithsthesmembranesandscannotsbeseasilysremoved.sManysarestransmembranespr
oteinsswhosesaminosacidschainspassessthroughstheslipidsbilayersmultiplestimes.sThesestransmembran
esproteinsscansfunctionsassionschannelssandstransportersstosmovesionssacrosssthesmembrane.sOthersint
egralsmembranesproteinssareslocatedsonsthescytosolicsorsinterstitialssidesofsthesmembrane.sPeripherals
membranesproteinssaresmoreslooselysassociatedswithsthesmembranessand,stherefore,scansbeseasilysre
moved.sMostsareslocatedsonsthescytosolicssidesofsthesmembranesandscansbesassociatedswithsthescytos
keleton.sCarbohydratessaresoftenslocatedsonsthesextracellularssidesofsthesmembranesandscansactsassasp
rotectiveslayers(glycocalyx)sorsbesinvolvedsinscellsrecognition.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
5) Liststhesmembranoussorganellessthatsarespresentswithinsthescellsandsdescribestheirsfunction.sAnsw
er:s Thesendoplasmicsreticulumsisscomposedsofstwosstructuressthatsaressmoothsandsroughsinscharacter
.sThesroughsportionscontainssribosomessthatsaresinvolvedsinsthestranslationsofsproteins.sThosesprotein
sscansbessecretedsfromsthescells(hormones),sincorporatedsintosthescellsmembranes(receptorssandsionsc
hannels),sorsincorporatedsintoslysosomes.sThessmoothsportionsofsthesendoplasmicsreticulumsissthessit
esofslipidssynthesissandsthesstoragesofscalcium.sThesGolgisapparatussisscloselysassociatedswithsthesen
doplasmicsreticulum,sprocessingsmoleculessthatsweressynthesizedsinsthesendoplasmicsreticulumsands
packagingsthemsintosvesiclessforsdeliverystostheirssitesofsaction.sMitochondriasaresstructuressthatscon
tainsbothsansinnersandsoutersmembrane.sThesinnermostscompartmentscontainssthesenzymessofsthesKr
ebsscycle.sThesinnersmembranescontainssthescomponentssofstheselectronstransportschain.sTheslysoso
mesissasmembraneboundsvesiclesthatscontainsslyticsenzymes,swhichscansdegradesdebriss(intrasorsextracellular).sOldsorg
anellesscansbesdegradedsinsthissmanner.sPeroxisomessaresvesicles,susuallyssmallersthanslysosomes,s
whichscontainsenzymessthatsdegradesaminosacids,salcoholssandsfattysacids.sAsbyproductsofsthissdegr
adationsisshydrogensperoxide,swhichsisstoxicstoscells.sHowever,stheysalsoscontainscatalase,sansenzym
esthatsdegradesshydrogensperoxide.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.4
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6) Allsofsthesorganellesspresentswithinsascellsaresnotsboundsbysmembranes.sDescribesthesnonsmembrane-boundsorganellessthatsaresfoundsinscells.
Answer:s RibosomessaresdensesgranulesscomposedsofsrRNAsandsprotein,ssomesofswhichsaresassocia
tedswithsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulum.sThesesstructuressplaysansimportantsrolesinsproteinssynthe
sis.sThesribosomessthatsaresfreeswithinsthescytosolssynthesizesproteinssthatsremainsinsthescytosol,sors
cansentersthesmitochondria,sthesnucleus,sorsthesperoxisome.sProteinsssynthesizedswithinsthesroughse
ndoplasmicsreticulumswillscrosssthesmembranes(bessecreted)sorsbecomesassociatedswithsmembrane
s,ssuchsassasplasmasmembranesorsansorganelle.sThesothersnonsmembranoussstructuressofsthescellsaresvaults.sThesesrecentlysdiscoveredsorganellessaresbarrelsshapedsandsthreestimesslargersthansribosomes,sbutstheirsfunctionsissnots yetsclearlysunderstood.
Theysmaysbesinvolvedsinsthestransportsofsmoleculessbetweensthesnucleussandscytoplasm.sTheyshavesr
eceivedsconsiderablesattentionsofslatesforstheirsrolesinsthesdevelopmentsofsresistancestoschemotherapi
es.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.4
7) Describesthesthreestypessofsproteinssthatscomprisesthescytoskeleton.
Answer:s Microfilamentssaresthessmallestsofsthescytoskeletalsproteins.sThesfunctionssofsmicrofilame
nts,ssuchsassactin,sincludescontraction,samoeboidlikesmovementsofscells,sandsseparationsofsthescytoplasmsduringscellsdivision.sOthersmicrofilamentssp
rovidesthesstructuralssupportsforsthesmicrovillisofscellsswithinsthessmallsintestinessandshairscellssofsthe
scochlea.
Intermediatesfilamentsstendstosbesstrongersandsmoresstablesthansmicrofilaments,sandsincludesprotein
sslikeskeratins(locatedsinsthesskin)sandsmyosin.sTheslargestsofsthescytoskeletalsproteinssaresmicrotubu
les,swhichsarescomposedsofsproteinsscalledstubulin.sMicrotubulessformsthesspindlesfiberssthatsaresinv
olvedsinsthesdistributionsofschromosomessduringscellsdivision.sMicrotubulessaresalsosthesprimarysco
mponentsofsciliasandsflagella—hairlikesprotrusionssinvolvedsinsmotility.sCiliasarescomposedsofstenspairssofsmicrotubulessinsasninespairss
urroundingsonespairsconfiguration,sconnectedsbysthesproteinsdyneinsthatsgeneratessthesforcesnecessar
ystoscausesthesmicrotubulesstosslidespastsonesanother,stherebysmovingsthescilia.sFlagellasaressimilarsin
sstructure,sexceptstheysareslongersthanscilia.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.2
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8) Insordersforstissuesstosmaintainstheirsstructuresandsfunction,stheresmustsbessomeswaysforscellsstosa
dherestostheirsneighbors.sDescribesthesadhesionsproteinssthatsfunctionsinscouplingsonescellstosthesne
xt.
Answer:s Tightsjunctionssarescomposedsofsintegralsmembranesproteinsscalledsoccludinssthatsfusesnei
ghboringscells,screatingsansimpermeablesbarrier.sBecausesofsthissbarrier,smostspolarssolutessmustspas
ssthroughsthescellsitselfsbystransepithelialstransport,srathersthansbysmovingsbetweenscellss(paracellula
rstransport).sThesestightsjunctionssarescommonlysfoundsbetweensepithelialscellssthatslineshollowsorga
nssinsorderstosmaintainsseparationsbetweensfluidscompartments.sThesextentstoswhichsfluidscompartm
entssaresseparatedsissdeterminedsbysthesexpressionsofsoccludinsproteins.
Desmosomessaresstrongsfilamentoussjunctionssthatsprovidesthesstructuralssupportsforscellsattachment
.sProteinsscalledscadherinssaresinvolvedsinscreatingsthesesconnectionssbetweenscells.sGapsjunctionssa
resproteinschannelssformedsbysconnexinsproteins.sGapsjunctionssallowsforscommunicationsbetweens
neighboringscells.sMolecules,ssomesrelativelyslarges(cAMP),scansdiffusesfromsonescellstosthesnextsw
henstheseschannelssaresopen.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.3
9) Describesthesprocesssofsgenestranscription,sincludingshowsthatsprocesssissregulated.
Answer:s ThessectionsofsDNAsthatscontainssasgenesissidentifiedsbysthespromotersthatsissupstreamsfro
msthesgene.sTheresissasspecificspromoterssequencesthatsissrecognizedsbysansRNAspolymerasescausing
sthatsenzymestosbindsandsuncoilsthesDNA.sFreesnucleotidessalignswithsthessensesstrandsofsDNAsbaseds
uponsthesLawsofsComplementarysBasesPairing.sThesRNAspolymeraseswillscatalyzesthesformationsofs
bondssbetweensthesfreesnucleotides,stherebysformingsassinglestrandedsmRNA.sAssitsissbeingssynthesized,ssegmentssofsthesmRNAscalledsintronssaressplicedsfromst
hesmRNAsstrandsuntilsallsthatsissleftsaresthesexons,swhichsaresjoinedstogether.sAscapsissaddedstosthes5's
end,swhichsissnecessarysforsthesinitiationsofstranslation.sAtsthessamestime,smanysadeninesmoleculess(t
hespolysAstail)saresaddedstosthesothersends(thes3'sregion)sofsthesmRNAsmolecule,swhichsalongswithsth
esCAP,sservesstosprotectsthesmRNAsfromsdegradationsoncesitsissinsthescytosol.sThesregulationsofsmR
NAsconcentrationsinsthescytosolscansoccursthroughsasnumbersofsmechanisms.
ThesmRNAscansbesboundstosasprotein,stherebysinactivatingsthatsmRNA.sInsaddition,sbothsstabilitysa
ndssynthesissratessofsmRNAsaresansimportantsdeterminantsofsthesamountsofsmRNAscodingsforsaspart
icularsproteinsthatsisspresent.sThissprocesssofstranscriptionscansbesregulatedsbysDNAsbindingsprotein
s,swhosesbindingstosthespromotersregionsofsthesgenescanseithersenhancesorsinhibitsbindingsofsthesRN
Aspolymerasestosthesgene,stherebysalteringsexpressionsofsthesgene.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 2.5
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10) Insgeneral,sdescribesthesprocessswherebysmRNAsthatshassexitedsthesnucleussissusedstossy
nthesizesasfunctionalsprotein.
Answer:s mRNAsissreadsinstriplets,sfromsthesinitiatorscodons(AUG),swhichscodessforsthesaminosacids
methionine,stosasterminationscodon.sTranslationsissstartedsbysinitiationsfactorssthatsbindstosthescapsgr
oupsonsthesmRNA,swhilesothersfactorssformsascomplexswithssmallsribosomalssubunitssandsaschargeds
tRNAs(containingsansaminosacid).sThestRNAswithsansanticodonswillsbindstosthescodonsonsthesmRNA
sbysthesLawsofsComplementarysBasesPairs.sTheslargesribosomalssubunitsthensbinds,scausingsinitiatio
nsfactorsstosdissociate,stherebysaligningsthesfirststRNAswithsthesPssitesofsthesribosome.sAssecondschar
gedstRNAswithsthesappropriatesanticodonswillsattachsitselfstosthesAssitesonsthesribosome.sAnsenzymes
withinsthesribosomesthenscatalyzessthesformationsofsaspeptidesbondsbetweensaminosacids,sandsthesfir
ststRNAswillsbesreleasedsfromsthesaminosacid.sThesribosomeswillsthensmovesthreesbasessdownstosthes
nextscodon.sAssthesfirststRNAsleavessthesPssite,sthessecondstRNAswillsmovesfromsthesAstosthesPssite.s
Then,sasnewschargedstRNAswillsbindstosthesAssite;sthestRNAswithsthesanticodonsthatsmatchessthesmR
NA.sThissprocessswillscontinuesuntilsthesterminationscodonsissreached.sThesleaderssequenceswillsdete
rmineswhethersthesproteinswills remainsinsthescytosolsorsattachstosthesendoplasmicsreticulum.sPosttranslationalsmodificationsissrequiredsinsorderstosmakesthesproteinsfunctional,sandsthissprocessscansoc
cursanywheresfromsthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulumstosthesGolgisapparatus.sThesleaderssequencesm
ustsfirstsbescleaveds asswellsassanysothersexcesssaminosacidssthatsarespresentsonsthesprotein.sThereafte
r,sothersmoleculesscansbesaddedstosproteins,slikescarbohydratess(glycoprotein),sorslipidss(lipoprotein
s),sinsorderstosmakesthesproteinsfunctional.
LearningsOutcome:s 2.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapter
sSection:s 2.5
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters3s CellsMetabolism
3.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) InstheschemicalsequationsAs+sBs⇌sCs+sD,sthesmaterialssonstheslefthandssidesofsthesequationsaresknownsass
whereassthesmaterialssonsthesrighthandssidesofsthesequationsaresknowsas
.
A) anabolics:scatabolic
B) catabolics:sanabolic
C) reactantss:sproducts
D) productss:sreactants
E) products:ssubstrates
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
2) InstheschemicalsequationsAs+sBs⇌sCs+sD,sthesarrowsindicatessthatsthesreactionsis
A) asmetabolicspathway.
B) unidirectional.
C) bidirectional.
D) thesnetsreactionsofsA+B.
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s C
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
3) Thessumsofsthesthousandssofschemicalsreactionssthatsoccurswithinsthesbodysisscalled
A) metabolism.
B) hydrolysis.
C) phosphorylation.
D) oxidation.
E) reduction.
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
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4) Makingsorssynthesizingsasproteinswouldsbesconsideredsa(n)s
reactionsandsthestypesofsreactionsthatscarriessthissprocesssoutsissas
A) catabolics:scondensation
B) anabolics:scondensation
C) catabolics:shydrolysis
D) anabolics:shydrolysis
E) metabolics:shydrolysiss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
reaction.
5) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissascorrectsdescriptionsofsansanabolicspathway?
A) ProteinssarestranscribedsfromsDNAsinsthesnucleus.
B) ProteinssaresdegradedsbysmRNAsinsthescytoplasm.
C) Glycogensisssynthesizedsinsthescytosolsfromsglucose.
D) Thesprimaryssitesofsthessynthesissofstriglyceridessissinsthesliver.
E) Thesprimaryssitesofsthesbreakdownsofstriglyceridessissinsthesadiposestissue.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.1
6) WhensphosphatesissaddedstosADPstosformsthesenergy-storingsmoleculesATP,sthississknownsas
and,ssinceswatersissalsosproduced,sthissreactionsissalsosconsideredsas
reaction.
A) phosphorylations:shydrolysis
B) phosphorylations:scondensation
C) phosphorylations:sdephosphorylation
D) dephosphorylations:shydrolysis
E) dephosphorylations:scondensations
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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7) ThesadditionsofstwoshydrogenssandstwoselectronsstosNA
sissansexamplesofswhatstypesofschemicalsreaction?
A) hydrolysis
B) oxidation
C) condensation
D) phosphorylation
E) reduction
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 3.1
8) Chemicalsreactionssthatsinvolvesthesformationsofspeptidesbondssbetweensaminosacidssthatspr
oduceswatersassasbyproductsarescalleds
reactions.
A) hydrolysis
B) phosphorylation
C) condensation
D) oxidation
E) reduction
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
9) Chemicalsreactionssthatsinvolvesthesproductionsofsasphosphatesbondsarescalleds
sreactions.
A) condensation
B) phosphorylation
C) dephosphorylation
D) oxidation
E) reduction
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
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10) Chemicalsreactionssthatsinvolvesthesbreakingsofsasphosphatesbondsarescalleds
sreactions.
A) condensation
B) phosphorylation
C) dephosphorylation
D) oxidation
E) reduction
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
11) Insasreductionsreaction,swhichsofsthesfollowingsissmostslikelysaddedstosthesreactants?
A) water
B) neutrons
C) oxygen
D) electrons
E) phosphate
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
12) Duringswhatstypesofsreactionsareselectronssremovedsfromsthesreactant?
A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) phosphorylation
D) electrocution
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
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13) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsrepresentssthessecondslawsofsthermodynamics?
A) Energysissneitherscreatedsnorsdestroyed.
B) Storedsenergyscanseventuallysbesconvertedstoskineticsenergy.
C) Metabolicsreactionssaresthessumsofsallsthesreactionssinsthesbody.
D) Naturalsprocessesstendstosproceedsinsthesdirectionsthatsexpandssthesenergy.
E) Energysissthescapacitystosdoswork.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
14) Ifsthesenergyschangesofsasreactions(ΔE)sisspositive,sthen
A) thesreactantsshadsmoresenergysthansthesproducts.
B) thesproductsshadsmoresenergysthansreactants.
C) energyshassbeensreleasedsassasbyproduct.
D) nosenergyswassaddedstosthesreaction.
E) thesreactantsshadsthessamesenergysassthesproducts.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
15) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissTRUEsofsansendergonicsreaction?
A) Theschangesinsenergysofsthesreactionsisspositive.
B) Thesreactionsproceedssspontaneously.
C) Thesonlysproductsofsthesreactionsissheat.
D) Thesonlysproductsofsthesreactionsisswater.
E) Endergonicsreactionssneversoccur.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
16) Theskineticsenergysofsasmoleculescansbesincreasedsby
A) increasingsitssmass.
B) increasingsitsstemperature.
C) decreasingsitssmass.
D) decreasingsitsstemperature.
E) decreasingsitssvelocity.
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
17) Thesenergysthatsissstoredswithinsansobjectsforslatersusesissreferredstosass
energy.
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A) kinetic
B) thermal
C) potential
D) radiant
E) kinesthetic
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
18) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutschemicalsequilibriumsissFALSE?
A) Atsequilibrium,sthesratesofsformationsofsproductssequalssthesratesofsformationsofsreactants.
B) Atsequilibrium,sthesconcentrationsofsproductssequalssthesconcentrationsofsreactants.
C) Increasingsthesamountsofsreactantswillsincreasesthesproductionsofsproduct.
D) Decreasingsthesamountsofsproductswillsincreasesthesproductionsofsproduct.
E) Addingsansenzymeswillsnotsaltersthesequilibrium.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
19) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutstheslawsofsmasssactionsissFALSE?
A) Itsisscriticalsinsphysiologicalsprocessessbecausesconcentrationssofsreactantssandsproductssinsce
llssandsbodysfluidssconstantlyschange.
B) Equilibriumsissreachedswhensthesconcentrationsofsreactantsequalssthesconcentrationsofspr
oduct.
C) Ansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsreactantssrelativestosproductsstendsstospushsasreactionsfor
ward,sandsansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsproductssrelativestosreactantsstendsstospushsasreacti
onsinsreverse.
D) Thesslopesofsascurvesrepresentssthesratesofsreaction;sthesgreatersthesslopesthesfastersthesratesofsreac
tion.
E) Aftersreachingsequilibrium,smoresreactantsissadded,swhichscausessthesproductionsofsmorespr
oduct.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
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20) Startswithsthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsatsequilibrium:sAs↔sB.sIfsyousaddsproductsBstosthes
systemsfromsasseparatespathway,sthenswhatschangesinsthesreactionsoccurs?
A) Becausesthesreactionsissatsequilibrium,sthereswillsbesnoschangesinsratessofseithersthesforwardsorsrev
ersesreaction.
B) Becausesthesreactionsissatsequilibrium,sthesratessofsbothsthesforwardsandsreversesreactionssinc
rease.
C) Thesratesofsthesforwardsreactionsincreases.
D) Thesratesofsthesreversesreactionsincreases.
E) Thesratesofsthesforwardsandsreversesreactionssbothsdecrease.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
21) Thesenzymescarbonicsanhydrasescatalyzessthesfollowingsreaction:
CO2s+sH2Os↔sH2CO3,sthensH2CO3sdissociatessreversiblystosformsH+s+sHCO3Whenstissuesbecomessmoresactive,scarbonsdioxidesincreasessduestositssproductionsins
,scausingshydrogensionsconcentrationstos
A) thescytosols:sincrease
B) thescytosols:sdecrease
C) mitochondrias:sincrease
D) mitochondrias:sdecrease
E) bothsthescytosolsandsmitochondrias:sdecreases
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.2
.
22) Moleculessmustshavessufficientspotentialsenergystosovercomesthes
and,sthereby,sallowsthesreactionstosproceed.
A) transformationsstate
B) masssaction
C) transitionalsenergysbarrier
D) activationsenergysbarrier
E) kineticsenergys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
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23) Ansenergy-releasingsreactionsissreferredstosassans
A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) exchange
D) equilibrium
E) activation
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
reaction.
24) Decreasingstemperaturesswills
thesfrequencysofscollisionssbetweensmolecules,stherebys thesreactionsrate.
A) increases:sdecreasing
B) decreases:sdecreasing
C) notsalters:snotschanging
D) increases:sincreasing
E) notsalters:sincreasings
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
25) Reactionsratesshighersorslowersthansrequiredsbysthesbodysleadstosdiseasesstates.sHowsdoessthesbo
dysregulatesitssmetabolicsneeds?
A) Productsissproducedsfastersthanssubstrate.
B) Reactionssmovesinsthesforwardsdirectionstosproducesproduct.
C) Reactionsratessaresregulatedstosmatchsthesbody'ssneedssatsasparticularsmoment.
D) Reactantssandsproductssaresatsequilibrium.
E) Thescontrolscentersmaintainssasconstantstemperaturessosreactionsratessremainsthessame.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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26) Assthesenergysrequiredstosovercomesthesactivationsenergysbarriersincreases,sthesreactionsrateswi
ll
A) decrease.
B) increase.
C) occursmoresfrequently.
D) remainsunaltered.
E) dependssolelysuponstemperature.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
27) Enzymessactsass
tosincreasesreactionsrate.
A) ansenergyssource
B) reactants
C) products
D) catalysts
E) intermediates
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
28) WhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsNOTsincreasesthesratesofsaschemicalsreaction?
A) increasingsthesconcentrationsofsreactants
B) increasingsthestemperature
C) increasingsthesactivationsenergysbarrier
D) addingsascatalyst
E) addingsansenzymes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
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29) Enzymessareswhatsclasssofsmolecule?
A) tracesmetals
B) nucleicsacids
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates
E) lipidssA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
30) Assubstratesissthessamesassa
A) ligand.
B) reactant.
C) solute.
D) liquid.
E) product.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
31) Howsdosenzymessspeedsupschemicalsreactions?
A) bysloweringsthesactivationsenergysbarrier
B) bysincreasingsthesactivationsenergysbarrier
C) bysmakingssuresthesenzymesisspartsofsthesproduct
D) bysconvertingskineticsenergysbackstospotentialsenergy
E) bysloweringsthestemperature,stherebysreducingsfrictions
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
32) Insthesinduced-fitsmodelsforsenzymesactivity,sthessubstratesalterssthes
sitesonsthesenzyme.
A) conformations:sallosteric
B) conformations:sinactive
C) activitys:sactive
D) conformations:sactive
E) shapes:sallosterics
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
ofsthe
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33) Thesratesatswhichsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsoccursscansbesincreasedsby
A) decreasingssubstratesconcentration.
B) releasingsthescofactorsthatswassboundstosthesenzyme.
C) increasingsenzymesconcentration.
D) decreasingstemperature.
E) changingsthesenzyme'ssconformation,stherebysreducingsitssaffinitysforsthessubstrate.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
34) Thesmeasuresofshowsmanysproductsmoleculesscansbesproducedsbysansenzymespersunitsofstimesissr
eferredstosassthatsenzyme's
A) specificity.
B) cofactorsrate.
C) affinity.
D) catalyticsrate.
E) coenzymesrate.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
35) Notsallsenzymesshavessubstratesspecificity.sForsexample,spepsinscansbreakdownsnumerousstype
ssofsproteinssinsthesstomach.sWhatsconceptsbestsdescribesswhysthessinglesenzymespepsinscansbreakd
ownssosmanysproteins?
A) theslock-and-keysmodel
B) thesinduced-fitsmodel
C) complementarysbasespairingsrule
D) ligand-proteinsinteractions
E) theslawsofsmasssactions
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
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36) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsdecreasesthesratesofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreaction?
A) increasingsthesconcentrationsofsenzyme
B) increasingsthesaffinitysofsthesenzymesforsitsssubstrate
C) increasingsthesconcentrationsofssubstrate
D) increasingsthesconcentrationsofsproduct
E) increasingstheskineticsenergys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 3.3
37) Somesenzymessrequirestracesmetalsstosfunctionsasscofactors.sWhatsdosthestracesmetalssdo?
A) Tracesmetalssmustsbespresentsinsthesenzymesinsordersforsthesenzymestosbindssubstrate.
B) Tracesmetalssaresnecessarysforsthestransfersofselectronssbetweenssubstrates.
C) Tracesmetalssaresnecessarysforsthestransfersofsunchargedschemicalsgroupssbetweenssubstrates.
D) Tracesmetalssprovidesenergysforsthesreaction.
E) Tracesmetalsscovalentlysmodulatesthesenzyme.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
38) CoenzymesAsissderivedsfromswhichsofsthesfollowingsvitamins?
A) niacin
B) vitaminsA
C) vitaminsC
D) riboflavin
E) pantothenicsacid
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
39) Whatsarescoenzymes?
A) inorganicsmoleculessderivedsfromstracesmetalssthatsfunctionsinsthestransfersofsaschemicalsgr
oup
B) organicsmoleculessderivedsfromsvitaminssthatsfunctionsinsthestransfersofsaschemicalsgroup
C) inorganicsmoleculessderivedsfromsvitaminssthatsfunctionsinsthestransfersofsaschemicalsgroup
D) organicsmoleculessderivedsfromstracesmetalssthatsfunctionsinsthestransfersofsaschemicalsgroup
E) proteinscomplexessthatsfunctionsassenzymesswithsmoresthansonesactivessitesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
40) Thesgreatersthesattractivesforcessbetweenssubstratesandsenzyme,sthatsenzymesisssaidstoshavesa
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highers
forsthessubstrate.
A) repulsion
B) catalyticsrate
C) coenzymesactivity
D) cofactorsactivity
E) affinitys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
41) Manysdrugssaresmanufacturedsthatstendstosbindstosansenzyme'ssactivessitesmoresquicklysthansthe
ssubstratesthesenzymesnormallysbinds.sWhatsqualitysallowssthesdrugstosbesattractedstosthesactivessite
smoresreadilysthansthessubstrate?
A) theslock-and-keysmodel
B) affinity
C) saturation
D) competition
E) chemicalsspecificitys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
42) Enzymessaresproteins.sIfsthesenzymesconcentrationsissincreased,sthesratesofsactivitysofsthesen
zymeswillsincreasesexponentiallysasslongsasstheresisssubstratestosbind.sHowsdoessthesbodysincrea
sesthesenzymesconcentration?
A) bysincreasingsthesbody'sscorestemperature
B) bysincreasingsthescatalyticsrate
C) throughsproteinssynthesis
D) throughsDNAsreplication
E) throughsfeedbacksinhibitions
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5s Bloom's
sTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChapters
Section:s 3.3
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43) Asdrugsthatsblockssthesactivessitesofsansenzymesandsdoessnotsallowsasproductstosbesproducedsissk
nownsassa(n)
A) allostericsactivator.
B) allostericsinhibitor.
C) covalentsregulator.
D) feedbacksinhibitor.
E) proteinskinase.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
44) Ifsthesgraphsofsansenzymecatalyzedsreactionsshowssassigmoidalsrelationshipsbetweenssubstratesconcentrationsandsreac
tionsrate,sthenswhatscansbessaidsaboutsthesreaction?
A) Itsissendergonic.
B) Itsissexergonic.
C) Itsissallostericallysregulated.
D) Itsisscovalentlysregulated.
E) Itsisspartsofsansoxidationreductionsprocess.sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.3
45) Insallostericsregulation,sthesmodulatorsmoleculesbindsstosthe
A) catalyticssitesofsthesenzymesbysweak,sreversiblesinteractions.
B) regulatoryssitesofsthesenzymesbysweak,sreversiblesinteractions.
C) catalyticssitesbyscovalentsbonds.
D) regulatoryssitesbyscovalentsbonds.
E) cofactorsbysweak,sreversiblesinteractions.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
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46) Regulationsofsansenzymesthroughsreversiblesbindingsofsasmodulatorstosasregulatoryssitesonsansen
zymesissspecificallyscalled
A) allostericsregulation.
B) covalentsregulation.
C) thesinduced-fitsmodel.
D) theslock-and-keysmodel.
E) pHsregulations
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
47) Regulatingsansenzymesthroughsproteinskinaseinducedsphosphorylationsofsthatsenzymesissansexamplesof
A) allostericsregulation.
B) covalentsregulation.
C) thesinduced-fitsmodel.
D) feedbacksinhibition.
E) cofactorsregulation.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
48) Insasmetabolicspathway,sthesenzymesworkingsthesslowestsinsthatspathwaysissknownsassthe
enzyme.
A) allostericsregulating
B) modulating
C) inhibitor
D) rate-limiting
E) bindings
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
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49) Asproteinskinasescatalyzesswhichsofsthesfollowingstypessofschemicalsreactions?
A) phosphorylation
B) dephosphorylation
C) condensation
D) oxidation
E) hydrolysis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
50) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsend-productsinhibitionsissFALSE?
A) Theslastsproductsofsasmetabolicspathwaysinhibitssthesactivitysofsansenzymesearliersinsthatspath.
B) Itsusuallysinvolvessallostericsmodulationsofsansenzyme.
C) Itsissansexamplesofsnegativesfeedback.
D) Thesenzymesmodulatedsissoftensthesrate-limitingsenzyme.
E) Thesamountsofsproductsproducedsissincreasedsbysthissprocess.sA
nswer:s E
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 3.3
51) Insasmetabolicspathway,sboths
helpstoskeepsreactionsratesswithinsnormalsrangessbyseithersspeedingsthemsupsorsslowingsthemsd
own.
A) coenzymessandscofactors
B) affinitysandssubstratesconcentration
C) feedforwardsactivationsandsfeedbacksinhibition
D) lock-in-keysandsinduced-fitsmodels
E) ligandsandsproteinsinteractionss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.3
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52) Duringsend-productsinhibition,
A) thesinitialssubstratesofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsinhibitssthesratelimitingsenzymesviasallostericsregulation.
B) thesproductsofsthesrate-limitingsstepsofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsinhibitssthesratelimitingsenzymesviascovalentsregulation.
C) thesproductsofsthesrate-limitingsstepsofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsinhibitssthesratelimitingsenzymesviasallostericsregulation.
D) thesfinalsproductsofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsinhibitssthesratelimitingsenzymesviasallostericsregulation.
E) thesfinalsproductsofsansenzyme-catalyzedsreactionsinhibitssthesratelimitingsenzymesviascovalentsregulation.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
53) Whatsissthesmostsimportantsenergy-transferringscompoundsinscells?
A) glucose
B) fructose
C) protein
D) adenosinestriphosphate
E) deoxyribonucleicsacids
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.4
54) Insskeletalsmuscle,sATPscansbessynthesizedsbystransferringsasphosphatesgroupsfromscreatinesPstosADPstosformsATPsandscreatine.sInsthissexample,sATPswasssynthesizedsbyswhatsprocess?
A) oxidativesphosphorylation
B) substrate-levelsphosphorylation
C) oxidation
D) reduction
E) condensation
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.4
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55) Thescompletesoxidationsofsglucosesreleasesshowsmanyskcalsofsenergysforseverysmolesofsglu
cose?
A) 686
B) 7
C) 266
D) 420
E) 98
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.5
56) Whatsissthesmajorsphysiologicalsimportancesofsbreathing?
A) Wesneedsoxygenstossurvive.
B) WesneedstoseliminatesCO2sfromsourssystemsbecausesitsissaswastesproduct.
C) Wesneedstoscontrolsourscorestemperaturesbysbreathingsinsoxygensfromsthesenvironment.
D) Oxygensmustsbespresentsinsourscellsstosbreaksdownsfoodsintosenergy.
E) Itseventuallysproducesswater,swhichswesneedstossurvive.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.4
57) Wheresdoessglycolysissoccur?
A) cytosol
B) mitochondrialsmatrix
C) mitochondrialsintermembranesspace
D) mitochondrialsinnersmembrane
E) lysosomes
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
58) ATPsisssynthesizedsbyssubstrate-levelsphosphorylationsduringswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) glycolysissonly
B) conversionsofspyruvatestoslactatesonly
C) Krebsscyclesonly
D) glycolysissandsthesKrebsscyclesonly
E) glycolysis,sthesKrebsscycle,sandsduringsconversionsofspyruvatestoslactatesA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
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59) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdoessNOTsoccursinsmitochondria?
A) Krebsscycle
B) oxidativesphosphorylation
C) consumptionsofsoxygen
D) productionsofscarbonsdioxide
E) conversionsofspyruvatestoslactates
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
60) Thesfinalsproductsofsglycolysissundersaerobicsconditionssisspyruvate.sWhatshappensstospy
ruvatesundersaerobicsconditions?
A) PyruvatesissconvertedsintosacetylsCoAsinsthescytosol,sandsthesacetylsCoAsthensenterssthesmit
ochondrialsmatrix.
B) PyruvatesenterssthesmitochondrialsmatrixswheresitsissconvertedsintosacetylsCoA.
C) Pyruvatesissconvertedstoslacticsacidsinsthescytosol.
D) Pyruvatesissconvertedstoslacticsacidsinsthesmitochondrialsmatrix.
E) Pyruvatesprovidesselectronsstostheselectronstransportschain.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
61) Insthespresencesofsoxygen,sthesprocesssofsglycolysissproducesswhichsofsthesfollowingspr
oducts?
A) 1spyruvate
B) 1slactate
C) 2spyruvate
D) 2slactate
E) 2sglycerol
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
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62) Wheresaresthesenzymessofsglycolysisslocatedswithinsthescell?
A) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
B) outersmitochondrialsmembrane
C) lysosome
D) cytosol
E) nucleuss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
63) Insthespresencesofsaslimitedsoxygenssupply,spyruvatesissconvertedstoswhat?
A) lactate
B) acetylsCoA
C) NADH
D) ATP
E) glucoses
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
64) HowsmanysATPsaresgeneratedspersacetylscoenzymesAsgoingsthroughsthesKrebsscyclesfol
lowedsbystheselectronstransportssystem?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 12
D) 24
E) 36-38
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
65) Instermssofsenergysproduction,sthesKrebsscyclesisssignificantsbecausesit
A) directlysproducesslargesamountssofsATP.
B) breakssdownsglucose.
C) reducessthescoenzymessNADsandsFADsforsoxidativesphosphorylation.
D) producessacetylcoenzymesAsforsfattysacidssynthesis.
E) providessacetylcoenzymesAsforsglucosessynthesis.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
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66) Whatsissthesfinalsacceptorsofselectronssinstheselectronstransport?
A) pyruvate
B) carbonsdioxide
C) water
D) oxygen
E) glucoses
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
67) Wheresisstheselectronstransportschain?
A) cytosol
B) outersmitochondrialsmembrane
C) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
D) intermembranesspacesofsthesmitochondria
E) mitochondrialsmatrix
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
68) Cyanidesissasdeadlyspoisonsthatsattachesstoscytochromescsoxidase,stheslastsproteinsinstheselectr
onstransportschainsbeforesthesterminalselectronsacceptor.sBasedsonsyoursknowledgesofstheselectron
stransportschain,swhichsstatementsbelowsbestsdescribessthesactionsofscyanidesonsthesbody?
A) CyanidesdoessnotsallowsthesKrebsscyclestosbescompletedsbysblockingsacetylsCoAsfromsent
eringsthisscycle.sThissactionsshutssdownsthesentiresprocesssofscellularsmetabolism.
B) CyanidesdoessnotsallowsH+sionsstosbespumpedsintosthesoutersmembranesofsthesmitochondriasan
d,stherefore,stheysaresneversablestosgosdownstheirsconcentrationsgradientsandsproducesATP.
C) CyanidespreventssNADHsandsFADH2sfromsdroppingsoffstheirselectronssatsthesbeginningsofsth
eselectronstransportschainsbyscausingsasbackupsofselectronssinsthesKrebsscycle.
D) Cyanidesblockssthesterminalselectronsacceptor,soxygen,scausingsansaccumulationsofsCO2sinsth
estissuessfromscellularsmetabolism,sandspoisonssthessystemsduestosexcessswastesproducts.
E) CyanidesblockssthesterminalselectronsacceptorsoxygensandsthereforeswillshaltsthesproductionsofsA
TP.sThesmajoritysofsATPsissnormallysproducedsinstheselectronstransportschainsandswithoutsits thesbod
yswillsbeginstosonlysgosthroughsglycolysissandsstartsproducingslacticsacidsandswillseventuallysshutsdo
wnsduestosaslacksofsATPstosrunsthesbodysandsbecausesofsthesbuildupsofsacidsinsthessystem.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.6
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69) Chemiosmoticscouplingsreferssto
A) chemicalscouplingsbetweenssubstratesandsenzymes.
B) chemicalscouplingsofseachsreactionswithinsthesmitochondria.
C) couplingsofsthesKrebsscyclestostheselectronstransportschain.
D) thesharnessingsofsenergysfromsthesreactionssofstheselectronstransportschainstosmakesATP.
E) thestransfersofsasphosphatesgroupsfromsonesmoleculestosanother.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
70) HydrogensionssactivatesthesenzymesATPssynthasesbysmovingsfrom
A) cytosolstosinnersmitochondrialsmembrane.
B) innersmitochondrialsmembranestoscytosol.
C) cytosolstosoutersmitochondrialsmembrane.
D) mitochondrialsmatrixstosintermembranesspace.
E) intermembranesspacestosmitochondrialsmatrix.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
71) Eachstimesanselectronsisspassedsbetweensthesmoleculessofstheselectronstransportschain,
A) energysissgained.
B) energysissreleased.
C) ansATPsmoleculesissproduced.
D) oxygensacceptsstheselectrons.
E) carbonsdioxidesissproduced.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
72) WhatsissthesfirstscomponentsofstheselectronstransportschainsthatsacceptsselectronssfromsansN
ADHsmolecule?
A) flavinsmononucleotide
B) cytochromesb
C) cytochromesa3
D) coenzymesQ
E) flavinsadeninesdinucleotides
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
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73) WhatsissthesfirstscomponentsofstheselectronstransportschainsthatsacceptsselectronssfromsansF
ADH2smolecule?
A) flavinsmononucleotide
B) cytochromesb
C) cytochromesa3
D) coenzymesQ
E) flavinsadeninesdinucleotides
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
74) ATPssynthasesissablestosusesthespotentialsenergysthatsoriginatessfroms
tosproducesATP.
A) theshydrogensgradientsacrosssthesinnersmitochondrialsmembrane
B) thesphosphorylationsofscytochromes
C) thessodiumsgradientsacrosssthesinnersmitochondrialsmembrane
D) complexsI
E) complexsIV
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
75) Underslowsoxygensconditions,s
mustsunloadsitsselectronsstosallowsglycolysisstoscontinuesthesproductionsofsATP.
A) FADH2
B) lactate
C) NAD+
D) NADH
E) pyruvate
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
76) Whatsissthesnetsenergysyieldsforsthesanaerobicsmetabolismsofsonesglucosesmolecule?
A) twosmoleculessofsATPsandstwosNADH
B) twosmoleculessofsNADHsands0sATP
C) twosmoleculessofsATPsands0sNADH
D) 36smoleculessofsATPsands0sNADH
E) twosmoleculessofsATPsandsthreesNADHs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
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77) Undersanaerobicsconditions,swhatsisspyruvatesconvertedstosandswheresdoessthissoccur?
A) acetylscoenzymesAsinsthesmitochondria
B) acetylscoenzymesAsinsthescytosol
C) lactatesinsthesmitochondria
D) lactatesinsthescytosol
E) fattysacidsinsthescytosols
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
78) Undersanaerobicsconditions,swhichsofsthesfollowingsissasfinalsproductsofsglucosescatabolism?
A) pyruvicsacid
B) lacticsacid
C) carbonsdioxide
D) acetylscoenzymesA
E) watersA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
79) Howsissglucosesstoredsinsmusclesandsliverscells?
A) starch
B) glycogen
C) cellulose
D) lipids
E) aminosacidss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
80) Glycogensinsmusclesissusedsto
A) contributestosthesmaintenancesofsbloodsglucose.
B) convertsglucosestosaminosacids.
C) convertsglucosestosfats.
D) fuelsthesactivitysofsthatsmusclesexclusively.
E) bothsfuelsmusclesactivitysandsmaintainsbloodsglucose.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
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81) Whichsofsthesfollowingscontainssglucose-6-phosphatase?
A) brain
B) heart
C) liver
D) skeletalsmuscle
E) allsorganssinsthesbodys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
82) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsglucose-6-phosphatase?
A) catalyzesadditionsofsonesphosphatesgroupstosglucose
B) catalyzesremovalsofsonesphosphatesgroupsfromsglucose
C) catalyzesadditionsofssixsphosphatesgroupsstosglucose
D) catalyzesremovalsofssixsphosphatesgroupssfromsglucose
E) catalyzesthesremovalsofsthesphosphatesgroupsfromsglucosesandsaddsitstosADPstosformsATPsbyssub
strate-levelsphosphorylation
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
83) WhichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculessissNOTsconvertedstosglucosesthroughsthesprocesssofsgl
uconeogenesis?
A) glycerol
B) lactate
C) aminosacids
D) pyruvate
E) fattysacids
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.7
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84) Whatsissglycogenolysis?
A) thessynthesissofsmembranescarbohydrates
B) thesbreakdownsofsglycoproteins
C) thessynthesissofsglycogensfromsglucose
D) thesbreakdownsofsglycogenstosglucose
E) asformsofsgluconeogenesiss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
85) Whichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculessissassubstratesforsgluconeogenesis?
A) aminosacidssonly
B) glycogensonly
C) glycerolsonly
D) aminosacidssandsglycerolsonly
E) aminosacids,sglycogen,sandsglycerols
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.7
86) Gluconeogenesissrefersstossynthesissofs
A) glycogens:sthesliver
B) triglyceridess:sadiposestissue
C) glucoses:sthesliver
D) fattysacidss:sadiposestissue
E) glucoses:sallsorganss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
andsoccurssins
.
87) Thesconversionsofstriglyceridesstosglycerolsandsfattysacidssisscalled
A) triglycerolysis.
B) glycolysis.
C) gluconeogenesis.
D) lipolysis.
E) liposuction.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
88) AssubstantialsamountsofsATPsissgeneratedsfromsthesmetabolismsofslongscarbonschainsscalled
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A) glycogen.
B) fattysacids.
C) glycerol.
D) glucose.
E) aminosacids.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
89) MetabolismsofsfattysacidssthatsresultssinsthesaccumulationsofsacetylsCoAscansleadstosasbui
ldupsof
A) ketones.
B) ATP.
C) glycerol.
D) lactate.
E) aminosacids.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.7
90) Beta-oxidationsofsas14-chainsfattysacidsresultssinshowsmanysacetylsCoAsmolecules?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 7
E) 14
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
91) Wheresdoessbeta-oxidationsofsfattysacidssoccur?
A) cytosol
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) mitochondrialsmatrix
D) mitochondrialsintermembranesspace
E) peroxisome
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.7
92) Beforesconvertingsaminosacidssintosintermediatessforsenergysmetabolism,stheysmustsfirstsun
dergo
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A) denaturation.
B) deamination.
C) detoxification.
D) depeptidization.
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.7
93) Anysnutrientsthatsissnotssynthesizedsbysthesbodysandsmust,stherefore,sbesacquiredsthroughsthesdie
tsissa(n)s
nutrient.
A) essential
B) primary
C) secondary
D) non-essential
E) consumptive
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
94) Thesaminesgroupsremovedsfromsansaminosacidsmustsbesconvertedstos
beforesbeingseliminatedsfromstheshumansbody.
A) uricsacid
B) ornithine
C) ketosacid
D) urea
E) ammonium
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
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95) Insulinslevelssinsthesbloodsareselevatedsinsresponsestoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) increasedsbloodsglucoseslevels
B) decreasedsbloodsfattysacids
C) decreasedsbloodstriglycerides
D) fastingsfors12shours
E) sleepsAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.7
Scenarios3.1
Tonysissaboutstosparticipatesinshissfirsts10Ksrun.sOnesofshissfriendsstoldshimstosmakessurestos"carboslo
ad"sandstostakesasniacinssupplementsbeforesthesrace.sTonyshadsheardsthesterms"carbosloading"sbefores
butswassnotssureswhysitswassnecessarysandshadsnosideaswhysheswouldsneedsasniacinssupplement.sHesh
adsbeenstrainingsforsmonthssandswassconfidentsthatsheswouldsfinishsthesraceseasilysand,stherefore,sdids
notsheedshissfriend'ssadvice.
Onsthesdaysofsthesrace,sTonyswasssosexcitedsitsfeltslikesheswassflyingsthroughsthesfirstshalfsofsthesrace.s
Tonyswantedstosbeatshisscurrentsbeststimesandswassnearingsthesendsofsthesraceswhenshesdecidedstospic
ksupshisspacestosthesfinishsline.sUnfortunately,sTonysbecamesfatiguedsandshadstoswalkstosthesfinishslin
esoutsofsbreathsandswithshissmusclessburning.
96) ReferstosScenarios3.1.sThesterms"carbosloading"srefersstoseatingsexcessscarbohydratessoversaspe
riodsofsseveralsdayssbeforesrunningslongsdistances.sWhysissthisspracticesbeneficialstoslongsdistancesr
unners?
A) Excessscarbohydratessturnsintosfat,sandsfatsstoressenergy.
B) Eatingsexcessscarbohydratessissequivalentstosexcessssubstratesconcentrationsandsslowssthesm
etabolicsrate,sprovidingsmoresenergysforslongerstimesperiodss(likesaslong-distancesrun).
C) Eatingsexcessscarbohydratessallowssyoursbodystosutilizesitssproteinssbetterstosmakesyoursm
usclessstronger.
D) Eatingsexcessscarbohydratessoversasperiodsofstimesallowssthesexcessscarbohydratesstosbesstoredsa
ssglycogensinsyoursliversandsmuscles.sDuringsasrace,sthesglycogensissconvertedstosglucosesand,stheref
ore,sthesglucosescansbesutilizedstosprovidesthesbodyswithsmoresenergy.
E) Carbohydratessarescomplexschainssofsaminosacidssthatstakesaslotsofstimestosbreakdown,sthe
reforesprovidingsthesnecessarysenergystosrunsthesbodysandsmusclessforsaslongerstime.sAnswer
:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.7
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97) ReferstosScenarios3.1.sHowscouldsniacinssupplementationshaveshelpedsTonysduringsthesrace?
A) Niacinsissansimportantsproteinsfoundsinsmusclescells.
B) NiacinsissansimportantscoenzymesknownsassnicotinamidesadeninesdinucleotidesorsNAD,sasderi
vativesofsvitaminsB3,swhichsissasnecessarysenergystoringsmoleculesrequiredstosproducesthesmaximumsamountsofsATP'sspossiblesfromsglucosesmeta
bolism.
C) NiacinsissasBsvitamin,sandsBsvitaminssarescofactorsswhichshelpsgivesenzymesstheirsshape,sandsthe
refore,sallowsreactionssinsthesbodystosbescarriedsoutsatsasmuchsfastersrate.
D) Highsconcentrationssofsniacinsinsthessystemscanscausesvomiting,swhichsissgoodsforsyousbeforesasl
ongsracesassitshelpssyouslosesweight.
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.7
98) ReferstosScenarios3.1.sWhysdidsTony'ssmusclessbecomesfatiguedsandsburnstowardsthesendsofsthe
srace?
A) Tonyshadsansoxygensdebt,smeaningshesnoslongershadsoxygensatsthesendsofstheselectronstran
sportschainstoscompletesthesstagessofsglucosesoxidation.sTherefore,spyruvateswassbeingsconve
rtedstoslacticsacidswhichscausedsthesburningssensationsinshissmuscles.
B) Tonyshadsusedsupsallsofshissenergysandscarbohydratessinshisssystem.sTherefore,sheswassutilizi
ngsproteinssforsenergy;ssincesmusclesissmadesoutsofsprotein,sthissmadeshissmusclessburn.
C) Tonyswassburningsupssosmuchsenergysheswassproducingsexcesssheat,swhichscausedshissm
usclesstosstartsburning.
D) Tonyshadsansoxygensdebt,smeaningshesnoslongershadsoxygensatsthesendsofstheselectronstransportsc
hain.sTherefore,shescouldsonlysgosthroughsbetasoxidation,swhichsburnedsupshissfatscellssandscausedsth
esburningssensation.
E) Tonyswassablestosgosthroughsgluconeogenesissonly,swhichscausedstissuesdamagesthroughoutshi
ssbody
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.7
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99) ReferstosScenarios3.1.sTonyswassbreathingsheavilysbutsstillsablestoswalkstosthesfinishsline.sWh
y?
A) Evensthoughsheshadsusedsallsofshissenergy,sheswassablestosproducesassmallsamountsofsATPsviasglu
coneogenesis.sHowever,stheseffortstosdossoscausedshimstosbreathesheavily.
B) Tonyswassbreathingsheavilysbecausesheswasstryingstosgetsenoughsoxygenstoshisstissuesstosstartspro
ducingsATPsagain.sHeswassablestoswalksbecauseshesstillshadsenoughsoxygensgettingstoshissbrainstoske
epshimsconscious.
C) Tonyswassbreathingsheavilysbecausesheswasstryingstosgetsenoughsoxygenstoshisstissuesstosstartspro
ducingsATPsagainsinslargesamounts.sHeswassstillsablestoswalksbecause,sevensthoughsheslackedsoxyge
nsatsthesendsofshisselectronstransportschain,sheswassstillsproducingsassmallsamountsofsATPsviasglycoly
sis.
D) Tonyswassbreathingsheavilysbecauseshesneededstosreleasesthesheatsgeneratedsthroughsm
etabolism.sBecausesheswassoverheated,sheshadstoswalk.
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.7
100) ReferstosScenarios3.1.sCouldsTony'ssexcitementsbeforesthesraceshavescausedshimstosbecomesfat
iguedstowardsthesendsofsthesrace?
A) No;sthesbodyshassmanyswaysstosproducesenergysand,stherefore,sneversrunssout.
B) Yes;sbecausesofshissexcitement,shissbreathingsratesincreasedsandshesprobablyshyperventilatedsbe
foresthesrace,scausingshimstosbestired.
C) No;sduestoshomeostaticsmechanisms,smetabolismsremainssconstantsatsallstimes.
D) Yes;shissexcitementscreatedsmoresdemandsforsoxygensfromshissvitalsorganssandstissues,sth
ereforesusingsupsthatsoxygenstosproducesenergysthatshesneededsforsthesrace.
E) No;sthesexcesssheatsproducedsinshissbodyswouldshavesspedsupshissreactionsrates,scausingshimstosr
unsfaster.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 3.7
101) AcetylsCoAsissthesinitialssubstratesinswhatslinkingsstepsofsmetabolism?
A) gluconeogenesis
B) Krebsscycle
C) electronstransportschain
D) glycogenesis
E) glycolysis
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
102) Pyruvatesissthesfinalsproductsofswhatsstagesofsglucosesoxidation?
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A) electronstransportschain
B) Krebsscycle
C) glycolysis
D) gluconeogenesis
E) glycogenesis
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
103) Whatsprocesssoccursswithinsthesinnersmitochondrialsmembrane?
A) Krebsscycle
B) glycogenesis
C) electronstransportschain
D) gluconeogenesis
E) glycolysis
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
104) Glucosesisssynthesizedsbyswhatsprocess?
A) glycogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) Krebsscycle
D) electronstransportschain
E) glycolysis
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
105) Whatsprocesssusessglucosestossynthesizesaslargersmolecule?
A) electronstransportschain
B) gluconeogenesis
C) Krebsscycle
D) glycogenesis
E) glycolysis
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
106) Whereswithinsthescellsdoessglycolysissoccur?
A) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
B) mitochondrialsmatrix
C) cytosol
D) nucleus
E) roughsERs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
107) WhereswithinsthescellsdoessthesKrebsscyclesoccur?
A) cytosol
B) mitochondrialsmatrix
C) nucleus
D) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
E) roughsERs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
108) Whereswithinsthescellsdoesstheselectronstransportschainsoccur?
A) mitochondrialsmatrix
B) nucleus
C) roughsER
D) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
E) cytosols
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
109) Whereswithinsthescellsdoessthesconversionsofspyruvatestoslactatesoccur?
A) nucleus
B) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
C) roughsER
D) mitochondrialsmatrix
E) cytosols
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
110) WhereswithinsthescellsdoessthesconversionsofspyruvatestosacetylsCoAsoccur?
A) cytosol
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
B) nucleus
C) innersmitochondrialsmembrane
D) mitochondrialsmatrix
E) roughsERs
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
111) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sProteins+sH2Os→sAminosacids.
A) phosphorylation
B) condensation
C) reduction
D) hydrolysis
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
112) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sMonounsaturatedsfattysacids+s2Hs→sSa
turatedsfattysacid.
A) phosphorylation
B) oxidation
C) condensation
D) reduction
E) hydrolysis
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
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113) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sProteins+sPhosphates→sProteinssPhosphate.
A) hydrolysis
B) condensation
C) phosphorylation
D) reduction
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
114) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sADPs+sPis→sATPs+sH2O.
A) condensation
B) hydrolysis
C) reduction
D) oxidation
E) phosphorylation
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
115) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sFADs+s2Hs→sFADH2.
A) phosphorylation
B) reduction
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
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116) Identifysthesfollowingschemicalsreactionsbysitsstype:sC6H12O6s+s6sO2s→s6sCO2s+s6sH2O.
A) phosphorylation
B) hydrolysis
C) reduction
D) condensation
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
117) Givensthesfollowing:sA+sBs⇌sCs+sD,showswillsthissreactionsbesalteredsifsansexcesssofsCsissadd
edstosthesreaction?
A) ItswillssimplysproducesmoresofsthescompoundsC.
B) Thesequationswillsnotsbesaltered.
C) Itswillsdrivesthesreactionsforward.
D) ItswillsproducesmoresofsthescompoundsD.
E) Itswillsdrivesthesreactionsinsthesreverse.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
118) Givensthesfollowing:sAs+sBs⇌sC+sD,showswillsthissreactionsbesalteredsifsansexcesssofsBsissadd
edstosthesreaction?
A) ItswillsproducesmoresofsthescompoundsD.
B) Itswillsdrivesthesreactionsinsthesreverse.
C) Itswillsdrivesthesreactionsforward.
D) ItswillssimplysproducesmoresofsthescompoundsB.
E) Thesequationswillsnotsbesaltered.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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119) Insordersforsasreactionstosproceedspaststhestransitionsstate,sthesreactionsmustsovercomeswhatsen
ergysbarrier?
A) theslawsofsmasssaction
B) kineticsenergy
C) thesactivationsenergysbarrier
D) potentialsenergy
E) equilibrium
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
120) Metabolismsincludess
reactions,swhichsreleasesenergysandsresultsinsthesbreakdownsofslargesbiomolecules,sands
reactions,swhichsrequiresasnetsinputsofsenergysandsresultsinsthessynthesissofslargesbiomolecules.
A) phosphorylations:sdephosphorylation
B) reductions:soxidation
C) anabolics:scatabolic
D) catabolics:sanabolic
E) oxidations:sreductions
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
121) Whensassubstratesbindsstosasproteinsviasweaksinteractions,sthessubstratesissreferredstosassa
A) reactant.
B) product.
C) modulator.
D) ligand.
E) peptidesbond.
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
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122) Ansenzymesthatscatalyzessphosphorylationsofsasproteinsisscalledsas
.sAnsenzymesthatscatalyzessdephosphorylationsofsasproteinsisscalledsa(n)s
A) cofactors:scoenzyme
B) kinases:sphosphatase
C) coenzymes:scofactor
D) phosphatases:skinase
E) ligands:sactivessites
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
.
123) ForseachsacetylsCoAsthatsenterssthesKrebsscycle,s
NAD(s)saresreduced,s
sFAD(s)saresreduced,sands
ATPsaressynthesizedsbyssubstrate-levelsphosphorylation.
A) 1s:s1s:s3
B) 2s:s2s:s2
C) 3s:s1s:s1
D) 1s:s2s:s3
E) 1s:s1s:s1
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
124) Durings
,sasphosphatesgroupsisstransferredsfromsasmetabolicsintermediatestosansADPstossynthesizes
ATP.
A) substrate-levelsphosphorylation
B) feedforwardsactivation
C) feedbacksinhibition
D) chemiosmoticscoupling
E) oxidativesphosphorylations
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
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125) ForseachsFADH2sthatssuppliesselectronsstostheselectronstransportssystem,s
ATP(s)sis/aressynthesized.sForseachsNADHs+sH+sthatssuppliesselectronsstostheselectronstransp
ortssystem,
ATP(s)sis/aressynthesized.
A) 1s:s1
B) 3s:s2
C) 1s:s2
D) 2s:s3
E) 2s:s1
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
126) Glucosesissstoredsinsthesformsofsglycogensprimarilyswithinswhatstwosorgans?
A) pancreassandssmallsintestine
B) stomachsandssmallsintestine
C) skeletalsmusclessandsliver
D) liversandspancreas
E) smallsandslargesintestines
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
127) Mostsofsoursfatsissstoredsinsadipocytessinsthesformsofs
.sThissfatscansbesbrokensdownsbysasprocessscalleds
A) triglyceridess:sglycogenolysiss:sfattysacidss:scarbon
B) triglyceridess:slipolysiss:sglycerols:s3sfattysacids
C) glycogens:sanabolisms:sglycerols:sfattysacids
D) triglyceridess:sgluconeogenesiss:sglycerols:saminosacids
E) glycogens:scatabolisms:sfattysacidss:saminosacidssA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
tos ands
.
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
128) Thessynthesissofsglucosesfromsnon-carbohydratesprecursorssisscalleds
andsitsoccurssinsthes
A) gluconeogenesiss:sliver
B) glycogenesiss:spancreas
C) glycogenesiss:sliver
D) glycogenolysiss:sliver
E) gluconeogenesiss:spancreass
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
.
129) A—Bs+sH2Os→sA—OHs+sH—Bsdescribesswhatstypesofsreaction?
A) phosphorylation
B) condensation
C) oxidation
D) reduction
E) hydrolysis
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
130) A—OHs+sH—Bs→sA—Bs+sH2Osdescribesswhatstypesofsreaction?
A) oxidation
B) hydrolysis
C) reduction
D) phosphorylation
E) condensation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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131) C6H12O6s+s6O2s→s6CO2s+s6H2Osissansexamplesofswhatstypesofsreaction?
A) reduction
B) phosphorylation
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
132) HA—BHs→sA Bs+s2Hsissansexamplesofswhatstypesofsreaction?
A) phosphorylation
B) reduction
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
133) A Bs+s2Hs→sHA—BHsissansexamplesofswhatstypesofsreaction?
A) reduction
B) condensation
C) hydrolysis
D) phosphorylation
E) oxidation
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
134) Whensasreactionsoccurssandsthatsreactionsissmovingsequallysinsasforwardsandsreversesdir
ection,sthatsreactionsisssaidstosbesat
A) asrestingsstate.
B) equalsvolume.
C) equalssolute.
D) equilibrium.
E) equalsmass.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
135) Whatsissthesstrengthsofsbindingsbetweensansenzymesandssubstratescalled?
A) enzyme-substratescomplex
B) affinity
C) ligand
D) peptidesbond
E) covalentsmodulator
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
136) Whatschemicalsgroupsissmostscommonlysaddedstosasproteinsduringscovalentsregulation?
A) nitrate
B) carboxyl
C) kinase
D) phosphate
E) aminesA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
137) Insthissmodelsofsenzymesactivity,sbothssubstratesandsproductscansbindstosthesactivessite.
A) induced-fit
B) lawsofsmasssaction
C) enzyme-substrate-complex
D) lock-and-key
E) affinitys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
138) HowsmanysATPsaresproducedsforseachsacetylscoenzymesAscompletelyscatabolizedsinsthespr
esencesofsoxygen?
A) 6
B) 10
C) 12
D) 3
E) 2
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
139) Proteinssaresbrokensdownstosaminosacidssby
A) betasoxidation.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) lipolysis.
D) proteinssynthesis.
E) proteolysis.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
140) Insthesliver,sammoniasissconvertedstos
A) bilirubin
B) bile
C) urea
D) ketones
E) lacticsacid
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
forseventualseliminationsinsthesurine.
141) Whatsissthesstoragesformsofscarbohydratessinsanimalscells?
A) glycogen
B) adiposestissue
C) starch
D) creatinesphosphate
E) fatsAns
wer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
142) Thesorgansthatsstoressglucosesassglycogensandsthensprovidessglucosestosthesbloodswhen
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
neededsissthe
A) smallsintestine.
B) pancreas.
C) spleen.
D) heart.
E) liver.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
3.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Chemicalsreactionssaresonlysablestosoccursinsonesdirection.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
2) Phosphorylationsreactionssaresspecificsexamplessofsascondensationsreaction.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
3) Sucrosesisssynthesizedsfromsthescondensationsofsfructosesandsglucose.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
4) Thesfollowingsreactionsissansexamplesofsansoxidation:sFADs+s2sH+s→sFADH2sAn
swer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
5) Accordingstosthesfirstslawsofsthermodynamics,senergyscannotsbescreatedsorsdestroyed.sA
nswer:s TRUE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.1
6) Potentialsenergysdescribessthesenergyspossessedsbysansobjectsinsmotion.sA
nswer:s FALSE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
7) Asreactionsissatsequilibriumswhensthesratessofsthesforwardsandsreversesreactionssaresequal.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
8) Energyreleasingsreactionssoccursspontaneously.sAnswer:s T
RUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
9) Energyrequiringsreactionsswillsalwayssproceedsspontaneouslysinsthesforwardsdirection.sAnswer:s FA
LSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
10) Ansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsasproductswillsincreasesthesratesofsasreactionsinsthesrev
ersesdirection.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
11) Carbonsdioxidescansreactswithswaterstosproducesbicarbonatesandshydrogensionssthroughs2sre
versiblesreactionssassfollows:
CO2s+sH2Os⇌sH2CO3s⇌sH+s+sHCO3Bloodsflowssfromsarteriessintoscapillariessandsthensintosveins.sAssthesbloodsmovessthroughsthescapill
aries,scarbonsdioxidesproducedsbysthescellssenterssthesblood.sTherefore,svenoussbloodshassashighersp
Hsthansarterialsblood.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 3.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
12) Ansincreasesinstemperaturesincreasessthespotentialsenergysofsmolecules.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
13) Mostsenzymessonlyscatalyzesreactionssinsonesdirection.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
14) Ansincreasesinsthesaffinitysofsansenzymesforsitsssubstrateswillsincreasesthesreactionsrate.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
15) Accordingstosthesinducedfitsmodelsforsenzymes,sthesbindingsofssubstratestosthesactivessitesalterssthesstructuresofsthesenzyme
.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
16) Assinglesenzymescouldsbessimultaneouslysaffectedsbysbothsallostericsregulationsandscovalentsre
gulation.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
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17) Enzymessincreasesthesactivationsenergysofsasreaction.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
18) Ansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsenzymeswillsincreasesthesreactionsrate.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
19) Bindingsofsasmodulatorstosasregulatoryssitesalterssthesstructuresofsthesenzymesinsaswaysthatscans
affectscatalyticsratesand/orsaffinity.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.3
20) Additionsofsasphosphatesgroupstosansenzymestoschangesitssactivitysissansexamplesofscovalentsreg
ulation.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
21) Proteinskinasesstargetsphosphorylationsinscovalentsregulationsreactions.s
Answer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
22) AllsofsthesenergysreleasedsbysthesoxidationsofsglucosesissconvertedsandsstoredsinsthesformsofsAT
P.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.7
23) ATPsstoressenergy.s
Answer:s TRUEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 3.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.4
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24) Substratelevelsphosphorylationsrefersstosthesphosphorylationsofsasmetabolicsintermediatessuchsasswhenscr
eatinesphosphatescontributessasphosphatesgroupstosADP.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.6sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.6
25) Completesoxidationsofs1smolesglucosesproducess6smolessofswatersands6smolessofscarbonsdio
xide.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.5
26) Pyruvatesissconvertedstoslactatesinsthescytosolsundersanaerobicsconditions,sbutsitsissconvertedstos
acetylsCoAsinsthesmitochondrialsmatrixsundersaerobicsconditions.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.5
27) Glycogenolysississansexamplesofsascatabolicsreaction.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.6
28) Lactatesdehydrogenasesissansenzymesinsthesmitochondrialsmatrix.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 3.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.5
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3.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Thesfollowingsequation,sC6H12O6s+s6sO2s⇌s6sCO2s+H2Os+sEnergy,sissthescentralsreactionsofsene
rgysmetabolism.sFirst,sdescribesinsgeneralstermsswhatsthesmaterialssonsthesleftssidesofsthesequationsre
present.sHowswouldstheysbesclassifiedsinstermssofsmetabolicsreactions?sWouldsenergysbesneededsorsr
eleasedsinsthissreaction?sHowswouldsyousclassifysthisstypesofsenergysreaction?sNext,sdescribeswhysth
esarrowsinsthesmiddlesofsthesequationsisspointingsinsbothsdirections.sWhatscircumstancesswouldscause
sitstosmoveseitherstosthesrightsorstosthesleft? sFinally,sdescribesthesrightssidesofsthesequationsandswhatsth
esesmaterialssrepresent.sHowswouldstheysbesclassifiedsinstermssofsmetabolicsreactions?sWouldsenerg
ysbesneededsorsreleasedsonsthisssidesofsthesequation?sWhatstypesofsenergysreactionsissthis?
Answer:s Thesmaterialssonsthesleftssidesofsthesequationsaresreferredstosassreactantssandstheyswouldsbesc
lassifiedsmetabolicallysassanabolic.sItswouldsrequiresenergystosdrivesthissreactionsforward;stherefore,
sitsissansendergonicsreaction.sThesarrowsinsthesmiddlesofsthesequationssignifiessthatsthissreactionsissasre
versiblesorsbidirectionalsreaction,smeaningsthatsitsgoessinsbothsdirectionssatsthessamestime.sAccordin
gstostheslawsofsmasssaction,sansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsreactantsrelativestosproductsstendsstosp
ushsasreactionsforward,sandsansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsproductssrelativestosreactantsstendsstos
pushsasreactionsinsreverse.sThesmaterialssonsthesrightssidesofsthesequationsrepresentsthesproductssofsth
esreaction.sThisssidesofsthesequationswouldsrepresentsascatabolicsequation,sbecausesglucoseshassbeens
brokensdownsbysoxygensintoscarbonsdioxide,swater,sandsenergy.sSincesthisssidesofsthesequationsissrel
easingsenergy,sitswouldsbesclassifiedsassansexergonicsreaction.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.2
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2) Severalstypessofschemicalsreactionssaresinvolvedsinsthesprocesssofsmetabolism.sProvidesasge
neralsdescriptionsofsthesesreactions:shydrolysis,scondensation,sphosphorylation,sdephosphory
lation,soxidation,sandsreductionsreactions.
Answer:s Hydrolysis/condensationsreactionssinvolveseithersthesadditionsorsproductionsofswater.sHyd
rolysissreactionssaresdrivensbysthescleavagesofswater.sOnesexamplesofsashydrolysissreactionsissthesbrea
kingsofsaspeptidesbondsbetweensaminosacids.sWatersisssplitsintosashydroxylsgroupsandsashydrogen,sea
chsofswhichscombineswithsonesofsthesaminosacids.sThesreversesofsashydrolysissreactionsissascondensat
ionsreaction,swhereswatersissasproductsofsthesreaction.
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylationsreactionssinvolvesthesadditionsorsremovalsofsasphosphatesgroup
.sAdditionsofsasphosphatesgroupsinvolvessaskinasesenzymesinsasprocessscalledsphosphorylation.sAlter
natively,stheslosssofsasphosphatesgroupsrequiressasphosphatasesenzymesandsisscalledsdephosphorylati
on.sThesestwosreactionssaresuniquesexamplessofsthesfirstsreaction,swithsphosphorylationsrequiringsth
essplittingsofswaters(hydrolysis)sandsdephosphorylationsresultingsinsthesproductionsofswaters(conden
sation).sOxidation/reductionsreactionssinvolvesthestransfersofselectrons.sOxidationsreactionsscansbes
narrowlysdefinedsasstheslosssofselectrons,swhichscansinvolvesthesadditionsofsoxygen.sReductionsreact
ionssinvolvesthesadditionsofselectronssorshydrogensmolecules.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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Figures3.1
3) ChemicalsequilibriumsandstheslawsofsmasssactionsaresillustratedsinsFigures3.1.sTheslawsofsmasssacti
onsisscriticalsinsphysiologicalsprocesses,sbecausesconcentrationssofsreactantssandsproductssinscellssan
dsbodysfluidssaresconstantlyschanging.sBasedsonsthissinformation,swhatsdoessthesslopesofsthescurvesre
presentsinsgraphssasandsb?
Answer:s Thesslopesofsthescurvessrepresentssthesratesatswhichsthesreactionssoccur.sInsgraphs(a),sassthes
reactantssproducesproductstheysaresbrokensdownsorsusedsupsthussthesconcentrationsofsreactantssdecli
nessuntilsitsreachessequilibrium.sThesamountsofsproductsissincreasingsassthesreactionsproceedssuntilsit
sreachessequilibrium.sThississansexergonicsreaction,sbecausesmoresproductsthansreactantsisspresentsats
equilibrium.sInsgraphs(b),sthessamesscenariosisstruesexceptsthatsoncesthesreactionsreachessequilibrium
,smoresreactantsissaddeds(whichsdrivessthesformationsofsmoresproductsuntilsasnewsequilibriumsissreac
hed).
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.2
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4) Thesratessofschemicalsreactionssaresimportantstostheirsbiologicalsfunction.sDescribesthesfactorssth
atscansaffectsreactionsratessandshowstheseschangessaresmediated.s(Dosnotsincludesenzymessinsthissdis
cussion.)
Answer:s Thesratesofsasreactionscansbesexpressedsassaschangesinsconcentrationspersunitstime.sFirst,srea
ctionsratesscansbesdeterminedsbysthesconcentrationsofsreactantssandsproducts.sSincesreactionssaresbidirectional,swesaresreallysreferringstosthesnetsratesofsasreaction.sAnysincreasesinsasreactant'ssconcentra
tionswillsincreasesthesreactionsratesinsthesforwardsdirection.sInsaddition,sanysincreasesinsproductswillsi
ncreasesthesreactionsratesinsthesreversesdirection.sAnysincreasesinsconcentrationswillsincreasesthesfreq
uencysofscollisionssbetweensreactants,sthussincreasingstheslikelihoodsthat,swhenstheyscollide,sasreacti
onswillsoccur.sHowever,sthesoccurrencesofsasreactionsissdependentsuponsthesenergysofsthescollisionsan
d,stherefore,sanotherswaystosincreasesthesratesofsasreactionsisstosincreasestemperature.sWhenstemperat
uresincreases,seachsmoleculeswillshavesmoreskineticsenergy,stherebysincreasingstheslikelihoodsthatsas
collisionsbetweensreactantsswillsresultsinsproducts(i.e.,sthesactivationsenergysbarrierscansbesovercome
).sFinally,sanyschangesinsthesamountsofsenergysrequiredstosovercomesthesactivationsenergysbarriers(he
ightsofsthesactivationsenergysbarrier)swillsaltersthesratesofsasreaction.sAnselevatedsactivationsenergysb
arrierswillsmakesitslessslikelysthatsascollisionsbetweenstwosreactantsswillsresultsinsproduct.sConversel
y,sassthesactivationsenergysbarriersissreduced,sascollisionsbetweensreactantsswillsbesmoreslikelystosres
ultsinsasproduct,stherebysincreasingsthesreactionsrate.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
5) Enzymessaresimportantsdeterminantssofschemicalsreactionsratessinsthesbody.sDescribesthesm
echanismssbyswhichsenzymessfunctionstosstimulatesasreaction.
Answer:s Enzymessactsasscatalystsstosincreasesthesratesofsaschemicalsreaction.sMostsenzymessaresspec
ificsforsasparticularsreactionsthroughsastwostepsprocess.sThesenzymesmustsfirstsbindstosthessubstratestosformsansenzymesubstratescomplex.sThessubstratesissthensactedsonsbysthesenzymestosformsasproduct.sThesinitialsstepsiss
referredstosassthesbindingsstep,swhichsissasreversiblesprocess.sIfsthescomplexsissaroundsforslongsenoug
h,sthessecondsstep,sorscatalyticsstep,sofsthesreactionswillsoccur.sEachsenzymeshassasspecificitysforsaspa
rticularssubstratesorsclasssofssubstrates.sThessitesofssubstratesbindingshassbeenstermedsthesactivessite,s
whosesbindingstosthessubstrateshassbeensmodeledsinstwosways:slock-and-keysorsinducedfitsmodels.sBothsofsthesesmodelssreferstosthescomplementarysnaturesofsthessubstrate'ssconformationsf
orsansenzyme.sManysofsthesesenzymesreactionssrequiresascofactor,seithersastracesmetalsorsascoenzyme
.sTracesmetalssbindstosansenzymesonsassitesothersthansthesactivessite,sandsmaintainsthesenzymesinsasstr
ucturesthatswillsbindstosthessubstrate.sThescoenzymesissasparticularstypesofscofactorsthatsdoessnotshave
sanyscatalyticsactivitysofsitssownsbutsdoessparticipatesdirectlysinsthesreactionscatalyzedsbysitsspartnerse
nzymesbystransferringsaschemicalsgroupswithsthessubstrate.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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6) Describesthesfactorssthatsaffectsthesratessofsenzymesreactions.
Answer:s Thespresencesofsansenzymesincreasessreactionsratessbysdecreasingsthesactivationsenergysre
quiredstosinitiatesasreaction.sThesratesatswhichsansenzymescatalyzessasreactionscansbesalteredsbyssever
alsvariables.sFirst,sreactionsratesscansbesaffectedsbysthescatalyticsratesofsansenzyme.sThississasmeasures
ofshowsmanyssubstratesmoleculessansenzymescansconvertstosproductswithinsasgivensperiodsofstime,sr
eflectingshowsquicklysthesenzymescansmovesthroughsthessecondsstepsofsthesreactions(thescatalyticsste
p).sSomesenzymessaresinherentlysfastersactingsthansothers.sAnotherswaysenzymesscansaltersreactionsr
atessissthroughstheirsaffinitysforsthessubstrates(howseasilysthessubstratesbindsstosthesenzyme).sThississ
asreflectionsofshowswellsansenzymesfacilitatessthesfirstsstepsofsasreactions(thesbindingsstep).sAshighers
affinitysimpliessthessubstratesissasbettersfitswithinsthesactivessitesofsthesenzyme.sBasedsuponswhatswes
knowsaboutsreactions,sbothssubstratesandsenzymesconcentrationsswillsalsosaffectsreactionsrates.sThes
moresenzymespresent,sthesmoresproductsthatscansbesproduced.sThesmoressubstrate,sthesmoreslikelysth
atssubstrateswillscollideswithsandsbesboundstosthesenzyme.sHowever,sassconcentrationsincreases,sther
esissaslimitstoshowsmuchsreactionsratesswillsincreasesoncesallsofsthesenzymesspresentsaressaturateds(bo
und)sbyssubstrate.sInsaddition,sanyssituationsthatscansaltersthesstructuresofsansenzymeswillsaffectsreact
ionsrates.sThissincludesstemperature,spH,sallostericsregulation,sandscovalentsregulation.sEachsenzym
eshassansoptimalsvaluesofspHsandstemperaturesatswhichsitshasstheshighestsreactionsrates.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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7) Withsthesplethorasofsenzymessthatsarespresentswithinseachscell,sthesactivitysofseachsenzymesmu
stsbescarefullysregulated.sDescribesthestwoswayssthatsenzymesreactionssaresregulatedswithinsthesbo
dysandsgivesexamplessofseach.
Answer:s Reactionsratessofsenzymessarescontinuouslyschangingswithinsthesbodysandscansoccursthrou
ghsalterationssinsenzymesconcentrationsorsenzymesactivity.sConcentrationsofsansenzymescansbesaltere
dsbysratessofssynthesis,sratessofsrelease,sandsstabilitys(degradationsorsinactivation).
Alternatively,sthesactivitysofsansenzymescansbesaltered.sCertainsenzymesshavesanotherssites(otherstha
nsthesactivessite)swheresmoleculesscansbindsandsaltersreactionsrates.sThississthesregulatoryssiteswheres
modulatorsscansbindsandstherebysaltersreactionsrates.sThisstypesofsregulationsisscalledsallostericsregul
ation,ssincesthesmodulatorsalterssthesstructuresofsthesenzymesinsaswaysthatsaffectssitssactivitys(eitherst
osincreasesorsdecrease).sBindingstosthatsallostericssitesissreversible,swhichsmeanssthatsthesactivitysofst
hesenzymescansbesalteredsbysthesconcentrationsofsthesmodulator.
Alternately,senzymesscansbescontrolledsviascovalentsregulation,swhereschangessinsenzymesactivitysa
resbroughtsaboutsbyscovalentsbondingsofsspecificschemicalsgroupsstosenzymes.sThesescovalentsbond
ssaresusuallyscreatedsbysanothersenzyme.sAscommonsformsofscovalentsregulationsinvolvessthesadditi
onsorsremovalsofsasphosphatesgroup.sAdditionsisscalledsphosphorylation,swhereassremovalsisscalleds
dephosphorylation.sProteinskinasessaresenzymessthatsphosphorylatesenzymesswhilesphosphatasessd
ephosphorylatesenzymes.sInterestingly,senzymesscansalsosbesregulatedsbysfeedbacksloopssinvolving
sthesproductsofsasseriessofsreactions.sThisstypesofsfeedbacksinhibitionsissquitescommonsinsmetabolicsp
athwaysswheresitshassbeenscalledsendproductsinhibition.sThesproductsofsonesreactionswillsaltersthesstructuresofsansearliersenzyme,stherebys
decreasingsitssactivity.sThus,sfeedbacksinhibitionsissasspecificsformsofsallostericsregulation.
Finally,ssomesreactionssarescontrolledsthroughsasfeedforwardsactivation.sInsasseriessofsenzymesmediatedsreactions,sproductssfromsansearliersreactionswillsactivatesthesenzymesforsasreactionsthatsissd
ownstreamsfromsthesproductsinsquestion.
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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8) Describesthesprocessswherebysenergysissobtainedsbysglucosesoxidation.
Answer:s Thesoxidationsofsglucosesrequiressthreessteps:sglycolysis,sKrebsscycle,sandsoxidativesphosp
horylation.sGlycolysisstakessplacesinsthescytosolsandsissthesconversionsofsglucosestos2spyruvatesmole
cules,sgeneratings2sATPsands2sNADHs+s2sH+.
Thestwospyruvatesmoleculessentersthesmitochondrialsmatrix,swherestheysaresconvertedstos2sacetylsCo
A.sInsthesprocess,s2sNAD+saresreducedstos2sNADHs+s2sH+.
Thes2sacetylsCoAseachsentersthesKrebsscyclesofsthesmitochondrialsmatrix.sInsthesprocess,s2sATP,s6sN
ADHs+s6sH+,sands2sFADH2saresproduced.
Thus,sfromsonesglucose,sthesprocessessofsglycolysissandsthesKrebsscyclesdirectlysproduces4sATPsbyss
ubstratelevelsphosphorylation.sMoresimportantly,stheysproducedsreducedscoenzymes.sInsthescytosol,s2sNAD
Hs+s2sH+saresproduced,sandsinsthesmitochondrialsmatrix,s8sNADHs+s8sH+sands2sFADH2saresproduce
d.sThesescoenzymessprovideselectronsstostheselectronstransportschainstossynthesizesATPsbysoxidativ
esphosphorylation.
Forselectronsstosenterstheselectronstransportschain,stheysmustsbeslocatedsinsthesmitochondria.sThus,sth
eselectronssassociatedswithsthes2sNADHs+s2sH+sproducedsinsthescytosolsmustsbesmovedsintosthesmito
chondria.sNADHs+sH+scannotspermeatesthesmembranessofsthesmitochondria;stherefore,stheselectron
ssaresshuttledsacross.sInsthesprocess,seithersansNAD+sorsansFADscansacceptstheselectronssinsidesthesmi
tochondrialsmatrix.
ForseachsNADHs+sH+sthatsprovidesselectronssforstheselectronstransportschain,sasmaximumsofs3sATP
saresproducedsbysoxidativesphosphorylation.sForseachsFADH2sthatsprovidesstheselectrons,sasmaxim
umsofs2sATPscansbesproducedsbysoxidativesphosphorylation.sThusstheresares8sNADHs+s8sH+,s2sFA
DH2,sands2smoresofseithersNADHs+sH+sorsFADH2.sTherefore,sthesnetsnumbersofsATPsproducedsbys
oxidativesphosphorylationsfromsonesglucosesiss(8s×s3)s+s(2s×s2)s+s(2s×s3sors2s×s2)s=
32sors34.
ThestotalsnumbersofsATPsbysoxidationsofsglucosesiss36ss38.sLearningsOutcome:s 3.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.5
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3.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Accordingstostheslawsofsmasssaction,sansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsproductswillscausesasrea
ctionstosmovesinsthes(forwards/sreverse)sdirection.
Answer:s reversesLearni
ngsOutcome:s 3.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
2) Insasreactionsthatsproceedssinsthesforwardsdirectionsspontaneously,swhichshassmoresfreesen
ergy,sthesreactantsorsthesproduct?
Answer:s reactantsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 3.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.2
3) Durings(allosterics/scovalent)sregulation,sasmodulatorsbindsstosasregulatoryssitesonsansenzymesbys
weaksinteractionssalteringsthesactivitysofsthesenzyme.
Answer:s allostericsLear
ningsOutcome:s 3.5sHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
4) Duringsendproductsinhibition,sthesfinalsproductsinsasmetabolicspathways(allostericallys/scovalently)sregul
atessthesactivitysofsansenzymesearliersinsthespathway.
Answer:s allostericallysLear
ningsOutcome:s 3.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 3.3
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Figures3.2
5) Figures3.2sshowssthesrelativesactivitysofsansenzymesinstwosstates:shighsaffinitysandslowsaff
inity.sWhichscurve,sAsorsB,srepresentsstheshighsaffinitysstate?
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 3.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 3.3
6) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesreducedsform:sFADsorsFADH2?sA
nswer:s FADH2
LearningsOutcome:s 3.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 3.1
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters4s CellsMembranesTransport
4.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Whatsissresponsiblesforsthesunequalsdistributionsofsionssacrosssasmembrane,stherebyscausingsasch
arge?
A) thesconcentrationsofsimpermeableschargedsmolecules
B) thesabilitysofspermeablesionsstospasssthroughsasmembrane
C) thesconcentrationsofscarriersproteinssinsthesmembrane
D) thesconcentrationsofsionssseekingsequilibriumswithsrespectstostheirscharge
E) thessemipermeablesmembranes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.1
2) Theschemicalsforcesforswhichsofsthesfollowingsionssissdirectedsintosthescell?
A) potassiumsonly
B) sodiumsonly
C) calciumsonly
D) bothspotassiumsandssodium
E) bothssodiumsandscalciums
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
3) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissfoundsinsgreatersconcentrationsinsidesthescellsthansoutside?
A) sodium
B) calcium
C) potassium
D) water
E) chlorides
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
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4) Whensmoleculessarespassivelystransportedsacrosssasmembrane,sthesdirectionsofstheirsm
ovementsissdictatedsbysthesmolecule'sstendencystosmove
A) fromshigherstoslowersenergy.
B) fromslowerstoshighersenergy.
C) outsofsascell.
D) intosascell.
E) insbothsdirections;stheresissnospreference.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
5) Ofsthesgradientsslistedsbelow,swhichsissthesMOSTsaccuratesdescriptionsofsthesforcesthatsult
imatelysdeterminessthesmovementsofsionssacrosssthesmembrane?
A) chemicalsgradient
B) potentialsgradient
C) electrochemicalsgradient
D) concentrationsgradient
E) electricalsgradient
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
6) Moleculesstendstosmovesspontaneouslys
A) down
B) up
C) through
D) around
E) oversAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
theirschemicalsgradient.
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7) Whensmoresthansonesionsspeciess(i.e.,s sands
)sisspresentsonsbothssidessofsthesmembrane,stheschemicalsdrivingsforcesactingsons
A) allspositivelyschargedsions.
B) allsnegativelyschargedsions.
C) thesmostsconcentratedsionsonly.
D) sodiumsonly.
E) allsionsspresent.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
willsinclude
s
8) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasreflectionsofsthesunequalsdistributionsofspositivesandsnegativesionssacr
osssthesplasmasmembrane?
A) chemicalsgradient
B) extracellularspotential
C) membranespotential
D) chemicalsdrivingsforce
E) electrochemicalsdrivingsforces
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
9) Comparingsintracellularstosextracellularsfluid,sthesintracellularsfluidshassas
chargesrelativestosthesoutsidesofsascellsduestosthespresencesofsmores
insthatssolution.
A) positives:scations
B) negatives:sanions
C) negatives:scations
D) positives:sanions
E) neutrals:scationss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
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10) Thesunequalsdistributionsofschargesinssolutionssonseitherssidesofsasmembraneswillsleadstosa
ofschargesacrosssthesmembranesandsas
ofscountersionssinsasregionsclosestosthesmembrane.
A) separations:sclustering
B) collections:srestriction
C) buildups:srestriction
D) separations:srestriction
E) collections:sclusterings
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
11) Ifsthessolutionssonseitherssidesofsthesmembraneshavesansunequalsdistributionsofschargedsions,swit
hsthesinsideshavingsansexcesssofsanions,sthensthesinsidesofsthescellswouldshavestosbe
A) morespositive,srelativestosthesoutsidesofsthescell.
B) moresnegative,srelativestosthesoutsidesofsthescell.
C) lesssnegative,srelativestosthesoutsidesofsthescell.
D) moreshighlyschargedsthansthesoutsidesofsthescell.
E) lessshighlyschargedsthansthesoutsidesofsthescell.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
12) Assansionsmovesspassivelysacrosssasmembranesintosthescell,sthesprogressivesincreasesinsco
ncentrationswithinsthescellswill
A) decreasesthesnetsfluxsacrosssthesmembrane.
B) increasesthesnetsfluxsacrosssthesmembrane.
C) decreasesthesneedsforsactivestransportstoscontinuestransporting.
D) acceleratesthesratesofsdiffusion.
E) causesasswitchstosfacilitatedsdiffusion.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
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13) Basedssolelysuponsitsselectricalscharge,sthesinsidesofsastypicalscellswillstendstosattractsext
racellulars
tosmovesinward.
A) proteins
B) anions
C) cations
D) unchargedsions
E) ionsswhosesconcentrationsgradientsallowssthems
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
14) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasdeterminantsofsthesmagnitudesandsdirectionsofstheseq
uilibriumspotentialsforsansion?
A) lipidssolubilitysofsthesion
B) concentrationsgradient
C) chargesofsthesion
D) valencesofsthesion
E) chemicalsdrivingsforces
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
15) Ifsaspositivelyschargedsionsissmoresconcentratedsoutsidesthescell,stheselectricalsforcessrequiredstos
balancestheschemicalsgradientswouldsbesdirecteds
.sThus,sthesequilibriumspotentialsforsthissionswouldsbes
charged.
A) outwards:snegatively
B) outwards:spositively
C) inwards:spositively
D) inwards:snegatively
E) outwards:sneutrallys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.1
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16) Whichsofsthesfollowingscellsswouldshavesasgreaterselectricalsattractionsforssodiumsionsstosent
ersthescell?
A) cellswithsmembranespotentials=s-70smV
B) cellswithsmembranespotentials=s-90smV
C) cellswithsmembranespotentials=s-50smV
D) cellswithsmembranespotentials=s0smV
E) cellswithsmembranespotentials=s+20smVs
Answer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
17) Ifsaspositivelyschargedsionsissmoresconcentratedsinsidesthescell,stheselectricalsforcessrequiredstosb
alancestheschemicalsgradientswouldsbesdirecteds
.sThus,sthesequilibriumspotentialsforsthissionswouldsbes
charged.
A) outwards:snegatively
B) outwards:spositively
C) inwards:spositively
D) inwards:snegatively
E) outwards:sneutrallys
Answer:s D
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.1
18) Whichsofsthesfollowingscansbesusedstosdeterminesansion'ssequilibriumspotential?
A) Navier-Stokessequation
B) oscilloscope
C) intracellularsvoltmeter
D) Nernstsequation
E) concentrationsofsansionsonlys
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
19) Thespotassiumsequilibriumspotentialsiss-94smV.sWhatsdoessthissmean?
A) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofsneurons,spotassiumsissatsequilibrium.
B) Ats-94smV,stheschemicalsforcesforspotassiumsmovementsisszero.
C) Ats-94smV,stheselectricalsforcesforspotassiumsmovementsisszero.
D) Ats94smV,stheschemicalsforcesforspotassiumsmovementsissopposedsexactlysbystheselectricalsforce.
E) Ats94smV,spotassiumsmovementsissopposedsexactlysbyssodiumsmovement.sAnswer:
sD
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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20) Chlorideshassansequilibriumspotentialsofs90smV.sWhatsdirectionsarestheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessactingsonsthesanionsatsthesrestin
gsmembranespotentials(-70smV)?
A) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
B) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
C) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescell.
D) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsintosthescell.
E) Theresissinsufficientsinformationstosanswersthissquestion.s
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
21) Whatseffectswouldsincreasingsthesextracellularsconcentrationsofs
shavesonsthesrestingsmembranespotentials(RMP)?
A) ThesRMPswouldsbecomesmorespositives(lesssnegative).
B) ThesRMPswouldsbecomesmoresnegative.
C) Increasingsextracellular
willshavesnoseffectsonsthesRMPsbecausesofsthes
/
D) Increasingsextracellular
willshavesnoseffectsonsthesRMPsbecausesitsdisplaces
E) Theseffectssaresreallysseensonsthesgeneratingspotential.sA
nswer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
pump.
.
22) Ansanionsissfoundsinsgreatersconcentrationsinsidesthescellsthansoutside.sWhichsofsthesfoll
owingsstatementssBESTsdescribessforcessactingsonsthesanionsatsthesrestingsmembranespoten
tials(-70smV)?
A) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
B) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
C) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescell.
D) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsintosthescell.
E) Theresissinsufficientsinformationstosanswersthissquestion.s
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
23) Thesequilibriumspotentialsforsascationsiss+120smV.sWhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissT
RUEswhensascellsissatsthesrestingsmembranespotentials(-70smV)?
A) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
B) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsoutsofsthescell.
C) Theschemicalsforcesissdirectedsoutsofsthescellsandstheselectricalsforcesissdirectedsintosthescell.
D) Bothstheschemicalsandselectricalsforcessaresdirectedsintosthescell.
E) Theresissinsufficientsinformationstosanswersthissquestion.s
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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24) Thesequilibriumspotentialsdescribessthesmembranespotentialswhereswhatstwosforcessaresba
lanced?
A) chemicalsandstemperature
B) chemicalsandselectrical
C) electricalsandspermeability
D) temperaturesandsdensity
E) densitysandsmagnetics
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
25) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsrequiredstosdeterminesequilibriumspotentialsofsasparticularsio
n?
A) sizesofsthesion
B) chargesorsvalencesofsthesion
C) concentrationsgradientsforsionsacrosssthesmembrane
D) temperature
E) theslogsofsthesconcentrationsratios
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
26) WhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsNOTsincreasesthesratesofssimplesdiffusionsacrosssthesph
ospholipidsbilayersofsthesplasmasmembrane?
A) greatersavailablessurfacesarea
B) greaterslipidssolubility
C) greatersconcentrationsgradient
D) greatersnumbersofsproteinscarriers
E) smallerssizes
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
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27) Whichsofsthesfollowingspairssofscharacteristicssissmoreslikelystosmakesassubstancesdiffusesthr
oughsthescellsmembrane?
A) large,spolarsmolecule
B) large,snon-polarsmolecule
C) small,spolarsmolecule
D) small,snon-polarsmolecule
E) large,samphipathicsmolecules
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
28) Oxygensdiffusessfromsbloodsintoscellssdownsitssconcentrationsgradient.sAsscellssbecomesmores
activesandsoxidativesphosphorylationsincreasessinsthescell,swhichsofsthesfollowingsoccurs?
A) Thesconcentrationsgradientsforsoxygensdecreasessandsoxygensmovementsintosthescellsde
creases.
B) Thesconcentrationsgradientsforsoxygensincreasessandsoxygensmovementsintosthescellsde
creases.
C) Thesconcentrationsgradientsforsoxygensdecreasessandsoxygensmovementsintosthescellsin
creases.
D) Thesconcentrationsgradientsforsoxygensincreasessandsoxygensmovementsintosthescellsin
creases.
E) Thesconcentrationsgradientsforsoxygensandsitssratesofsmovementsintosthescellsdosnotschange.sAn
swer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.2
29) Assascell'ssmetabolismsincreases,ssosdoessitssO2sconsumption,sgivingsrisestoswhatsproductsatsasrati
osofs2:1?
A) H2O
B) CO2
C) ATP
D) lacticsacid
E) pyruvicsacids
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.3
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30) Ifsasmoleculescrossessasmembranesandsissquicklysremovedsfromsthesareasbysthesbloodsstreamsorss
omesbiologicalspathway,swhatseffectsdoessthisshavesonsitssratesofsdiffusion?
A) Diffusionsrateswillsnotsbesaffected.
B) Diffusionsrateswillsincrease.
C) Diffusionsrateswillsprogressivelysdecreasesuntilszero.
D) Diffusionsrateswillsdecrease.
E) Diffusionsrateswillsremainsconstant.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.2
31) Thesdiffusionsratesis
A) thesspeedsatswhichsdiffusionstakessplace.
B) thesamountsofstimesnecessarysforsdiffusionstostakesplace.
C) thesamountsofsmaterialstosdiffusesthroughsasmembrane.
D) thesthicknesssofsthesmembranesthroughswhichsasmaterialshasstosdiffuse.
E) fastestsatsbodystemperature.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.2
32) Thesconcentrationsofssodiumsissgreatersinsthesextracellularsfluidscomparedstosthesintracellularsflu
id.sIfsthesmembranespotentialswassequalstosthesequilibriumspotentialsforssodium,sthenswhatswouldsbe
sthesdirectionsofstheselectrochemicalsforcesactingsonssodium?
A) inward
B) outward
C) equalsinsbothsdirections
D) variessbyscell
E) variessbasedsonsconcentrationsofspotassiumsinsthesintracellularsandsextracellularsfluidssA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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33) Ifsascell'ss /s spumpsworkedsinsreversesandshadsmoresleakschannelssfors
sthansfors
,swhatswouldsthesionsconcentrationssofsthescellslookslike?
A) Intracellularsconcentrationsofs swouldsstillsbeshighersthans
sbecausesthesbodystriesstosmaintainsansextracellularsconcentrationsofs
sats145smM.
B) Althoughsthesbodystriesstosmaintainsansextracellularsconcentrationsofs
sats145mM,sthesintracellularsconcentrationsofsNa+swouldsstillsbeshigher.
C) Intracellularsanionsswouldsdecreasesinsnumber.
D) Thescellswouldsswellssinceswatersfollowss .
E) Intracellulars swouldsbesincreased,sfollowings
.sAnswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.1
34) Oneswaysthatsmembranessurfacesareasissincreasedsinsabsorptivescellssissthroughsincreasingsth
es
ofsthesapicalsmembrane.
A) thickness
B) numbersofsproteinschannels
C) numbersofsproteinscarriers
D) folding
E) receptorsnumber
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
35) Whensassubstancescrossingsthesmembranesissdrivensbysdiffusion,sthesnetsfluxsofsthatsmoleculesca
nsbesdescribedsmathematicallysby
A) thesNernstsequation.
B) Fick'sslaw.
C) thesNavier-Stokessequation.
D) thesGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzsequation.
E) Einstein'ssequation.
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.2
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36) WhichsofsthesfollowingswillsNOTsincreasesthesnetsfluxsofsansionsacrosssasmembrane?
A) elevatedspermeabilitysofsthesmembrane
B) increasedsconcentrationsgradientsacrosssthesmembrane
C) enhancedssurfacesarea
D) moreschannelssforsthatsionsinsthesmembrane
E) reducedssurfacesareas
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.2
37) Moleculesswithsasrelativelyshighslipidssolubilitysarescapablesofscrossingsthesmembrane
A) directlysthroughstheslipidsbilayer.
B) onlysthroughsspecificsproteinschannels.
C) onlyswithsthesadditionsofsenergy.
D) indirectlysbysmovingsacrosssascarriersprotein.
E) throughsspecificslipidschannels.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
38) Withspulmonaryshypertension,stheslung'sscapillaryswallssbecomesthickerstoscompensatesforsth
eshigherspressure.sWhatsdoessFick'sslawssuggestswillshappenstosCO2sconcentrations?
A) CO2sinsthesalveoliswillsincrease.
B) CO2slevelssinsthesbloodswillsincrease.
C) CO2slevelssinsthestissuesswillsdecrease.
D) CO2slevelssinsthescellsswillsdecrease.
E) CO2slevelssinsthesbloodswillsremainsthessame.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.2
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39) WhichsofsthesfollowingsmoleculessissLEASTslikelystosdiffusesthroughsthesphospholipidsbil
ayersofsthesplasmasmembrane?
A) fattysacid
B) water
C) disaccharide
D) oxygen
E) steroidss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
40) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTstruesforsallsthreesofsthesestransportsmechanisms:sfacilitatedsdif
fusion,sprimarysactivestransport,sandssecondarysactivestransport?
A) Thestransportsmechanismsissspecificsfors(a)sparticularssolute(s).
B) Thestransportsmechanismsrequiressasprotein.
C) Thestransportsmechanismshassaslimitstosthestotalsnumbersofsmoleculessthatscansbestransportedsper
sunitsofstime.
D) Thestransportsmechanismsrequiressenergy.
E) Transportscansbesincreasedsbysincreasingsthesnumbersofstransportsmoleculessinsthesplasmasm
embrane.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
41) Whichsofsthesfollowingstransportsmechanismssisspassive?
A) cotransportsofsglucoseswithssodium
B) transportsofssodiumsandspotassiumsacrosssthesmembranesbysthes
C) movementsofssodiumsthroughsionschannels
D) countertransportsofshydrogensionsswithssodium
E) movementsofscalciumsoutsofsthescytosols
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.3
/s
s
pump
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42) Ascarriersissastransmembranesproteinsthatsmovessmoleculessacrosssthesmembranesthrough
A) smallsgapssinsthesfluidsportionsofsthesmembrane.
B) aslipid-filledspore.
C) aswater-filledspore.
D) openingsitssgatesandsallowingsmoleculessthrough.
E) conformationalschangessinsitssproteinsshape.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.3
43) Insgeneral,sthesmoleculessthatsmovesthroughsspecificscarriersproteinssaresdeterminedsbysw
hichsofsthesfollowing?
A) aswater-filledspore
B) thesmolecule'sslipidssolubility
C) thessizesofsasmolecule
D) thesuniquesfitstosbindingssitessonstheschannelsorscarriersprotein
E) conformationalschangessinsthespores
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.3
44) Insfacilitatedsdiffusion,sasmoleculesissmoved
A) downsitssconcentrationsgradientswithsthesassistancesofsasproteinscarriersmolecule,sandsnosen
ergysissrequired.
B) againstsitssconcentrationsgradientswithsthesassistancesofsasproteinscarriersmoleculesandsre
quiressenergy.
C) againstsitssconcentrationsgradientswithsthesassistancesofsasproteinscarriersmolecule,sbutsnosen
ergysissrequired.
D) againstsitssconcentrationsgradientswhilesNasissmovedswithsitssconcentrationsgradient.
E) withsitssconcentrationsgradientswhilesNasissmovedsagainstsitssconcentrationsgradient.sA
nswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.3
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45) Whichsofsthesfollowingstransportsmechanismssrequiressenergy?
A) primarysactivestransportsonly
B) secondarysactivestransportsonly
C) facilitatedsdiffusionsonly
D) bothsprimarysandssecondarysactivestransport
E) bothsprimarysactivestransportsandsfacilitatedsdiffusions
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.4
46) Transportingsassubstancesagainstsitssconcentrationsgradientsrequires
A) astransportersthatsusessenergy.
B) astransportersthatsissfacilitatedsinsitssdiffusion.
C) cotransportswithsanothersmoleculesagainstsitssconcentrationsgradient.
D) countertransportswithsanothersmoleculesagainstsitssconcentrationsgradient.
E) aschannelsthatsissspecificsforsthatssubstance.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
47) Insactivestransport,sthesaffinitysofsthescarriersproteinsforsthesmoleculesbeingstransportedsissgr
eatersonswhichssidesofsthesmembrane?
A) alwayssthessidesfacingsthesintracellularsfluid
B) alwayssthessidesfacingsthesextracellularsfluid
C) onsthessideswheresthesmoleculesissinslowersconcentration
D) onsthessideswheresthesmoleculesissinsgreatersconcentration
E) Neither;sitsissequalsonsbothssidessofsthesmembrane.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 4.4
48) Duringscotransportsofsglucoseswithssodium,ssodiumsincreasessthesaffinitysofsthescarriersm
oleculesforsglucoseswhensthesbindingssitesissfacingswhichsside?
A) thesextracellularsfluid
B) thesintracellularsfluid
C) Bothssidessaresaffectedsequally.
D) Cotransportsdoessnotsinvolveschangessinsaffinitysofsthescarriersmolecule.
E) Sodiumsdecreasessthesaffinitysofsthescarriersforsglucose;sitsdoessnotsincreasesaffinity.sA
nswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
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49) Whensthes /s spumpsmovessitssboundsmoleculessofs
stosthesoutsidesofsthesmembrane,sit
A) immediatelysreturnsstosthesinsidesofsthescell,sreadystostransportsmores
sbacksoutside.
B) cannotsreturnstosthesinsidesempty-handed,ssositsmustsbindstwos sfirst.
C) bindsstosATPstosreleasesthesenergysrequiredstospowersthesreturnstrip.
D) pumpssmores sbacksintosthescellsthansthesamountsofs
sthatsjustscamesout.
E) releasessthesboundsATPstosreturnstositssnormalsconfirmation.sA
nswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
50) Mostswatersmoleculessthatscrosssthesplasmasmembranesdossosby
A) diffusionsthroughsthesplasmasmembrane.
B) diffusionsthroughsionschannels.
C) diffusionsthroughsaquaporins.
D) activestransportsbysionschannels.
E) activestransportsbysaquaporins.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.3
51) Whatstransportsprocessscouplessthesmovementsofsansionsagainstsitsselectrochemicalsgradientstos
anothersionsthatsissmovingsdownsitsselectrochemicalsgradientsthatswassestablishedsusingscellularsen
ergys(ATP)?
A) primarysactivestransport
B) secondarysactivestransport
C) tertiaryspassivestransport
D) primaryspassivestransport
E) secondaryspassivestransports
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
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52) Thesfirstsstepsofsthes /s spump'ssactivitysinvolvessthesbindingsofswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) 3s stostheirsbindingssitesonsthesoutsidesofsthescell
B) 3s stostheirsbindingssitesonsthesinsidesofsthescell
C) 2 tostheirsbindingssitesonsthesinsidesofsthescell
D) 2 tostheirsbindingssitesonsthesoutsidesofsthescell
E) 3
ands2s
stostheirsrespectivesbindingssitessAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
53) TheshydrolysissofsATPsonsthes
/s spumpsresultssin
A)
sadheringstositssbindingssite.
B) asconformationalschangesthatsexposessthe
bindingssitestosthesoutsidesofsthescell.
C) asconformationalschangesthatsexposessthe
bindingssitestosthesoutsidesofsthescell.
D) asconformationalschangesthatsexposessthe
bindingssitestosthesinsidesofsthescell.
E) asconformationalschangesthatsexposessthe
bindingssitestosthesinsidesofsthescell.sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
54)
sissreleasedsfromsitssbindingssitesonsthes
/s spumpsassasresultsofsthe
A) interactionsofsthes
sands
sbindingssites.
B) enzymesonsthesinsidesofsthescellswhichscleavessthes
sfromsitssbindingssite.
C) exposuresofsthes sbindingssitestosthesinsidesofsthescell.
D) conformationalschangesdecreasingsthesaffinitysofsthes sbindingssite.
E) bindingsofs
stositssbindingssite.sAnswer:s D
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
165 | P a g e
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55) IfsascellsbecomessdamagedsandsisstemporarilysunablestosproducesATP,swhatsisstheslikelysout
comeswithsrespectstosH2O?
A) cellularsswelling,sasswatersfollowss
sintosthescell
B) noschangesinswatersmovement,sass sissexchangedsequallysfors
C) noschangesinswatersmovement,sassthesanionicsproteinsslosestheirschargesandscansnoslongerscre
atesasmembranespotential
D) dehydration,sasswatersmustsbespumpedsinsthroughsaquaporins
E) dehydration,sasswatersdiffusionsissaspassivesprocesss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
56) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsCa2+spumpssissFALSE?
A) Calciumsissactivelystransportedsfromsansorganellesintosthescytosol.
B) Calciumsissactivelystransportedsfromsthescytosolsintosthesextracellularsfluid.
C) Itsmaintainsslowscytosolicscalciumslevels.
D) Itsissasformsofsprimarysactivestransport.
E) ThespumpsissalsosansATPase.s
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
57) Inssecondarysactivestransportswithssodium,swhichsofsthesfollowingsissFALSE?
A) ATPsissnecessarystosproducesanselectrochemicalsgradientsforssodiumsionssacrosssthescellsm
embrane.
B) Sodiumsbindsstosascarriersmolecule,schangingsitssbindingspropertiessforsanothersmoleculestosbestra
nsportedsacrosssthescellsmembrane.
C) Sodiumsalwayssmovessintosthescell.
D) Thesmoleculesbeingstransportedsintosthescellsmaysmovesinsorsout,sdependingsonsthescarriersmo
lecule.
E) Thesmoleculesbeingstransportedsmovessdownsitsselectrochemicalsgradient.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
166 | P a g e
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58) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsglucosescotransportswithssodiumsissTRUE?
A) Glucosesmovessintosthescellswhilessodiumsmovessoutsofsthescell.
B) Glucosesmovessoutsofsthescellswhilessodiumsmovessintosthescell.
C) Glucosesandssodiumsbothsmovesintosthescell.
D) Glucosesandssodiumsbothsmovesoutsofsthescell.
E) Sodiumsmovessoutsofsthescell,sbutsthesmovementsofsglucoseswillsvarysbasedsonsthestypesofscell
.
Answer:s C
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
59) Thesconcentrationsofsansanionsinsidesascellsiss0.3%.sThesconcentrationsofsthissanionsoutsidesthe
scellsiss0.1%.sHowscouldsthescellsobtainsmoresofsthissionsinsidesthescell?
A) passivestransport
B) activestransport
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) pinocytosis
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.4
60) Whatseffectsdoessuncontrolledsdiabetessmellitusshavesonsbloodsosmolarity?
A) none
B) Itsincreasessit,scausingsashyperosmoticsstatescomparedstosnormal.
C) Itsdecreasessit,scausingsashyperosmoticsstatescomparedstosnormal.
D) Itsincreasessit,scausingsashypo-osmoticsstatescomparedstosnormal.
E) Itsdecreasessit,scausingsashypoosmoticsstatescomparedstosnormal.sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
167 | P a g e
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61) Allsofsthesfollowingsstatementssconcerningssevereshyperglycemia'sseffectsonsserums
levelssarestrue,sEXCEPT
s
A) thes slevelsswouldsappearsdecreasedsassthesICFswatersleavessforstheshyperosmoticsECF.
B) thesamountsofs
sissreallysunchangedssincestheswatershassonlyschangedslocationsandsnotsleftsthesbody.
C) assinsulinsissadministered,sserums slevelsswillsreturnstosnormal.
D) administeringsashypertonicssalineswouldshelpscompensatesforsthesdecreaseds
slevels.
E) levelssaresmeasuredsassasconcentration,ssosasswatersdecreases,slevelssincrease.sA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.5
62) Thessodium-protonsexchangersissansexamplesofsa(n)
A) antiporter.
B) cotransporter.
C) symporter.
D) primarysactivestransporter.
E) passivestransporter.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
63) Thesflowsofswatersacrosssasmembranesdownsitssconcentrationsgradientsisscalled
A) leaking.
B) symporting.
C) facilitatedsdiffusion.
D) osmosis.
E) antiporting.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
168 | P a g e
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64) Asmembranespermeablestoswatersseparatessaschambersintostwoscompartments:sAsandsB.sCom
partmentsAscontainssas10smMssolutionsofsnonpermeatingssolute,swhereasscompartmentsBscontainssas40smMssolutionsofsnonpermeatingssolute.sWhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissTRUE?
A) SoluteswillsmovesfromssidesAstosB,sandswaterswillsmovesfromssidesBstosA.
B) SoluteswillsmovesfromssidesBstosA,sandswaterswillsmovesfromssidesAstosB.
C) BothswatersandssoluteswillsmovesfromssidesBstosA.
D) WaterswillsmovesfromssidesAstosB,sbutssoluteswillsnotsmove.
E) WaterswillsmovesfromssidesBstosA,sbutssoluteswillsnotsmove.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
65) Ascellswithsnormalstonicitysissplacedsinsas200smMsNaClssolution.sThisssolutionsiss
sandsthescellswills
.
A) isotonics:snotschangessize
B) hypotonics:sshrink
C) hypotonics:sswell
D) hypertonics:sshrink
E) hypertonics:sswells
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
66) Ifsassolutionscontainss0.1sMsglucosesalongswiths0.15sMsNaCl,swhatsissthesosmolaritysofsthisssol
ution?
A) 0.25sM
B) 400smOsm
C) 250smOsm
D) 350smOsm
E) 0.4sM
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
169 | P a g e
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67) Ifssolutions1s(0.1sMsglucosesands0.15sMsNaCl)sandssolutions2s(0.4sMsglucose)saresseparatedsbys
asmembrane,sthenssolutions1siss
relativestossolutions2.
A) iso-osmotic
B) hyperosmotic
C) hypo-osmotic
D) hypertonic
E) hypotonic
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
68) Ifstheresissasdifferencesinsosmolaritysbetweensascellsandsitssenvironment,swaterswillsmove
itssosmoticspressuresgradient.
A) across
B) down
C) up
D) through
E) between
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
69) Thesosmoticspressuresofsassolutionsissa(n)
A) indicationsofsitssglucosesconcentration.
B) directsmeasuresofsitsssolventsconcentration.
C) indirectsmeasuresofsitsssolventsconcentration.
D) directsmeasuresofsitsssolutesconcentration.
E) indirectsmeasuresofsitsssolutesconcentration.s
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
170 | P a g e
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70) Ascellsissplacedsintosassolutionsthatshassthessamesosmolarity.sHowever,sonesofsthessolutessinsthes
solutionsissablestosmovesacrosssthesmembranes(thescellsdoessnotscontainsthisssolute).sAftersasperiods
ofstime,sthessolutionsintoswhichsthescellswassplacedswouldsbecome
A) isotonic.
B) hypertonic.
C) hypotonic.
D) iso-osmotic.
E) hyperosmotic.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.5
71) Anserythrocytesissplacedsinsashypotonicssolutionsofs100smOsm.sWhatswillshappenstosthescell?
A) Thescellsswellsstosthreestimessitssoriginalsvolume,sVfs=s3Vo.
B) Thescellsshrinksstosoneshalfsitssoriginalsvolume,sVfs=s1/2sVo.
C) Thescellsswellsstostwicesitssoriginalsvolume,sVfs=s2Vo.
D) Thescellsvolumesincreasessbysonesthird,sVfs=s4/3sVo.
E) Thescellsvolumesremainssunchanged.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.5
72) Whitesbloodscellssaresansimportantscomponentsofsoursimmunessystem.sOnesthingstheysdosissco
nsumesandsdestroysbacteriasbysextendingstheirsplasmasmembranesaroundsthesbacteriumsandsbringi
ngsitsinsidesthescellsinsasvesicle.sByswhatsprocesssdostheysengulfsthesbacterium?
A) phagocytosis
B) receptor-mediatedsendocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) transcytosis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
171 | P a g e
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73) Whenswhitesbloodscellssarescalledstosansareasofsinfection,snotsonlysisstheresphagocytosisstak
ingsplace,sbutsalsosexocytosissofsundigestedsparticlessfromstheswhitesbloodscellssintosthesinterst
itialsspace.sWhatseffectsdoessthisshavesonswatersinsthessurroundingscellssandscapillarysplasma?
A) Itscreatessashypertonicsenvironment,sdrawingswatersfromsthessurroundingscellssandsplasma.
B) Swellingsofsthesnearbyscellssandsplasmasensuessduestostheshypotonicsnaturesofsthesarea.
C) Itsdehydratessthesareasduestosthesincreasesinslysosomalswastesproducts.
D) Plasmaswatersmovesstosthesinterstitiumsbysosmosissandsthensintosthesadjacentscells.
E) Thesesparticlesshavesnoseffectsonstonicity,ssincestheirsprecursorssweresalreadysinsthesbody.sAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.5
74) Vesiclessformedsduringsphagocytosissorsendocytosissoftensfuseswithsthesmembranesofswhichsofs
thesfollowingsorganelles?
A) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
B) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) mitochondria
D) lysosome
E) peroxisome
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
75) Endocytosississasformsofsactivestransports(requiringsenergy)stosmovesvesicles
A) containingsparticlessintosandsoutsofsthescell,salsosknownsassphagocytosis.
B) containingsfluidssintosandsoutsofsthescell,salsosknownsasspinocytosis.
C) filledswithsparticlessand/orsfluidssintosthescell.
D) filledswithsparticlessand/orsfluidssoutsofsthescell.
E) containingsproteinssoutsofsthescell,salsosknownsasssecretion.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
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76) Secretorysvesiclessaresaspartsofswhatstransportsmechanism?
A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediatedsendocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) osmosiss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
77) Epithelialscellssarespolarizedswithsdifferentsstructuressatseithersendsofsthescell.sThesportionsofsthe
smembranesthatsfacesstheslumensisscalledsthes
membrane.
A) basolateral
B) abluminal
C) basement
D) apical
E) transport
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.7
78) Thesextentsofsionsmovementsthroughsthes
spacesbetweensepithelialscellssissdeterminedsbysthesextentsofs
couplingsbetweensneighboringsepithelialscells.
A) transcellulars:sdesmosomal
B) transcellulars:sgapsjunctional
C) transcellulars:stightsjunctional
D) paracellulars:sgapsjunctional
E) paracellulars:stightsjunctionals
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.7
173 | P a g e
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79) Thesmovementsofsasnumbersofsmoleculessacrosssthesapicalssurfacesofsthesepithelialscellsbysseco
ndarystransporterssisscoupledstosthes
gradientsthatsissmaintainedsbysthes
sonsthesbasolateralssurfacesofsthesepithelialscell.
A)
s:s
/s spump
B)
s:s
schannel
C) :
channel
D) :
pump
E)
:
/s
spumpsAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.7
80) Theselectrochemicalsgradientsisstosdiffusionsass
A) thermalsenergy
B) ATP
C) glucose
D) entropy
E) ansionschannels
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
isstosactivestransport.
81) Whenssolutesissactivelystransportedsacrosssepithelium,swhatsusuallysfollows?
A) watersmovementsinsthessamesdirection
B) watersmovementsinsthesoppositesdirection
C) passivestransportsofsthessolutesinsthesoppositesdirection
D) activestransportsofsthessolutesinsthesoppositesdirection
E) passivestransportsofssolutesinsthessamesdirections
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.7
82) AllsofsthesfollowingssolutessaresfoundsinshighersconcentrationsoutsidesofsthescellsEXCEPT
A) sodium.
B) proteins.
C) HCO3-.
D) chloride.
E) magnesium.
Answer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
174 | P a g e
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83) AllsofsthesfollowingssolutessaresfoundsinshighersconcentrationsinsidesofsthescellsEXCEPT
A) phosphate.
B) ATP.
C) glucose.
D) calcium.
E) potassium.
Answer:s D
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
84) Whichsofsthesfollowingstransportsmechanismssrequiressenergy?
A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) phagocytosis
D) facilitatedsdiffusion
E) movementsofsionsthroughsionschannelss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1|4.7s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
85) Whichsofsthesfollowingstransportsmechanismsshassnosenergysrequirement?
A) activestransport
B) secondarysactivestransport
C) exocytosis
D) endocytosis
E) osmosissthroughsaquaporinss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1|4.7s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
86) Whichsofsthesfollowingssolutionssbathingsasredsbloodscellswouldsbesconsideredsisotonic?
A) assolutionscontainings400smOsmsnon-permeatingssolute
B) assolutionscontainings300smMsNaCl
C) assolutionscontainings200smOsmsNaCl
D) assolutionscontainings100smMsMgCl2
E) assolutionscontainings150smMsglucoses
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
175 | P a g e
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87) Whichsofsthesfollowingssolutionssbathingsasredsbloodscellswouldsbesconsideredshypotonic?
A) assolutionscontainings400smOsmsnon-permeatingssolute
B) assolutionscontainings300smMsNaCl
C) assolutionscontainings200smOsmsNaCl
D) assolutionscontainings100smMsMgCl2
E) assolutionscontainings300smMsNaHCO3s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.6
88) Whichsthesfollowingsdescriptionsswouldsbesansexamplesofsreceptor-mediatedsendocytosis?
A) acetylcholinesreleasedsfromsasneuron
B) bacteriasthatsissengulfedsbysaswhitesbloodscell
C) aslow-densityslipoproteinsthatsbecomessinternalizedsbysashepaticscell
D) asmacrophagesimbibingsitsssurroundingstissuesfluidsandsnutrients
E) theseliminationsofsasphagolysosome'sscontentssfromsasneutrophils
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
89) Whichsthesfollowingsdescriptionsswouldsbesansexamplesofsphagocytosis?
A) choline'ssreabsorptionsbysasneuron
B) bacteriasthatsissengulfedsbysaswhitesbloodscell
C) aslow-densityslipoproteinsthatsbecomessinternalizedsbysashepaticscell
D) asmacrophagesimbibingsitsssurroundingstissuesfluidsandsnutrients
E) theseliminationsofsasphagolysosome'sscontentssfromsasneutrophils
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
90) Whichsthesfollowingsdescriptionsswouldsbesansexamplesofsexocytosis?
A) acetylcholinesreleasedsfromsasneuron
B) choline'ssreabsorptionsbysasneuron
C) aslow-densityslipoproteinsthatsbecomessinternalizedsbysashepaticscell
D) asmacrophagesimbibingsitsssurroundingstissuesfluidsandsnutrients
E) bacteriasthatsissengulfedsbysaswhitesbloodscells
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
176 | P a g e
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91) Whichsthesfollowingsdescriptionsswouldsbesansexamplesofspinocytosis?
A) choline'ssreabsorptionsbysasneuron
B) bacteriasthatsissengulfedsbysaswhitesbloodscell
C) aslow-densityslipoproteinsthatsbecomessinternalizedsbysashepaticscell
D) asmacrophagesdrinkingsitsssurroundingstissuesfluidsandsnutrients
E) theseliminationsofsasphagolysosome'sscontentssfromsasneutrophils
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
92) Thesprocesssofsdiffusionsinvolvessthesrandomsmovementsof
A) ionssagainststheirsconcentrationsgradient.
B) chargedsparticlessacrosssasmembrane.
C) individualsmoleculessduestosthermalsmotion.
D) individualsmoleculessbasedsonstheirssizesandsweight.
E) moleculessthatsissinverselysproportionalstositssconcentration.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
93) Assthesmolecularsweightsofsasmoleculesincreases,sits
A) concentrationsinsassolutionsdecreases.
B) ratesofsdiffusionswillsalsosincrease.
C) abilitystosdissolvesinslipidswillsalsosincrease.
D) abilitystosformsaschargesdecreases.
E) membranespermeabilitysdecreases.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
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94) Whatseffectsdoessascell'ssoverallsthicknessshavesonsitsspermeability?
A) Thescell'sspermeabilitysissdirectlysproportionalstosthesthicknessstraversed.
B) Theslargersascellsbecomes,sthesgreatersitssproportionalssurfacesarea,swhichsincreasessthescell'ssper
meability.
C) Onlysthescell'ssmembranesthickness,snotsthatsofsitsscytoplasm,shavesanseffectsonsitsspe
rmeability.
D) Assthescell'ssthicknesssincreases,sitsspermeabilitysincreases.
E) Assthescell'ssthicknesssincreases,sitsspermeabilitysdecreases.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
95) Thes /s
spumpstransportssinswhichsdirectionssandswhatsamountsspersmoleculesofsATPshydrolyzed?
A) 3ssodiumsionssinsands3spotassiumsionssoutspersmoleculesofsATPshydrolyzed
B) 3ssodiumsionssoutsands2spotassiumsionssinspersmoleculesofsATPshydrolyzed
C) Theysarestransportedsinsas3:2:1sratiosinsoppositesdirections.
D) Theysarestransportedsinsas1:1sratiosinsoppositesdirectionsspersmoleculesofsATPshydrolyzed.
E) Theysarestransportedsinsas3:2:2sratio.s
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
96) Whatsissthesmeaningsofscarriersproteinssandspumpssbecomingssaturated?
A) Saturationskineticss(demonstratedsgraphicallysassaslinescurvingsupwardsassasfunctionsofsco
ncentration)sindicatessthatstransportswillsincreasesassconcentrationssincrease.
B) Thesestransportersshavesreachedsthespointswheresonlysansincreasesinsthestransportedsmoleculeswi
llschangesthesnetsflux.
C) Thesestransportersshavesreachedsasmaximalsnetsflux,sbeyondswhichsfurthersincreasessinsco
ncentrationsnoslongersaffectstheirsrate.
D) ThesestransportersshavesbecomesentirelysdepletedsandscansnoslongerstransportswithoutsfurthersA
TPsproduction.
E) Theyshavesashydrogensmoleculesatseveryspossiblescarbonsbondsandsare,stherefore,sassolidsatsroo
mstemperature.
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
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97) WhysaresprimarysactivestransporterssmanystimesscalledsATPases?
A) ATPsisssynthesizedsduringsthesreversesreactionsandsissnamedsforsthatsability.
B) TheysactsassenzymesstosreleasesenergysfromsATP.
C) TheysoftensbreakdownsATPstosAMPsandspyrophosphates(ansATPasesactivity).
D) TheysmustsfirstsbindstosansATPsmoleculesbeforesbindingsanystransportedsmolecule.
E) ATPsissthesuniversalscurrencystosgetsworksdonesinsthescell.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
98) Whatsissthesprimarysrolesforsthes
/
pump?
A) tosproducesATPswhilespumpings sand
againststheirsconcentrationsgradients
B) tospumps sand
downstheirsconcentrationsgradientssoutsofsthescell
C) thesmaintenancesof
and
concentrationssonseitherssidesofsthesmembrane
D) thesmaintenancesofs
sand
concentrationssoncesinsidesthesmembrane
E) toscreatesaspolarizedsmembranesinsansexcitablescellsA
nswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
99) Whichsconditionsexistsswhenstheresaresmoressolutesspresentsinsassolution?
A) Theresissaslowersthermalsenergysaffectingsdiffusion.
B) Theresissaslowersconcentrationsofswatersinsthatssolution.
C) Theresissasgreatersconcentrationsofswaterstosleavesthatssolution.
D) Theresissasgreatersneedsforsansactivestransporter.
E) Theresissasgreaterspressuresforswaterstosleave.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.5
100) Duringsphagocytosis,sthesphagosomesbindsswithsa(n)s
A) ribosomes:shybridsphagosome
B) bacterias:snullscell
C) Golgisapparatuss:svacuole
D) lysosomes:sphagolysosome
E) ingestedsparticles:sdigestedsparticles
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
tosformsa(n)s
.
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101) Insepithelialstissue,sthescellssareslinkedstogethersbys
,swhichspreventsparacellularsmovementsfromslumenstosextracellularsfluid.
A) tightsjunctions
B) desmosomes
C) hemidesmosomes
D) aquaporins
E) gapsjunctions
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.7
102) Insepithelialstissue,sthesportionsofsthesplasmasmembranesfacingstheslumensisscalledsthe
membrane.sThesportionsofsthesplasmasmembranesfacingsthesconnectivesti
ssue/interstitialsfluidsisscalledsthes
membrane.
A) epithelials:sbasement
B) luminals:sinterstitial
C) apicals:sbasolateral
D) apicals:sbasement
E) secretorys:sattachments
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.7
103) Insepithelialstransport,smovementsfromsthesinternalsenvironmentstosthesexternalsenvironmentsiss
calleds
,swhereassmovementsfromsthesexternalsenvironmentstosthesinternalsenvironmentsisscalleds
.
A) absorptions:sexcretion
B) pinocytosiss:sexocytosis
C) secretions:sabsorption
D) catchs:srelease
E) excretions:singestions
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 4.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.7
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104) Whichsion(s)shavesasnetschemicalsforcesactingstosmovesthesion(s)sintosthescell?s(Assumesasrest
ingsmembranespotentials(Vm)sofs-70mV.)
A) X+,swhoses[ECF]siss120smMsands[ICF]siss30smM
B) A-,swhoses[ECF]siss100smMsands[ICF]siss100smM
C) B-,swhoses[ECF]siss140smMsands[ICF]siss30smM
D) bothsX+sandsB-sions
E) X+,sA-,sandsBsionssAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
105) Whichsion(s)shavesasnetselectricalsforcesactingstosmovesthesion(s)sintosthescell?s(Assumesasrest
ingsmembranespotentials(Vm)sofs-70mV.)
A) X+,swhoses[ECF]siss120smMsands[ICF]siss30smM
B) A-,swhoses[ECF]siss100smMsands[ICF]siss100smM
C) B-,swhoses[ECF]siss140smMsands[ICF]siss30smM
D) bothsX+sandsB-sions
E) X+,sA-,sandsBsionssAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
106) Whichsion(s)swouldshavesaspositivesequilibriumspotential?s(Assumesasrestingsmembranespo
tentials(Vm)sofs-70mV.)
A) bothsX+sandsB-sions
B) X+,swhoses[ECF]siss120smMsands[ICF]siss30smM
C) X+,sA-,sandsB-sions
D) A-,swhoses[ECF]siss100smMsands[ICF]siss100smM
E) B,swhoses[ECF]siss140smMsands[ICF]siss30smMsAnswe
r:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
107) Insulinstriggerssthesinsertsofswhatsproteinsintosthescellsmembranesofsitsstargetscell?
A) insulin-likesgrowthsfactorsreceptor
B) GLUT4
C) hexose-6-kinase
D) insulin-likesgrowthsfactors1
E) glucagon
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
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108) Ifstheresiss0.2sMsglucosesalongswiths0.15sMsNaClsinssolution,swhatsissthesosmolaritysofsthisssolu
tion?
A) 500smOsm
B) 2.30sOsm
C) 350smOsm
D) 2.15sOsm
E) 300smOsms
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
109) Ifsas300smOsmscells(10smOsmsofswhichsaresfromsthesmembranespermeablesmoleculesurea)sissp
lacedsintos300smOsmssolutionscontainingsnosurea,swhatswillshappenstosthescell?
A) noschange
B) swell
C) increasedsturgor
D) burst
E) shrinks(shrivel)s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 4.5
110) Asbeakerswithsasmembranesissseparatingstwossolutions,sinitiallysofsequalsvolumes.sThessol
utionsonssidesAsiss100smMsKClswhilesthessolutionsonssidesBsiss150smMssucrose.sThesmembran
esissnotspermeablestosionssorscarbohydrates.sInswhatswayswillstheswatersmove?
A) downsitssconcentrationsgradientsfromssidesBstossidesA
B) downsitssconcentrationsgradientsfromssidesAstossidesB
C) Insosmosis,swatersmovessagainstsitssconcentrationsgradient.
D) Asssucrosesdissociates,sitscreatessmoresindividualsmoleculessinssolutionsandsissthereforestheshi
ghersconcentrationsgradient.
E) Theresissnosmovementsofswater.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 4.1
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4.2 True/FalsesQuestions
1) Thesmovementsofsasmoleculesissdeterminedsbysitssenergysstate,swithsthatsmoleculesmovingsfro
msashigherstosaslowersenergysstate.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 4.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
2) Insthespresencesofstwosorsmoresions,sitsissthessumsofstheirsconcentrationsthatsdeterminessthesdire
ctionsofsmovementsofsthosesionssacrosssasmembrane.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
3) Mostsofsthestime,sthesbodysissneutralswithsrespectstositsselectricalschargesduestosthesequalsdist
ributionsofsanionssandscationsswithinsthesbody.
Answer:s TRUE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
4) Thestotalsamountsofsanionssandscationssinsthesbodystoskeepsitselectricallysneutralsissmaintainedsbys
homeostasis.
Answer:s FALSEsHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
5) Ifsthesmembranespotentialsissequalstosthesequilibriumspotentialsforsansion,sindividualsionsswillsN
OTsmovesacrosssthesmembranesinseithersdirection.
Answer:s FALSEsHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
6) BothsK+sandsNa+sionsshavesasplussonescharge,syetsitsisstheirsrelativesconcentrationssthatschi
eflysdetermineshowsnegativesthescell'ssmembranespotentialswillsbe.
Answer:s TRUE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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7) Thesratesatswhichsmoleculessaresactivelystransportedsacrosssasmembranesissdeterminedsbysthesrat
esofstransportsofsindividualspumpssandsthesnumbersofspumpssinsthesmembrane.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 4.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.2
8) As150smMssolutionsofsNaClsissisotonic.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
9) Thesdrivingsforcesforssimplesdiffusionsissmovingsdownsitsselectrochemicalsgradient.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.3
10) Insactivestransport,sthestransportershassequalsaffinitysforsthesmoleculesbeingstransportedsonsbo
thssidessofsthesmembrane.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
11) Insfacilitatedsdiffusion,sthescarriersproteinshassequalsaffinitysforsthesmoleculesbeingstra
nsportedsonsbothssidessofsthesmembrane.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 4.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.3
12) Ionsscansalwayssmovesthroughsthesionschannelsspresentsinsthesplasmasmembranesasslongsassthe
resissanselectrochemicalsgradientstosdrivesthesmovement.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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13) Primarysactivestransporterssaressimilarstoscarrierssinsthatstheysbothsaresablestosmovesionssag
ainststheirselectrochemicalsgradient.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
14) Pumpsscansmovesionssinseithersdirection,sasslongsassitsissmovingsagainststhatsion'ssele
ctrochemicalsgradient.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
15) Ascotransportersusessansion'ssconcentrationsgradientstosmovesassecondsionsorsmoleculesinsthessa
mesdirectionsassthesfirst.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 4.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.4
16) Thesmovementsofswatersacrosssasmembranesissalwayssaspassivesprocess.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
17) Largesdifferencessinswatersconcentrationsaresrequiredstosdriveswatersacrosssasmembrane.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
18) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotential,sascellsissatsequilibrium.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
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19) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotential,sleakagesofssodiumsionssintosthescellsandspotassiumsionssou
tsofsthescellsissbalancedsbysthesactionsofsthesNa+/K+spump.
Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
20) Osmosissoccurssthroughsaquaporins.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 4.5
21) Phagosomessaresformedsfollowingsreceptormediatedsendocytosis.sAnswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 4.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.6
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4.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Describestheschemicalsandselectricalsdrivingsforcessthatsmovesionssacrosssasmembrane.sAnswer:s
Theschemicalsdrivingsforcesisscreatedsbysthesdifferencesinsansion'ssconcentrationsacrosssasmembrane
.sThisschemicalsgradientswillscausesionsstosmovespassivelysviasdiffusionsfromsashigherstoslowersconc
entration.sHowever,sthesonlyschemicalsdrivingsforcesactingsonsasspecificsionsissthesconcentrationsgra
dientsofsthatsion.sThesconcentrationsgradientsfors sdoessnotsdirectlysaffectsthesdiffusionsofs
sacrosssasmembrane.sHowever,sbecausesionsshavesanselectricalscharge,sthesmovementsofsionssissalsos
affectedsbyselectricalsdrivingsforces.sThesesforcessarisesfromsthesmembranespotential,swhichsissthesd
ifferencesinsvoltagesacrosssasmembranesduestosansunequalsdistributionsofschargedsionssacrosssthesme
mbrane.sIonsscanshaveseithersaspositives(cation)sorsnegatives(anion)scharge.sWhensthespositivesionss
balancesthesnegative,sthessolutionsisssaidstosbesneutral.sIntracellularsfluidsscontainsansexcesssofsanion
s,swhereassthescationssaresinsexcesssoutsidesthescell.sThus,sthesinsidesofsthescellsissrelativelysnegative.
sSincesoppositeschargessattract,stheselectricalsdrivingsforcesforsaspositivesionsissinward,swithsthesopp
ositesbeingstruesforsasnegativesions(repelledsoutward).sTheresaresseveralsfactorssthatscansaffectsthesdi
rectionsandsmagnitudesofsionsmovement.sThesdirectionscansbesaffectedsbysthespolaritysofsthesmembr
anespotentialsandsthesions(thesideasthatsoppositessattract).sThesmagnitudesofstheselectricalsdrivingsfor
cesissaffectedsbysthesmagnitudesofsthesmembranespotentialsandsthesquantitysofschargescarriedsbysansi
on.sHowever,sthesdirectionsinswhichsansionsmovessissultimatelysdependentsuponsascombinationsofsth
eselectricalsandschemicalsgradients,sitsselectrochemicalsgradient.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 4.1
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2) Sincesitsisstheselectrochemicalsgradientsthatsdeterminessthesdirectionsandsmagnitudesofsansion'ssm
ovementsacrosssasmembrane,sdescribeshowsonescansdeterminesthesdirectionsofsionsmovementsbaseds
onstheselectricalsandschemicalsgradients.
Answer:s Insorderstosdetermineswhichsofsthestwosforcessissgoingstoscontributesthesmoststosansion'ssmo
vement,sthesequilibriumspotentialsofsansionsmustsbesdetermined.sThissrequiressknowledgesofsthescon
centrationsofsthesionsonseitherssidesofsthesmembranesandstheschargesandsvalencesofsthatsion.sThesesval
uessaresthensusedstoscalculatesequilibriumspotentialsusingsthesNernstsequation.sIfsthesequilibriumspot
entialsforsansionsissequalstosmembranespotential,sthensthereswillsbesnosnetsmovementsofsthatsion.sThats
issnotstossaysthesionscannotsmovesacrosssthesmembrane,sbutsrathersthatsthesnetsfluxsissequalsinsbothsdir
ections.sThesmagnitudesandspolaritysofsansion'ssequilibriumspotentialsissdependentsuponsthessizesands
directionsofsthesion'ssconcentrationsgradient.sThessignsofsthesequilibriumspotentialsgoessinsthesdirecti
onsoppositesofstheschemicalsgradient.sInsorderstosdeterminesthesdirectionsinswhichsanselectrochemica
lsgradientswillsmovesions,sasthreestepsprocesssmustsbesemployed:s1)sdeterminesthesdirectionsofstheschemicalsandselectricalsgradients;s
2)sifstheysaresinsoppositesdirections,scomparesthessizesofsthesequilibriumspotentialsandsthesmembranes
potential;sands3)sifsthesequilibriumspotentialsisslargersthansthesmembranespotential,sthenstheschemica
lsforcesisslargersthanstheselectricalsforcesandsionsswillsmovesinsthesdirectionsofstheschemicalsgradient.s
Ifsthesmembranespotentialsisslargersthansthesequilibriumspotential,sthenstheselectricalsforcessareslarge
rsandsionsswillsmovesinsthesdirectionsofstheselectricalsgradient.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1s Bloom's
sTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChapters
Section:s 4.1
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3) Describesthesfactorssthatsaffectsthesratesofspassivestransportsofsmoleculessacrosssasmembrane.sAns
wer:s Thesratesatswhichsasmoleculeswillspassivelysmovesacrosssasmembranesissdeterminedsbysfoursfac
tors:smagnitudesofsthesdrivingsforce,smembranessurfacesarea,stemperature,sandspermeabilitysofsthesm
embrane.s(Sincestemperaturesisskeptsrelativelysconstantsthroughs homeostaticsmechanisms,sitswillsno
tsbesconsideredsfurthershere.)sAssdemonstratedsbysFick'sslaw,stheschemicalsdrivingsforceswillsnotsonl
ysaffectsthesdirectionsthatsasmoleculesmovessacrosssthesmembrane,sbutsalsosthesratesatswhichsitstravels
.sThesgreatersthesconcentrationsgradient,stheshighersthesnetsfluxsofsthatsmolecule.sKeepsinsmindsthats
moleculesscansmovesinsbothsdirections,sbutswesaresreferringstosthesnetsfluxsofsmolecules.sOverstime,si
fsthereswassnosmechanismstosmovesthatsmoleculesinsthesothersdirection,sthesconcentrationsgradientsw
ouldsbesprogressivelysreduced,stherebysreducingsthesratesatswhichsthatsmoleculeswouldsmovesacrosss
thesmembrane.sAtsthessamestime,sthesratesasmoleculescansmovesacrosssasmembranesissdirectlyspropor
tionalstosthesmembranessurfacesareasofsthescells.sOursbodiesshavesusedsthisstostheirsadvantage;ssubsta
ntialsinfoldingsofsthescellularsmembranesexistssinstissuessthatsfunctionsinsmoleculestransport.sFinally,
sthespermeabilitysofsthesmembraneswillsalsosaffectsmoleculesflux.sTheshighersthespermeabilitysofsasm
oleculesthroughsthesmembrane,sthesgreatersitssratesofsflux.sPermeabilitysrefersstostheseaseswithswhichs
asmoleculeswillscrosssthesmembrane.sThississespeciallystruesforsmoleculesswithsasrelativelyshighslipid
ssolubility.sThesesmoleculesscansdiffusesdirectlysacrosssthesmembranesinsproportionstostheirslipidssol
ubilityswithoutstheshelpsofsasproteinschannel.sForsthesmoreshydrophilicsions,stheirsabilitystospermeates
asmembranesdependssuponsthespresencesofsproteinssinsthesmembranesthatswillsallowsthemstoscrosssth
esmembrane.sThesgreatersthesdensitysofsopenschannelssorsfunctioningstransporters,sthesgreatersthesm
ovementsofsmoleculessacrosssthatsmembrane.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.2sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapter
sSection:s 4.3
4) Sincesdiffusionsissdefinedsassthesrandomsmovementsofsmolecules,showscansthissrandomsm
ovementsresultsinsthesnetsmovementsofsionssacrosssasmembrane?
Answer:s Diffusionsissasgeneralstermsthatsdescribessthesmovementsofsionssinssolution.sDiffusionsoccu
rssassasconsequencesofsthesthermalsmotionsofsions,swhichsis,sbysdefinition,sasrandomsprocess.sAsstemp
eraturesincreases,sthesesmoleculessmovesmoresquickly.sThosesionssarescontinuouslysrunningsintosoth
ersions,swhichschangesstheirsdirectionsofsmotionsinsasmannersthatsissnotspredictables(hencesthesrando
mnesssofstheirsmotion).sHowever,sifstheresaresmoresionssbehindsasmoleculesthansinsfronts(asswouldsoc
cursifsansionsweresmovingsfromsashigherstoslowersconcentration),sthensthesionswillsmovesfurthersinsthe
sforwardsdirectionsbeforeshittingsanothersmolecule.sThisswillscontinuestoshappenssuchsthatsansincreas
ingsnumbersofsionsswillsmovesfurthersinsthesdirectionswithstheslowersconcentrationsand,stherefore,sdif
fuse.sThus,swhilesindividualsmoleculessmovesrandomly,sthespopulationsofsmoleculesswillsalwayssmo
vesdownstheirsconcentrationsgradient.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 4.3
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5) Describesthesprocesssofsfacilitatedsdiffusionsandsthesproteinssinvolvedsinsthatsprocess.sAnswer:s
Facilitatedsdiffusionsdescribessasprocessswherebysmoleculessthatscannotsmovesthroughsthesmembra
nesaresallowedstoscrosssthesmembranesthroughsmembranesproteinsscalledscarriers.sCarriersproteinss
havesbindingssitessforsspecificsmoleculessthatsallowsthemstosselectivelysmovesthosesmoleculessacro
sssthesmembrane.sHowever,sthosesmoleculesswillsalwayssmovesdownstheirselectrochemicalsgradie
nt.sThus,sthesesproteinsscansmovesmoleculessinseithersdirections(insorsoutsofscell).sOncesthesmolecul
eshassattachedstositssbindingssite,sthesmoleculesgoessthroughsasconformationalschangesthatsallowssth
atsmoleculestosbesreleasedsonsthesotherssidesofsthesmembrane.sDuestosthespresencesofsthesesbindingss
ites,sthescarriersscansbessaturatedsassthesconcentrationsgradientsissincreased.sThus,satsashighsconcent
ration,sthescarrierssmovesthesmoleculessacrosssthesmembranesatstheirsmaximalsratesofsflux.sThessatu
rationskineticssofsindividualscarriersswillsaltersthesratesofsfluxsasswillsthesnumbersofsactivescarrierssth
atsarespresentsonsthesmembrane.sSincesitsisstheselectrochemicalsgradientsofsasmoleculesthatsdrivessfa
cilitatedsdiffusion,sanythingsthatsaffectsstheselectrochemicalsdrivingsforceswillsaltersthesratessofsions
movementsthroughsthesesproteins.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 4.3
6) Describesthesprocessessofsprimarysandssecondarysactivestransport,sincludingsthesfactorssthatsca
nsaffectsactivestransport.
Answer:s Activestransport,sbysdefinition,srequiressenergy,swhichsmeanssthatsmoleculessaresgoingstosb
esmovedsupstheirsconcentrationsgradient.sPrimarysactivestransportsrefersstosthesmovementsofsmolecu
lessthatsaresdirectlyscoupledstoscellularsenergysinsthesformsofsATP,swhereasswithssecondarysactivestra
nsport,sthesmovementsofsasmoleculesisscoupledstosassecondsmolecule'sselectrochemicalsgradientsthats
issmaintainedswithsATP.sThesproteinssthatsfunctionsassprimarysactivestransporterssarescalledspumps.s
TheyscontainsansenzymeswithinstheirsstructuresthatsactssassansATPasestoshydrolyzesATPsforsenergy.s
Likescarriers,sthesespumpsshavesbindingssitessthatscansbecomessaturatedsatshighsmoleculesconcentrat
ions.
Secondarysactivestransportsissmediatedsbystwostypessofsproteinsscharacterizedsbysthesdirectionsinswh
ichsthesmoleculessaresmovingsrelativestosonesanother.sCotransporterss(symporters)saresproteinssthats
movesmoleculessacrosssasmembranesagainststheirselectrochemicalsgradientsbyscouplingsthatsmovem
entstostheselectrochemicalsgradientsofsassecondsmolecule,sbothsofswhichsmovesinsthessamesdirection.s
Countertransporterss(antiporterssorsexchangers)saresproteinssthatsmovesmoleculessinsoppositesdirecti
onss(theselectrochemicalsgradientsofsonesmoleculesissusedstosmovesanothersmoleculesagainstsitsselect
rochemicalsgradientsinsthesoppositesdirectionstosthesfirst).sSincesthesespumps,santiporterssandssympo
rters,sallshavesasbindingssite,stheyswillsallsdemonstratessaturationskinetics,swhichsmeansstheyswillshav
esasmaximalstransportsrate.sAtsthessamestime,sthesratesofstransportscouldsbesincreasedsbyshavingsmores
ofsthesesproteinsspresent.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 4.4
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7) DescribesthesprocessswherebysthesNa+/K+spumpsissinvolvedsinsmovingsthosesionssacrosssasme
mbrane.
Answer:s ThesNa+sbindingssitesonsthesNa+/K+spumpsfacessinward.sOnces3sNa+shavesattachedsthem
selvesstosthissbindingssite,sansATPsisshydrolyzedsandsthespumpsphosphorylated,swhichschangessthesc
onformationsofsthesNa+/K+spump.sThissconformationalschangesleavessthes
bindingsdomainsthatsissboundstosthes3sNa+smoleculessfacingsthesoutsidesofsthescell.sAnotherseffectso
s
fsthatsconformationalschangesisstosdecreasesthesaffinitysofsthesbindingssitesforsNa+.sThus,soncesthes3s
Na+sfacesthesoutsidesofsthescell,stheysaresreleased.sHowever,sthesaffinitysofsas
bindingssitesissalsosalteredsbysthesoriginalsphosphorylationsandssubsequentsconformationalschange;s
s
theirsaffinitysforsK+sissincreasedssuchsthats2sK+sbind.sAtsthatstime,sthesphosphorylatedssitesissdephos
phorylated.sOncesthesdephosphorylationstakessplace,sthesNa+/K+spumpsreturnsstositssoriginalsconfo
rmationswithsK+sbindingssitesnowsfacingsthesinsidesofsthescell.sAssexpected,sthesconformationalscha
ngessreturnsthesaffinitysofsK+sbindingssitestositssoriginalsstate,swhichshassaslowsaffinitysforsK+.sThiss
causessthesreleasesofsK+stosthesinsidesofsthescell.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 4.4
8) Describesthesprocessswherebyswatersmovesspassivelysacrosssasmembrane.
Answer:s Watersmovessacrosssascellsmembranesthroughsthesprocesssofsosmosis.sInsosmosis,swatersmo
vessdownsitssconcentrationsgradient.sRarelysdoswesthinksaboutsasconcentrationsgradientsforswater,sbu
tsassmoressolutessarespresentsinsassolution,sthesconcentrationsofswatersissdecreaseds(pureswatersissas55.
5sMssolution).sTherefore,swaterswillsalwayssmovesdownsitssconcentrationsgradientsfromsassolutionshi
ghersinswatersconcentrations(lowerssolutesconcentration)stosassolutionswithslowerswatersconcentratio
ns(higherssolutesconcentration).sWhatsdrivesswatersmovementsissthestotalsnumbersofssolutesparticlessi
nsassolution,swhichsissreferredstosassosmolarity.sInsfact,sitsonlystakessasveryssmallschangesinsosmolarit
ystoscausesassubstantialsamountsofswaterstosmove.sWestendstostalksaboutsthesdrivingsforcesforswatersm
ovementsassansosmoticspressure.sThesosmoticspressuresofsassolutionsincreasessassthestotalssolutesconc
entrations(osmolarity)sincreases.sHowever,swaterswillsalwayssmovestowardsthessolutionswithsthesgre
atestsosmoticspressure.
Becauseswatersisspolar,sitssabilitystospassstheslipidsbilayersisslimited.sMostscellsmembranesshavesaqua
porinss(waterschannels)sinsthem,swhichsallowswaterstosmovesacrosssthesmembranesbysosmosis.
LearningsOutcome:s 4.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 4.5
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9) Discusssthesdifferencessbetweensthesosmolaritysandstonicitysofsassolution.
Answer:s Osmolaritysrefersstosthesnumbersofssolutesparticlesswithinsassolution,swhereasstonicitysrefe
rsstostheseffectsofsassolutionsonscellsvolume.sThus,sassolutionsthatsissisoosmoticsissnotsnecessarilysisotonic.sWhethersthessolutionsissisotonicswillsdependsuponsthessolutescon
tentsofsthescellsandsthespermeabilitysofsthatscell'ssmembrane.sIfsthesextracellularssolutionscontainssansi
onsthatsissmembranespermeantsandsthatsionsissnotsequallysdistributedsintracellularlys(lowersconcentra
tionsonsthesinside),sthatsmoleculeswillsdiffusesintosthescell.sAssthatsionsdiffusessintosthescell,sitswillsdri
veswaterswithsitstosmaintainsosmoticsbalance.sThus,swhilesthesextracellularssolutionsremainssisoosmoticsrelativestosthesintracellularssolution,sthescellswillsnotsbesisotonicssincesthesinfluxsofswaterswil
lscausesthescellstosswellsorsevensburst.sTherefore,sthesextracellularssolutionswasshypotonicswithsrespe
ctstoscellsvolume.sThesoppositescouldsbestruesifsthereswassasmembranespermeantsionsintracellularlysthatswassatsaslowersconcentrationsinsthesextracellularssolution:sThesextr
acellularssolutionswouldsbeshypertonicsandsthescellswouldsshrivelsasswatersmovedsoutward.
Thus,swhilesthesestermsshavessometimessbeensusedsinterchangeably,stheysaresnotssynonymous.sLear
ningsOutcome:s 4.6
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 4.5
4.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Whenscomparingsthesmolecularsenergiessofstwosdifferentsconcentrationssofsthessamesmolecule,sth
esoneswithsthes(highersconcentration/lowersconcentration)swouldshavestheshighersenergy.sAnswer:s h
ighersconcentration
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 4.1
2) Ifsglucosesmoleculessoutsidesascellshaveshighersenergysthansthosesinsidesthescell,sthensthosesmo
leculesswouldsmoves(into/outsof)sthescells.
Answer:s into
LearningsOutcome:s 4.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:sApplications
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
3) Withsasconcentrationsofs10smMsglucosesands5smMs
sonsthesoutsidesofsthesmembranesands1smMsglucosesands140smMs
sonsthesinside,sthesglucoseswouldsmoves(into/outsof)sthescellssifsthesmembranesisspermeablestosgluc
ose.
Answer:s into
LearningsOutcome:s4.1s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:sApplications
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
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4) Ifsthessolutionssonseitherssidesofsthesmembraneshavesansunequalsdistributionsofschargedsionsswit
hsthesinsideshavingsansexcesssofsanions,sthensthesinsidesofsthescellswouldsbes(negative/positive)srel
ativestosthesoutside.
Answer:s negativesLearn
ingsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.1
5) Assthesmagnitudesofschargesdifferencesacrosssthesmembranesincreases,sthesmagnitudesofsthesel
ectricalsdrivingsforceswoulds(increase/decrease)sacrosssthatsmembrane.
Answer:s increasesLearn
ingsOutcome:s 4.1sHAPS
sLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
6) Ifsonesionscarriedsasgreatersquantitysofschargesthansanother,sthenstheselectricalsdrivingsforcesforsthes
ionswithsthesgreatersquantitysofschargeswoulds(increase/decrease).
Answer:s increasesLearn
ingsOutcome:s 4.1sHAPS
sLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 4.1
7) Ifsthesconcentrationsofssodiumsinsthesextracellularsfluidsincreased,sthensthesequilibriumspo
tentialswoulds(becomesmorespositive/becomeslessspositive/remainsthessame).
Answer:s becomesmorespositivesLearni
ngsOutcome:s 4.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 4.1
8) Assumingsthatsfors s(highersconcentrationsinsidescell),sEK+s=s-90smVsandsVmsiss70smV,sthes(electricalsgradient/chemicalsgradient)sisslargersinsmagnitude.
Answer:s chemicalsgradientsLea
rningsOutcome:s 4.1sBloom'ssTa
xonomy:s AnalysissChaptersSect
ion:s 4.1
9) Assumingsthatsfors s(highersconcentrationsoutsidescell),sENa+s=s+60smVsandsVmsiss70smV,stheselectrochemicalsgradientsissdirecteds(intosthescell/outsofsthescell).
Answer:s intosthescellsLearning
sOutcome:s 4.1sBloom'ssTaxon
omy:s AnalysissChaptersSectio
n:s 4.1
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Figures4.1
10) DoessthesgraphsinsFigures4.1srepresentssimplesdiffusion,sfacilitatedsdiffusion,sorsboth?sA
nswer:s facilitatedsdiffusion
LearningsOutcome:s 4.3|4.4s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 4.3
11) Duringscotransportswithssodiumsions,sglucosesiss(actively/passively)stransportedsintosthescell
bysthesconcentrationsgradientsestablishedsthroughsthes
/ pump.
Answer:s actively
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehension
ChaptersSection:s 4.4
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters5s ChemicalsMessengers
5.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Inschemicalscommunicationsbetweenscells,sas
cellssecretessaschemicalsmessengersthatsbindsstos
A) gaps:sconnexonss:ssecretory
B) secretorys:sconnexonss:sgap
C) secretorys:sconnexonss:starget
D) targets:sreceptorss:ssecretory
E) secretorys:sreceptorss:stargets
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
onsthes
cell.
2) Directscommunicationsbetweenscellssinscontactswithsonesanothersissaccomplishedsthrough
A) ligands.
B) receptors.
C) gapsjunctions.
D) paracrineschemicalsmessengers.
E) endocrineshormones.s
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
3) Thesnumbersofsboundsreceptorssonsastargetscellsdependssonswhatstwosthings?
A) thesconcentrationsofsthesmessengersandsthesconcentrationsofsreceptorssonsthestargetscell
B) thesconcentrationsofsthesmessengersandsthesdistancesitshasstostravel
C) thesconcentrationsofsthesmessengersandssignalstransduction
D) thessecretoryscellsandstargetscell
E) thestypesandsconcentrationsofsreceptorss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
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4) Whichstypesofschemicalsmessenger,swhensreleased,sbindsstosreceptorssonsthescellsthatsreleasedsthe
schemicalsmessenger?
A) neurohormone
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) cytokine
E) neurotransmitter
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
5) Whichstypesofschemicalsmessengersissreleasedsintosthesbloodstreamsbysansendocrinesglandsw
heresitscansaffectstargetscellssthroughoutsthesbody?
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) cytokine
E) neurotransmitter
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
6) Whichstypesofschemicalsmessengersissreleasedsfromsthesaxonsterminalsofsasneuronsandsdirectlysco
mmunicatesswithsotherscells?
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) cytokine
E) neurotransmitter
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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7) Communicationsacrosssassynapsesissinitiatedsbysthesreleasesofsasneurotransmittersfromsthe
regionsofsthesneuron.
A) postsynaptic
B) axonsterminal
C) perisynaptic
D) dendritic
E) axonshillock
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
8) Vasopressins(antidiureticshormone),swhichsissreleasedsfromsthesposteriorspituitary,sissansex
amplesofswhatstypesofschemicalsmessenger?
A) cytokine
B) autocrine
C) paracrine
D) neurohormone
E) neurotransmitter
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
9) Inflammationsisscharacterizedsinspartsbysrednesssandsswelling.sInsinflammation,s
sincreasessbloodsflowstosaffectedstissuess(producingsredness)sandscausessfluidstosleaksoutsofsthes
bloodsvesselssandsintosthestissues(producingsswelling).
A) growthsfactor
B) clottingsfactor
C) histamine
D) amine
E) pyruvicsacid
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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10) Thesmoresspecificsasdrugsissforsascertains
type,sthesmoresspecificsthestherapeuticsactionssofsthesdrugsandsthesfewersthessideseffects.
A) targetscell
B) receptor
C) hormone
D) neurotransmitter
E) ligandsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
11) Whichsofsthesfollowingschemicalsmessengerssisslipophilicsandsissthereforesablestoscrosssthescel
lsmembrane?
A) aminosacids
B) aminess(excludingsthyroidshormone)
C) peptides
D) eicosanoids
E) proteinss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
12) Histaminesactssassa(n)s
insitssrolesinsinflammation.
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) neurotransmitter
E) cytokine
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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13) Whatsmoleculessareshydrophobicsandscanseasilyscrosssthesplasmasmembrane?
A) hydrophilic
B) lipophobic
C) lipophilic
D) hyperdermic
E) aminosacidss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
14) Allsthesmessengerssinswhatsclasssaresderivedsfromscholesterol?
A) amines
B) peptides/proteins
C) steroids
D) eicosanoids
E) aminosacidss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
15) Mostsaminessares
,smeaningstheysdissolvesinswatersandsthereforescannotscrosssthescellsmembrane.sThes
shormonessaresansexceptionsbecausestheysares
andscanseasilyscrosssthescellsmembrane.
A) aminosacidss:ssteroids:slipophilic
B) lipophilics:sproteins:slipophobic
C) lipophobics:sthyroids:slipophilic
D) lipophilics:sthyroids:slipophobic
E) hydrophobics:ssteroids:shydrophilics
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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16) Peptideshormonessaresmade
,sstoredsandsreleasedsvias
A) insadvances:spinocytosis
B) insadvances:sexocytosis
C) insadvances:sreceptor-mediatedsendocytosis
D) onsdemands:ssimplesdiffusion
E) onsdemands:sactivestransports
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
.
17) Cellssthatssecretesdopaminesmustscontainswhichsenzymes?
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylasesonly
B) dopasdecarboxylasesonly
C) tyrosinesβ-hydroxylase
D) dopaminesβ-hydroxylasesandsdopasdecarboxylasesonly
E) tyrosinesβhydroxylasesandsdopasdecarboxylasesAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.2
18) Cellssthatssecretesepinephrinesmustscontainswhichsenzymes?
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylasesandsdopasdecarboxylasesonly
B) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase,styrosinesβ-hydroxylase,sandsdopasdecarboxylasesonly
C) tyrosinesβ-hydroxylasesandsphenylethanolaminesN-methylstransferasesonly
D) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase,styrosinesβ-hydroxylase,sphenylethanolaminesNmethylstransferase,sandsdopasdecarboxylase
E) phenylethanolaminesNmethylstransferasesandsdopasdecarboxylasesonlysAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.2
19) Catecholaminessaresderivedsfromswhatsaminosacid?
A) glutamate
B) tryptophan
C) tyrosine
D) histidine
E) glycines
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
20) Thyroidshormonessaressynthesizedsfromswhatsaminosacid?
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A) glutamate
B) tryptophan
C) tyrosine
D) histidine
E) glycines
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
21) Aspirinsissasnonsteroidalsantiinflammatorysdrugs(NSAID)sthatsrelievesspain.sWhichsmechanismsbestsdescribesshowsNS
AIDsswork?
A) Whensaspirinsdissolvessinsthesinterstitialsfluidsitscausessasconcentrationsgradientsandsfluidsisspu
lledsfromsthescellsreducingsinflammation.
B) ThesCOXsreceptorsshavesasgreatersaffinitysforsaspirinsandsthesesspeedsupsthesreactionssofshe
aling.
C) Prostaglandinss(PG)sareseicosanoidssthatsproducespainsandsinflammation.sCyclooxygenases(
COX)sissansessentialsenzymesinsthesproductionsofsPGsandsaspirinsinhibitssCOXsandsthereforesreli
evesspainsduestosthesreducedsproductionsofsPG.
D) Leukotrienessareseicosanoidssthatsproducespainsandsinflammation.sCOXsissusedsinstheslip
oxygenasespathwaysandsthereforesNSAIDssstopsthesconversionsofsarachidonicsacidstosleuko
trienesstherebysreducingsinflammation.
E) AspirinsdecreasessthesproductionsofsthromboxanesA2,saschemicalsinvolvedsinsblotsclotsfo
rmation,sandsCOXsinhibitssA2sand,stherefore,sbloodsclotssdosnotsformsandscausespain.sAnsw
er:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 5.2
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22) Doctorssoftensprescribesbabysaspirins(82smg)stosguardsagainststhesformationsofsbloodsclotssinste
adsofsashighersdosesofs350smgsfoundsinsasregularsaspirin.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesdistincti
onsinsdosages?
A) AspirinsinhibitssthesproductionsofsPGE2sinsthesstomach,swhichsprotectssthesstomachsliningsfr
omsstomachsacidscausingsulcers.sLowersdosagessdosnotsinhibitsPGE2sandsdosnotsharmsthesstomac
h.
B) Lowsdosagessofsaspirinsinhibitsascriticalsenzymesinsthesproductionsofsprostaglandinsscalledscy
clooxygenases(COX).sTheresarestwosformssofsCOX:s1sands2.sLowsdosagessenhancesthesproducti
onsofsCOX-2swhichsreducessbloodsclots.sCOX-1sreceptorssonlysreducespain.
C) Aspirinscausessseveralssideseffects,ssomesgoodsandssomesbad.sAspirinsdecreasessthromboxanesA
2swhichscausessbloodsclots;showever,satshighersdosages,sitsalsosdecreasessthesproductionsofsPGI2s(pr
ostacyclin)sthatsinhibitssproductionsofsbloodsclots.sThus,shighersdosagessofsaspirinswouldsactuallysp
romotesthesformationsofsbloodsclots.
D) AspirinsissansallostericsmodulatorsthatsactivatessCOX-2sinsthesbodysandsitsissCOX2sthatsprimarilysinhibitssbloodsclotsformation.
E) Bothsdosagessactuallysdosthessamesthingstospreventsbloodsclotssbuts82smgsofsaspirinsissmuchsche
apersthans350smg.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 5.2
23) Oncesassteroidshormonesisssynthesized,sitsis
A) immediatelyscapablesofsdiffusingsacrosssthesmembrane.
B) storedsinsasvesiclesuntilsreleased.
C) boundstosalbuminsuntilsreleasedsfromsthescell.
D) storedsinsasuniquesproteinsstructuresthatsmaintainsssteroidssinsthescell.
E) boundstosthesmitochondriasuntilsreleased.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
24) Whatsorganellespackagesspeptide/proteinsmessengerssintossecretorysvesicles?
A) nucleus
B) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) smoothsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) Golgisapparatus
E) lysosomes
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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25) Insorderstossynthesizeseicosanoids,s
fromsasmembranesphospholipid.
A) phospholipasesA2s:scholesterol
B) phospholipasesCs:sarachidonicsacid
C) phospholipasesA2s:sarachidonicsacid
D) phospholipasesCs:scholesterol
E) phospholipasesCs:sinositolsbiphosphates
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
catalyzessthesreleasesofs
26) Ansequilibriumsexistssbetweensashormonesthatsissboundstosascarriersproteinsandsasfreeshor
monessuchsthat,sassthesamountsofsfreeshormonesincreases,
A) thesamountsofsboundshormoneswillsnotschange.
B) moreshormonesmustsbessynthesizedstosdirectlysreplacesthesfreeshormones.
C) moresboundshormoneswillsbesreleasedsfromsitsscarriersproteins.
D) moresfreeshormoneswillsbecomesboundstoscarriersproteins.
E) cellsswillsbesstimulatedstossecretesmoresfreeshormone.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
27) Lipophilicschemicalsmessengerssarespoorlyssolublesinswater.sHowever,smanysofstheseslipop
hilicsmessengerssarestransportedsthroughoutsthesbody.sTheirstransportsinsbloods(water)sissfacilitat
edsby
A) chylomicrons.
B) lipoproteins.
C) carriersproteins.
D) redsbloodscells.
E) whitesbloodscells.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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28) Whatsenzymescatalyzesssynthesissofsprostaglandinssfromsarachidonicsacid?
A) phospholipasesC
B) phospholipasesA2
C) lipoxygenase
D) cyclooxygenase
E) tyrosinesβhydroxylasesAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
29) Ashalf-life,sinstermssofsaschemicalsmessenger,sreferssto
A) thestimesitstakessforshalfsofstheschemicalsmessengersinsthesbloodstosbesdegraded.
B) howslongstheschemicalsmessengerswillsbeseffectivesinsthesbody.
C) thesradioactivitysofstheschemicalsmessenger.
D) thesamountsofstimesthesmessengersissboundstosasprotein.
E) thesamountsofstimesitstakesstoscrosssthesplasmasmembrane.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
30) Androgenssaresprecursorsmoleculessforsthessynthesissof
A) estradiol.
B) cortisol.
C) progesterone.
D) aldosterone.
E) cholesterol.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
31) Progesteronesissaspotentialsprecursorsforsthessynthesissof
A) estradiol.
B) cortisol.
C) testosterone.
D) dehydroepiandrosterone.
E) androstenedione.
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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32) Aspirinsdecreasessinflammationsbysinhibitingsthesactionssofswhatsenzyme?
A) phospholipasesA2
B) cyclooxygenase
C) lipoxygenase
D) proteinskinasesA
E) dopasdecarboxylases
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
33) Hormonessthatsaresdissolvedsinsbloodstypicallysexhibitsashalf-lifesonsthesordersofs
,swhereasshormonessthatsaresboundstoscarriersproteinsscansremainsundegradedsfors
A) secondss:shours
B) secondss:sminutes
C) minutess:shours
D) hourss:sminutes
E) minutess:ssecondss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
.
34) Theslocationsofsreceptorssonsastargetscellsdependssonsthessolubilitysofstheschemicalsme
ssenger.sWhereswouldsthesreceptorssforslipophilicsmessengerssbeslocated?
A) onsthesoutsidesofsthescell
B) onsthesinsidesofsthescell
C) onlysinsthesnucleussofsthescell
D) atsasfreesfloatingsribosome
E) Itsdependssonsifsitsissansalpha,sbeta,sorsdeltastypesreceptor.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
35) Thesβ1sadrenergicsreceptorshassthesgreatestsaffinitysforswhatsmessenger?
A) norepinephrine
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine
E) epinephrinesandsnorepinephrinesequallys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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36) Thesα1sadrenergicsreceptorshassthesgreatestsaffinitysforswhatsmessenger?
A) norepinephrine
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine
E) epinephrinesandsnorepinephrinesequallys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
37) WhichsofsthesfollowingswillsNOTsaffectsthesmagnitudesofsascell'ssresponsestosasspecificshy
drophilicsligand?
A) ligandsconcentration
B) numbersofsreceptors
C) receptorsupregulation
D) affinitysofsthesreceptorsforsthesligand
E) lipidssolubilitysofsthesligands
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.3
38) Chronicsexposurestosasligands(messenger)s
thesreceptorspopulationsforsthatschemicalsmessengersonsthestargetscell.
A) decreasessthesspecificitysof
B) decreasessthesaffinitysof
C) upregulates
D) downsregulates
E) changessthesconformationsofs
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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39) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsdescribessthesreleasesofslipophobicsmessengers?
A) Lipophobicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbysexocytosissinsresponsestosassti
mulus.
B) Lipophobicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbyssimplesdiffusionsinsresponsestosass
timulus.
C) Lipophobicsmessengerssaresreleasedsimmediatelysuponssynthesissbyssimplesdiffusion.
D) Lipophobicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbysexocytosissimmediatelysafterssy
nthesis.
E) Lipophobicsmessengerssaresstoredsfreesinsthescytosolsandsreleasedsbyssimplesdiffusionsinsre
sponsestosasstimulus.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
40) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsdescribessthesreleasesofsaslipophilicsmessenger?
A) Lipophilicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbysexocytosissinsresponsestosassti
mulus.
B) Lipophilicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbyssimplesdiffusionsinsresponsestosassti
mulus.
C) Lipophilicsmessengerssaresreleasedsimmediatelysuponssynthesissbyssimplesdiffusion.
D) Lipophilicsmessengerssaresstoredsinsvesiclessandsreleasedsbysexocytosissimmediatelysafterssy
nthesis.
E) Lipophilicsmessengerssaresstoredsfreesinsthescytosolsandsreleasedsbyssimplesdiffusionsinsre
sponsestosasstimulus.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
41) Lipophilicshormonessarestransportedsinsbloods
andsbindstosreceptorsslocated
.
A) dissolvedsinsthesplasmas:sonsthesplasmasmembranesofsthestargetscell
B) dissolvedsinsthesplasmas:sinsidesthestargetscell
C) boundstoscarriersproteinss:sonsthesplasmasmembranesofsthestargetscell
D) boundstoscarriersproteinss:sinsidesthestargetscell
E) insidesredsbloodscellss:sinsidesthestargetscellsA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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42) Muchsevidencessuggestssthatsdepressionsmightsbesassociatedswithsdeficienciessinsthesbiogenics
aminessserotoninsandsnorepinephrine.sIfsthississtruesandsthesbodyshassreducedsconcentrationssofsthe
sesamines,sonesmightspredictsthesbodyswoulds
insorderstosadaptstosthesesloweredslevels.
A) upregulate
B) downregulate
C) increasestheshalfslife
D) increasesthesconcentrationsofschemicalsmessenger
E) reducesthesaffinitys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 5.3
43) Whatsissasmoleculesthatsisssimilarsinsstructurestosasmessengersandsbindsswithsthatsmessenger'ssrec
eptorstosstimulatesassimilarsresponsesfromsthestargetscell?
A) blocker
B) synergist
C) antagonist
D) agonist
E) protagonist
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
44) Assasgeneralsrule,sthesmagnitudesofsastargetscell'ssresponsestosaschemicalsmessengersdependssons
whichsthreesfactors?
A) (1)sthessolubilitysofstheschemicalsmessenger,s(2)stheslocationsofsthesreceptor,sands(3)sthesclasssofst
hesreceptor
B) (1)sthessolubilitysofstheschemicalsmessenger,s(2)stheslocationsofsthesreceptor,sands(3)sthesaff
initysofsthesreceptorstosthesmessenger
C) (1)sthesconcentrationsofsthesmessenger,s(2)sthesnumbersofsreceptors,sands(3)sthesaffinitysofsthesrec
eptorsforsthesmessenger
D) (1)sthesconcentrationsofsthesmessenger,s(2)sthespercentssaturationsofsthesreceptor,sands(3)sthesspe
cificitysofsthesreceptorsforstheschemicalsmessenger
E) (1)stheshalfslifesofsthesmessenger,s(2)sthesnumbersofsreceptors,sands(3)sthespercentssaturationsofstho
sesreceptors
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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45) Thesaffinitysofsasreceptorsforsitssligandsissasmeasuresofsthe
A) strengthsofsbindingsbetweensligandsandsreceptor.
B) numbersofsbindingssitessavailablesforsthesligand.
C) abilitysofsthesligandstospermeatesthesplasmasmembranesandsreachsitssreceptor.
D) responsesproducedsinsthestargetscellswhensthesligandsbindsstosthesreceptor.
E) percentsofsreceptorssonsasspecificstargetscellswithsboundsligand.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
46) Typicalsresponsesstos
messengerssrequiresaslongstimestosdevelopsbecausestheysnecessitatestranscriptionsofsmRN
AsandstranslationsofsthatsmRNAsintosasfunctionalsprotein.
A) lipophobic
B) lipophilic
C) aminosacid
D) protein
E) peptides
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
47) Insulinsissaspeptideshormonesandsthereforeslipophobic.sWhensinsulinsissreleasedsduestoshighsbl
oodsglucoseslevels,sthesresponsesofsthescellsstosthisshormoneswillsbes
becausesitscausess
.
A) fasts:senzyme-linkedsreceptorsstoscatalyzesintracellularsreactions
B) fasts:snewsproteinssynthesis
C) slows:sassecondsmessengerssystemstosbesactivated
D) slows:samplificationsofsproteins
E) neutrals:stranscriptionsofsmRNAsandstranslationsofsthatsmRNAsintosasfunctionalsproteinsA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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48) Heroinsoverdosesissusuallystreatedswithsansopioids
suchsassnaloxones(Narcan)sorsnaltrexone,sansopioid,swhichspreventssheroinsfromsbindingstos
musreceptorssandsreversesstheseffectssofsheroinsonsthesbody.
A) antagonist
B) agonist
C) ligand
D) antihistamine
E) secondsmessengers
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
49) Differencessinsthesratesofsactivitysbetweensfastsandsslowsligand-gatedschannelssarescausedsby
A) ligandsselectivity.
B) Gsproteinsactivitysgatingsthesfastschannel.
C) ligandssgatingsbothschannelsstosthesclosedsstate.
D) Gsproteinsactivitysgatingsthesslowschannel.
E) ligandsaffinity.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
50) Openingschannelssforswhichsofsthesfollowingsionsscanstriggersexocytosis?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) chloride
E) magnesium
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
51) Whichsofsthesfollowingsionssbindsstoscalmodulinstosultimatelysactivatesasproteinskinase?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) chloride
E) magnesium
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
52) Asfirstsmessengersissansextracellularsmessengersthatsbindsstositssreceptorsonsthes
of
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thescellsandsthereforesactivatessassecondsmessengerssystem.
A) inside
B) outside
C) endoplasmicsreticulum
D) ribosome
E) Gsproteins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
53) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofstyrosineskinase?
A) ItscatalyzessthesformationsofsdopaminesfromsL-dopa.
B) Itscatalyzessthesformationsofsnorepinephrinesfromsdopamine.
C) Itscatalyzessthesphosphorylationsofsasproteinsinsidesascell.
D) Itscatalyzessthesphosphorylationsofsasproteinsinsthesextracellularsfluid.
E) Itssequestersscalciumsinsthescytosol.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
54) Cholerasissthesleadingscausesofsdeathsinschildrensinsdevelopingscountries,scharacterizedsbysmass
ivesdiarrhea.sTheseffectssstemsfromsansextracellularstoxinsthatsthesbacteriumsVibrioscholeraesrelease
ssintosthesgut.sThestoxinsactssonsas
thatsoverstimulatess
whichscausessascascadesofseventssthatsleadsstoselectrolytessleavingsthescellsandscausingswaterstosf
ollowsthemsintostheslumensofsthesintestine,sresultingsinsseveresdiarrhea.
A) Gsproteinss:sadenylatescyclase
B) calciums:smuscles
C) proteinskinasess:scalmodulin
D) protein-Ps:sGTP
E) cAMPs:sGsproteinss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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55) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesmostscommonssecondsmessengersinstheshumansbody?
A) cAMP
B) calcium
C) cGMP
D) IP3
E) DAG
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
56) WhatsterminatessthescAMPssecondsmessengerssystem?
A) degradationsofscAMPsbysthesliver
B) thesreleasesofsthesfirstsmessengersfromsthesreceptor
C) thesdegradationsofscAMPsbysthesenzymescAMPsphosphodiesterase
D) thesaxonsterminal
E) asGsproteins
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
57) CyclicsAMPs(cAMP)sstimulatessone'ssmetabolicsrate.sManyssupplementscompaniessoffersprod
uctssclaimingstosincreasestheslevelssofsthisschemicalswithinsthesbody.sIfsyoushadsaspatientsonsthisssup
plementsandstheyshadshighslevelssofscAMPsinstheirsbody,swhatssymptomsswouldsyousexpectsthemsto
sdisplay?
A) weightslosssandsashighstemperature
B) weightsgainsandslethargy
C) hypoglycemiasandslowsbloodspressure
D) highsGsproteinsandssugarslevelssinstheirsurine
E) increasedsheartsratesandsshallowsbreathings
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 5.3
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58) Thesfunctionsofsassecondsmessengerssystemsissto
A) buffersascell'ssresponsestosasligand.
B) isolatesthesresponsestosthesinsidesofsascell.
C) keepscalciumsinvolvedsinsthesesresponses.
D) amplifysthesresponsesofsthesfirstsmessenger.
E) facilitatesthesprocesssofscovalentsmodificationsofsasprotein.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
59) Basedsonsyoursknowledgesofssignalsamplification,swhichstypesofschemicalsmessengerscansha
vesrelativelyssmallsconcentrationsswithinsthesbloodstreamsandsstillsgetsaslargesresponse?
A) lipophilic
B) lipophobic
C) paracrine
D) autocrine
E) steroids
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
60) Functionally,sGsproteinssaresclassifiedsintoswhatsthreestypes?
A) alpha,sbeta,sandsgamma
B) thosesthatsaffectsionschannels,sstimulatorysGsproteins,sandsinhibitorysGsproteins
C) slow,sfast,sandsopenedsorsclosed
D) first,ssecond,sandsthirdsmessengers
E) thosesthatsaffectsproteins,sthosesthatsaffectsenzymes,sandsthosesthatsaffectsspecificsgenessA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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61) WhensthesalphassubunitsofsthesGsproteinsissactivated,sitscansstimulatesionschannelsstosdoswh
at?
A) eithersopensorsclose
B) opensonly
C) closesonly
D) altersthesionsthatstravelssthroughstheschannel
E) degrades
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
62) ThesenzymesthatscatalyzesssynthesissofscAMPsisscalleds
.
A) adenylatescyclases:sasGssprotein
B) adenylatescyclases:sasGisprotein
C) phosphodiesterases:sasGssprotein
D) phosphodiesterases:sasGisprotein
E) phosphoproteinsphosphatases:sasGisproteins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
andsissactivatedsby
63) WhatsenzymesissactivatedsbyscAMP?
A) phosphodiesterase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) tyrosineskinase
D) proteinskinasesA
E) proteinskinasesCs
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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64) InsorderstosterminatesascAMP-mediatedsresponse,sthesenzymes
cansbesactivatedstosdegradescAMP.
A) cAMPsdecarboxylase
B) cAMPshydrolase
C) cAMPshydrogenase
D) cAMPsphosphodiesterase
E) cAMPsproteinskinases
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
65) WhensassociatedswithsGsprotein,sguanylatescyclaseswillsactivateswhatsenzyme?
A) proteinskinasesC
B) proteinskinasesG
C) proteinskinasesA
D) phosphodiesterase
E) phospholipasesCs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
66) Whatsmolecule,swhosessynthesississcatalyzedsbysphospholipasesC,striggerssthesreleasesofsca
lciumsfromsthesendoplasmicsreticulum?
A) inositolstriphosphate
B) inositolsbiphosphate
C) diacylglycerol
D) phosphatidylinositolsbiphosphate
E) cGMP
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
67) WhichsofsthesfollowingsproteinssissdirectlysactivatedsbysasGsprotein?
A) phospholipasesA2
B) adenylatescyclase
C) tyrosineskinase
D) calmodulin
E) proteinskinasesGs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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68) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaressecondsmessengers?
A) cAMPsonly
B) calciumsonly
C) inositolstriphosphatesonly
D) bothscAMPsandsinositolstriphosphate
E) cAMP,scalcium,sandsinositolstriphosphates
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
69) Whatstwossystemssprimarilyscontrolshomeostasissduestostheirsabilitystoscommunicatesoverslo
ngsdistances?
A) nervoussandsendocrine
B) nervoussandscardiovascular
C) endocrinesandsrespiratory
D) endocrinesandscardiovascular
E) cardiovascularsandsrespiratorys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.4
70) Theschemicalsmessengersofsthesnervousssystemsiss
andschemicalsmessengersofsthesendocrinessystemsiss
A) neurohormones:sadrenocorticoid
B) autocriness:sparacrines
C) neurotransmitters:sneurohormone
D) hormones:sneurotransmitter
E) neurotransmitters:shormones
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.4
.
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71) Thestargetscellssofsthesnervousssystemsare
A) musclescells.
B) allsthescellstypessinsthesbody.
C) neurons,smuscles,sorsglands.
D) glialscells.
E) othersneurons.
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.4
72) Thesnervousssystemscommunicatessviasthes
andsthesendocrinessystemscommunicatessviasthes
A) neurons:sendocrinesgland
B) musclescellss:sspecificstargetscellssofshormones
C) synapses:sbloodstream
D) electricalssignalss:schemicalssignalssorsparacrinescells
E) glialscells:shormones
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.4
.
73) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssisstruesforsthesnervousssystemsbutsNOTsthesendocrinessys
tem?
A) Asmessengerscommunicatesstostargetscellssbysbindingstosspecificsreceptors.
B) Asmessengersisstransportedsinsthesbloodstream.
C) Theresissasspecialsanatomicalsarrangementsbetweensthessecretoryscellsandsthestargetscell.
D) Communicationsoccurssoverslongsdistances.
E) Effectorsorganssaresscatteredsthroughoutsthesbody.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.4
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74) Whatspartsofsasneuronsreleasessneurotransmittersbysexocytosis?
A) soma
B) dendrites
C) axonshillock
D) axonsterminal
E) Allsofsthesanswerssarescorrect.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.4
75) Whatschemicalsmessengersdiffusesstosneighboringscellsstosexertsanseffect?
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) neurotransmitter
E) neurohormone
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
76) Whatschemicalsmessengersissreleasedsfromsendocrinesglandssintosthesbloodstream?
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) neurotransmitter
E) neurohormone
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
77) Whatschemicalsmessengersissreleasedsbysaspresynapticscell?
A) paracrine
B) autocrine
C) hormone
D) neurotransmitter
E) neurohormone
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
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78) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzessphosphorylationsofsasprotein?
A) tyrosinesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphodiesterase
C) adenylatescyclase
D) phospholipasesA2
E) tyrosineskinases
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
79) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzesssynthesissandsreleasesofsarachidonicsacid?
A) tyrosinesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphodiesterase
C) adenylatescyclase
D) phospholipasesA2
E) tyrosineskinases
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
80) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzesssynthesissofsepinephrinesfromsnorepinephrine?
A) dopasdecarboxylase
B) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase
C) phosphoproteinsphosphatase
D) phospholipasesC
E) phenylethanolaminesNmethylstransferasesAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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81) WhichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzesssynthesissofscAMP?
A) tyrosinesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphodiesterase
C) adenylatescyclase
D) phospholipasesA2
E) tyrosineskinases
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
82) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzesssynthesissofsprostaglandinssandsthromboxanes?
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphoproteinsphosphatase
C) phospholipasesC
D) phenylethanolaminesN-methylstransferase
E) cyclooxygenase
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
83) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzessdephosphorylationsofsasprotein?
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphoproteinsphosphatase
C) phospholipasesC
D) phenylethanolaminesN-methylstransferase
E) cyclooxygenase
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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84) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenzymesscatalyzesssynthesissofsdiacylglycerolsandsinositolstri
phosphate?
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylase
B) phosphoproteinsphosphatase
C) phospholipasesC
D) phenylethanolaminesN-methylstransferase
E) cyclooxygenase
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
85) Astargetscellswillsrespondstosaschemicalsmessengersoncesthatsmoleculeshassboundstosa
A) receptor.
B) Gsprotein.
C) proteinskinase.
D) calciumschannel.
E) complexsinsthesnucleus.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.1
86) A(n)s
isstransportedsinsthesbloodstream.
A) hormone
B) neurotransmitter
C) paracrine
D) autocrine
E) glialscells
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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87) Histaminesissansexamplesofsa(n)
A) hormone.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) paracrine.
D) autocrine.
E) glialscell.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
88) Lipid-solublesmoleculessaresnotsonlyshydrophobic,sbutsaresalso
A) lipophobic.
B) lipophilic.
C) aminosacids.
D) cellulose.
E) disaccharides.
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
89) Catecholamines,ssuchsassdopamine,snorepinephrine,sandsepinephrine,saresderivedsfromsthesa
minosacid
A) isoleucine.
B) tyrosine.
C) leucine.
D) glutamate.
E) glycine.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
90) Identifysthestwosenzymessinvolvedsinsconvertingstyrosinesintosdopamine.
A) dopaminesβ-hydroxylasesandspropeptide
B) cyclooxygenasesandslipoxygenase
C) tyrosinesβshydroxylasesandsdopasdecarboxylase
D) andenylatescyclasesandsphospholipasesC
E) cortisolsandsdehydroepiandrosterones
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
91) Eicosanoidssaresderivedsfromswhatsphospholipid?
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A) leukotrienes
B) thromboxanes
C) prostacycline
D) prostoglandins
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
92) Steroidsmessengerssaresderivedsfromswhatsprecursorsmolecule?
A) tyrosine
B) cholesterol
C) histamine
D) calmodulin
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
93) Catecholaminessaresreleasedsfromsthessecretoryscellsby
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) simplesdiffusion.
D) signalstransduction.
E) activestransport.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
94) Steroidssaresreleasedsfromsthessecretoryscellsby
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) simplesdiffusion.
D) signalstransduction.
E) activestransport.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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95) Whatsproteinsinsthesbloodsthatsissrelativelysnonspecificswithsrespectstositssabilitystosbindsandstransportschemicalsmessengerssinsthesblood?
A) albumin
B) hemoglobin
C) corticosteroid-bindingsglobulin
D) cytokine
E) proteinskinases
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
96) Assfreeshormonessbindstostheirsreceptorssandsnosmoreshormonesissreleasedsfromstheirscellsofsori
gin,sthesconcentrationsofshormonesboundstoscarriersproteinsswill
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) becomessaturated.
D) havesasgreatersaffinity.
E) denature.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
97) Thesstrengthswithswhichsasligands(chemicalsmessenger)swillsbindswithsasreceptorsissreferredstos
assits
A) affinity.
B) enzyme-substratescomplex.
C) prohormone.
D) prepropeptide.
E) bindingsstrength.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
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98) Assthesconcentrationsofsreceptorssonsthescellsmembranesdecreases,sthesresponsesofsthestargetscel
lswill
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remainsthessamesduestossaturation.
D) oscillateswithsthesconcentrationsofstheschemicalsmessenger.
E) increasesitssaffinity.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
99) Whichsofsthesfollowingschemicalsmessengerssareslipophilic?
A) peptides/proteins
B) steroids
C) thyroidshormones
D) eicosanoids
E) steroids,seicosanoids,sandsthyroidshormones
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
100) Whichsofsthesfollowingschemicalsmessengerssareslipophobic?
A) aminosacids
B) peptides/proteins
C) steroids
D) thyroidshormones
E) peptides/proteinssandssteroidss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
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5.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Lipophobicschemicalsmessengersscommunicatesasmessagestosthestargetscellsbysbindingstosre
ceptorssonsthatscell'ssmembrane.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 5.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
2) Thestargetscellsofsasneurotransmittersissthespostsynapticscell.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.1
3) Endocrinesglandsssecretesneurohormones.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.1
4) Tyrosinesissonesofsfoursaminosacidssthatsfunctionsdirectlysasschemicalsmessengers.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.1
5) Steroidshormonessaresproducedswithinscellssandsstoredsinsvesiclessuntilstheysaresreleased.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
6) Steroidshormonessaresderivedsfromstheshormonestestosterone.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
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7) Allscatecholaminesecretingscellsssynthesizesdopamine.sAnswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
8) Eicosanoidssaresreleasedsimmediatelysuponssynthesis.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.2
9) Theslocationsofsthesreceptorsdependssonswhethersthesmessengersisslipophilicsorslipophobic.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
10) Assinglescellscanshavesreceptorssforsdifferentsmessengers.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
11) Mostsreceptorssaresrelativelysnonspecificsforsthesligandsthatswillsbindstosthem.sAnswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
12) Receptorssforslipophilicschemicalsmessengerssaresonlyslocatedsonsthessurfacesofsascell'ssm
embrane.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 5.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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13) Tyrosineskinasessaresenzymessthatsaddsasphosphatesgroupstostyrosinesresiduessonsotherspr
oteins,schangingsthesconformationsofsthosesproteins.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 5.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
14) Theshighersconcentrationsofsmessenger,sthesgreatersthesresponsesinsthestargetscell.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
15) Enkephalinsissansopiatesproducedsinsthesbody.sWhensenkephalinsbindsstosopioidsreceptors,sitspr
oducessanalgesias(aslacksofspainssensation).sMorphinescansalsosbindstosopioidsreceptorssandsproduc
esanalgesia.sMorphinesissansopiatesantagonist.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 5.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
16) ThyroidshormonessaltersthestranscriptionsofsmRNAsinsthestargetscell.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
17) Ifscalciumschannelssopensinsthesplasmasmembrane,scalciumsionssentersthescell.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
18) Ansamplifiersenzymescatalyzessthessynthesissofsassecondsmessenger.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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19) Insitssactivesform,sasGsproteinshassasGDPsboundstositssalphasunit.sAn
swer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 5.3
20) Generally,sthesnervousssystemsissasmoresrapidsmeanssofscommunicationsthansthesendocrinessy
stem.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 5.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
21) Thessitesofscommunicationsbetweenstwosneuronssisscalledsassynapse.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 5.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 5.3
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5.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Comparesandscontraststhessynthesis,srelease,stransport,sandssignalstransductionsofslipophilicsan
dslipophobicschemicalsmessengers.
Answer:s Lipophilics(hydrophobic)smessengerssincludesthessteroids,seicosanoids,sandsthyroidshorm
ones.sTheysaressecretedsviassimplesdiffusionsfromsthescellsthatssecretessthemsandsmustsbesboundstosas
carriersproteinsinsthesbloodstream.sTheslocationsofsthesreceptorsonstheirstargetscellsisseithersinsthesnucl
eussorscytosolsandstheirsactionsonsthestargetscellsrequiressthessynthesissofsasnewsprotein.sDuestosthissne
wsproteinssynthesis,stheseschemicalsmessengersshavesasrelativelysslowsresponsestimesbutsaslongsdura
tionsandsaslongshaveslifesinsthesbody.
Inscontrast,slipophobics(hydrophilic)smessengerssincludesthoseschemicalsmessengersclassessofsamin
osacids,samines,sandspeptides.sTheysaresusuallysmadesinsadvancesviasproteinssynthesis,sstoredsinssecr
etorysvesicles,sandsreleasedsintosthesbloodstreamsviasexocytosisswherestheysdissolvesintosthesplasma.
sSincestheysareslipophobic,sthesreceptorsonstheirstargetscellsisslocatedsonsthesoutsidesofsthescellsand,sth
erefore,soncestheysbindstosthesreceptor,stheysactivatesassecondsmessengerssystemswithinsthescellswhic
hshassasfastsresponsestimesduestosthesamplificationsofsactivatedsenzymesswithinsthescell.sLipophobics
messengersshavesasshortshalf-lifesandsasshortsdurationsofsresponse.
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 5.2
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2) Aspirin,salsosknownsassacetylsalicylicsacid,sissonesofsthesmostswidelysusedsmedicationssinstheswo
rld.sToswhatsgroupsofsmedicationssdoessaspirinsbelong?sExplainsitssmechanismsofsactionsforspreven
tingspainsandsinflammationsasswellsassitssabilitystospreventsbloodsclots.sAspirinsalsoshasssomesundes
irablessideseffects,sespeciallysinshighersdoses.sExplainswhatsthesessideseffectssaresandswhystheysoccu
r.
Answer:s Aspirinsissonesofsasnumbersofsnonsteroidalsantiinflammatorysdrugss(NSAIDs).sTheirsmechanismsofsactionsisstostargetsthesenzymescyclooxygenases(
COX),swhichshasstwosformssCOX-s1sandsCOX2.sCOXsissascriticalsenzymesinsthessynthesissofsprostaglandinss(PG),seicosanoidssthatscausespainsandsi
nflammation.sCOX1sisspresentsinsmanyscellssofsthesbodysandshelpssmaintainshomeostasissandssynthesizessPG.sAspirin,sh
owever,snonselectivelysinhibitssbothsformssofsthesCOXsenzymesbutsitsissthesinhibitionsofsCOX2sthatsresultssinspainsrelief.
SeveralssideseffectssoccurswhensaspirinsinhibitssthesCOX1senzymesbecausesaspirinsdecreasessthesproductionsofsthromboxanesA2,saschemicalsthatsissinvolvedsi
nsthesformationsofsbloodsclots.
However,satshighersdoses,saspirinsalsosdecreasessthesproductionsofsPGI2s(prostacyclin),saschemicals
thatsinhibitssthesproductionsofsbloodsclots.sTherefore,saslowersdosesofs82smgs(asbabysaspirin)swillsde
creasesthesproductionsofsthromboxanesA2scausingsasbeneficialssideseffectsofstakingsaspirin.sInslarger
sdosagess(likesthosesfoundsinsregularsaspirin),salthoughstheyswillsreducespainsandsinflammation,sthe
yswillsalsosactuallyspromotesthesformationsofsbloodsclotssduestosdecreasingsthesproductionsofsPGI2.s
Anothersundesirablessideseffectsofsaspirinsissthesformationsofsulcerssandsstomachsbleedingsandsupsets
becausesaspirinsalsosinhibitssthesproductionsofsPGE2swhichsindirectlysprotectssthesliningsofsthessto
machsfromsstomachsacid.
LearningsOutcome:s 5.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 5.2
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3) Describesthesfactorssthatsaffectsthesmagnitudesofsastargetscell'ssresponse.sAssumesthatstheresissasrec
eptorsonsthescellsforsthesligand.
Answer:s Thesfirstsfactorsthatsaffectssastargetscell'ssresponsestosasligandsissthesconcentrationsofsthesliga
nd.sTheskineticssofsasligand'ssbindingstosasreceptorsissshownsassMs+sRs⇌sM*Rs→sResponse,swheresM
sissthesmessengers(ligand),sRsissthesreceptor,sandsM*Rsissthesmessengerreceptorscomplex.sAssthesconcentrationsofsligandsincreases,sthesnumbersofsboundsreceptorsswillsincr
easesuntilsallsreceptorssonsthestargetscellsaresboundsbysligands(saturated).sThissrelationshipsbetweensl
igandsandsreceptorsmeanssthatsthesresponsestosasligandswillsalsosbesaffectedsbysthesnumbersofsrecepto
rssavailable.sAtsanysconcentrationsofsligand,sthesnumbersofsreceptorssboundsdependssuponsthestotalsn
umbersofsreceptorssonsthestargetscell.sInsorderstoschangesthesnumbersofsreceptorssonsthestargetscell,sso
mestimesissrequiredstosaltersthesregulationsofsproteinssynthesissorsdegradationsofsthatsreceptor.sIfsthesc
oncentrationsofsligandsisslowsforslongsperiodssofstime,scellsstendstosupregulates(increase)sthesnumbers
ofsreceptorssforsthatsligand.sInsthatsway,sthescellscansbesmoresresponsivestoslowersconcentrationssofsli
gand.sAlternatively,slongsperiodssofshighsligandsconcentrationsmaysdownregulatesthatsligand'ssrecep
torspopulation,stherebysreducingsthescell'ssresponsivenessstosthesligand.sFinally,sascell'ssresponsiven
essstosasligandsissdeterminedsbysthesaffinitysofsthesreceptorsforsthesligand.sAssthesreceptorsaffinitysincr
eases,smoresreceptorsswillsbesboundsatsthessamesligandsconcentration.sThississespeciallysimportantsw
henstheresaresseveralsclassessofsreceptorssthatshavesdifferentsaffinitiessforsasligandssuchsassepinephrin
e.sTwostypessofsreceptorssarescapablesofsbindingsthescatecholaminesepinephrine:sαsandsβ2sadrenergi
csreceptors.sBothsofsthesesreceptors
aresfoundsonsbloodsvesselssandshavesthesoppositeseffectsonsthosesvessels:sαsadrenoreceptorssinducesv
asoconstriction,swhereassβ2sadrenoreceptorssinducesvasodilation.sHowever,sinsthe
presencesofsepinephrine,sthesβ2sadrenoreceptorinducedsvasodilationswillspredominatesbecausesthesβ2sadrenoreceptorshassasgreatersaffinitysforsepin
ephrinesthansthesαsadrenoreceptor.
LearningsOutcome:s 5.3sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.3
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4) Describesthesfunctionsofsbothsslowsandsfastschannellinkedsreceptors.sIncludesthesrolesofscalciumsassassecondsmessenger.
Answer:s Channellinkedsreceptorssfunctionsinsthesgatingsofsansionschannelsintosthesopensorsclosedsstatessinsresponsestos
ligand-receptorsbinding.sThesesligandgatedschannelssaresusuallys verysspecificsforsasparticularsionsandsfallsintostwoscategories:sfastsandsslo
wschannels.sFastschannelssaresthoseswheresthesreceptorsandschannelsaresdirectlyscoupled.sWithsslows
channels,sthesreceptorsandschannelsareslinkedsbysconfusingsasGsprotein.sThesbindingsofsasligandstosasf
astschannelsreceptorswillsincreasestheslikelihoodsthatsansionschannelswillsopen.sThatschannelswillsonl
ysremainsopensforsasshortsperiodsofstime,sallowingsthesfluxsofsasparticularsionsacrosssthesmembranesei
thersintosorsoutsofsthescell,sdependingsuponsthatsion'sselectrochemicalsgradient.sThesfluxsofsionssacro
sssasmembranescansalterscellularsfunctionsinstwosways:sbyschangingsthatscell'ssmembranespotential,sa
nd/orsthesionscansactsassassecondsmessengersinsidesthescell.sThesmovementsofssodiumsintosascellsindu
cessasrapidsdepolarization.sAlternatively,sifstheschannelsissspecificsforscalcium,sthensthesinfluxsofscal
ciumscanstriggersasseriessofsresponsessbysbindingstosthescytosolicsproteinscalmodulinsorsbysbindingst
osothersproteins.sThescalciumcalmodulinscomplexsactivatessasproteinskinaseswhichscatalyzessphosphorylationsofsasprotein.sCalciu
msisswellssuitedstosthissrolesduestositsslowscytosolicsconcentration,smakingsthescellsverysresponsivesto
schangessinsintracellularscalcium.sThescytosolicsconcentrationsofscalciumsisskeptslowsby:s1)sthesactiv
estransportsofscalciumsoutsofsthescell;s2)ssequestrationsofscalciumsbyscytosolicsbindingsproteins;sands
3)sthesactivestransportsofscalciumsintosthessmoothsendoplasmicsreticulumsandsmitochondria.
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.3
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5) DescribesGsproteinlinkedsreceptors,sincludingsasdiscussionsofsthesdifferentsenzymespathwayssactivatedsbysGsprotein.
Answer:s Gsproteinssactsassasbridgesbetweensasreceptorsandsaschannel.sReceptorligandsbindingsactivatessasGsproteinswithinsthescellsmembrane.sGsproteinsscansactsthroughsasnumber
sofssecondsmessengerspathways.scAMPsissthesmostscommonspathway.sAsligandsbindingstositssrecept
orswillsactivatesGss(orsGi,sdependingsuponsthesreceptor).sThesαssubunitsofsthesGsproteinsissreleasedst
osactivatesthesenzymesadenylatescyclase.sThissstepsappearsstosbesthesmostsimportantsbecausessevera
lsothersenzymesscansbesactivatedsbysthesαssubunitsofsthesGsprotein.sAdenylatescyclasescatalyzessthesc
onversionsofsATPstoscAMP.sOncesproduced,scAMPswillsactivatesproteinskinasesAs(cAMPdependentsproteinskinase)sbysphosphorylatingsit.sProteinskinasesAsusessATPstosphosphorylatesanot
hersenzyme,stherebysalteringsthatsprotein'ssfunctionsandscausingsasresponseswithinsthescell.sThisscas
cadesofsreactionsscansbeshaltedsbysthesactionsofsthescAMPsphosphodiesterase,swhichsdegradesscAM
P.sAtsthessamestime,sthesproteinsactivatedsbysproteinskinasesAscansbesinactivatedsbysasphosphatasese
nzymesthatsremovessthesphosphatesgroup.sAs
statedsabove,sthesαssubunitsofsGsproteinscouldsactivatesothersenzymesslikesguanylatescyclase,swhichs
wouldsstimulatesthesproductionsofscGMPsandsultimatelysactivatesproteinskinasesG.sInsaddition,sthesαs
subunitsofsGsproteinscouldsactivatesthesenzymesphospholipasesC.sThissenzymesisspartsofsthesphospha
tidylinositolssystem.sActivationsofsphospholipasesCscleavessthesmembranesphospholipidsphosphati
dylinositols4,5biphosphates(PIP2)sintosdiacylglycerols(DAG)sandsinositolstriphosphates(IP3).sDAGsremainssinsthes
membranesandsactivatessproteinskinasesC,swhichsstimulatessothersenzymesstosinitiatesascellularsresp
onse.sIP3smovessintosthescytosolsands stimulatessthesreleasesofscalciumsfromsthesendoplasmicsreticul
um.sInsthisscase,sitsisscalciumsthatsstimulatessthescellularsresponsesthroughsitssbindingstoscalmodulins
orsanothersproteinswithsascalciumsbindingssite.
LearningsOutcome:s 5.4sBloom'
ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 5.3
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters6s s ThesEndocrinesSystem:sEndocrinesGlandssandsHormonesActions
6.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Assecondarysendocrinesorgansissonesthat
A) secretessatsleaststwoshormones.
B) receivesscommunicationsfromsatsleaststwoshormones.
C) secretesstropicshormones.
D) issthestargetsofstropicshormones.
E) secretesshormones,sbutsissbettersknownsforsanothersfunction.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
2) Whichsofsthesfollowingsendocrinesorganssessentiallyssecretesshormonessfromsneurons?
A) pancreas
B) adrenalscortex
C) hypothalamus
D) gonads
E) thymuss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
3) Whatsissanothersnamesforsthesposteriorslobesofsthespituitarysgland?
A) adenohypophysis
B) neurohypophysis
C) pinealsgland
D) melanocyte
E) paraventricularsnucleus
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
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4) Whatshormone,sreleasedsbysthesposteriorspituitary,sfunctionssinsuterinescontractionsandsmilkslet
downsinsthesbreast?
A) somatomedin
B) vasopressin
C) antidiureticshormone
D) oxytocin
E) prolactin
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
5) Secretionsofshormonessfromsthesanteriorspituitarysissstimulatedsbys
.
A) tropicshormoness:shypothalamus
B) neurotransmitterss:shypothalamus
C) oxytocins:shypothalamus
D) stimulatingshormoness:sposteriorspituitary
E) releasingshormoness:sthalamuss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
releasedsfromsthe
6) Whatsensuressthatsbloodslevelssofsasspecificsreleasingshormonesareslocallyshighsinsorderstossti
mulatesthespituitary?
A) degradationsratessofstropicshormones
B) affinitysofsthestropicshormones
C) hepaticsportalssystem
D) hypothalamic-pituitarysportalssystem
E) pulsatilitysofstropicshormonesreleases
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
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7) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsashormonesreleasedsfromsthesanteriorspituitary?
A) prolactinsinhibitingshormone
B) luteinizingshormone
C) folliclesstimulatingshormone
D) growthshormone
E) adrenocorticotropicshormone
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
8) Whichstropicshormonesissresponsiblesforscontrollingsthesreleasesofsfolliclesstimulatingsho
rmonesfromsthesanteriorspituitary?
A) growthshormonesreleasingshormone
B) corticotropinsreleasingshormone
C) folliclesreleasingshormone
D) gonadotropinsreleasingshormone
E) folliclesstimulatingsreleasingshormones
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
9) Whichsofsthesfollowingscorrectlysdescribessaspathwaysforssecretionsofsashormonesundersthesco
ntrolsofstropicshormones?
A) CRHsstimulatessACTHsrelease,swhichsstimulatesssomatomedinsrelease.
B) PRHsstimulatessPHsrelease,swhichsstimulatessprolactinsrelease.
C) GHRHsstimulatessGHsrelease,swhichsstimulatessinsulin-likesgrowthsfactorsrelease.
D) GnRHsstimulatessPHsrelease,swhichsstimulatessprolactinsrelease.
E) TRHsstimulatessTSHsrelease,swhichsstimulatessthymosinsrelease.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
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10) Whichsofsthesfollowingstropicshormonessissalsosknownsassthescatecholamine,sdopamine?
A) prolactinsreleasingshormone
B) prolactinsinhibitingshormone
C) growthshormonesinhibitingshormone
D) growthshormone
E) luteinizingshormones
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
11) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissasCORRECTsexamplesofslong-loopsnegativesfeedback?
A) TSHsinhibitssthesreleasesofsTRH.
B) TSHsstimulatessthesreleasesofsTRH.
C) GlucocorticoidssinhibitsthesreleasesofsCRH.
D) FSHsinhibitssthesreleasesofsGnRH.
E) GHsstimulatessthesreleasesofsGHIH.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
12) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissasCORRECTsexamplesofsshort-loopsnegativesfeedback?
A) ThyroidshormonessinhibitsthesreleasesofsTRH.
B) ThyroidshormonessinhibitsthesreleasesofsTSH.
C) TRHsstimulatessthesreleasesofsthyroidshormones.
D) TSHsinhibitssthesreleasesofsTRH.
E) TRHsinhibitssthesreleasesofsTSH.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
13) Thesreleasesofs
fromsthespinealsglandsissimportantsforsestablishings
A) melatonins:sthirst
B) prolactins:scircadiansrhythm
C) melatonins:scircadiansrhythm
D) prolactins:sbreastsmilksproduction
E) melanins:sthirsts
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
.
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14) Thesthyroidsglandssecretesswhatshormone(s)?
A) thyroidshormonessonly
B) thymosinsonly
C) calcitoninsonly
D) bothsthyroidshormonessandsthymosin
E) bothsthyroidshormonessandscalcitonins
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
15) Whatsisstriiodothyronine?
A) ascatecholaminesreleasedsfromsthesadrenalscortex
B) ascatecholaminesreleasedsfromsthesadrenalsmedulla
C) asthyroidshormone,salsosknownsassT3,ssecretedsfromsthesthyroidsgland
D) theshormonessecretedsfromsthesthymus
E) theshormonessecretedsfromsthespinealsglands
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
16) WhichsofsthesfollowingshormonessissNOTsreleasedsfromsthesadrenalsgland?
A) adrenocorticotropicshormone
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) androgens
E) epinephrine
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
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17) WhichsofsthesfollowingshormonessissNOTssecretedsbysthesendocrinesregionsofsthespancreas?
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) somatostatin
D) pancreaticspolypeptide
E) cholecystokinin
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
18) Whatshormonesisssecretedsbystheszonasglomerulosaslayersofsthesadrenalsgland?
A) cortisol
B) androgens
C) aldosterone
D) epinephrine
E) progesterone
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
19) Whatslayersofsthesadrenalscortexssecretessandrogens?
A) zonasreticularissonly
B) zonasfasciculatasonly
C) zonasglomerulosasonly
D) bothszonaesreticularissandsfasciculata
E) bothszonaesreticularissandsglomerulosas
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
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20) Aspersonswithsaspheochromocytomas(asfunctioningsadenoma)sissexperiencingssymptomsscrea
tedsbysitsshypersecretionsofsepinephrine,sincludingshighsbloodspressure,selevatedsheartsrate,sexcess
ivessweating,sanxiety,sandsweightsloss.sWhereswouldsthissneuroendocrinestumorsbeslocated?
A) adrenalsmedulla
B) adrenalscortex
C) hypothalamus
D) adenohypophysissofspituitarysgland
E) neurohypophysissofspituitarysglands
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 5.4
21) Whatscellsssecretesepinephrinesfromsthesadrenalsgland?
A) chromaffinscells
B) Ascells
C) Bscells
D) Dscells
E) zonasreticularisscellss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
22) AllsofsthesfollowingspairedshormonesshavesantagonisticseffectssEXCEPT
A) epinephrinesandsnorepinephrine.
B) calcitoninsandsPTH.
C) insulinsandsglucagon.
D) PRHsandsdopamine.
E) ANPsandsaldosterone.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.5
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23) WhichsofsthesfollowingshormonessissNOTssecretedsbysgonads?
A) testosterone
B) oxytocin
C) androstenedione
D) estradiol
E) progesterone
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
24) WhatsanteriorspituitaryshormonesissNOTsastropicshormone?
A) prolactin
B) growthshormone
C) adrenocorticotropicshormone
D) folliclesstimulatingshormone
E) luteinizingshormones
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
25) Whichsofsthesfollowingshormonessregulatessplasmascalciumslevels?
A) calcitoninsonly
B) calcitrolsonly
C) parathyroidshormonesonly
D) bothscalcitonin,sandsoxytocin
E) calcitonin,scalcitrol,sandsparathyroidshormones
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
26) Whatshormonesisssecretedsbysthesheart?
A) erythropoietin
B) thymosin
C) atrialsnatriureticspeptide
D) epinephrine
E) somatostatin
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
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27) Wheresdoessthesneuralsinputsforscircadiansrhythmicitysofsthespinealsglandsandshypothalamicstro
picshormonessoriginate?
A) suprachiasmaticsnucleus
B) paraventricularsnucleus
C) supraopticsnucleus
D) lateralsgeniculus
E) cerebrum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
28) Abnormalshormonessecretionssfromsansendocrinesglandsduestosalteredstropicshormonesreleasesar
escalled
A) primaryssecretionsdisorders.
B) hypersecretions.
C) secondaryssecretionsdisorders.
D) hyposecretions.
E) tertiaryssecretionsdisorders.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.4
29) Whichsofsthesfollowingschangessinsplasmaslevelsswouldsbesobservedsinsasprimaryshy
posecretionsofscortisol?
A) increasedsCRH,sincreasedsACTH,sandsincreasedscortisol
B) decreasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisol
C) increasedsCRH,sincreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisol
D) decreasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsincreasedscortisol
E) increasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisols
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.4
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30) As10-year-oldswithsprecociousspubertysissfoundstoshavesasspaceoccupyingstumorsinsthesarcuatesnucleussofstheshypothalamus,sleadingstosexcessivesprolactinsre
lease.sWhichsofsthesfollowingscorrectlysdescribesschangessinsplasmaslevelssofshormones?
A) decreasedsPRH,sdecreasedsPIH,sandsincreasedsprolactin
B) increasedsPRH,sincreasedsPIH,sandsincreasedsprolactin
C) increasedsPRH,sdecreasedsPIH,sandsdecreasedsprolactin
D) decreasedsPRH,sincreasedsPIH,sandsincreasedsprolactin
E) decreasedsPRH,sdecreasedsPIH,sandsdecreasedsprolactins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.4
31) AspersonswithsCushing'ssdiseasesissfoundstoshavesasfunctioningsadenomasinsthesanteriorspit
uitaryscausingsansincreasesinsACTHssecretion.sWhichsofsthesfollowingsCORRECTLYsdescrib
esschangessinsplasmaslevelssofshormones?
A) decreasedsCRH,sincreasedsACTH,sandsincreasedscortisol
B) decreasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisol
C) increasedsCRH,sincreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisol
D) decreasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsincreasedscortisol
E) increasedsCRH,sdecreasedsACTH,sandsdecreasedscortisols
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 6.4
32) Thesmechanismsofsinsulinscatabolismsinstargetscellssissbestsdescribedsassdegradationsby
A) lysosomessfollowingsreceptor-mediatedsendocytosis.
B) insulin-degradingsenzymesfollowingsreceptor-mediatedsendocytosis.
C) proteasessinsthesextracellularsfluid.
D) mitochondrialsenzymessfollowingsreceptor-mediatedsendocytosis.
E) peroxisomalsenzymes.
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
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33) ThesconcentrationsofsfreeshormonesinsthesbloodsdependssonsallsofsthesfollowingsEXCEPTsthe
A) ratesofsreceptorsdownregulation.
B) amountsofshormonestransportedsboundstoscarriersproteins.
C) amountsofshormonestemporarilysstoredsinsadiposestissue.
D) ratesofshormonessecretion.
E) ratesatswhichstheshormonesissmetabolized.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
34) Whensthesresponsestostwoshormonessissgreatersthansthessumsofsthesindividualsresponses,sthesres
ponsesissdescribedsas
A) permissive.
B) antagonized.
C) synergistic.
D) additive.
E) agonistic.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.5
35) AllsofsthesfollowingshormonessaresproducedsinsthesadrenalscortexsEXCEPT
A) aldosterone.
B) androgens.
C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
E) bothsmalesandsfemalessexshormonesprecursors.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
36) Whichsofsthesfollowingsproducesstheshormonescalcitonin?
A) pancreas
B) thyroidsgland
C) posteriorspituitary
D) adrenalscortex
E) adrenalsmedulla
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
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37) Theshormonesssomatostatin,sinsulin,sandsglucagonsaresallsproducedsbyswhatsmixedsen
docrine/exocrinesgland?
A) thyroidsgland
B) adrenalsmedulla
C) pancreas
D) adrenalscortex
E) posteriorspituitarys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
38) Vasopressinsworkssonstheskidneystosdecreasesurinesoutput,sassdoessaldosterone,sbutshassanseff
ectsonsbloodsvesselssthatsisssimilarstosyetsanothershormone,swhichsis
A) epinephrine.
B) cortisol.
C) ACTH.
D) rennin.
E) atrialsnatriureticspeptide.s
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.3
39) Oxytocinsissproducedsbysneuronssofsthessupraopticsnucleussinstheshypothalamus,sbutsissrel
easedsintosthesbloodstreamswhere?
A) uterussandsbreaststissue
B) neurohypophysis
C) anteriorspituitary
D) hypothalamic-pituitarysportalssystem
E) capillarysbedssofsthesmedianseminences
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
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40) Whichshormone'ssreleasesissgovernedsbysGnRH?
A) cortisol
B) glucagon
C) sexshormones
D) thyroidshormone
E) insulinlikesgrowthsfactorssAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
41) Whichshormone'ssreleasesissultimatelysaffectedsbysCRH?
A) sexshormones
B) insulin-likesgrowthsfactors
C) cortisol
D) glucagon
E) thyroidshormone
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
42) Whichshormone'ssreleasesissultimatelysaffectedsbysGHRH?
A) insulin-likesgrowthsfactors
B) glucagon
C) thyroidshormone
D) cortisol
E) sexshormoness
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
43) Whichshormone'ssreleasesissultimatelysaffectedsbysTRH?
A) cortisol
B) insulin-likesgrowthsfactors
C) thyroidshormone
D) glucagon
E) sexshormoness
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
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44) Whichspancreaticscellstypessecretesssomatostatin?
A) gammascells
B) betascells
C) deltascells
D) alphascells
E) Fscellss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
45) Whichspancreaticscellstypessecretessinsulin?
A) betascells
B) Fscells
C) gammascells
D) alphascells
E) deltascells
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
46) Whichspancreaticscellstypessecretessglucagon?
A) gammascells
B) betascells
C) alphascells
D) Fscells
E) deltascells
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
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47) Whichspancreaticscellstypessecretesspancreaticspolypeptide?
A) Fscells
B) alphascells
C) betascells
D) gammascells
E) deltascells
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
48) Whatsissthesnamesofsthesstalksthatsconnectsstheshypothalamussandspituitarysgland?
A) infundibulum
B) sellasturcica
C) adenohypophysis
D) medianseminence
E) neurohypophysis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
49) Whatsareshormonessthatsregulatesthesreleasesofsothershormones?
A) secondaryshormones
B) stimulatoryshormones
C) tropicshormones
D) releasesregulatingshormones
E) primaryshormoness
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
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50) Whatsisstheshormoneswhosesreleasesissstimulatedsbysfolliclesstimulatingshormones(FSH)sinsm
en?
A) LH
B) GnRH
C) inhibin
D) calcitonin
E) testosterone
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
51) WhatsaresthestwoshormonessreleasedsinsfemalessinsresponsestosLH?
A) GnRHsandsGHRH
B) ANPsandsEPO
C) prolactinsandsoxytocin
D) estrogenssandsprogesterones
E) androgenssandsestrogenss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
52) InhibitionsofsTRHsreleasesbysthesthyroidshormonessissansexamplesof
A) positivesfeedback.
B) longsloopsnegativesfeedback.
C) positivesneuroendocrinesreflex.
D) negativesinhibition.
E) shortsloopsnegativesfeedback.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
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53) Whatshormone,sreleasedsfromsthesthyroidsgland,sregulatessbloodscalcium?
A) calcitrol
B) calmodulin
C) PTH
D) calciferol
E) calcitonin
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
54) Parathyroidshormonesregulatessbloodslevelssofswhatsion?
A) potassium
B) chloride
C) sodium
D) calcium
E) T3
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
55) Whatsaresthestwosclassessofsinputsthatscansaltersthessecretionsofshormones?
A) compressionsandsrelease
B) anticipatedsinputsandsreflexivesinput
C) neuralssignalssandshumoralssignals
D) chemicalssignalssandsmechanicalsinput
E) motorssignalssandssensoryssignalss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
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56) Ansalterationswithinsthesanteriorspituitarysthatsdecreasessthessecretionsofsthyroidshormonesw
ouldsbestermedsas
disorder.
A) primaryssecretion
B) secondaryssecretion
C) tertiaryssecretion
D) TSHshypersecretion
E) secretingstumors
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 6.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.4
57) Acromegalysisscausedsbysa(n)
A) decreasesinsgrowthshormonesinsadults.
B) decreasesofsinsulin-likesgrowthsfactors.
C) increasesinsgrowthshormonesinsadults.
D) cortisolsdeficiency.
E) thyroidsdeficiency.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.4
58) Ashormonesiss
whensassecondshormonesissrequiredsforsthesfirstshormonestoshavesanysactivity.
A) tropic
B) additive
C) permissive
D) synergistic
E) submissive
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 6.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.5
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59) Whatsissthesnamesofsthesenzymesthatsbreakssdownsinsulin,sfoundsinstargetsandskidneyscells?
A) insulin-degradingsenzyme
B) insulin-trypticsfactor
C) enterokinase
D) insulinspeptidase
E) proteasomalspeptidase
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.3
6.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Asreleasingshormonesissastypesofstropicshormone.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
2) Theshypothalamussissconnectedstosthesposteriorspituitarysbystheshypothalamicpituitarysportalssystem.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 6.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
3) Thessecretionsofshormonessfromsthesanteriorspituitarysisscontrolledsbyshypothalamicstropicsho
rmones.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
4) Growthshormonesfunctionssassbothsastropicshormonesandsassashormonesthatsactssonstargetscellssthr
oughoutsthesbody.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
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5) Bloodsglucoseslevelssaresregulatedsbysinsulin,sglucagon,sepinephrine,scortisol,sandsgrowthsho
rmone.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
6) Thesonlysnonpeptide/proteinstropicshormonesissdopamine.sAnswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
7) ThesreleasesofsLHsandsFSHsbysthesanteriorspituitarysissunderscontrolsofsthessameshypothalamicstro
picshormone.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
8) Insasshortsnegativesfeedbacksloop,sastropicshormonesfromsthesanteriorspituitarysinhibitssthesrel
easesofsitssownsreleasingshormonesfromstheshypothalamus.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
9) Theshormonesthymosinsissreleasedsfromsthesthyroidsgland.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
10) Secondarysendocrinesorganssincludesthesheart,sliver,skidneys,sstomach,sduodenum,sandsskin.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
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11) Thesparathyroidsglandsssecretescalcitonin.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.2
12) Theszonasfasciculatassecretessbothsandrogenssandsglucocorticoids.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
13) Allshormonessofsthesadrenalscortexsaressteroidshormones.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
14) ThesparafollicularscellssofsthesthyroidsaresstimulatedsbysFSHsreleasedsfromsthesanteriorspit
uitary.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 6.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.2
15) Insulinlikesgrowthsfactorssaressecretedsbysthesliversandsfunctionstospromotestissuesgrowth.sAnswer:s TRU
E
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
16) Thesmagnitudesofsresponsesatsthestargetscellsdependssonsbothsthesconcentrationsofshormonesan
dsthesconcentrationsofsreceptor.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
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17) Lipophilicshormonessmaysbestemporarilysstoredsinsadiposestissue,stherebysaffectingsfreesle
velssofstheshormonesinsthesblood.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
18) Hormonesstransportedsinsbloodsboundstosproteinssaresmetabolizedsmoresslowlysthansthosestra
velingsdissolvedsinsplasma.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
19) Regulationsofsinsulinsreleasesbysbloodsglucoseslevelssissansexamplesofshumoralscontrolsofsho
rmonessecretion.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
20) Growthshormoneshassdirectsactionsonstargetscellssthroughoutsthesbody.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
21) Drinkingsthescontentssofsansapplesinsthesformsofsapplesjuiceswillscausesasgreatersspikesinsserums
glucose,sandsassubsequentlysgreatersinsulinsrelease,sthansbyseatingsthesapplesinsitssnaturalsstate.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 6.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.3
22) Kidneyscellsscontainsinsulindegradingsenzyme.sAnswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.3
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6.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Discusssthesstructuresandsfunctionsofsthespituitarysgland,swithsspecialsemphasissonsthesho
rmonessreleasedsfromsthesposteriorspituitary.
Answer:s Thespituitarysglandsissattachedstosthesbrainsbysthesinfundibulum.sThissstructuresissasstalksw
ithstwosimportantscomponents:s1)snervesswhosescellsbodiessareslocatedswithinstheshypothalamussand
s2)sascapillarysbedsthatshassalreadyspassedsthroughstheshypothalamus.sBothsofsthesesstructuressaresint
egralstosthesfunctionsofsthespituitarysgland.sThespituitarysglandscansbesdividedsintosansanteriorsportio
ns(adenohypophysis)sandsasposteriorsportions(neurohypophysis).sThesposteriorsportionscontainssthes
nervesendingssthatsoriginateswithinstheshypothalamus.sThestwospeptideshormonessreleasedsfromsthes
posteriorspituitarysaresantidiureticshormones(ADHsorsvasopressin)sandsoxytocin.sADHsisssynthesize
dsinsthesparaventricularsnucleussofstheshypothalamus,swhilesoxytocinsisssynthesizedsinsthessupraopti
csnucleussofstheshypothalamus.
Followingstheirssynthesis,sADHsandsoxytocinsarespackagedsintosvesiclesswithinsthesGolgisapparatuss
andstransportedsalongsthesnervesswithinsthesinfundibulumstosthesposteriorspituitary,sfromswhichstheys
aresreleased.sBothsADHsandsoxytocinsaresconsideredsneurohormonessbecausestheysaresreleasedsfro
msnervesterminals.sADHsaltersswatersreabsorptionsinstheskidneys,swhereassoxytocinsfunctionssinsute
rinescontractionsandsmilkslet-downsinsthesbreast.sTheshypothalamicspituitarysportalssystemsdescribessthescapillarysbedsthatsfirstsdrains stheshypothalamus.sThescellssofsthe
shypothalamussreleasestropicshormonessintosthesbloodstream.sThosestropicshormonessdiffusesfromsth
essecondscapillarysbedstosthescellssofsthesanteriorspituitary.sThesendocrinescellssofsthesanteriorspituitar
ysaresstimulatedstosincreasesorsdecreasestheirsreleasesofshormonessintosthesbloodstream
LearningsOutcome:s 6.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 6.1
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2) Discussstheshypothalamicpituitarysfeedbacksregulationsofshormonesreleasesfromsthesanteriorspituitary.sIncludeslongsandsshor
tsfeedbacksloops,susingsthyroidshormonesassansexample.
Answer:s Theshypothalamicpituitarysportalssystemsissimportantsforsthesregulationsofshormonesreleasesfromsthesanteriorspituitarys
bystropicshormonessoriginatingsfromstheshypothalamus.sTropicshormonessaresreleasedsfromsnervesc
ellssinstheshypothalamus,satsconcentrationssthatswillshavesthesgreatestseffectsonsthesreleasesofshormon
essfromsthesanteriorspituitary.sTheirsconcentrationsissreducedsbysdilutionsandsdegradationsbeforesthe
ysreachsotherscellssofsthesbody.sFivesofsthestropicshormonessreleasedsbystheshypothalamussaresstimul
atory,swhilestwosaresinhibitory.sOfsthesessevensanteriorspituitaryshormonesswhosesreleasesissstimulat
edsbyshypothalamicstropicshormones,sfivesaresthemselvesstropicshormonessthatsstimulatesthesreleases
ofsanothershormones(prolactinsissthesonlyshormonesreleasedsfromsthesanteriorspituitarysthatsissnotstro
pic).sThus,stheshypothalamussandspituitarysprovidesforsthesmultistepsregulationsofshormonessecretion.sThesinhibitionsofshypothalamicshormonesreleasesbysthesanteri
orspituitaryshormonessisscalledsshortsloopsnegativesfeedbacksregulation,swhichspreventssthesbuildups
ofsexcessivesanteriorspituitarystropicshormones.sHowever,sashormoneswhosesreleasesissstimulatedsby
spituitarystropicshormones scansinhibitsitssownsreleasesbysaffectingsthesreleasesofsthestropicshormoness
fromsthespituitarysasswellsasstheshypothalamus.sThissinhibitionsofshypothalamicsandsanteriorspituitar
ystropicshormonesreleasesbysthesendproductshormonesisscalledsaslongsloopsnegativesfeedback.sTheshypothalamusssecretessthyrotropinsre
leasingshormones(TRH)sthatsstimulatessthesreleasesofsthyroidsstimulatingshormones(TSH)sfromsthesa
nteriorspituitary.sTSHsstimulatessthesreleasesofsthyroidshormone,swhichs providessaslongsloopsnegati
vesfeedbacksbysinhibitingsthesreleasesofstropicshormonessfromstheshypothalamussandsanteriorspituita
ry.sAtsthessamestime,sTSHsprovidessthesshortsloopsnegativesfeedbacksregulationsbysinhibitingsthesrel
easesofsTRHsfromstheshypothalamus.
LearningsOutcome:s 6.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 6.1
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3) Describesthesstructuresofsthesadrenalsglandssandstheshormonessthatsoriginatesfromswithinsthosesstr
uctures.
Answer:s Eachsadrenalsglandsconsistssofsascortexs(outersregion),swhichsaccountssfors80%sofsthesadre
nalsgland,sandsansinnerscorescalledsthesmedulla.sThesesstructuressaresessentiallysseparatesendocrinesg
landsscomposedsofsdifferentscellstypessthatssecretesdifferentshormones.sThescortexssecretessasnumber
sofshormonessthatsarescollectivelyscalledsadrenocorticoids,sreferringstostheirsorigins(cortex)sandstheirs
structures(steroids).sThreesclassessofsadrenocorticoidssaresproducedsfromswithinsthesadrenalscortex:s
mineralocorticoids,sglucocorticoids,sandssexshormones.
Mineralocorticoids,ssuchsassaldosterone,saresinvolvedsinsregulatingssodiumsandspotassiumssecretion
sinstheskidneys.sGlucocorticoids,ssuchsasscortisol,saresinvolvedsinsregulatingsthesbody'ssresponsestosst
resssbyscontrollingscarbohydrate,sprotein,sandslipidsmetabolismsasswellsassthesavailabilitysofsbloodsgl
ucose.sThessexshormonesssecretedsbysthesadrenalscortexsappearstosplaysasminorsrolesinsthesregulations
ofsreproductivesfunctionsassasconsequencesofsthesgreaterssecretionsofsthoseshormonessfromsthesgonad
s.sThescortexsissstratifiedsintosthreeslayers:szonasglomerulosa,szonasfasciculata,sandszonasreticularis.s
Theszonasglomerulosasissexclusivelysresponsiblesforsthesproductionsofsmineralocorticoids,swhereass
theszonasfasciculatasandszonasreticularissbothsplaysasrolesinsthesproductionsofsglucocorticoidssandssex
shormones.sThesadrenalsmedullasissonesofsthespostganglionicscellssofsthessympatheticsnervousssyste
m,scontainingschromaffinscellssthatssecretescatecholamines.sThessecretionsofstheschromaffinscellssco
ntainss80%sepinephrine,s20%snorepinephrine,sandsasveryssmallsamountsofsdopamine.
LearningsOutcome:s 6.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 6.1
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4) Theseffectsashormoneswillshavesonsthestargetstissuesis,sinspart,sdependentsuponsthesconcentrations
ofsfreeshormonesinsthesblood.sHowsarestheslevelssofsfreeshormoneswithinsthesbloodsregulated?
Answer:s Thesfirstsfactorsthatswillsaffectsfreeshormonesconcentrationsswithinsthesbloodsissthesratesofsp
roduction/secretionsofsashormone.sThesratesofsreleasesforsindividualshormonesscansbesquitesvariable,s
butsforsthesmostspart,sthessecretionsratesforsasparticularshormonesoccurssatsasfairlyssteadysrate.sThesesr
atessofssecretionsaresalteredsbyseithersneuralsorshumoralssignals,swhichscanseithersinhibitsorsstimulates
theirssecretion.sAnsexamplesofsneuralssignalingsinvolvessthesregulationsofshypothalamicshormones.s
Humoralssignalsscansbesquitesvariablesandswillsdependsuponsthesfunctionsofstheshormone.sThus,sothe
rshormones,sions,sand/orsmetabolitesscansaltersthesratessofshormonessecretion.sTheseshumoralssignals
sarespartsofsthesregulationsofsspecificshormones,ssuchs assinsulin,swhosessecretionsissmodifiedsbysbloo
dsglucosesorsaldosterone,swhosessecretionsissalteredsbyshighslevelssofspotassiumsinsthesblood.sAtsthess
amestime,sthessecretionsofsasnumbersofshormonessoccursswithsascircadiansrhythm,smeaningsthatsthesr
atessofssecretionsvaryswithstimesofsdays(lightdarkscycle).sAssecondsfactorsinsthesconcentrationsofsfreeshormonessinsthesbloodsissthesavailabilitysofs
carriersproteins.sThesescarriersproteinssstabilizeshormonessandspreventstheirsdegradationswhilesalsos
allowingslipophilicshormonesstosremainsinsaqueousssolutions.sLipophilicshormonessaresalsostempor
arilysstoredsinsadiposestissuessuntilsserumslevelssbeginstosdecrease,stherebysincreasingsthesconcentrat
ionsofsunboundsserumsalbumin,swhichsissthensfreestospicksupsmoreshormone.sOncesashormonesbindsst
osasreceptor,sitsmaysbesinternalizedsandsdegradedsbyslysosomesswithinsthestargetscell.sTheresaresasnu
mbersofsproteolyticsenzymesswithinsthesbloodsthatsdegradeshormones,showever,sthesdegradationsofss
teroidsandsthyroidshormonessoccurssatsasmuchslowersratesduestostheirsbindingstoscarriersproteinssinsth
esblood.sAnsequilibriumsexistssbetweens freesandsboundshormonesssuchsthat,sasshormonessaresrelease
d,sasproportionswillsbecomesboundstosascarriersproteinswhilesotherssremainsassfreeshormones.sAtsthess
amestime,sassfreeshormonesbindsstositssreceptor,sthesdecreasesinsfreeshormonesswillscausessomesofsthe
sboundshormonesstosbesreleased.
LearningsOutcome:s 6.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 6.3
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters7s NervesCellssandsElectricalsSignaling
7.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Thescentralsnervousssystem,swhichsisscomposedsofsthesbrainsandsspinalscord,sreceivessandsproces
sessinformationsfromsbothsthesexternalsenvironment,sknownsass
informationsand,sthesinternalsenvironment,swhichsrefersstos
information.
A) specials:ssomatic
B) peripherals:ssomatic
C) somatics:sautonomic
D) somatics:svisceral
E) sensorys:sviscerals
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
2) Insthesperipheralsnervousssystem,s
neuronsscarryssensorysandsvisceralsinformationstosthescentralsnervousssystem,sands
neuronssleavesthescentralsnervousssystemsandsinnervatesorgans,swhichsaresusuallysmusclessorsgla
nds.
A) sensorys:ssomatic
B) somatics:ssensory
C) efferents:safferent
D) afferents:sefferent
E) sympathetics:sparasympathetics
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
3) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaccuratelysdescribessafferentsneurons?
A) Thescellsbodysisslocatedsinsthesventralshornsofsthesspinalscord.
B) TheystransmitsinformationsfromsthesCNSstosthesperiphery.
C) TheystransmitsinformationsfromsthesperipherystosthesCNS.
D) Theysaresthesmostsabundantsclasssofsneurons.
E) Theysarestypicallysmultipolarsneurons.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
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4) Whatstwosdivisionssofsthesautonomicsnervousssystemshavesoppositeseffectssonsthesorgansstheysinn
ervate?
A) somaticsandsmotor
B) parasympatheticsandssympathetic
C) peripheralsandscentral
D) somaticsandsenteric
E) afferentsandsefferents
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
5) Whatsissthesfunctionalsunitsofsthesnervousssystem?
A) axons
B) neurons
C) thesbrain
D) thescentralsnervousssystem
E) glialscellss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
6) Onswhatsportionsofsthesneuronsdosactionspotentialsspropagate?
A) soma
B) cellsbody
C) nucleus
D) axon
E) dendrites
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
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7)
branchsfromsthescellsbodysandsreceivesinputsfromsothersneuronssatsspecializedsju
nctionsscalleds
.
A) Somass:ssynapses
B) Dendritess:scellsbodies
C) Dendritess:saxonsterminals
D) Dendritess:ssynapses
E) Axonshillockss:saxonsterminalss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
8) Ansactionspotentialsoriginatessatsthes
.
A) axonsterminals:saxonshillock
B) dendrites:saxonsterminal
C) axonshillocks:sdendrite
D) dendrites:saxonshillock
E) axonshillocks:saxonsterminals
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
andstravelssalongsthesaxonsuntilsitsreachessthe
9) Thesmovementsofssynapticsvesiclesstosthesendsofsthesaxonsterminalsinvolvesswhatstypesofstra
nsport?
A) anterograde
B) retrograde
C) receptor-mediated
D) passive
E) pinocytosis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
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10) Whatstypesofsionschannelssinsthesmembranesofsneuronssallowssionsstosmovesacrosssthesme
mbranesatsrestsandstherebyscontributestosrestingsmembranespotential?
A) voltage-gatedschannels
B) restingschannels
C) potential-gatedschannels
D) leakschannels
E) ligandgatedschannelssAnswer:s
D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
11) Whatstypesofsionschannelssinsthesmembranesofsneuronssopensorsclosesinsresponsestosasneu
rotransmittersbindingstositssreceptor?
A) voltage-gatedschannels
B) synapticschannels
C) potential-gatedschannels
D) leakschannels
E) ligandgatedschannelssAnswer:s
E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
12) Insasneuron,swheresissthesgreatestsconcentrationsofsvoltage-gatedssodiumsandsvoltagegatedspotassiumschannels?
A) dendrites
B) soma
C) axonshillock
D) axon
E) axonsterminal
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
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13) Insasneuron,swheresaresvoltage-gatedscalciumschannelsslocated?
A) dendrites
B) soma
C) axonshillock
D) axon
E) axonsterminal
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
14) Whatsissthesstructuralsclassificationsofsasneuronscomposedsofsassinglesaxonsandsasnumbersofsden
driticsprojectionssfromsthesnervescellsbody?
A) multipolar
B) bipolar
C) pseudo-unipolar
D) unipolar
E) polarsAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
15) Asgroupsofsnervescellsbodiessinsthesperipheralsnervousssystemsaresreferredstosas
A) ganglia.
B) pathways.
C) tracts.
D) nuclei.
E) commissures.
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
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16) Whatsfunctionalsclasssofsneuronssaccountssfors99spercentsofsthesneuronssinsthesbodyspr
ocessingssensorysinformationsandscarryingsoutscomplexsfunctions?
A) afferent
B) efferent
C) interneurons
D) visceral
E) bipolars
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
17) Whatstypesofscellsenhancessthesvelocitysofselectricalstransmissionsofsansactionspotentialsalongsans
axonsinsthescentralsnervousssystem?
A) oligodendrocyte
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) microglia
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
18) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofsthesmyelinssheath?
A) decreasesionspermeabilitysinsthesnodessofsRanvier
B) increasesleakagesofsionssacrosssthesmembrane
C) decreasesaxonalsconductionsvelocity
D) increasesasmembrane'ssionspermeability
E) reducesasmembrane'ssionspermeabilitys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
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19) Mostsneuronsshavesasrestingsmembranespotentialsof
A) -5smV.
B) -55smV.
C) -70smV.
D)s+30smV.
E)s+100smV.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
20) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthescorrectstermsforsthesmovementsofsanselectricalschargesacrosssasme
mbrane?
A) resistance
B) current
C) potentialsdifference
D) transistor
E) capacitance
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
21) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdeterminessthesresistancestosansion'ssmovementsacrosssasmembrane?
A) enzymessonsthessurfacesofsthescellsmembrane
B) ionschannelsswithinsthesmembrane
C) receptorssonsthescellsmembrane
D) thesionsspresentsonseitherssidesofsthesmembrane
E) thesrestingsmembranespotentials
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
22) Whatsissthesinversesofsresistance?
A) voltage
B) current
C) conductance
D) impedance
E) fluxsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
23) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribesstheselectrochemicalsforcessactingsonssodiumsand
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potassiumsionssatsthesrestingsmembranespotential?
A) Forcessonsbothssodiumsandspotassiumsionssarestosmovesintosthescell.
B) Forcessonsbothssodiumsandspotassiumsionssarestosmovesoutsofsthescell.
C) Thesforcesonssodiumsionssisstosmovesintosthescell,sandsthesforcesonspotassiumsionssisstosmovesouts
ofsthescell.
D) Thesforcesonssodiumsionssisstosmovesoutsofsthescell,sandsthesforcesonspotassiumsionssisstosmo
vesintosthescell.
E) Theresissnosforcesonseithersionstosmove.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
24) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotential,sthesmembranesissmostspermeablestos
,swhichsmovess
thescellsduestositsselectrochemicalsgradient.
A) sodiums:sinto
B) potassiums:sinto
C) potassiums:soutsof
D) sodiums:soutsof
E) chlorides:sintos
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
25) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotential,stheselectrochemicalsgradientsforssodiumsacrosssthesmembr
anesisssuchsthatsthesnetsfluxsforssodiumsmovementsissdirecteds
,stherebyscausingsthescell'ssmembranespotentialstosbecomesmores
.
A) inwards:spositive
B) inwards:snegative
C) outwards:spositive
D) outwards:snegative
E) atsequilibriums:spositives
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
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26) Thes
maintainssthesrestingsmembranespotential.
A) Na+/K+spump
B) actionspotential
C) equilibriumspotential
D) Na+/Ca2+sexchanger
E) Na+/H+santiporters
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
27) Whatsequationsissusedstoscalculatesthesmembranespotentialsbasedsonsionsconcentrationsgr
adientssandspermeabilities?
A) GHKsequation
B) NADsequation
C) Nernstsequation
D) Fick'ssequation
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
28) Thesfactsthatsascellshassanselectricalspotentialsdifferencesacrosssitssmembranesmakessthatscell
A) depolarized.
B) hyperpolarized.
C) repolarized.
D) polarized.
E) polar.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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29) Aschangesinsascell'ssmembranespotential,ssuchsthatsthesinsidesofsthescellsbecomessmoresposit
ive,sissreferredstosassas
whereassifsitsbecomessmoresnegativesitsissreferredstosas
.
A) depolarizations:shyperpolarization
B) hyperpolarizations:sdepolarization
C) hypopolarizations:srepolarization
D) polarizations:sdepolarization
E) repolarizations:srestingsmembranespotentials
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
30) Saxitoxins(STX)sissthesmostswellknownsparalyticsshellfishstoxinscausedsbysthesphenomenonsknownsass"redstide."sWhichsstatementsb
elowsbestsdescribesswhysthissneurotoxinscausessparalysis?
A) Itsactssonstheshypothalamussofsthesbrain,sshuttingsdownsallsneurologicalsfunctions.
B) Itsactssonsthespotassiumschannelsswithinsasneuron,shyperpolarizingsthescellsmembrane;sth
erefore,snosactionspotentialscansbesgenerated.
C) Itsactssbysblockingsvoltagegatedssodiumschannelsswhichsaresneededstosgeneratesansactionspotential.
D) Itsblockssligandgatedschannelssonsthespostsynapticsmembrane,swhichsblocksssignalssleavingsthescentralsnervousssy
stem.
E) Itspreventssthessynapticsvesiclessfromsmigratingstosthesaxonsterminal;stherefore,snosactionspo
tentialssaresgenerated.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
31) Whatsdeterminessthesstrengthsofsasgradedspotential?
A) thessizesofsthesstimulus
B) thesamountsofscytoplasmicsresistanceswithinsthessomasofsthesneuron
C) thesamountsofsleakschannelssopensinsthesneuron
D) thesamountsofsvoltage-gatedschannelssinsthesneuron
E) thesdiametersofsthesaxons
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
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32) A(n)s
issassubthresholdschangesinsmembranespotentialswithinsthescellsbodysthatsdecayssassitstravels
sawaysfromsitsspointsofsorigin.
A) polarization
B) hyperpolarization
C) depolarization
D) actionspotential
E) gradedspotentials
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
33) Thesdirectionsofschangesinsmembranespotential,sinsresponsestosasstimulussthatsinitiatessasgr
adedspotential,sissdependentsupon
A) thatsmembrane'ssthresholdspotential.
B) thesgatingsofspotassiumschannelssonly.
C) thesgatingsofssodiumschannelssonly.
D) theschangessinsionsconcentrationsacrosssthesmembrane.
E) thesionschannelssthatsaresopenedsorsclosed.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
34) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesshowsgradedspotentialssdetermineswhethersansactionspotentialsw
illsbesgeneratedsorsnot?
A) whensansexcitatorysdepolarizationsreachessthreshold
B) whenssodiumsenterssthessomasofsascell
C) whensthesneuronsisshyperpolarized
D) whenselectrotonicsconductionsoccursswithinsthessomasofsthesneuron
E) whensthesaxonshillocksissrepolarizeds
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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35) Ifsthessomasofsasneuronsbecamesmorespermeablestospotassium,swhichsstatementsbelowsbestsde
scribessthesgradedspotentialsthatswouldsbesgeneratedsinsthessoma?
A) Potassiumsissascation;stherefore,sitswouldscausesansexcitatorysdepolarization.
B) Potassiumswouldsleavesthescell,scausingsthesmembranestoshyperpolarize.
C) Potassiumswouldsentersthescell,scausingsthesmembranestosdepolarizesandsreachsthreshold.
D) Potassiumswouldsreachsitssequilibriumspotentialsandsthesvoltagesinsidesthescellswouldsnotsch
ange.
E) Potassiumsissansinhibitoryssecondsmessenger;stherefore,sitswouldscausesamplificationsofsthesgr
adedspotential.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5s Bloom's
sTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChapters
Section:s 7.4
36) Whensasweaksstimulussissappliedsinsrapidssuccession,sitswillsoftensreachsthresholdsduesto
A) temporalssummation.
B) spatialssummation.
C) excitatoryssummation.
D) inhibitoryssummation.
E) voltagespotential.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
37) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansexamplesofsspatialssummation?
A) Twosstimulisfromstwossourcessproducesgradedspotentialssonsthessamesneuronsatsthessamestimessuc
hsthatsthestwospotentialsssum.
B) Twosrapidsstimulisfromsthessamessourcesproducesgradedspotentialssonsthesneuronssthatssum.
C) Ansactionspotentialsoccurssatsthessamestimesassasgradedspotential,sandstheyssum.
D) Asneuronssendssoutsinformationsthroughscollateralsstosseveralstargetscells.
E) Twosactionspotentialssoccursatsthessamestimesandssum.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
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38) Whichsofsthesfollowingschangessinsmembranespotentialsissconsideredsexcitatory?
A) hyperpolarizationsonly
B) depolarizationsonly
C) repolarizationsonly
D) bothshyperpolarizationsandsdepolarization
E) bothshyperpolarizationsandsrepolarizations
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
39) Ifsthesgradedspotentialsremainssabovesthresholdsoncesitsreachessthes
,sansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.
A) cellsbody
B) dendrite
C) axon
D) axonshillock
E) nucleuss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
40) Thesopeningsofssodiumschannelsscausessasrapids
thesneuron'ssmembrane.
A) effluxs:shyperpolarizes
B) influxs:shyperpolarizes
C) effluxs:sdepolarizes
D) influxs:sdepolarizes
E) influxs:srepolarizess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
ofssodiumsthats
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41) Thesdepolarizationsphasesofsthesactionspotentialsissgeneratedsbysasrapid
A) openingsofssodiumschannels.
B) closuresofspotassiumschannels.
C) closuresofssodiumschannels.
D) openingsofspotassiumschannels.
E) openingsofschlorideschannels.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
42) Thesrepolarizationsphasesofsthesactionspotentialsinsasneuronsissdrivensbysthe
A) closuresofspotassiumschannels.
B) openingsofscalciumschannels.
C) openingsofssodiumschannels.
D) openingsofssodiumschannelssandsclosuresofspotassiumschannels.
E) closuresofssodiumschannelssandsopeningsofspotassiumschannels.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
43) Thesrepolarizationsphasesofsactionspotentialssinsneuronssissduesprimarilysto
A) increasedsactivitysofsthesNa+/K+pump.
B) sodiumsflowsoutsofsthescell.
C) sodiumsflowsintosthescell.
D) potassiumsflowsintosthescell.
E) potassiumsflowsoutsofsthescell.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
44) Insmyelinatedsaxons,ssodiumsandspotassiumschannelsswouldsbesconcentratedsinswhatsarea?
A) axonshillock
B) axonsterminal
C) nodessofsRanvier
D) dendrites
E) nucleuss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
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45) Thesdepolarizationsofsthesmembranesduestosasstimulussissasregenerativesmechanismsmeaningsth
at,soncessodiumsgatessbeginstosopen,sevensmoressodiumsgatesswillsbesactivatedsleadingstosaslargersin
flowsofssodiumsionssandsmoresdepolarizationsuntilsitsissterminatedswhenssodiumsgatessclose.sThissis
sansexamplesof
A) negativesfeedback.
B) positivesfeedback.
C) excitatorysgradedspotentials.
D) inhibitorysgradedspotentials.
E) electrotonicsconduction.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
46) Assubthresholdsstimulusswillsnotsgeneratesansactionspotentialswhereassassuprathresholdssti
mulussdoessgeneratesansactionspotential.sThississansexamplesof
A) negativesfeedback.
B) positivesfeedback.
C) thesall-or-nonesprinciple.
D) asrefractorysperiod.
E) electrotonicsconduction.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
47) Thesmagnitudesofsdepolarizationsatsthespeaksofsansactionspotentialsissdependentsonswhatsfac
tor?
A) thessizesofsthesstimulus
B) thessizesofsthesgradedspotential
C) thesstrengthsofstheselectrochemicalsgradientsforssodiumsandspotassiumsionssrelativestostheirspe
rmeabilitystosthesesions
D) thesconcentrationsofssodiumsandspotassiumsions
E) theslengthsofsthesrefractorysperiods
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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48) Insorderstosgeneratesansactionspotential,sthesmagnitudesofsthesinwardssodiumscurrentsmustsbeslar
gesenoughstosovercomeswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) outwardspotassiumscurrent
B) inwardspotassiumscurrent
C) outwardssodiumscurrent
D) inwardschloridescurrent
E) outwardscalciumscurrents
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
49) Duringswhichsofsthesfollowingsstatessaresthesmajoritysofsvoltagegatedssodiumschannelssclosedsandsincapablesofsopening?
A) atsthesrestingsmembranespotential
B) duringsdepolarization
C) duringsthesabsolutesrefractorysperiod
D) duringsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod
E) duringsthesafterhyperpolarizationsAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
50) Thesall-or-nonesprinciple,sassociatedswithsthesactionspotential,sstatessthat
A) thespositivesfeedbacksloopsforsthessodiumschannelsissterminatedsbysthesinactivationsgate.
B) theresissaspositivesfeedbacksloopsforssodiumschannelssthatsresultssinsasrapidsmembranesde
polarization.
C) allsofsthesactionspotentialsswillsbesgeneratedsfromsthesaxonshillock.
D) oncesmembranespotentialsreachessthreshold,sansactionspotentialswillsbesgeneratedsandsthatsac
tionspotentialswillsalwayssbesthessamesmagnitude.
E) followingsansactionspotential,sthesmembraneswillsbesrepolarizedsbysthesopeningsofsaspotassiumsch
annel.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
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51) Towardsthesendsofsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod,sthescontinuedsdecreasesinsstimulussintensitysre
quiredstosinitiatesansactionspotentialsisscausedsby
A) decreasedssodiumspermeability.
B) increasedspotassiumspermeability.
C) closuresofsthessodiumsactivationsgate.
D) decreasedspotassiumspermeability.
E) thesnumbersofssodiumschannelsswhosesinactivationsgateshassnotsopened.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
52) Whichsstatementsbelowsbestsdescribesswhysactionspotentialsstravelsinsonlysonesdirection?
A) Thesall-or-nonesprinciplesexplainssthis.
B) Theyshavesasrefractorysperiod.
C) Thesdiametersofsthesaxonsexplainssthis.
D) Onlyssodium-sandspotassium-gatedschannelssaresfoundsonsthesaxon.
E) Theyshavesmyelinatedsaxons.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
53) Howscansactionspotentialssrelaysinformationsaboutsthesintensitysofsasstimulus,ssuchsassdi
stinguishingsbetweensasloudsandssoftssound?
A) duestosthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials
B) duestosthesmagnitudesofsactionspotentials
C) duestossummationsofsseveralsactionspotentials
D) duestoselectrotonicsconduction
E) duestosthesdecrementalspropertiessofsgradedspotentialss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
54) Whatslimitssthesmaximumsnumbersofsactionspotentialssonsansaxon?
A) thesconcentrationsofssodiumswithinsthescytoplasmsofsthescell
B) thesabsolutesrefractorysperiod
C) thesrelativesrefractorysperiod
D) whethersthesaxonsissmyelinatedsorsnot
E) thesdiametersofsthesaxons
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
55) Forsansunmyelinatedsaxon,sconductionsvelocitysissprimarilysdeterminedsbysthe
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A) typesofspotassiumschannelsactivated.
B) typesofssodiumschannelsactivated.
C) diametersofsthesaxon.
D) permeabilitysofsthesaxonalsmembrane.
E) numbersofsionschannelsspresentsonsthesmembrane.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
56) Assansactionspotentialsisspropagatedsawaysfromsthesaxonshillock,swhysdoesspropagationsco
ntinuesinsonesdirection?
A) Thesregionsjustsbehindsthesactionspotentialsissinsthesabsolutesrefractorysperiod.
B) Thesregionsjustsinsfrontsofsthesactionspotentialsissinsthesabsolutesrefractorysperiod.
C) Thesregionsjustsbehindsthesactionspotentialsissinsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod.
D) Thesregionsjustsinsfrontsofsthesactionspotentialsissinsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod.
E) Theyswillstravelsthespathsofsleastsresistance.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
57)
issthesmechanismsbyswhichsactionspotentialssarespropagatedsinsunmyelinatedsa
xons.
A) Thesall-or-nonesprinciple
B) Thesregenerativesmechanism
C) After-hyperpolarization
D) Temporalssummation
E) Electrotonicsconduction
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
58) Insmyelinatedsnervesfibers,swheresdosactionspotentialssoccur?
A) cellsbody
B) nodessofsRanvier
C) Schwannscell
D) underlyingsmyelinssheath
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
59) Thesjumpingsofsansactionspotentialsfromsnode-to-nodesisscalled
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A) nodalsconduction.
B) propagation.
C) electrotonicsconduction.
D) saltatorysconduction.
E) nodalspropagation.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
60) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaxonsswouldshavesthesfastestsconductionsvelocity?
A) diameters=s5smicrons,smyelinated
B) diameters=s5smicrons,sunmyelinated
C) diameters=s20smicrons,smyelinated
D) diameters=s20smicrons,sunmyelinated
E) diameters=s1smicron,smyelinateds
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
61) WhichsstatementsbestsdescribesshowslocalsanestheticsssuchsassNovocainesworksinsnumbingsne
urons?
A) bysblockingsvoltage-gatedssodiumschannels
B) bysblockingsvoltage-gatedspotassiumschannels
C) bysmakingsthescellsmembranesmorespermeablestospotassium
D) bysmakingsthescellsmembranesmorespermeablestossodium
E) bysbindingstosthesenzymessodiumases
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
279 | P a g e
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62) Whichsofsthesfollowingsarescommonssymptomssofsperipheralsneuropathy?
A) numbness,stinglingssensation,sorspainsinstheshandssandsfeet
B) dizziness,sdiarrhea,sindigestionsandsimpotence
C) confusion,sexcessivesthirst,sdehydration,sandsfrequentsurination
D) numbnesssofsthestongue,sjaw,sandsears
E) increasedsheartsrate,sexcessivessweating,sandsredsskins
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
63) Whatspercentagesofspeopleswithsdiabetessdevelopsperipheralsneuropathy?
A) 5spercent
B) 10spercent
C) 20spercent
D) 30spercent
E) 50spercent
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
64) Whysdosthesdistributionssofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssacrosssthesplasmasmembranesofsne
uronssnotschangesappreciably,sevensfollowingshundredssofsactionspotentials?
A) Thesmovementsofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssthatsoccurssduringsansactionspotentialsissco
unteredsbysthespassivesleaksofsthesesionsswhensasneuronsissatsrest.
B) Thesmovementsofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssthatsoccurssduringsansactionspotentialsissco
unteredsbysthesactivestransportsofsthesesionssbysthesNa+/K+spump.
C) Thesmovementsofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssthatsoccurssduringsansactionspotentialsissco
unteredsbysthespassivesmovementsofsthesesionssduringsthesrepolarizationsphase.
D) Thesmovementsofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssthatsoccurssduringsansactionspotentialsissco
unteredsbysthespassivesmovementsofsthesesionssduringsthesafter-hyperpolarization.
E) Thesmovementsofssodiumsandspotassiumsionssthatsoccurssduringsansactionspotentialsissco
unteredsbyscounter-transportsofspotassiumswithssodiumsduringsrest.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.5
280 | P a g e
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65) Whatsportionsofsthesperipheralsnervousssystemscommunicatesstoseffectorsorgans?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) efferentsnervousssystem
C) entericsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) spinothalmicstract
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
66) Whatsportionsofsthesperipheralsnervousssystemstransmitssinformationsfromssensorysreceptorsstos
thescentralsnervousssystem?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) efferentsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) autonomicsnervousssystems
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
67) Whatsportionsofsthesefferentsbranchsofsthesnervousssystemscommunicatesstosglandssandsca
rdiacsmuscle?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) entericsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) autonomicsnervousssystems
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
281 | P a g e
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68) Thesbrainsandsspinalscordsarespartsofswhichsofsthesfollowingsbranchessofsthesnervousssystem?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) efferentsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) entericsnervousssystems
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
69) Whatsportionsofsthesefferentsnervousssystemscommunicatesswithsskeletalsmuscle?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) entericsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) autonomicsnervousssystems
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
70) Whatsportionsofsthesnervousssystemsprovidesscommunicationsbetweensperipheralsorganssandsth
esbrainsandsspinalscord?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) efferentsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) peripheralsnervousssystems
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
282 | P a g e
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71) Whatsnervousssystemsissfoundsinsthesintestinalstract?
A) afferentsnervousssystem
B) efferentsnervousssystem
C) somaticsnervousssystem
D) centralsnervousssystem
E) entericsnervousssystems
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
72) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialsscanssum?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
73) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialssaresaffectedsbysrefractorysperiods?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
74) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialssissasresultsofsopeningsorsclosingsofsionschannels?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
283 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
75) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialssdissipatesinssizesassthespotentialsmovessawaysfromsthessitesofsi
nitiation?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
76) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialsshassansall-or-nonesresponse?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
77) Whichsofsthesfollowingspotentialsscansreachsorsexceedsthessodiumsequilibriumspotential?
A) gradedspotentials
B) thresholdspotentials
C) actionspotentials
D) bothsgradedspotentialssandsactionspotentials
E) neithersgradedspotentialssnorsactionspotentialss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5|7.6s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
284 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures7.1
78) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesstheseventsindicatedsbysthesletters"C"sinsFigures7.1sandshowstha
tseventsissinitiated?
A) Itsissassubthresholdsgradedspotentialsresultingsfromsthesopeningsofssodiumschannels,sclosuresofspo
tassiumschannels,sorsopeningsofsionschannelssforssodiumsandspotassium.
B) Itsissassuprathresholdsgradedspotentialsresultingsfromsthesopeningsandsclosingsofssodiumsandspo
tassiumschannels.
C) Itsissashyperpolarizationsofsthesmembranesduestosthesoutwardsmovementsofspotassiumsions.
D) Itsissassuprathresholdsdepolarizationsrepresentingsansactionspotential.
E) Itsissansexcitatoryspotentialsthatscausessthesrelativesrefractorysperiod.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
79) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesstheseventssresponsiblesforsthesphasesrepresentedsbysthesletters"A
"sinsFigures7.1?
A) thesopeningsofssodiumschannels
B) thesopeningsandsclosingsofssodiumschannels
C) thesopeningsofspotassiumschannels
D) thesclosingsofssodiumschannelssandsthesopeningsofspotassiumschannels
E) thesopeningsofspotassiumschannelssandsthesclosingsofssodiumschannelssA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
285 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
80) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesstheseventssresponsiblesforsthesphasesrepresentedsbysthesletters"B
"sinsFigures7.1?
A) thesopeningsofssodiumschannels
B) thesopeningsandsclosingsofssodiumschannels
C) thesopeningsofspotassiumschannels
D) thesclosingsofssodiumschannelssandsthesopeningsofspotassiumschannels
E) thesopeningsofspotassiumschannelssandsthesclosingsofssodiumschannelssA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
81) IdentifysthestypesofssummationsthatsissoccurringsinsFigures7.1swheres"S"srefersstosasstimulussfro
msonessourcesmeasuredsinsthespostsynapticsmembrane.
A) multiplier
B) spatial
C) subthreshold
D) suprathreshold
E) temporal
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
82) InsFigures7.1,sifsthesdirectionsofsevents"C"swassreverseds(hyperpolarization),showswouldsthissaff
ectsthesabilitysofsthespostsynapticsmembranestosgeneratesansactionspotential?
A) Hyperpolarizationswillsreducestheslikelihoodsthatsansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.
B) Hyperpolarizationsonlyscausesrefractorysperiods.
C) Hyperpolarizationswillsincreasestheslikelihoodsthatsansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.
D) Hyperpolarizationswillscausesansequilibriumspotentialstosbesreachedsbetweensthesintracellularsfl
uidsandsthesextracellularsfluid.
E) Hyperpolarizationsonlysoccursinsgradedspotentials.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
286 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
83) InsFigures7.1,sifsS2sindicatedsasstimulussfromsasdifferentssource,sands
soccurredscoincidentswithsS2,swhatstypesofssummationshassbeensgenerated?
A) temporal
B) spatial
C) subthreshold
D) suprathreshold
E) multiplier
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
84) Movementsofswhatsionsissresponsiblesforsevents"D"sinsFigures7.1?
A) sodiums(Na+)
B) potassiums(K+)
C) chlorides(Cl-)
D) calciums(Ca++)
E) phosphates(PO4)sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
85) Informationsgatheredsaboutsoursinternalsenvironments(i.e.,sfullnesssofsthesstomach,sbloodspr
essure,setc.)sisscalleds
information.
A) efferent
B) somatic
C) visceral
D) sensory
E) afferents
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
287 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
86) Whatsissthesmostscommonsneuronalscellstype?
A) afferentsneuron
B) pseudo-unipolarsneuron
C) bipolarsneuron
D) interneuron
E) efferentsneuron
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
87) Whatsissthesonlysglialscellsfoundsoutsidesofsthescentralsnervousssystem?
A) ependymalscells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) Schwannscell
D) microglia
E) astrocytes
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
88) Whichstypesofsglialscellsprovidessthesmyelinssheathsforsmanysaxonssinsthescentralsnervousssys
tem?
A) Schwannscell
B) oligodendrocytes
C) astrocytes
D) ependymalscells
E) microglia
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
288 | P a g e
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89) Oncesasmembranespotentialshassbeensdeveloped,sthesforcesthatsdrivessasparticularsionsacrosssthe
smembranesissits
A) concentrationsgradient.
B) electrochemicalsgradient.
C) chemicalsgradient.
D) electricalsgradient.
E) electrogenicspump.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
90) Whatsissthespassivesspreadsofscurrentsalongsasmembranescalled?
A) actionspotential
B) electrotonicsconduction
C) gradedspotential
D) refractorysperiod
E) resistance
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
91) Thesfactsthatsthesopeningsofssomessodiumschannelsscansinducesseveralsotherssodiumschannelsstos
opensdescribessthes
propertysofstheseschannels.
A) ligand
B) regenerative
C) suprathreshold
D) refractory
E) all-ornonesprinciplesAnswer:
sB
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
289 | P a g e
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92) Whatsisstheslevelsofsmembranesdepolarizationsrequiredstosinducesthessodiumschannel'sspo
sitivesfeedbacksloopscalled?
A) axonsterminal
B) axonshillock
C) suprathreshold
D) subthreshold
E) threshold
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
93) Whatstypesofsionschannelssisslocatedsalongsthesaxon?
A) mechanicalschannels
B) initiationschannels
C) ligand-gatedschannels
D) propagationschannels
E) voltagegatedschannelssAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
94) Insthesperipheralsnervousssystem,smyelinsissformedsbys
.sInsthescentralsnervousssystem,smyelinsissformedsbys
A) oligodendrocytess:sSchwannscells
B) Schwannscellss:sastrocytes
C) Schwannscellss:smicroglialscells
D) Schwannscellss:soligodendrocytess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
.
95) Atsrest,sthesplasmasmembranesissmorespermeablestoswhichsofsthesfollowingsions?
A) sodiums(Na+)
B) potassiums(K+)
C) chlorides(Cl-)
D) calciums(Ca++)
E) phosphates(PO4)sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
290 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
96) Thesrestingsmembranespotentialsissclosestosthesequilibriumspotentialsofswhichsofsthesfol
lowingsions?
A) sodiums(Na+)
B) potassiums(K+)
C) chlorides(Cl-)
D) calciums(Ca++)
E) phosphates(PO4)sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
97) Duringsthesrapidsdepolarizationsphasesofsansactionspotential,sthesplasmasmembranesissmorespe
rmeablestoswhichsofsthesfollowingsions?
A) sodiums(Na+)
B) potassiums(K+)
C) chlorides(Cl-)
D) calciums(Ca++)
E) phosphates(PO4)sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
98) Increasedspermeabilitystoswhatsionsissresponsiblesforsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod?
A) sodiums(Na+)
B) potassiums(K+)
C) chlorides(Cl-)
D) calciums(Ca++)
E) phosphates(PO4)sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.4
291 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Effectorsorganssactsassreceptorssthatsdetectsinformationsaboutsthesexternalsenvironmentsandstra
nsmitsthatsinformationstosthescentralsnervousssystem.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.1
2) Excitablescellssarescapablesofsproducingsactionspotentials.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
3) Generationsofsnewsneuronss(neurogenesis)scannotsoccursinsthesbrain.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
4) Leakschannelssaresmostsconcentratedsinsthessomasofsneurons.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
5) Afferentsneuronssaresgenerallysbipolarsneurons.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
6) Oligodendrocytessareslocatedsinsthesperipheralsnervousssystem,sprovidingsthesmyelinssheathsth
atsformssthesnodessofsRanvier.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
292 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Schwannscellssaresthesonlysglialscellssinsthesperipheralsnervousssystem.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
8) Thesnumbersofsionsswhosesmovementsacrosssthesmembranescreatessthesrestingsmembranespo
tentialsisssosfewsthatstheirsmovementsdoessnotsaffectsthatsion'ssconcentrationsgradient.sAnswer:s
TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
9) Thesmembranespotentialsofsascellsissdeterminedsexclusivelysbysthatscell'sssodiumsandspo
tassiumspermeability.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
10) Atsthesrestingsmembranespotential,sascellsissatsequilibrium.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
11) ThesNa+/K+spumpsdistributessthreessodiumsionsstosthesoutsidesofsthesmembranesandstwospo
tassiumsionsstosthesinsidesofsthesmembrane.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 7.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.3
12) Ansion'ssnetselectrochemicalsforceswillstendstosmovesthatsionsacrosssthesmembranesinsasdirec
tionsthatswillscausesmembranespotentialstosmovestowardsthatsion'ssequilibriumspotential.sAnswe
r:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
293 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) ThesNa+/K+spumpsmaintainssthesconcentrationsgradientssinsasneuronsbutsmaintainssthem.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
14) Gradedspotentialssaresofsequalsmagnitudesandstravelsoverslongsdistancessalongsthesaxon.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
15) Instemporalssummation,sstimulisfromsdifferentssourcessaresappliedsatsthessamestimessuchsthatsthe
ysoverlapsandssum.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
16) Excitatorysgradedspotentialssaresthoseswheresthesstimulussinitiatessashyperpolarizationsofsthesce
ll.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
17) Undersrestingsconditions,sthessodiumschannelsresponsiblesforsgeneratingsansactionspotentialsisscl
osedsandsincapablesofsopening.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
18) Bothsactivationsandsinactivationsgatessofsassodiumschannelsaresstimulatedsatsthessamestimesbysasd
epolarizationswithsthesinactivationsgatesactingsmoresslowlysthansthesactivationsgate,stherebysallowin
gssodiumstosentersthescell.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 7.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
294 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
19) Thesmagnitudesofsthesactionspotentialsissdependentsuponsthesextentstoswhichstheschangesinsme
mbranespotentialsissabovesthreshold.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 7.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
20) Duringsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod,sthesstimulussintensitysrequiredstosinitiatesansactionspo
tentialsisselevated.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 7.8sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
21) Oncesansactionspotentialsissgenerated,sitswillsalwayssdepolarizesthesneighboringsmembranesab
ovesthreshold,sensuringsthesactionspotentialswillstravelsalongsthesaxonswithoutsinterruption.sAns
wer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
22) Tinglingscansbesassignsofsdiabeticsneuropathy.s
Answer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
23) Diabeticsneuropathyscansaffectsnervessofsthesautonomicsnervousssystem.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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7.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Describesthesorganizationsofsthesnervousssystem,sincludingsasdescriptionsofsthesdifferentsbr
anches.
Answer:s Thesentiresnervousssystemsissorganizedsintostwosmainsdivisions:sthescentralsnervousssyste
msandsthesperipheralsnervousssystem.sThescentralsnervousssystems(thesbrainsandsspinalscord)sreceive
sssensorysinputsfromsthesbody,swhichsitsintegratesstosdetermineswhethersasresponsesisswarranted.sWit
hinsthescentralsnervousssystem,slearning,smemory,semotion,sandsotherscomplexsfunctionssoccur.sThe
speripheralsnervousssystemsissdividedsintostwosmainsdivisions:sthesafferentsandsefferentslimbs.sThesa
fferentslimbsdetectsssensorys(external)sandsviscerals(internal)sinformationsandssendssitstosthescentrals
nervousssystem.sThesefferentslimbssendssinformationstos theseffectorsorgansfromsthescentralsnervouss
systemstosinitiatesasresponse.sThesefferentslimbscans besdividedsintostwosbranches:sthesautonomicsner
vousssystemsandsthessomaticsnervousssystem.
Thessomaticsnervousssystemstransmitssinformationstosskeletalsmuscle,swhereassthesautonomicsnervo
usssystemssendssinformationseithersthroughsthessympatheticsorsparasympatheticsnervousssystems,sw
hichstendstosbescounterregulatorys(producesthesoppositeseffects).sThesautonomicsnervousssystemsissn
otsundersvoluntaryscontrol.sFinally,stheresissthesentericsnervousssystemsinsthesgastrointestinalstract,sin
volvedsinsdigestion,swhichsactssindependentlysofsthescentralsandsperipheralsnervousssystems.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
2) Describesthesstructuresofsasneuronsandsthesimportantsconsequencessofsthatsarrangement.sAnswer:
s Neuronssarescomposedsofsascellsbodys(orssoma),swheresasmajoritysofstheirsorganellessareslocated,san
dsseveralsprojectionssfromsthescellsbodysthatsaresclassifiedsassdendritessandsaxons,sbasedsuponstheirsf
unction.sThescellsbodysitselfsissincapablesofsgeneratingsansactionspotential.sThissinabilitysderivessfro
msthesabsencesofsvoltagegatedssodiumschannelssinsthesmembranesofsthescellsbodysthatsaresrequiredsforsansactionspotentialstosb
esgenerated.sProjectingsfromsthescellsbodysaresasnumbersofsdendritessthatsreceivessynapticsinputsfrom
saxonsterminalssofsothersneurons.sAnothersprojectionsfromsthescellsbodysissassinglesaxonsthatstransmit
ssinformationsfromsaxonshillockstosaxonsterminalsinsthesformsofsactionspotentials.sThus,sdendritessrec
eivesinformationsfromsotherscellsswhilesaxonsstransmitsthatsinformation.sAtsaxodendriticssynapses,sn
eurotransmitterssaresreleasedsfromsthesaxonsterminalssontosthesdendritesstosgeneratesaschangesinsme
mbranespotential.sThesgradedschangesinsmembranespotentialsatsthesdendritesdecayssassitstravelssacros
ssthescellsbodysfromsitsssource.sThissallowssforsthesintegrationsofsnumerousssynapticsinputssontosones
cellsbody.sThesfinalsintegrationsoccurssatsthesaxonshillock.sWithinsthissstructure,sthesvoltagegatedssodiumschannelssrequiredsforsansactionspotentialsarespresentsinstheirsgreatestsconcentration.sTh
usswhensthesaxonshillocksissdepolarizedsabovesthreshold,sansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.sOnces
initiated,sthesactionspotentialswillsmovesalongsthesaxonsinsonesdirection.sThatsactionspotentialswillstra
velsalongsthesaxonsuntilsitsreachessthesaxonsterminal,swheresassynapsesissformedsforsthes transfersofsth
esinformationsonstosthesnextsneuronsorseffectorsorgan.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 7.2
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3) Amyotrophicslateralssclerosiss(ALS),softensreferredstosass"LousGehrig'ssDisease,"sissasprogressi
vesneurodegenerativesdiseasesthatsaffectssthesefferentsdivision,sparticularlysthesmotorsneurons,sofst
hesnervousssystem.sPeopleswithsALSshavesnormalsbodilysfunctionssandstheirsabilitystosthink,sforms
memories,sandstosdetectssensationssissallsnormal.sHowever,sthesprogressivesnaturesofsthissdiseasesca
nsleadstostotalsparalysis.sBasedsonsyoursknowledgesofsthesdifferentsdivisionssofsthesnervousssystems
andsthesfunctioningsofsneurons,sexplainsthessymptomssofsALS.
Answer:s Thesefferentsdivisionsofsthesnervousssystemscansbessubdividedsintostwosmainsbranches:sthes
somaticsandsautonomicsnervousssystems.sThessomaticssystemsconsistssofsmotorsneuronsswhichsregu
latesskeletalsmusclescontractions.sThesautonomicsnervousssystemsconsistssofsneuronssthatsregulatest
hesfunctionsofsinternalsorganssandsothersstructuresssuchsasssweatsglandssandsbloodsvesselssthatsaresno
tsundersvoluntaryscontrol.sThus,sALSspatientsswillslosesthesabilitystoscontrolstheirsmusclessandsevent
uallysbecomesparalyzedswhilesmostsofstheirsinvoluntarysfunctionssremainsnormalssincesitsissthessoma
ticssystemswhichsinnervatessskeletalsmuscle.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 7.1
4) Severalsionssaresresponsiblesforsthesrestingsmembranespotential.sDescribesthesforcessthatsde
terminesrestingsmembranespotential.
Answer:s Thesfirstsdeterminantsofsthesrestingsmembranespotentialsissthesdistributionsofsionss acrossst
hesmembrane.sTheresissashighersconcentrationsofssodiumsoutsidesthescell,swhereasspotassiumsissgreat
ersinsidesthescell.sThissmeanssthatspotassiumswillsdiffusesoutsofsthescellsasssodiumsdiffusessintosthesce
ll.sThissabilitysofsansionstosdiffusesacrosssthesmembranesissdeterminedsbysthesionschannelsspresentsons
thescellsmembrane;sthesmoresionschannelssopen,sthesmoresasparticularsionswillsbesablestosmovesacross
sthesmembrane.sThesmoresansionsmovessacrosssthesmembrane,sthesgreatersitsseffectsonsmembranespot
ential.sThus,salongswithsthesconcentrationsdifference,smembranespotentialsissdeterminedsbysthespopu
lationsofsionschannelssthatsremainsopensundersrestingsconditions.sUndersrestingsconditions,smostscell
sshavesmorespotassiumsleakschannelssopensthanssodiumsleakschannels.sThissmeanssthatsmorespotassi
umsionssaresmovingsoutsofsthescellsthanssodiumsionssaresmovingsin.sThus,sthesnegativeschargescreate
dsbyspotassiumsmovingsoutswillsoutweighsthespositiveschargescreatedsbyssodiumsmovingsin,sleavings
membranespotentials relativelysnegative.sIfsaschannelsforsasspecificsionsissopen,sthensmembranespote
ntialswillstendstosmovestowardsthesequilibriumspotentialsforsthatsions(i.e.,sassthosesionssaresablestosmo
vesacrosssthesmembrane,stheyscreatesanselectricalsforcesthatstendsstospullsthemsinsthesoppositesdirecti
on,sapproachingsequilibrium).sTheschannelsthatsissprimarilysopensatsrest,spotassium,sensuressthatsrest
ingsmembranespotentialsisscloserstosthesequilibriumspotentialsforspotassiumsthanssodium.
However,sneithersionseverscomesstoscompletesequilibrium.sTheresaresseveralsothersionss(chloridesand
scalcium)sthatscansplaysansimportantsrolesinsthesrestingsmembranespotential.sTheirsroleswillsvarysbysc
ellstype.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.3
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5) Gradedspotentialssdevelopsinsthescellsbodysofsneuronssasswellsassinssensorysreceptorscells.sInsorde
rsforssensorysinformationstosreachsthescentralsnervousssystemsthatsgradedspotentialsmustsbesconverte
dsintosansactionspotential.sHowsaresgradedspotentialsscreated,sandshowsarestheysdifferentsfromsaction
spotentials?
Answer:s Thesnegativesnaturesofsthesrestingsmembranespotentialsissdeterminedsbysthesgreatersperme
abilitysofsthesmembranestospotassium.sAnyschangesinsmembranespotentialsinvolvessaschangesinsthes
numbersofsionschannelssthatsaresopensorsclosed.sForsasgradedspotentialstosbesexcitatory,sthesmembra
nesmustsdepolarizes(becomesmorespositive),swhichscouldsoccursbysmorespotassiumschannelssclosin
gsorsmoressodiumschannelssopening.sForsasgradedspotentialstosbesinhibitory,sthesmembranesmustshy
perpolarizesorsbesstabilizedsatsassubthresholdspotential.sThisscouldsoccursbysmorespotassiumschannelssopening,schlorideschannelssopen
ing,sorsmoressodiumschannelssclosing.sTheseschannelgatingseventss(openingssandsclosings)sarescreatedsbysneurotransmitterssbindingstosreceptorssatsthessy
napsesorsbysdirectsactivationsofsansionschannelsonsasreceptorscell.sOncescreated,sthesgradedspotentials
willsdegradesassitsmovessalongsthesmembrane,sfurthersawaysfromsthessitesthatswassstimulated.sThesm
agnitudesofsthesgradedspotentialscansbesquitesvariable,sdependingsuponsthesnumbersandstypesofschan
nelssaffected.sThesmagnitudesofsthesgradedspotentialswillsdeterminesthesfrequencysofsactionspotentia
lssgenerated.sDifferentsionschannelssaresresponsiblesforsansactionspotential.sVoltagegatedssodiumschannelssopensandsthesmembranespotentialsrapidlysdepolarizes.sTheseschannelsscloses
andsvoltagegatedspotassiumschannelssopen,scausingsthesmembranestosrepolarizesandsthenshyperpolarizesbefores
returningstosthesrestingsmembranespotential.sActionspotentialssaresall-ornone,sandsoncesthresholdsissreached,sansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.sTheysaresalsossubjectstosr
efractorysperiods.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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6) Describesthesvoltagesgatingsofsionschannelssandshowsthissplayssasrolesinsansactionspotential.sAnsw
er:s Thesactionspotentialsissgeneratedsbysthesactivitysofsasspecificstypesofssodiumschannelsthatshassver
ysuniquesgatingsproperties.sTheresarestwosgatessonsthesessodiumschannels;sonesissthesactivationsgates
andsthesothersissthesinactivationsgate.sAtsthesrestingsmembranespotential,sthesactivationsgatessaresclos
edsandsthesinactivationsgatessaresopen.sOnsdepolarizationsofsthesmembranestosthreshold,sthesactivatio
nsgatessopensrapidlyscreatingsansopenschannel.sInsapproximatelysonesmillisecond,sthesinactivationsg
atessclosestherebysclosingstheschannels.sThissshortsdurationsofstimesinswhichsthessodiumschannelsrem
ainssopensisslongsenoughstoscausesaslargeschangesinsmembranespotentialsduestosthesstrongselectroche
micalsdrivingsforcesforssodiumstosmovesintosthescell.sThisscreatessaspositivesfeedbacksloopswheresthes
activationsofsonessodiumschannelscausessthesmembranestosdepolarizesfurther,stherebysopeningsothers
sodiumschannels.sThissregenerativesprocesssinsthessodiumschannelsissactivatedstosproducesansactions
potentialsonlysifstheschangesinsmembranespotentialsissabovesthreshold.sAtsthessamestimesthatsdepolari
zationsactivatessthessodiumschannels,stheresarespotassiumschannelssthatsaressensitivestosdepolarizati
onsandsaresstimulatedstosopen.sTheseschannelssaresslowactingsasswell,swithsrespectstosthesactivationsgatesofsthessodiumschannel,smeaningsthatsthespotassiums
channelssopensaftersasshortsdelay.sThus,sthesactionspotentialsissgeneratedsbysthesopeningsofsenoughss
odiumschannels,swhichsrapidlysdepolarizessthesmembrane.sThatsdepolarizationsissreversedsbysthesclo
suresofsthessodiumschannel'ssinactivationsgate.sThespotassiumschannelsopenssmoresslowlysandsremai
nssopensforsaslongersperiodsofstime.sThesdelayedsopeningsofsthespotassiumschannelssincreasessthesrat
esofsrepolarizationsofsthesmembranesfollowingsthesupstrokesofsthesactionspotential,sandsthesslowsclos
uresresultssinsthesafterhyperpolarizationsofsthesmembranesbelowsrestingsmembranespotential.sLearningsOutcome:s 7.6
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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7) Oncesansactionspotentialsissgenerated,stheresissasdelaysbeforesanothersactionspotentialscansbesge
nerated.sNamesandsdescribesthesbasissforsthestwosrefractorysperiods.
Answer:s Thesrefractorysperiodsissbrokensintostwoscomponents:sthesabsolutesandsrelativesrefractorys
periods.sThesabsolutesrefractorysperiodsis,sassthesnamessuggests,sasdurationsofstimesfollowingsthesinit
iationsofsansactionspotentialsinswhichsassecondsactionspotentialscannotsbesgenerated.sThesabsolutesref
ractorysperiodsspanssallsofsthesdepolarizationsphasesofsthesactionspotential,sasswellsassmostsofsthesrep
olarizationsphases(12smsec).sDuringsthissperiod,sassecondsactionspotentialscannotsbesgeneratedsregardlesssofsstimulussact
ivity.sThescausesisstwofold:s1)soncesrapidsdepolarizationsissinitiated,sitsmustscontinuestositssconclusion,sands2)satsthesbeginni
ngsofsthesrepolarizationsphase,sthesinactivationsgatessofsthessodiumschannelsaresclosedsandscannotsbes
openedsbysassecondsstimulus.sThoseschannelsscansbesfoundsinsthreesdifferentsstates:s1)sclosedsbutscap
ablesofsopening,s2)sopen,sands3)sclosedsyetsincapablesofsopening.sAftersthesactivationsgateshassopene
ds(thesinactivationsgatesissalreadysopensundersrestingsconditions),sthesinactivationsgatescloses.sThesc
hannelscannotsbesopenedsagainsuntilsthesinactivationsgateshassopened.sThes remaindersofsthesrepolari
zationsandsafterhyperpolarizationsphasessisspartsofsthesrelativesrefractorysperiod.sAssecondsstimulusscansinitiatesansa
ctionspotential,sbutsthatsstimulussmustsbessuprathreshold.sThesrelativesrefractorysperiodsissreflectives
ofstwoschanges:s1)sincreaseds potassiumspermeabilitysofsthesmembrane,sands2)sopeningsofsthesinacti
vationsgatesinsasportionsofsthessodiumschannels.sFromsthesbeginningstosthesendsofsthesrelativesrefract
orysperiod,sthesamplitudesofsthessuprathresholdsstimulussrequiredstosinitiatesansactionspotentialsissred
ucedsasspotassiumspermeabilitysdeclinessandsmoresinactivationsgatessopen.sEarlysinsthesrelativesrefra
ctorysperiod,sallsofsthessodiumschannelsshavesnotsreturnedstosthesrestingsstate.sAtsthessamestime,sthes c
ellsmustsovercomesasgreaterspotassiumscurrentscreatedsbysthesnumbersofsopenspotassiumschannelssth
atsaresrepolarizingsthescell.sThus,sasgreatersdepolarizationsissrequired.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
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8) Describeshowsansactionspotential,soriginatingsatsthesaxonshillock,sisspropagatedsalongsthesax
on.sIncludesthosesfactorssthatscansaltersconductionsvelocity.
Answer:s Assansactionspotentialsissgeneratedsatsthesaxonshillock,stheschangesinsmembranespotentialsm
ovess(viaselectrotonicsconduction)salongsthesaxon.sThatselectrotonicsmovementsofscurrentsalongsthes
membranescausessthesaxonalsmembranestosdepolarize.sThesextentsofsdepolarizationsofsthesaxonalsme
mbranesdownstreamsfromsansactionspotentialsissalwayssenoughstostriggersanothersactionspotential.sT
hissprocesssissrepeatedsmultiplestimessassthesactionspotentialsmovessalongsthesaxon.sThississthesreaso
nsforstheslacksofsdecaysinsthesactionspotentialsasswellsassthesall-ornonespropertysofsansactionspotential,salongswithsthesfactsthatsthesmagnitudesofsansactionspotentialsdoe
ssnotsvarysfromsonestosthesnext.sInsunmyelinatedsaxons,sthissprocessscontinuessalongsthesentiresaxon.s
Thesspeedswithswhichsthatsactionspotentialscansmovesalongsthesaxonsissdependentsuponstheselectricals
resistancesofsthatsaxon.sTheselectricalsresistancesofsthesaxonsissdeterminedsbysthesdiametersofsthesaxo
n,swithstheslargersdiametersaxonshavingsaslowersresistances(conductionsvelocityswillsbesgreater)sthans
assmallersdiametersaxon.sInsaxonssthatsaresmyelinated,sactionspotentialsswillsoccursatsdiscretespointss
alongsthesaxon,sknownsassthesnodessofsRanvier.sThus,sthesactionspotentialsjumpssfromsnodestosnodesi
nswhatshassbeenscalledssaltatorysconduction.sThesresistancesofsthesmembranesundersthesmyelinssheat
hs(actingsassansinsulator)sissgreatsenoughsthatstheresissonlysassmallsamountsofscurrentslostsassitsmovess
betweensnodes.sBecausesthesactionspotentialsissjumpingsfromsnodestosnode,sthesspeedswithswhichstha
tsactionspotentialsmovessalongsthesaxonsissgreatlysincreased.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.4
9) Describesthestypessofsionschannelssthatsaresfoundsinsasneuronsandshowsthoseschannelssaresgat
ed.
Answer:s Theresaresmanystypessofsionschannelssthatscansbescharacterizedsbystheirsspecificitysforsansi
onsasswellsasstheirsmechanismsofsgating.sThissgatingsrefersstosthesopeningsandsclosingsofsionschannel
s,seithersallowingsionssthroughsorsrestrictingstheirsaccess,srespectively.sTheresissaspopulationsofsionsc
hannelssthatsaresspecificsforsparticularsionsslikessodium,spotassium,scalcium,sandschloride.sOthersion
schannelssareslesssspecific,sallowingsasnumbersofsdifferentsionsstostraversestheschannel.sWithsrespects
tosgating,schannelsscansbesleakschannelssthatsaresopensundersrestingsconditionssand,sonsneurons,sthes
eschannelssaresmostspermeablestospotassium.sIonschannelsscansalsosbesgatedsbysligands.sThesesligan
dgatedschannelssactsassreceptorsssuchsthatswhensasligands(includingsneurotransmitters)sbindsstosthatsr
eceptor,sionschannelssaresstimulatedstosopensorscloseswithsasgreatersfrequency.sTheseschannelsstendst
osbeslocatedswithinsthesdendritessandscellsbodysofsasneuron.sAnotherstypesofsionschannelsissthesvoltag
e-gatedschannel,swhosesgatingsissdeterminedsbysmembranespotential.sTheresaresvoltagegatedssodiumsandspotassiumschannelssonsthesaxonsthatsaresresponsiblesforsthesinitiation,spropagation
,sandsrepolarizationsofsansactionspotential.sAsvoltagegatedscalciumschannelsisspresentswithinsthesaxonsterminalsandsissresponsiblesforsregulatingsthesrelea
sesofsneurotransmitter.
LearningsOutcome:s 7.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 7.2
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters8s s SynapticsTransmissionsandsNeuralsIntegration
8.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Forscellssthatscommunicatesbyselectricalssynapses,sthesmessagestravelssbetweenscellssvia
A) ionssmovingsacrosssthessynapticscleft.
B) thesdiffusionsofsneurotransmitters.
C) gapsjunctions.
D) activestransportsacrosssthessynapticscleft.
E) passivestransportsacrosssthessynapticscleft.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
2) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutssynapsessissFALSE?
A) Communicationsacrossselectricalssynapsessissbi-directional.
B) Neurotransmittersscansmovesfromsonescellstosanothersthroughsgapsjunctionssatsanselectricalssy
napse.
C) Communicationsatschemicalssynapsessissslowersthansatselectricalssynapses.
D) Electricalssynapsesscansbesgated.
E) Mostssynapsessinsthesnervousssystemsareschemicalssynapses.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
3) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutselectricalssynapsessissFALSE?
A) Gapsjunctionssaresformedsfromsproteinsscalledsconnexins.
B) Electricalssynapsessconnectshypothalamicsneuronssthatsreleasestropicshormones.
C) Electricalssynapsessaresfoundsinsthesretina.
D) Electricalssynapsessaresfoundsinsthesbrainstem.
E) Electricalssynapsessaresusuallysforssmallresponse,ssinglesneuronsfiring.sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
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4) Theschemicalssynapsesissboundedsbysthes
neuron,sfromswhichsneurotransmitterssaresreleasedsacrosssthessynapticscleft,stosthes
neuron,swheresthesreceptorssforsthatsneurotransmittersareslocated.
A) presynaptics:spostsynaptic
B) postsynaptics:spresynaptic
C) parasynaptics:spostsynaptic
D) presynaptics:sparasynaptic
E) terminals:spresynaptics
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
5) Whatstypesofssynapsesoccurssbetweensansaxonsterminalsofsonesneuronsandsthesaxonsfromsan
othersneuron?
A) axodendritic
B) axoaxonic
C) axosomatic
D) dendroaxonic
E) somatoaxonic
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.4
6) Whatstypesofssynapsesoccurssbetweensansaxonsterminalsofsonesneuronsandsthescellsbodysofsano
thersneuron?
A) axodendritic
B) axoaxonic
C) axosomatic
D) dendroaxonic
E) somatoaxonic
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.3
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7) Thesneurotransmittersthatsissreleasedsfromsthespresynapticsneuronsmustsdiffusesacrosssthe
tosreachsthespostsynapticsneuron.
A) axonshillock
B) dendrite
C) cellsbody
D) axon
E) synapticsclefts
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
8) Whatstypesofsionschannelssissnecessarysforsthesfunctionsofsthesaxonsandsthesaxonsterminal?
A) receptor-gated
B) mechanically-gated
C) ligand-gated
D) voltage-gated
E) chemicallygatedsAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
9) Synapticsvesiclessstore
A) calcium.
B) sodium.
C) potassium.
D) neurotransmitter.
E) enzymessthatsdegradesneurotransmitter.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
10) Mostsneurotransmitterssaressynthesizedsinswhatsregionsofsasneuron?
A) cytosolsofsthesaxonsterminal
B) synapticsvesicles
C) Golgisapparatus
D) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
E) axonshillock
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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11) Neurotransmittersreleasesoccurssbyswhatsmechanism?
A) diffusion
B) primarysactivestransport
C) secondarysactivestransport
D) endocytosis
E) exocytosis
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
12) Voltagegatedscalciumschannelssinsthesaxonsterminalsopensinsresponsestoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) initiationsofsansactionspotentialsinsthesaxonshillock
B) arrivalsofsansactionspotentialsatsthesaxonsterminal
C) neurotransmittersbindingstosreceptor
D) summationsofsgradedspotentialssatsthesaxonshillock
E) paracrinessreleasedsfromsthespostsynapticscellsAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
13) Thesinfluxsofscalciumsintosthesaxonsterminalsofsaschemicalssynapsesissresponsiblesforswhichsofst
hesfollowing?
A) initiationsofsansactionspotential
B) terminationsofsansactionspotential
C) fusionsofsvesiclesstosthesmembranesandsofsexocytosissneurotransmitter
D) diffusionsofsthesneurotransmittersacrosssthesmembranesandsintosthescleft
E) movementsofscalciumsthroughsgapsjunctionss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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14) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasmechanismswherebysneurotransmitterssaresrapidlysremovedsfr
omsthessynapticscleft?
A) diffusionsoutsofsthescleft
B) degradationsbysenzymes
C) activesreuptakesacrosssthespresynapticsmembrane
D) bindingstosthesreceptor
E) transportsbacksupsthesaxonstosbesimmediatelysrepackagedsA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
15) Neurotransmittersscansbesreusedsthroughsthesprocesssofs
,swheresneurotransmitterssarestransportedsbacksacrosssthespresynapticsmembrane.
A) reuptake
B) regeneration
C) recycling
D) resynthesis
E) receptorsbindings
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
16) Thesextentsofsneurotransmittersbindingstosreceptorssonsthespostsynapticsmembranesissde
terminedsprimarilysbyswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) sodium
B) calcium
C) thesdistancesofsthescleft
D) thesconcentrationsofsneurotransmitter
E) neurotransmittersvesicles
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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17) Thessynapticsdelaysisscausedsbysthestimesrequiredsforswhichsstepsofsneurotransmittersrelease?
A) ansactionspotentialstosmovesfromsaxonshillockstosaxonsterminal
B) thessynthesissofsneurotransmitter
C) packagingsofsneurotransmittersintossynapticsvesicles
D) calciumsentrystostriggersexocytosis
E) thesneurotransmitterstosdiffusesacrosssthessynapticsclefts
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
18) Whatstypesofsreceptorsissresponsiblesforsthesrapidsopeningsofsionschannelssinsresponsestosthesint
eractionsbetweensthesligandsandsreceptor?
A) mechanotropic
B) metabotropic
C) ionotropic
D) potentiotropic
E) chemotropic
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
19) Thesactionsofsanyschemicalsmessengersultimatelysdependssnotsonsthesnaturesofsthesm
essenger,sbutsrathersonsthe
A) signalstransductionsmechanismsactivated.
B) nervescellsstimulated.
C) organssystemsactivated.
D) affinitysofsthesreceptor.
E) halflifesofsthesmessenger.sAnswer
:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
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20) Thesrapidschangesinsmembranespotentialsthatsoccursswhensasligandsbindsstosansionotropicsrec
eptorsisscausedsbyswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thesrapidsgatingsofsthesionschannelsbysGsprotein
B) thesrapidsGsproteinsresponsesthatsindirectlyslinkssreceptorstoschannel
C) thesGsproteinsamplificationsthatscausessthesrapidschannelsresponse
D) thespresencesofsthatsproteinsfunctioningsassbothsansionotropicsreceptorsandsassthesionschannel
E) theslargesionsgradientsacrosssthesmembranes
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
21) Synapticspotentialssaresproducedsatswhatstypesofssynapse?
A) axoaxonic,saxodendritic,sandsaxosomaticssynapses
B) axoaxonicsandsaxodendriticssynapsessonly
C) axoaxonicsandsaxosomaticssynapsessonly
D) pre-axonshillockssynapsessonly
E) axodendriticssynapsessonlys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.4
22) Atsmetabotropicsreceptors,sa(n)
A) neurotransmittersbindingstosasreceptorsstimulatessasGprotein,swhichsthensactivatessassecondsmessengersthroughsonesorsmoresenzymaticsactions.
B) neurotransmittersbindingstosasreceptorsopensschannelssthatsaresasseparatesproteinsfromsthesre
ceptor.
C) neurotransmittersbindingstosasreceptorsopenssorsclosesschannelssthatsarespartsofsthessamespr
oteinsassthesreceptor.
D) neurotransmittersbindingstosasreceptorsopenssorsclosesschannelssthatsaresasseparatesproteinsfr
omsthesreceptor.
E) ionsbindingstosasreceptorsopensschannelssinsthesplasmasmembrane.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
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23) Presynapticsmodulationsoccurssatswhatstypesofssynapse?
A) axodendritic
B) axoaxonic
C) axosomatic
D) dendrodendritic
E) dendrosomatic
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
24) Metabotropicsreceptorinducedsgatingsofsionschannelssrequiressmorestimestosoccursbecausesofswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) TheirsgatingsisslinkedstosasGsprotein.
B) Theschannelssaresslowerstosopen.
C) Intracellularscalciumsmustsincreasesbeforesthoseschannelsswillsopen.
D) Ionschannelsslinkedstosmetabotropicsreceptorssmustsmovestosthesmembranesbeforesgating.
E) Metabolicsbyproductssaresrequiredstosopensthoseschannels.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
25) Whatsissaschangesinsthespostsynapticspotentialsthatsbringssmembranespotentialscloserstosthr
esholdscalled?
A) excitatoryspostsynapticspotential
B) inhibitoryspostsynapticspotential
C) suprathresholdspostsynapticspotential
D) hyperpolarizingspostsynapticspotential
E) inhibitoryspresynapticspotentials
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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26) ThesmostscommonsmechanismsforsproducingsasfastsEPSPsinvolvesswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) openingsofssodium-selectiveschannels
B) openingsofspotassium-selectiveschannels
C) closingsofssodium-selectiveschannels
D) closingsofspotassium-selectiveschannels
E) openingsofschannelssthatspermitsbothssodiumsandspotassiumstosflowsthroughsA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
27) Whatsionsdirectlystriggerssneurotransmittersreleasesfromsthespresynapticsneuron?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) chloride
D) calcium
E) magnesium
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
28) Ansexamplesofsasslowsexcitatoryspostsynapticspotentialsthatsinvolvessclosuresofspotassiumsch
annelssreliessonscAMPsproducedsbyswhatsenzyme?
A) phosphodiesterase
B) proteinskinasesA
C) Gsprotein
D) adenylatescyclase
E) proteinskinasesCs
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
29) Thesdurationsofsasslow,sexcitatoryspostsynapticspotentialsmediatedsbyscAMPsissdrivensbysthesext
entsofstimesthatscAMPsremainssactivesbeforesbeingsdegradedsbyswhatsprotein?
A) phosphodiesterase
B) proteinskinasesA
C) Gsprotein
D) adenylatescyclase
E) proteinskinasesCs
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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30) Fastsexcitatorysresponsessnotsonlysoccursquickly,sbutsthey
A) alsoshavesasslowscomponent.
B) remainsactivesforsaslongsperiodsofstime.
C) endsquickly.
D) alwaysscreatesassubstantialsdepolarization.
E) aresmaintainedsforsminutesstoshours.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
31) Thesbindingsofsasneurotransmitterstositssreceptorsatsansinhibitoryssynapsescansleadstosthe
ofs
channels.
A) openings:schloride
B) closures:spotassium
C) openings:ssodium
D) closures:schloride
E) openings:scalciums
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
32) Thesbindingsofsasneurotransmitterstositssreceptorsatsansinhibitoryssynapsescansleadstosthe
ofs
channels.
A) openings:spotassium
B) closures:spotassium
C) openings:ssodium
D) closings:schloride
E) openings:scalciums
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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33) Insthesabsencesofsactiveschloridesionstransport,sopeningsofschlorideschannelssinsascellsthatshasshy
perpolarizedswillsresultsinswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) netsmovementsofschloridesoutsofsthescell
B) netsmovementsofschloridesintosthescell
C) movementsofschloridesequallysinsbothsdirections
D) absencesofsanyschloridesmovement
E) depolarizationsofsthescells
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.2
34) Insthespresencesofsactiveschloridesionstransportswithinsasneuron,sthesopeningsofschloridesch
annelsswillsresultsinswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) netsmovementsofschloridesoutsofsthescell
B) netsmovementsofschloridesintosthescell
C) movementsofschloridesequallysinsbothsdirections
D) absencesofsanyschloridesmovement
E) depolarizationsofsthescells
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.2
35) Ifsthesrestingsmembranespotentialsissequalstoschloride'ssequilibriumspotential,sinswhichsdir
ectionswillschloridesionssmovesifschlorideschannelssopenswhilesthescellsremainssatsrestingsmem
branespotential?
A) inward
B) outward
C) Nosionsswillsmovesthroughstheschannel.
D) Ionsswillsmovesequallysinsbothsdirections.
E) Threeschloridesionsswillsmovesoutsforseverystwoschloridesionssthatsmovesin.sA
nswer:s D
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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36) Insthesabsencesofsansactiveschloridestransportersinsthesplasmasmembrane,schloridesactssto
membranespotentialsbysresistingsanyschangesinsmembranespotential.
A) hyperpolarize
B) depolarize
C) stabilize
D) modify
E) altersAn
swer:s C
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
37) Thesopeningsofsaschlorideschannelsactsstos
thesdevelopmentsofsansactionspotentialsatsthesaxonshillock.
A) stimulate
B) inhibit
C) facilitate
D) further
E) enhances
Answer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
38) Convergencesinsneurophysiologysrefersstoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thespresencesofsEPSPssandsIPSPssonsasneuronsatsthessamestime
B) thescommunicationsofsseveralsneuronsstosonespostsynapticscell
C) thessummationsofsgradedspotentialsstosdetermineswhethersorsnotsansactionspotentialswillsbesge
nerated
D) theslevelsofsdepolarizationsrequiredstosgeneratesansactionspotential
E) thesarrivalsofsansactionspotentialsatsthesaxonsterminalsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.4
39) Thesfinalsintegrationsofspostsynapticspotentialssthatsdeterminesswhethersansactionspotentialsissge
neratedsoccursswithinswhatsregionsofsasneuron?
A) dendrites
B) cellsbody
C) axon
D) axonshillock
E) roughsendoplasmicsreticulums
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
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40) Divergencesinsneurophysiologysrefersstoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thescommunicationsofsonesneuronstosseveralspostsynapticscells
B) thespresencesofsEPSPssandsIPSPssonsasneuronsatsthessamestime
C) thessummationsofsgradedspotentialsstosdetermineswhethersorsnotsansactionspotentialswillsbesge
nerated
D) theslevelsofsdepolarizationsrequiredstosgeneratesansactionspotential
E) thesarrivalsofsansactionspotentialsatsthesaxonsterminalsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.3
41) Forsionotropicsreceptors,stheirs
responses
theslikelihoodsthatstwospulsessfromsthessamesneuronswillssummate.
A) rapids:sdecreases
B) rapids:sincreases
C) rapids:sdoessnotsaffect
D) slows:sdecreases
E) slows:sincreasess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.2
42) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsincreasestheslikelihoodsofsansactionspotentialsbeingsgeneratedsins
aspostsynapticscell?
A) presynapticsinhibitionsatsansexcitatoryssynapse
B) presynapticsexcitationsatsansexcitatoryssynapse
C) openingsofspotassiumschannelssonsthespostsynapticscell
D) openingsofschlorideschannelssonsaspostsynapticscellswithsnosactivestransportsofschloridesions
E) openingsofschlorideschannelssonsaspostsynapticscellsthatsactivelystransportsschloridesionssoutsofs
thescell
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
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43) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsinhibitoryssynapsessissFALSE?
A) OpeningsofspotassiumschannelsscansgeneratesansIPSP.
B) OpeningsofschlorideschannelsscansgeneratesansIPSP.
C) Inspresynapticsinhibition,stheslowerslevelspotentialsgeneratedsinterferesswithsthesoncomingsac
tionspotential.
D) Thesmembranespotentialsofsthespostsynapticscellscansbeshyperpolarized.
E) Thespostsynapticscellsisslessslikelystosgeneratesansactionspotential.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
44) Howsdoesstemporalssummationscreatesansactionspotential?
A) Twosorsmorespostsynapticspotentialssaresgeneratedsinsrapidssuccessionsatsthessamessynapsesbe
forestheyscansdissipate,stherebysexceedingsthreshold.
B) Generatorspotentialssaresatsthessamestemposonsadjacentsneurons.
C) Potentialssaresgeneratedsonsseveralsdendritessatsthessamestimestostriggersthresholdsandsthespr
oductionsofsansactionspotential.
D) Itsissfrequencysmodulatedsandsofsthessamesamplitudesforsintensity.
E) ThestemporalslobesinsthesbrainsstimulatessEPSPsstostriggersansactionspotential.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
45) Assthesamplitudesofsthesexcitatoryspostsynapticspotentialsincreasessabovesthreshold,sthestimesbe
tweenseachsactionspotentialswills
,stherebysincreasingsthes
ofsthesactionspotentials.
A) decreases:sfrequency
B) decreases:samplitude
C) increases:sfrequency
D) increases:samplitude
E) notsbesaltereds:samplitudes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
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46) Suprathresholdsgradedspotentialsswithinsasneuronscansgenerates
actionspotential(s)satsthesaxonshillock,swhichsallowssforsthes
ofsthesmagnitudesofsthesstimulus.
A) multiples:samplitudescoding
B) multiples:sfrequencyscoding
C) assingles:sfrequencyscoding
D) assingles:samplitudescoding
E) severals:samplitudescodings
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
47) Axoaxonicssynapsessaresresponsiblesfors
thesextentsofsneurotransmittersreleasedsatsthessynapse.
A) inhibiting
B) decreasing
C) increasing
D) modulating
E) enhancing
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
48) Presynapticsmodulationsofsneurotransmittersreleasesinvolvessmodifyings
atsthesaxonsterminal.
A) membranespotential
B) calciumsinflux
C) thesvesiclessselectedsforsrelease
D) sodiumschannels
E) potassiumschannels
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.4
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49) Duringspresynapticsinhibition,sthesreleasesofsasneurotransmittersfromsthesmodulatingsneuronsca
usesswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) ansincreasesinsneurotransmittersreleasesfromsthesneuronsitsissmodulating
B) ashyperpolarizationsofsthesneuronsitsissmodulating
C) ansIPSPsonsthespostsynapticscell
D) ansEPSPsonsthespostsynapticscell
E) asdecreasesinscalciumsentrysintosthesaxonsterminalsofsthesneuronsitsissmodulatingsAn
swer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
50) WhichsofsthesfollowingsBESTsdescribesspresynapticsfacilitation?
A) ThesmodulatingsneuronscausessansEPSPsonsthespostsynapticscell.
B) Thesmodulatingsneuronsenhancessneurotransmittersreleasestosthespostsynapticscell.
C) Thesmodulatingsneuronstriggerssansactionspotentialsinsthespostsynapticscell.
D) Thesmodulatingsneuronsstabilizessthesmembranespotentialsofsthespostsynapticscell.
E) Thesmodulatingsneuronsdecreasesstheseffectivescommunicationsbetweensthescellsitsissm
odulatingsandsitsspostsynapticscell.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
51) Thessynthesissofsacetylcholinesinvolvessansenzymescalleds
,swhichsisspresentswithinsthesaxonalscytosolsandsissresponsiblesforsconvertings
intosacetylcholines+sCoA.
A) acetylcholinesterases:sacetylsCoAs+scholine
B) cholinesacetylstransferases:scholines+sacetate
C) acetylcholinesterases:scholine
D) cholinesacetylstransferases:sacetylsCoAs+scholine
E) cholinesacetylstransferases:sacetylsCoAs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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52) Neuronssthatssynthesizesandsreleasesacetylcholinesarescalleds
A) ACTH
B) gamma
C) adrenergic
D) dopaminergic
E) cholinergic
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
neurons.
53) Oncesreleased,sacetylcholinesissdegradedsbysextracellularsenzymessintoswhatsproduct(s)?
A) acetates+scholine
B) methylcholines+sacetate
C) acetylsCoAs+scholine
D) acetatesonly
E) cholinesonly
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
54) Whatsisstransportedsbacksintosthesaxonsterminalsofscholinergicsneuronsstosbesresynthesizedsint
osactivesneurotransmitter?
A) acetylcholine
B) acetylsCoA
C) acetate
D) choline
E) epinephrine
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
55) Whatstypesofsreceptorsissbothsionotropicsandscholinergic?
A) muscarinic
B) dopaminergic
C) serotonergic
D) adrenergic
E) nicotinic
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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56) Whatstypesofsreceptorsissbothsmetabotropicsandscholinergic?
A) muscarinic
B) dopaminergic
C) serotonergic
D) adrenergic
E) nicotinic
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
57) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasneurotransmittersthatscontainssassixcarbonsringswithstwoshydroxylsgroupssandsansaminesgroup?
A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) aminosacids
D) neuroactivespeptides
E) nitricsoxide
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
58) WhichsofsthesfollowingscouplingssbetweensneurotransmittersandsneurotransmittersclasssissI
NCORRECT?
A) adenosines:saminosacid
B) norepinephrines:scatecholamine
C) histamines:sbiogenicsamine
D) enkephalins:sneuropeptide
E) nitricsoxides:sgass
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
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59) Histamineshassreceptorssinstheshypothalamus,sRASssystem,sstomach,sbloodsvessels,sandsbr
onchioles.sWhatscreatesshistamine'ssdifferingseffectssseensinseachsofsthesesareas?
A) Theresaresdifferentsmessagestransductionssystems.
B) Eachstissuesissdifferent,ssosnostwoscanshavesthessameseffect.
C) Allsofstheseffectssaresasresultsofsmembranesdehydration.
D) Histaminesrecombinesswithsothersendogenousssubstancessoncesinsidesthestargetscell.
E) Theysaresdependentsonswhichscellssecretesstheshistamine.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
60) Biogenicsaminessaressynthesizedsinswhatsregionsofsasneuron?
A) cytosolsofsthescellsbody
B) axonshillock
C) roughsendoplasmicsreticulum
D) extracellularsspace
E) cytosolsofsthesaxonsterminals
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
61) Thesactionsofsadrenergicsreceptorssidentifiessthemsass
A) metabotropic
B) chemotropic
C) ionotropic
D) voltage-gated
E) mechanicallygatedsAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
receptors.
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62) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissasbiogenicsaminesthatsissNOTsclassifiedsassascatecholamine?
A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) adrenaline
D) serotonin
E) dopamine
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
63) Whatstwosenzymesscatalyzesthesbreakdownsofscatecholamines?
A) catechol-O-methyltransferasesandsacetylcholinesterase
B) acetylcholinesterasesandsdopasdecarboxylase
C) monoaminesoxidasesandsphenylethanolaminesNsmethyltransferase
D) dopasdecarboxylasesandsphenylethanolaminesNsmethyltransferase
E) monoaminesoxidasesandscatechol-OmethyltransferasesAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
64) Epinephrinesbindssbeststoswhichsofsthesfollowingsreceptorstypes?
A) alpha1sadrenergicsreceptors
B) alpha2sadrenergicsreceptors
C) alpha3sadrenergicsreceptors
D) beta1sadrenergicsreceptors
E) beta2sadrenergicsreceptorss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
65) FastsEPSPssaresproducedsatswhichsofsthesfollowingstypessofsreceptor?
A) nicotinicscholinergicsonly
B) alpha-adrenergicsonly
C) AMPAsreceptorssonly
D) bothsnicotinicscholinergicsandsAMPAsreceptors
E) bothsnicotinicscholinergicsandsalphaadrenergicsreceptorssAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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66) Histidine,styrosine,sandstryptophansallsgosonstosbecomeswhatsclasssofsneurotransmitters?
A) biogenicsamines
B) aminosacidstransmitters
C) neuropeptides
D) purines
E) catecholamines
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
67)
issansaminosacidsneurotransmittersatsexcitatoryssynapsesswhereass
issansaminosacidsneurotransmittersatsinhibitoryssynapses.
A) Gamma-aminobutyricsacids:sglutamate
B) Gamma-aminobutyricsacids:sglycine
C) Glycines:saspartate
D) Aspartates:sglycine
E) Glutamates:saspartates
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
68) WhichsofsthesfollowingsGABAsreceptorstypessisscoupledstoschlorideschannels?
A) GABAAsonly
B) GABABsonly
C) GABACsonly
D) bothsGABAAsandsGABAB
E) bothsGABAAsandsGABACs
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
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69) WhysaresaminosacidsneurotransmitterssNOTsconsideredsbiogenicsamines?
A) Biogenicsaminessstillscontainsansaminesgroup,sbutsaresnoslongersaminosacids.
B) Aminosacidssaresexcitatorysonly,swhilesbiogenicsaminessaresnot.
C) Aminosacidssusedstosmakesbiogenicsaminessaresnotsusedsforsanythingselse.
D) Biogenicsaminessmaysbestakensupsbysnon-conductingscells,swhilesaminosacidssaresnot.
E) Aminosacidsslosestheirsactivityswhensstored,swhilesbiogenicsaminessdosnot.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
70) Whatsissthesmostscommonsinhibitorysneurotransmittersinsthescentralsnervousssystem?
A) glycine
B) GABA
C) glutamate
D) acetylcholine
E) aspartate
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
71) Neuropeptidessaressynthesizedsinswhatsregionsofsasneuron?
A) withinsthesaxonsterminal
B) insthesroughsendoplasmicsreticulum
C) alongsthesaxon
D) withinsthesvesicles
E) atsthesdendrites
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
72) WhichsofsthesfollowingscompoundssissNOTsasneuropeptide?
A) substancesP
B) vasopressin
C) oxytocin
D) endorphin
E) epinephrine
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
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73) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissashypothalamicsneuropeptidesthatsregulatessthessleep-wakescycle?
A) orexin
B) vasopressin
C) oxytocin
D) melatonin
E) substancesP
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
74) Nitricsoxidesissa(n)s
thatsfunctionssassasneurotransmitter.
A) catecholamine
B) gas
C) neuroactivespeptide
D) biogenicsamine
E) aminosacids
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
75) WhichsofsthesfollowingschemicalssissNOTsasknownsneurotransmitter?
A) acetylcholine
B) nitricsoxide
C) ATP
D) substancesP
E) carbonsdioxide
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
324 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
76) WhatschemicalstargetssCB1sreceptors?
A) tetrahydrocannabinol
B) enkephalin
C) glutamate
D) carbonicsacid
E) carbonsdioxide
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
77) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissasneuropeptide?
A) acetylcholine
B) glycine
C) substancesP
D) norepinephrine
E) aspartate
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
78) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissansaminosacidsneurotransmittersreleasedsatsex
citatoryssynapses?
A) glycine
B) aspartate
C) acetylcholine
D) substancesP
E) norepinephrine
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
325 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
79) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissascatecholamine?
A) substancesP
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) aspartate
E) glycines
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
80) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissasbiogenicsamine,sbutsnotsascatecholamine?
A) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
C) aspartate
D) substancesP
E) norepinephrine
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
81) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissansaminosacidsneurotransmittersreleasedsatsin
hibitoryssynapses?
A) substancesP
B) aspartate
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine
E) glycines
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
326 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
82) Whichsofsthesfollowingsneurotransmitterssissthesmostscommonsneurotransmittersinsthespe
ripheralsnervousssystem?
A) substancesP
B) norepinephrine
C) glycine
D) acetylcholine
E) aspartate
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
83) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs-70smVswhenssodiumschannelssopen?
A) membranesstabilization
B) hyperpolarization
C) returnsstos-70smV
D) depolarization
E) repolarization
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
84) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs70smVswhenssodiumsleakschannelssclose?
A) membranesstabilization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) returnsstos-70smV
E) depolarization
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
85) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs-70smVswhenspotassiumschannelssopen?
A) repolarization
B) returnsstos-70smV
C) membranesstabilization
D) hyperpolarization
E) depolarization
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
86) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs-70smVswhenspotassiumschannelssclose?
327 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) repolarization
B) hyperpolarization
C) depolarization
D) returnsstos-70smV
E) membranesstabilization
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
87) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs70smVswhenschannelssforsansanionswithsansequilibriumspotentialsofs-80smVsopen?
A) hyperpolarization
B) depolarization
C) membranesstabilization
D) returnsstos-70smV
E) repolarization
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
88) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs70smVswhenschannelssforsascationswithsansequilibriumspotentialsofs-80smVsopen?
A) repolarization
B) hyperpolarization
C) depolarization
D) returnsstos-70smV
E) membranesstabilization
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
89) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs70smVswhenschannelssforsascationswithsansequilibriumspotentialsofs-30smVsopen?
A) returnsstos-70smV
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) membranesstabilization
E) depolarization
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
90) Whatshappensstosthesrestingsmembranespotentialsofs70smVswhenschannels,sthatspermitsbothssodiumsandspotassiumstosmovesthrough,sopen?
328 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
A) hyperpolarization
B) repolarization
C) membranesstabilization
D) depolarization
E) returnsstos70smVsAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
91) WhichsenzymescatalyzessthessynthesissofscAMP?
A) monoaminesoxidase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) catechol-O-methyltransferase
E) cholinesacetylstransferases
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
92) Whichsenzymescatalyzessthessynthesissofsacetylcholine?
A) monoaminesoxidase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) cholinesacetylstransferase
E) catechol-OmethyltransferasesAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
329 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
93) Whatsenzymescatalyzessbreakdownsofscatecholaminessinsthessynapticscleftsandsinsthesmi
tochondriasofsthesaxonsterminalsofsthespresynapticscell?
A) cholinesacetylstransferase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) monoaminesoxidase
D) catechol-O-methyltransferase
E) acetylcholinesterases
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
94) Whatsenzymescatalyzessbreakdownsofscatecholaminessinsthessynapticscleftsonly?
A) monoaminesoxidase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) catechol-O-methyltransferase
D) acetylcholinesterase
E) cholinesacetylstransferases
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
95) Whatsenzymescatalyzessbreakdownsofsacetylcholine?
A) catechol-O-methyltransferase
B) adenylatescyclase
C) cholinesacetylstransferase
D) monoaminesoxidase
E) acetylcholinesterases
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
330 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
96) Allsofsthesfollowingsreceptorssub-typessaresmetabotropic,sEXCEPT
A) alphasadrenergic.
B) nicotinicscholinergic.
C) betasadrenergic.
D) NMDA
E) muscarinicscholinergic.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
97) Allsofsthesfollowingsreceptorssub-typessaresionotropic,sEXCEPT
A) GABAA
B) kainatesglutamatergic.
C) nicotinicscholinergic.
D) AMPAsglutamatergic.
E) muscarinicscholinergic.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
331 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures8.1
98) WhatsissoccurringsinsSteps2sofsFigures8.1,sandshowsissthatsprocesssoriginated?
A) influxsofscalciums:sdepolarizationscausessvoltage-gatedscalciumschannelsstosopen
B) removesneurotransmittersfromsthessynapticsclefts:sreuptake
C) fastsreceptorsopenssansionschannelsthatsisspartsofsthesreceptors:sreuptake
D) slowsreceptorscansopensorsclosesansionschannelsbysGsproteinscouplingsbetweensreceptorsandsion
schannels:sneurotransmittersrelease
E) receptorsthatscansstimulatesascellularsresponsesbysgatingsitssionschannels:sstimulatingsasGspro
teinstosgatesansionschannel
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-11
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
99) IdentifysthesstructuresonsthespostsynapticsmembranesthatsbindswithsthesneurotransmittersinsSt
eps4sofsFigures8.1,sandsindicatesitssfunction.
A) asvoltage-gatedscalciumschannelsforsreuptakesofsCa2+
B) transportersforsthesreuptakesofsreleasedsneurotransmitter
C) asreceptorsthatscansstimulatesascellularsresponsesbysgatingsitssionschannelsorsstimulatingsasGspro
teinstosgatesansionschannel
D) endocytoticsvesiclesstoringsneurotransmitter
E) ansenzymesusedstosremovesneurotransmittersfromsthessynapticscleftsA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
332 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
100) IdentifysthesstructuresonsthespostsynapticsmembranesthatsbindsswithsthesneurotransmittersinsSt
eps6sofsFigures8.1,sandsindicatesitssfunction.
A) transportersforsthesreuptakesofsreleasedsneurotransmitter
B) asvoltage-gatedscalciumschannelsforsreuptakesofsCa2+
C) ansenzymesusedstosremovesneurotransmittersfromsthessynapticscleft
D) endocytoticsvesiclesstoringsneurotransmitter
E) asreceptorsthatscansstimulatesascellularsresponsesbysgatingsitssionschannelsorsstimulatingsasGspro
teinstosgatesansionschannel
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
101) InsFigures8.1,sthesoverallsfunctionsofsStepss6-8,swhichsoccurssimultaneously,sissto
A) stimulatesascellularsresponsesbysgatingsitssionschannelsorsstimulatingsasGsproteinstosgatesansionscha
nnel.
B) createsendocytoticsvesiclessforsstoringsneurotransmitter.
C) releasesexcesssneurotransmitter.
D) reuptakesCa2+.
E) removesneurotransmittersfromsthessynapticscleft.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
102) InsFigures8.1,sifsthespresynapticsneuronsisscholinergic,swhatsissthesstructuresinsSteps6?
A) catechol-O-methyltransferase
B) monoaminesoxidase
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) cholinesacetylstransferase
E) dopasdecarboxylases
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
103) InsFigures8.1,sifsthespresynapticsneuronsissadrenergic,swhatsissthesstructuresinsSteps6?
A) cholinesacetylstransferase
B) monoaminesoxidasesorscatechol-O-methyltransferase
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) phosphodiesterase
E) dopasdecarboxylases
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 8.5
104) InsFigures8.1,swhatsisstheseventsinsSteps1sthatsissrequiredstosstartsthesprocesssthatsleadsstosthesrele
asesofsneurotransmittersfromsansaxonsterminal?
A) actionspotential
B) movementsofssodiumsintosthesneuronsandsdownsthesaxon
C) generatorspotentialsfromsthesaxonshillock
D) movementsofscalciumsdownsthesaxon
E) migrationsofsnewlyssynthesizedsneurotransmittersfromsthessomas
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
105) InsFigures8.1,swhatsissgoingsonsinsSteps3?
A) thesmigrationsofsthesvesiclescontainingsneurotransmitterstosthescellsmembranesandsitssreleasesby
sexocytosis
B) phagocytosissofscalciumsandsitsssubsequentsrelease
C) calciumsactivationsofspro-neurohormone
D) diffusionsofsneurotransmittersacrosssthessynapticscleftsbeforesbindingstosthesreceptorsonsthespo
stsynapticsmembrane
E) calciumsissmetabolizedsandspackagedsintossecretorysvesicless
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
334 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
106) Whatschannelssaresthesmostsabundantstypesofsvoltagegatedschannelswithinsthesaxonsterminalsandsaresresponsiblesforsthesreleasesofsneurotransmitt
er?
A) voltage-gatedscalciumschannels
B) voltage-gatedsadrenergicschannels
C) voltage-gatedssodiumschannels
D) voltage-gatedscholinergicschannels
E) voltagegatedspotassiumschannelssAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.2
107) Ifsasmembranesissdepolarizedstos+10smV,swhichscationswillsmovesmoresfrequentlysthroughsassm
allscationschannel?
A) hydrogen
B) calcium
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) sodiums
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
108) Ifsthesrestingsmembranespotentialsiss70smV,swhichscationswillsmovesmoresfrequentlysthroughsassmallscationschannel?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) magnesium
D) calcium
E) hydrogen
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
109)
mustsbesactivelystakensupsbyscholinergicsneuronssinsorderstossynthesizesne
urotransmitter.
A) Acetyl
B) Choline
C) Acetylcholine
D) DOPA
E) ATP
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
110) Whichsadrenergicsreceptor(s)shassthesgreatestsaffinitysforsnorepinephrine?
A) alphasandsbeta1
B) alpha1sandsbeta
C) beta2
D) alpha2sandsbeta1,sbeta2
E) alpha3s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
111) Whatsissthestypesofsreceptorspresentsonsthesaxonsterminalsthatsrespondsstosthesreleasesofsneu
rotransmittersfromsthatssamesaxonsterminal?
A) autoreceptor
B) reuptakesreceptor
C) nociceptor
D) paracrinesreceptor
E) shortsloopsreceptors
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
8.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Whensvoltagedependentscalciumschannelssopen,scalciumsmovessoutsofsthescell.sAnswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
2) Whensansactionspotentialsreachessthesaxonsterminal,sasquicksburstsofsneurotransmittersissrel
easedsintosthessynapticscleft.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
3) Excitatoryspostsynapticspotentialsscansoccursasseithersfastsorsslowsresponses.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
4) Insthesabsencesofsactivestransportsofschloride,smembranespotentialswillsdeterminesthesco
ncentrationsofschloridesionssacrosssasneuron'ssplasmasmembrane.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
5) Oncesinitiated,sexcitatoryspostsynapticspotentialsslastsforshours,sespeciallysifsasfastsreceptorsissact
ivated.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
6) Ansactionspotentialsisstriggeredsifsthesmembranespotentialsatsthesaxonshillocksissdepolarizedstosthr
eshold.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) IPSPsscansonlyssummateswithsIPSPs,sandsEPSPsscansonlyssummateswithsEPSPs.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
8) Twosorsmoresgradedspotentialssoriginatingsfromsdifferentssynapsessonsthessamesneuronsatsap
proximatelysthessamestimeswillscausesspatialssummation.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
9) Informationsonsthesamplitudesofsasparticularsresponsesisscodedsforsbysthesamplitudesofsthesact
ionspotentialsgenerated.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
10) Presynapticsmodulationsinvolvessasneurotransmittersfromsthesaxonsterminalsofsonesneuronsaffe
ctingsthesmembranespotentialsofsansaxonsterminalsfromsanothersneuronsonswhichsthesfirstshasssynaps
eds(axoaxonicssynapse).
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 8.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
11) Ansaxoaxonicssynapsesissuniquesinsitssabilitystosaffectsneurotransmittersrelease,sbutsnotsthesact
ionspotential.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
12) ThessimilaritysinsstructuresbetweensglutamatesandsGABAsaresindicativesofsthessimilaritysinsth
eirsfunction.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 8.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Connexonssaresasnecessaryscomponentsofselectricalssynapses.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
14) Mostsneurotransmitterssaressynthesizedsinsthescytosolsandsactivelystransportedsintossynapticsve
sicles.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
15) Slowspostsynapticspotentialsscansbescausedsbysthesopeningsorsclosingsofsionschannels,sw
hereassfastspostsynapticspotentialssonlysinvolvesthesopeningsofsionschannels.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
16) Closingsofspotassiumschannelsscausessashyperpolarization.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
17) Ifsthesequilibriumspotentialsofsascationsiss40smV,sthensopeningsofschannelssforsthisscationswillsresultsinsexcitationsofsthesneuron.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
18) Neuralsintegrationsoccurssatsasneuron'sscellsbody.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
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19) Presynapticsmodulationsoccurssatsaxosomaticssynapses.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
20) Adenosinesissdegradedsbysnucleotidases.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
21) GABAsissasbiogenicsamine.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
22) Whensonesneuronshassseveralsaxonscollateralssthatscommunicateswithsseveralsothersneurons,sitsi
sscalledsdivergence.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
23) GABAsactssassansautocrinesatsGABABsreceptors.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.5
24) EPSPssaresatsleasts10smVsinsmagnitudesatsthespointsofssynapticscommunication.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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25) Mostscommunicationsbetweensneuronssinsthescentralsnervousssystemsissone-toone,sthatsis,sonespresynapticsneuronscommunicatesstosjustsonespostsynapticsneuron.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 8.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 8.1
8.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Informationstravelssthroughsthesnervousssystemsalongsthesaxonssassactionspotentials.sThesesacti
onspotentialssmustsbestransmittedsacrosssthessynapticscleft.sDescribesthesprocessswherebysansactions
potentialsthatshassenteredsthesaxonsterminalsissablestosinducesaschangesinsmembranespotentialsinsthe
spostsynapticsmembrane,sfollowingsneurotransmittersbindingstosasmetabotropicsreceptor.
Answer:s Ansactionspotentialstravelssrapidlysalongsthesaxonsassaswavesofsdepolarization.sAssthatsdep
olarizationsreachessthesaxonsterminal,sthesactionspotentialsissterminatedsbysansabsencesofsthesvoltage
-gatedssodiumschannelssinsthesaxonsterminal.sHowever,sthesvoltagegatedscalciumschannelssinsthesaxonsterminalsaresopenedsbysthesdepolarization.sThessubsequentsincre
asesinscytoplasmicscalciumsinsthesaxonsterminalscausessthesvesiclesscontainingsneurotransmitterstosf
useswithsthespresynapticsmembranesandsreleasestheirscontentssthroughsexocytosis.sThereafter,scytop
lasmicscalciumsconcentrationssaresrapidlysreturnedstosrestingsvaluessbysthesshortsdurationsthatsthesca
lciumschannelsremainssopens(milliseconds)sandspumpssinsthespresynapticsmembranesmovingscalciu
msoutsofsthescell.sThissrapidsreturnsofscytoplasmicscalciumstosrestingsvaluessallowsssubsequentsactio
nspotentialsstosrepeatsthesprocesssdescribedsabovesandsreleasesmoresneurotransmitter.sAsreductionsi
nscytoplasmicscalciumswillsdecreasesthesreleasesofsneurotransmitter.sOncesthatsneurotransmittersissr
eleased,sitshassseveralspossiblesfates:sitscouldsbe
1) boundstosasreceptorsonsthespostsynapticsmembrane,s2)sdegradedsbysenzymessaroundsthessynaptics
cleft,sors3)sactivelystransportedsbacksintosthespresynapticsterminal.sForsthosesneurotransmitterssthats
havesboundstosmetabotropicsreceptorssonsthescellsmembrane,sthesbindingsofsasligandstositssreceptorsw
illssetsintosmotionsaschainsofsreactionssthatswillsresultsinsthesopeningsorsclosuresofsansionschannel.sThu
s,sdependingsuponsthesionsselectivitysofstheschannelsthatsissaffected,sthespostsynapticsmembranescans
eithersdepolarizesorshyperpolarizes(sodiumsopeningswillsdepolarizesasswillspotassiumschannelsclosur
e,sandsvicesversa).sSomesmetabotropicsreceptorssarescoupledstosGsproteins,swhichsaccountssforstheirs
beingsdescribedsassslowschannels.sActivationsofsGsproteinsbysreceptorligandsinteractionsscansactsinstwosways:s1)sdirectlysonsansionschannel,sors2)sindirectlysthroughsthesacti
vationsofsassecondsmessengerscascade.sNotsonlysaresthesesresponsessslowsinscomparisonstosionotropi
csreceptors,sbutstheyscansrequireslongersperiodssofstimestosdecays(i.e.,stheschangesinsmembranespoten
tialsissmaintainedsforsminutesstoshours).
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2|8.3s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 8.5
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2) Postsynapticspotentialssgeneratedsbysneurotransmittersbindingstosreceptorssonsthespostsynapticsm
embranescansbesexcitatorysorsinhibitory.sDescribesexcitatoryspostsynapticspotentialssandstheirstemp
oralscharacteristics.
Answer:s Excitatoryspostsynapticspotentialss(EPSPs)sdescribesasgradedsdepolarizationsofsthespostsy
napticsmembranesthatsissgeneratedsbysneurotransmittersbindingstosasreceptorsonsthespostsynapticsme
mbranesofsthesdendritessorscellsbody.sEPSPssarescalledsexcitatorysbecausestheysbringsmembranespote
ntialscloserstosthesthresholdsforsansactionspotential.sThatsdepolarizationscansoccursbysopeningssodiu
mschannelssorsbysclosingspotassiumschannels.sInsaddition,sopeningsnonsselectivescationschannelssthatsaresequallyspermeatedsbyspotassiumsandssodiumswouldsalsosleadstosas
depolarizationsduestosthesstrongerselectrochemicalsgradientsforssodiumsatsrestingsmembranespotenti
al.sThesstrongerssodiumsgradientswouldsresultsinsasgreatersinfluxsofssodiumscomparedswithstheseffluxs
ofspotassium,swhichswouldsresultsinsasdepolarizationsofsthesmembrane.sFastsEPSPssaresverysshortliveds(i.e.,smilliseconds).sBecausesresponsessgeneratedsbysionotropicsreceptorssdegradessosquickly,st
hespotentialsforssummationsissreduced.sAlternatively,sEPSPssgeneratedsbysmetabotropicsreceptorssar
esslowstosdevelopsandspersistsforslongersperiodssofstime,stherebysincreasingsthespossibilitysthatstheys
willssummate.sThosesslowsEPSPssgeneratedsviasmetabotropicsreceptorssoftensinvolvesthescAMPdependentsclosuresofspotassiumschannels.sThesmetabotropicsreceptorsisscoupledstosGsproteinswhich,s
oncesactivated,swillsactivatesthesenzymesadenylatescyclase,swhichsconvertssATPstoscAMP.sAnsincre
asesinscAMPswillsactivatesproteinskinasesA,swhichsphosphorylatessthespotassiumschannel,scausingsits
tosclose.sThissdepolarizationsissmaintainedsuntilscAMPsissdegradedsbysphosphodiesterase.
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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3) Postsynapticspotentials,sgeneratedsbysneurotransmittersbindingstosreceptorssonsthespostsynapticsm
embranescansbesexcitatorysorsinhibitory.sDescribesinhibitoryspostsynapticspotentialssandshowschlori
deschannelsscansbesinhibitoryswithoutsproducingsansIPSP.
Answer:s Inhibitoryspostsynapticspotentialss(IPSPs)sdescribesasgradedshyperpolarizationsofsthesposts
ynapticsmembrane,swhichsissgeneratedsbysligandsbindingstosasreceptorsonsthespostsynapticsmembran
esofsthesdendritessorsthesnervescellsbodysitself.sIPSPssarescalledsinhibitorysbecausestheystakesmembra
nespotentialsfurthersawaysfromsthesthresholdsforsansactionspotential.sThatshyperpolarizationscansoccu
rsbysclosingssodiumschannels,sbysopeningspotassiumschannels,sorsbysopeningschlorideschannels.sWit
hsrespectstoschlorideschannels,stheselectricalsgradientsdrivesschloridesoutsofsthescellswhilestheschemic
alsgradientsdrivesschloridesintosthescell.sThesnetsmovementsofschlorideswillsdependsuponsthesneuronsi
nvolved:s1)sneuronsswithsactivestransporterssthatsmoveschloridesoutsofsthescellssetsupsansinwardschlor
idesgradient,swhiles2)sinsthesabsencesofs ansactiveschloridestransporter,schloridesissatsequilibrium.sInsn
euronsswithsactiveschloridestransporters,sopeningsaschlorideschannelswillsinitiatesthesinfluxsofschlori
desintosthescell,stherebyscausingsashyperpolarization.sHowever,swhenschloridesissatsequilibrium,sope
ningsaschlorideschannelswillsnotsaltersmembranespotentialsandsthus,sdoessnotsproducesansIPSP.sHowe
ver,sthisssynapsesissconsideredsinhibitorysbecausesoncesansEPSPsissinitiated,sthatsdepolarizationswills
createsanselectricalsgradientsthatswillsmoveschloridesintosthescell,stherebysdecreasingsthesextentsofsde
polarizationsfromsanysEPSP.sThus,swhilesopeningsaschlorideschannelsinsasneuronslackingsansactivesc
hloridestransporterswillsnotsaltersmembranespotential,sthesmerespresencesofsopenschlorideschannelss
willscountersanysEPSPsthatsmightsbesinitiated.
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 8.2
4) Oncesansactionspotentialsreachessthesaxonsterminal,sthatsdepolarizationsstimulatessthesreleasesofsn
eurotransmitterssthatscansbesmodulatedsbysothersneuronssthatssynapseswithsthesaxonsterminal.sDescri
beshowsneurotransmitterssaresreleasedsfromsthesaxonsterminalsandshowsthatsresponsesissalteredsbysax
oaxonicssynapses.
Answer:s Axoaxonicssynapsessdescribesasstructureswheresthesaxonsterminalsfromsonesneuronssynaps
esswithsanothersaxonsterminal.sThesesaxoaxonicssynapsessaresquitesspecificsforsasparticularsaxonster
minal.sThesreleasesofsneurotransmittersfromsthespostsynapticsneuronsissdeterminedsbysthesextentsofsc
alciumsreleasedswithinsthesaxonsterminal.sTheresarestwostypessofsneuromodulationsthatscansoccur:spr
esynapticsfacilitationsandspresynapticsinhibition.sInspresynapticsfacilitation,scalciumsreleasesinsthesa
xonsterminalsissenhanced,swhichsincreasessthesreleasesofsneurotransmitter.sForspresynapticsinhibitio
n,scalciumsreleasesinsthesaxonsterminalsissdecreased,stherebysdecreasingsthesamountsofsneurotransmi
ttersreleasedsfromsthesaxonsterminal.
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.4
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5) Thesneurotransmittersforsskeletalsmusclesissacetylcholineswhichsbindsstosnicotinicsreceptorssonssk
eletalsmuscle.sDescribesthesprocessswherebysacetylcholinesisssynthesized,sreleased,sandsdegradedsw
ithinsthessynapse.
Answer:s Acetylcholinesissasneurotransmittersthatsisssynthesizedswithinsthesaxonsterminal.sCholinesa
cetylstransferasesissthesenzymeswithinsthesaxonsterminalsthatsconvertssacetylsCoAsandscholinesintosa
cetylcholine.sThesacetylcholinesisspackagedswithinsthesvesiclessforsreleasesintosthessynapse.sOncesre
leased,sacetylcholinesdiffusessacrosssthessynapticscleftsandsbindsswithsascholinergicsreceptor.sTheres
arestwostypessofscholinergicsreceptorssthatsarespresent:smuscarinicsandsnicotinic.sThesdistributionsofs
thesesreceptorssvariessbystissue,sassdoessthesresponsesoriginatedsfromsthesesreceptors.sNicotinicsrece
ptorssaresionotropicsandstherebystriggersansionschannelsopening.sMuscarinicsreceptorssaresmetabotro
picsreceptorsswhosesactivitysisstriggeredsviasasGsprotein.sInsresponsestosactivationsbysacetylcholine,s
muscarinicsreceptorsscanseithersopensorsclosesionschannelssorsactivatesenzymes.sThesremaindersofsth
esacetylcholinesmustsbesremovedsfromsthessynapse.sThississdonesbysthespresencesofsacetylcholineste
rase.sAcetylcholinesissdegradedstoscholinesandsacetate.sThescholinescansbesactivelystransportedsbacks
intosthesaxonsterminalsandsrecycledsintosacetylcholine.
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
6) Catecholaminessaresansimportantsclasssofsneurotransmitter.sDescribesthesreceptorssinvolvedsinsre
spondingstoscatecholaminessandshowstheysaresdegraded.
Answer:s Catecholaminessaressynthesizedswithinsthesaxonsterminalsfromsthesaminosacidstyrosine.sTh
escatecholaminessincludesdopamine,snorepinephrine,sandsepinephrine.sOncesreleased,sdopamineswi
llsbindstosdopaminergicsreceptors,swhereassnorepinephrinesandsepinephrinesbothsbindstosadrenergics
receptors.sTheresarestwosmainsclassessofsadrenergicsreceptor:salphasandsbeta.sEachsissdividedsintosm
ultiplessubclassess(αs1-2sandsβs13).sAdrenergicsreceptorssaresfoundsinsthescentralsnervousssystemsandsonseffectorsorganssforsthessymp
atheticsnervousssystem.sAdrenergicsreceptorssarescoupledstosGsprotein,smakingsadrenergicsreceptors
smetabotropicsreceptors.sAtsthessamestime,sadrenergicsreceptorssaresautoreceptors,smeaningsthatsthe
ysarespresentsonsthespresynapticsmembranestosmodifysthesreleasesofscatecholamines.sThus,scatechola
minessreleasedsfromsansaxonsterminalswillsbindstosadrenergicsreceptorssonsbothsthespresynapticsandsp
ostsynapticsmembrane.sFollowingstheirsrelease,scatecholaminessaresdegradedsbysmonoaminesoxidas
es(MAO)sandscatechol-Omethyltransferases(COMT).sMAOsandsCOMTsareslocatedswithinsthessynapticscleft,swhilesMAOsissa
lsosfoundsinsthesaxonsterminalsandssomesglialscells
LearningsOutcome:s 8.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.5
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7) Describesthesprocesssofsneuralsintegrationsinsneurons,swithsparticularsemphasissonssummationsan
dshowsactionspotentialssaresgeneratedswithinsneurons.
Answer:s Insordersforsansactionspotentialstosbestriggeredsfromsasneuron,smembranespotentialsmustsbes
abovesthresholdsatsthesaxonshillock.sThus,sbothsaxodendriticsandsaxosomaticssynapsessaresinvolved.
sThesresponsessthatsoriginatesfromsthesessynapsessaresdependentsuponsthesneurotransmittersreleaseds
andsthesreceptorstoswhichsthosesneurotransmitterssbind.sMembranespotentialschangessoriginatesfrom
sionotropicsandsmetabotropicsreceptors.sThesionotropicsreceptorssaresbothsasreceptorsandsansionschan
nelssuchsthatsneurotransmittersbindingstosthesreceptorsinducessthesionschannelstosopen,sbutsonlysforsas
shortsdurations(milliseconds).sHowever,smetabotropicsreceptorssarescoupledstosionschannelssviasGsp
roteins.sWhensactivated,stheysactsslowlystosopensorsclosesionschannels.sTheseschangessinsthesgatingso
fsionschannelssaresratherslongliveds(secondsstoshours).sSummationsoccursswhensmultiplespostsynapticspotentialssaresgeneratedsins
rapidssuccessionsatsthessamessynapse.sIfsaspostsynapticspotentialsissgeneratedsbysrepeatedsburstssofsa
ctionspotentialssfromsthessamessynapsesthatsoccurredsbeforesthesoriginalspostsynapticsresponsescansc
ompletelysdecay,sthensastemporalssummationshassoccurred.sIfsthesmultiplesactionspotentialssthatsenh
ancesthesmagnitudesofsthespostsynapticspotentialsoriginatesfromsseveralssynapses,sthensasspatialssum
mationshassoccurred.sEachsofsthesestypessofssummationscanseithersincreasesorsdecreasestheslikelihoo
dsofsansactionspotentialsbeingsgenerated.sIfstwossynapsessaresactivesbutsonesgeneratessexcitatoryspost
synapticspotentialss(EPSPs)sandsthesothersgeneratessinhibitoryspostsynapticspotentialss(IPSPs)sofseq
ualsmagnitude,sthensthestwoswillscancelsonesanother.
However,sifsseveralsEPSPssaresgenerated,sthensitsbecomessmoreslikelysthatsansactionspotentialswills
besgenerated.sInsthesend,seachsofsthesEPSPssandsIPSPssaresgradedspotentialssthatsdecaysasstheysmov
esfromsthesdendritestosthescellsbodysandseventuallystosthesaxonshillock.sThus,swhethersansactionspot
entialsissgeneratedswillsdependsuponsthesmembranespotentialsatsthesaxonshillock.sLearningsOutcom
e:s 8.4
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 8.3
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8) Asnumbersofsmodifiedsepithelialscells,sactingsasssensorysreceptors,sinnervatesassinglesneuron.sSo
mesofsthesescellssreleasesexcitatorysneurotransmitters,swhilesotherssreleasesinhibitorysneurotransm
itters.sHowsaresthesesresponsessintegratedsbysthesneuronstosdetermineswhethersansactionspotentials
willsbesgeneratedsorsnot?
Answer:s Thesesmodifiedsepithelialscellsswillssynapseswithsthesdendritessonsthesbodysofsasneuron.sAss
neurotransmitterssaresreleasedsontosthosesdendrites,sasgradedspotentialsissproducedsatsthespostsynapti
csmembranesthatswillseithersdepolarizes(excitatoryspostsynapticspotential)sorshyperpolarizes(inhibito
ryspostsynapticspotential)sthesmembrane.sFromsthessynapse,sthesgradedspotentialswillsdecaysassitsmo
vessalongsthesmembranesofsthescellsbody.sInscontrast,sactionspotentialssdosnotsdecaysasstheysmovesalo
ngsansaxon.sWhethersorsnotsansactionspotentialsissgeneratedsissdeterminedsbysthesmagnitudesofsthesme
mbranespotentialsoncesitsreachessthesaxonshillock.sThesaxonshillockscontainssthesionschannelssthatsar
esnecessarysforsthesgenerationsofsansactionspotential.sThus,sifsthesgradedspotentialsthatsoriginatessatsth
esdendriticssynapsesandstravelssalongsthescellsbodysissstillsabovesthresholdsoncesitsreachessthesaxonshi
llock,sansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.sTwostypessofsintegration,sreferredstosasssummation,saress
patialsandstemporal.sSpatialssummationsrefersstosassituationswherestwossynapsessaresactivatedsatsthess
amestimessuchsthatsthesgradedspotentialsgeneratedsissthessumsofsthestwosinputs.sTemporalssummation
srefersstostwosimpulsessfromsthessamesneuronswheresthessecondsreachessthessynapsesbeforesthesfirstsh
assdecayedscompletely.sHowever,sthesprocesssofssummationsdoessnotsnecessarilysleadstosthesgenerati
onsofsansactionspotential.sThesgenerationsofsansactionspotentialsissdependentsuponsthesnaturesofsthesi
mpulsessthatsaresbeingssummeds(excitatorysorsinhibitory)sandsthesmagnitudesofsthosesimpulses.
LearningsOutcome:s 8.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 8.2
8.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) (Openings/sClosing)sofsaspotassiumschannelsresultssinsansexcitatoryspostsynapticspotential.sA
nswer:s Closing
LearningsOutcome:s 8.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.1
2) Asneuronsactivelystransportsschloridesionssoutsofsthescell.sOpeningsofschlorideschannelssinsrespo
nsestosasneurotransmittersbindingstosreceptorssonsthissneuronswillsproducesansIPSPstherebys(excitin
gs/sinhibiting)sthesneuron.
Answer:s inhibitingsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 8.2sHAPSsLO:s
HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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3) Asneuronshassnosactivestransportssystemssforschloridesions.sOpeningsofschlorideschannelssinsres
ponsestosasneurotransmittersbindingstosreceptorssonsthissneuronswillsproduces(ansIPSPs/smembran
esstabilization)stherebysinhibitingsthesneuron.
Answer:s membranesstabilizationsLear
ningsOutcome:s 8.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
4) Oncesthesneurotransmittersthatshassactivatedsasslowsreceptorshassbeensclearedsfromsthessynapse,
stheschangesinsmembranespotentials(willsimmediatelysdissipates/scanslastsaswhilesbeforesdissipating)
.
Answer:s canslastsaswhilesbeforesdissipatingsLearnings
Outcome:s 8.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
5) Temporalssummationsisslessslikelystosoccurswhensthesreceptorsthatshassbeensactivatedsissas(fast
/sslow)sreceptor.
Answer:s fast
LearningsOutcome:s 8.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.3
6) Theshighersthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialssgenerated,sthes(mores/sless)sneurotransmittersrel
easedsatsassynapse.
Answer:s mores Learnin
gsOutcome:s 8.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 8.2
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters9s s ThesNervoussSystem:sCentralsNervoussSystem
9.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Whatstypesofsglialscellssplayssascriticalsrolesinsmaintainingsextracellularspotassiumslevels?
A) Schwannscells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) microglia
D) ependymalscells
E) astrocytes
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
2) Whatstypesofsglialscellsissnecessarysforsnormalsdevelopmentsofsthesblood-brainsbarrier?
A) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymalscells
D) microglia
E) Schwannscellss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
3) Alzheimer'ssdiseasesisscausedsbystheslosssofs
neuronssinscertainsbrainsareassandsreplacementsofstheslostsneuronsswithsscarstissuescalleds
.
A) cholinergics:splaques
B) cholinergics:smyelin
C) adrenergics:splaques
D) adrenergics:smyelin
E) muscarinics:smyelins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
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4) Whatstypesofsglialscellsissasphagocyte?
A) astrocyte
B) oligodendrocyte
C) ependymalscell
D) microglia
E) Schwannscells
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
5) Whichsofsthesfollowingsprotectssthessoftstissuessofsthesbrain?
A) cerebrospinalsfluids(CSF)
B) thesmeninges
C) thescranium
D) cerebrospinalsfluids(CSF)sandsthescranium
E) cerebrospinalsfluids(CSF),sthesmeninges,sandsthescraniums
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
6) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysthesbrainsrequiressansuninterruptedssupplysofsblood?
A) ThesCNSshassveryslittlesglycogenstosconvertstosglucose.
B) ThesCNSsdoessnotshavesaccessstosfattysacidssforsenergy,swhichsincreasesstheirsdemandsforsglu
cose.
C) ThesCNSshassaslimitedsabilitystosproducesenergysanaerobically.
D) ThesCNSshassveryslittlesglycogenstosconvertstosglucosesandshasslimitedsabilitystosproducesen
ergysanaerobically.
E) ThesCNSshasslimitedsglycogenstosconvertstosglucose,sitsdoessnotshavesaccessstosfattysacidssforsene
rgy,sandsitshasslimitedsabilitystosproducesenergysanaerobically.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
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7) Whatssymptomsofsstrokesdistinguishessitsfromsothersneurologicalsdisorders?
A) suddensonset
B) losssofsvision
C) musclesweakness
D) paralysis
E) tinglingssensationssinsthesextremitiess
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
8) Tightsjunctionssbetweenscapillarysendothelialscellssinsthescentralsnervousssystemscreatesthesbl
ood-brainsbarrier,stherebysrestrictingswhatstypesofsmovementsofsmoleculessintosthesbrain?
A) activestransportsof
B) transcytosissof
C) facilitatedsdiffusionsofshydrophobic
D) diffusionsofslipophilic
E) diffusionsofshydrophilics
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
9) Insordersforsionsstosmovesacrosssthescapillarysendothelialscellssofsthesbloodbrainsbarrier,stheysmust
A) movesthroughsthesendothelialscellslayersbystranscytosis.
B) beslipophobic.
C) beshydrophilic.
D) bestransportedsacrosssendothelialscells.
E) movesthroughsporessbetweensendothelialscells.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
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10) Whichsofsthesfollowingssubstancessrequiressmediatedstransportstoscrosssthesbloodbrainsbarrier?
A) glucose
B) hydrogensions
C) oxygen
D) carbonsdioxide
E) ethanols
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
11) Whatstypesofsglucosestransportersisslocatedsinsthesendothelialscellssofsthesblood-brainsbarrier?
A) cotransporterswithssodium
B) countertransporterswithssodium
C) GLUT-1
D) GLUT-2
E) GLUT-4
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
12) Insulinsissknownstoscrosssthesbloodbrainsbarriersandsattachstosreceptorssinsthesbrain.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofsin
sulinsinsthesbrain?
A) Itsassistssinsglucosesmetabolism.
B) Itsdecreasesshunger.
C) Itsincreasesshunger.
D) Itscausessstroke.
E) Itssignalssthesbrainstosreleasesglucagon.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
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13) WhatsissthesfunctionsofsgraysmattersinsthesCNS?
A) neuralsintegrationsandssynapticscommunication
B) tosspeedsupsnervestransmission
C) toscarrysinformationsinstractssfromsthesperipheralsnervousssystemstosthesCNS
D) toscommunicatesbetweensthesdifferentslobessofsthesbrain
E) signalssthesbrainscentersstosproducesdopamines
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
14) Whatsaresthesfiberssthatsconnectsthescorticalsregionssonsonessidesofsthesbrainswithsthescor
respondingscorticalsregionsonsthesotherssidesofsthesbrain?
A) commissuralsfibers
B) projectionsfibers
C) associationsfibers
D) spinothalamicstracts
E) arcuatesfasciculi
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
15) Physicianssadministersdrugssorsdosspinalstapssinstheslumbarsregionsofsthesspine.sWhichssta
tementsbestsdescribesswhystheslumbarsregionsofsthesspinesissusedsforssuchsprocedures?
A) Itsissbecausesofsgravity;sthesCFSshassmorespressuresinstheslumbarsregionsofsthesspine.
B) Itsissduestosthesanatomicalsfeaturesknownsassthescaudasequinas(Latins"horsestail"),smeaningsthesspi
nalscordsspreadssoutsintosindividualsnervessandsthesphysiciansisslessslikelystosharmsthesspinalscord.
C) Itsissduestosthesanatomicalsfeaturesofsprojectionsfiberssthatsconnectsthesspinalscordswithsthesbra
inssosthesdrugsswillsmakesitstosthesbrain.
D) Thississwheresthesdorsalsandsventralsrootssareslocatedsandsdrugssadministeredstosthesrootssaresmo
reseffective.
E) Patientssareslessssensitivesinsthissareasofsthesback.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
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16) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsconsistsofswhitesmatter?
A) dorsalscolumnssofsthesspinalscord
B) basalsnuclei
C) cerebralscortex
D) dorsalshornsofsthesspinalscord
E) ventralshornsofsthesspinalscords
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
17) Throughsphysicalsexamination,sneurologistsscanseasilysdetermineswhichsspinalsnerveshassbeens
damagedsandsatswhatslevelsinsthesspinalscordsansinjuryshassoccurredsduestosmappingsoutsthesvariousss
ensorysregionsscalled
A) dermatomes.
B) associationsfibers.
C) projectionsfibers.
D) commissuralsfibers.
E) ganglia.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
18) Thesfacesissinnervatedsbyswhatstypesofsnerves?
A) thoracic
B) cervical
C) cranial
D) sacral
E) lumbars
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
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19) Whichsspinalsnervessoriginatesinsthesnecksregion?
A) lumbarsnerves
B) sacralsnerves
C) cervicalsnerves
D) thoracicsnerves
E) coccygealsnerves
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
20) Whichsnervessinnervatesthesanteriorsthigh?
A) cranialsnerves
B) cervicalsnerves
C) sacralsnerves
D) thoracicsnerves
E) lumbarsnerves
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
21) Afferentsandsefferentsaxonsstravelstogethersinsspinalsnerves,sbutstheysseparatesintosdifferentsbu
ndlesswhenstheysleavesandsentersthesspinalscord.sThesafferentsaxonssentersthesspinalscordsviasthes
rootsandsefferentsaxonssleavesthesspinalscordsviasthes
root.
A) dorsals:sventral
B) ventrals:sdorsal
C) canals:sspindle
D) ascendings:sdescending
E) descendings:sascendings
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
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22) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasdescendingstract?
A) anteriorspyramidalstract
B) dorsalscolumns
C) anteriorsspinothalamicstract
D) spinotectalstract
E) lateralsspinothalamicstracts
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
23) Ansascendingsorsdescendingspathwaysthatsisslocatedsonsthessamessidesofsthescentralsnervousssys
temsintegrationscentersisscalled
A) longitudinal.
B) lateralized.
C) contralateral.
D) ipsilateral.
E) commissural.
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
24) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsplayssansimportantsrolesinssleepwakescycles,sarousalsofsthescerebralscortex,sandsconsciousness?
A) frontalslobes
B) cerebellum
C) diencephalon
D) reticularsformation
E) temporalslobes
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
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25) Whichscranialsnervescontrolssthesmusclessforschewing?
A) oculomotor
B) trochlear
C) trigeminal
D) abducens
E) glossopharyngeal
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
26) Whichscranialsnervescontrolsseyesmovements,spapillarysreflex,saccommodationsreflex,sandspr
oprioception?
A) oculomotor
B) trochlear
C) trigeminal
D) abducens
E) glossopharyngeal
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
27) Whichscranialsnervescontrolssthesmotorscontrolsofsswallowingsandssalivarysglandssandstaste?
A) oculomotor
B) trochlear
C) trigeminal
D) abducens
E) glossopharyngeal
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
356 | P a g e
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28) Whichscerebralslobescontainssthesvisualscortex?
A) occipital
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) frontal
E) medials
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
29) Whichscerebralslobescontainssthesauditoryscortex?
A) occipital
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) frontal
E) medials
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
30) Thes
lobescontainssthesprimarysmotorscortex,swhichsinitiatess
A) occipitalslobes:sinvoluntary
B) temporalslobes:sinvoluntary
C) parietalslobes:svoluntary
D) frontalslobes:svoluntary
E) medialslobes:svoluntarys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
movement.
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31) Insthesmotorsandssensoryshomunculi,seachsbodyspartsissshownsnextstosthesareasofscerebralscor
texsdevotedstosit.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhatstheseshomunculisrepresent?
A) Thesrelativessizesofsthesbodyspartsrepresentssthesrelativessizesofsthescorticalsareasdevotedstostha
tsbodyspart.
B) Thesrelativessizesofsthesbodyspartsdistinguishesswhichspartsissprimarilysonsthesrightssidesofsthesbra
insversussthesleft.
C) Thesrelativessizesofsthesbodyspartsscorrespondsstosthesascendingsandsdescendingstractssthatsco
ntrolsthatsbodyspart.
D) Theshomunculismapsoutsthesdermatomessofsthesbody.
E) Theshomunculisaresopenstosinterpretationsbysneurologists,sbasedsuponshissorshersareasofssp
ecialty.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
32) WhichsofsthesfollowingscharacteristicssissNOTsasspecializationsofsthesrightssidesofsthescer
ebrumsinsmostsindividuals?
A) creativity
B) artisticsqualities
C) musical
D) spatialsperception
E) logicsA
nswer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
33) WhichsofsthesfollowingscharacteristicssissNOTsasspecializationsofsthesleftssidesofsthescer
ebrumsinsmostsindividuals?
A) expressionsofslanguage
B) comprehensionsofslanguage
C) analyticalsreasoning
D) spatialsperception
E) logicalsreasonings
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
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34) Ansepilepticspatientshassundergonesascompletescorpusscallosotomy,sassurgicalsproceduresthatsre
sultssinsthescompletesdisconnectionsofsthescorpusscallosum.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesbeha
viorssyouswouldsobservesinsthisstypesofspatient?
A) Sincescommunicationsbetweenstheshemispheresshassbeensdisconnected,sthespatientscannotsn
ameswhatsthesrightssidesofsthesbrainsissseeing.
B) Thissareasofsthesbrainsdeterminesspersonalitysthereforesthespatientswillsundergoschangessinspe
rsonality,susuallysbecomingsmoresaggressive.
C) Thissareasofsthesbrainscontrolsshigherordersthinkingsthereforesthespatientswillshavesnosinterestsinssolvingsproblems.
D) Sincescommunicationsbetweenstheshemispheresshassbeensdisconnected,sthespatientswillsbesun
ablestosspeak;syousmustshavesbothssidessofsthesbrainsworkingsinsorderstosformswords.
E) Thissareasofsthesbrainscontrolssthesabilitystosseesthingssinsthreesdimensions;sitsisslikelysthisspati
entswillsalwayssbesrunningsintositems.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
35) Whatsregionsofsthesdiencephalonsfilterssandsrefinesssensorysinformation,sallowingsusstosdirectsou
rsattentionstosspecificsexternalsstimuli?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) limbicssystem
E) putamen
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
36) Thissareasofsthesbrainsissoftensreferredstosassthes"controlscenter"sbecausesitsplayssansimportantsrol
esinsregulatingshomeostasis.sItsissinvolvedsinshunger,sthirst,sthermoregulation,sandsmanysothersimpor
tantshomeostaticsmeasures.
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) limbicssystem
D) cerebralscortex
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
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37) Thes
playssasprinciplesrolesinsestablishingsthescircadiansrhythmsofsthesbody.
A) caudatesnucleus
B) globusspallidus
C) putamen
D) suprachiasmaticsnucleus
E) cingulatesgyruss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
38) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofstheshypothalamus?
A) communicationsbetweensthesnervoussandsendocrinessystem
B) controlsshungersandsthirst
C) affectssemotionssandsbehaviorssinsresponsestosemotions
D) controlssthermoregulation
E) containssthescardiovascularscontrolscenterss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
39) Wheresissthesthermoregulatoryscenter?
A) hypothalamus
B) medullasoblongata
C) pons
D) amygdala
E) hippocampus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
40) Whichsregionsofstheslimbicssystemsissprimarilysinvolvedsinsthesemotionsofsfear?
A) hippocampus
B) fornix
C) amygdala
D) cingulatesgyrus
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
360 | P a g e
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41) Whatsareasofsthesbrainsissoftensreferredstosassthes"primitivesbrain"sduestositssassociationswithsver
ysbasicshumansdrivesssuchsassaggression,sfear,sandsthessensesofssmell?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) limbicssystem
D) cerebralscortex
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
42) Howsissasreflexsthatsrequiresscommunicationswithsthesbrainsclassified?
A) visceral
B) spinal
C) cranial
D) somatic
E) innatesA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
43) Howsissasreflexsthatsinvolvesssignalsssentsalongsautonomicssensorysnervessclassified?
A) visceral
B) spinal
C) cranial
D) somatic
E) innatesA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
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44) Howsissasreflexswithswhichswesaresbornsclassified?
A) visceral
B) spinal
C) cranial
D) somatic
E) innatesA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
45) Howsissasreflexsthatsrequiressonlysassinglessynapsesbetweenstwosneuronssclassified?
A) bineuronal
B) bisynaptic
C) polysynaptic
D) monosynaptic
E) polyneuronal
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.4
46) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdoessNOTsdescribesastypesofsreflexsthatsoccurredswhensPavlov'ssdogsssal
ivatedsinsresponsestosthesringingsofsasbell?
A) conditioned
B) cranial
C) visceral
D) polysynaptic
E) spinalsA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.4
362 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
47) Whichsofsthesfollowingsreflexessissasmonosynapticsreflexsfoundsinstheshumansbody?
A) crossed-flexor
B) pupillaryslight
C) crossed-extensor
D) musclesspindlesstretch
E) withdrawal
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.4
48) Theswithdrawalsreflexsissinitiatedsbysactivationsofswhatstypesofsreceptor?
A) musclesspindlesstretchsreceptor
B) nociceptor
C) photoreceptor
D) tastesreceptor
E) warmsreceptor
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
49) Thescrossed-extensorsreflexsissinitiatedsbysactivationsofswhatstypesofsreceptor?
A) musclesspindlesstretchsreceptor
B) nociceptor
C) photoreceptor
D) tastesreceptor
E) warmsreceptor
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
50) Insresponsestossteppingsonsasnail,sthescrossed-extensorsreflexscauses
A) flexionsofstheslegsonsthessidesofsreceptorsactivation.
B) extensionsofstheslegsonsthessidesofsreceptorsactivation.
C) extensionsofstheslegsoppositesthessidesofsreceptorsactivation.
D) flexionsofstheslegsoppositesthessidesofsreceptorsactivation.
E) extensionsofsthesarmsonsthessidesofsreceptorsactivation.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
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51) Thesexecutionsofsasvoluntarysmotorstasksinvolvessasseriessofssteps.sWhichsofsthesfollowingspre
sentssthosesstepssinsthescorrectsorder?
A) program,sintent,sfeedback,sexecute
B) program,sintent,sexecute,sfeedback
C) intent,sprogram,sexecute,sfeedback
D) feedback,sintent,sprogram,sexecute
E) intent,sfeedback,sprogram,sexecutes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
52) Whatstwostractsscontrolsskeletalsmusclesactivity?
A) pyramidalsandsrubrospinalstracts
B) tectospinalsandsspinothalamic
C) spinocerebellarsandsspinothalmic
D) fasciculussgracilissandsfasciculusscuneatus
E) reticularsspinalsandscorticospinals
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
53) Theslowersmotorsneuronssthatsinnervatesskeletalsmuscle,sandsinducesthemstoscontract,sor
iginatesfromsthe
A) ventralshornsofsthesspinalscord.
B) dorsalshornsofsthesspinalscord.
C) motorscortex.
D) basalsnuclei.
E) pyramidalstract.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
364 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
54) Whatsneuralspathwaysprovidessforsthescontrolsofsfine,sdiscretesmovementssofsthesextremities?
A) rubrospinalstract
B) pyramidalstract
C) tectospinalstract
D) spinothalamicstract
E) reticularspinalstracts
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
55) Thesprimarysfunctionsofsthesventromedialspathwayssissonsthesmusclessofsthe
A) trunk,sneck,sandsproximalsportionssofstheslimb.
B) ears,seyes,sandsmouth.
C) fingers,swrists,sandstoes.
D) knee,sankle,sandsfoot.
E) stomach,sback,sandsbuttocks.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
56) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsthestectospinalstract?
A) controlsstheshead,sneck,sandslumbarsmusclessinsorderstosmaintainsposture
B) transmitssimpulsessassociatedswithspain
C) transmitssimpulsessassociatedswithshearing
D) controlssthesheadssosthatstheseyesscansfollowsandsobject
E) controlssmusclestones
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
57) Threadingsasneedlesorsasfishingshookswouldsinvolveswhichsofsthesfollowingstracts?
A) pyramidal
B) reticulospinal
C) tectospinal
D) vestibulospinal
E) spinocerebellar
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
365 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
58) Whichsofsthesfollowingsareassofsthesbrainsissinvolvedsinscoordinatedsmovement?
A) cortex
B) cerebellum
C) brainstemsnuclei
D) thalamus
E) pinealsgland
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
59) Damagestosthescerebellumswillsleadstoswhichsofsthesfollowingssymptoms?
A) ascompletesinabilitystosmoves(lacksofsexecution)
B) ansinabilitystosaccuratelysplansasmovement
C) thesgenerationsofsslow,sfinesmovementssonly
D) thesgenerationsofsclumsy,spoorlysdirectedsmovements
E) thesgenerationsofsmovementsofslargesmusclesgroupssonlys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
60) Ascharacteristicssignsofscerebellarsdamageswhichsinvolvessasviolentsshakingsmotionsthatsbe
comessworsesasstheslimbsgetsscloserstositsstargetsisscalledsa(n)s
tremor.
A) intention
B) rest
C) action
D) postural
E) kinetics
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
366 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
61) Whatsanatomicalsfeaturesofsthesbrainshassassimilarsfunctionstosthatsofsthescerebellum?
A) basalsnuclei
B) amygdala
C) choroidsplexus
D) corpusscallosum
E) cingulatesgyrus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
62) Huntington'ssdiseasesissonesofsthesfewsdominantsgeneticsdisorderssthatscausessexaggeratedsin
voluntarysjerkingsmotionssandsprogressivesdementia.sWhatsareasofsthesbrainsissprimarilysrespons
iblesforsthesessymptoms?
A) basalsnuclei
B) amygdala
C) choroidsplexus
D) corpusscallosum
E) cingulatesgyrus
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
63) Parkinson'ssdiseasesappearsstostargets
A) cholinergics:ssubstantiasnigra
B) adrenergics:ssubstantiasnigra
C) dopaminergics:ssubstantiasnigra
D) adrenergics:sredsnuclei
E) cholinergics:sredsnucleis
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
cellsswithinsthes
.
367 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
64) Whatsareasofsthesbrainscontrolsslanguagescomprehension?
A) Broca'ssarea
B) Wernicke'ssarea
C) amygdala
D) limbicssystem
E) hypothalamus
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
65) You'resinterviewingsaspatientswhoshassrecentlyshadsasstroke.sYousasksherstosstateshersnamesan
dshousesaddress.sShesappearsstosunderstandsyoursquestion,sbutswhensshestriesstosanswer,sshesstutte
rssandsslurssherswords,swhichsaresnotsgrammaticallyscorrect.sWhatstypesofsaphasiasissyourspatientsd
isplaying?
A) Broca's
B) Wernicke's
C) isolation
D) anomic
E) globalsA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
66) You'resinterviewingsaspatientswhoshassrecentlyshadsasstroke.sYousaskshimstosstateshissnamesands
housesaddress.sHeshassnosresponse.sYouswritesdownsyoursquestionsandshaveshimsreadsit.sHissreplysiss
"yesterdaysmorrowssoon."sWhatstypesofsaphasiasissyourspatientsdisplaying?
A) Broca's
B) Wernicke's
C) isolation
D) anomic
E) globalsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
368 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
67) Ifsasbilingualspersonshassasstrokesinstheslanguagescenterssofsthesbrain,swhichsstatementsbestsdes
cribesstheslikelysoutcomesofsrecoveringsonesofstheslanguages?
A) Thesmostsrecentlyslearnedslanguageswillssuffersthesgreatestsdeficit.
B) Ifsbothslanguagesswereslearnedsatsaboutsthessamestime,sthensthestwoslanguagesswillsbesequallysaff
ected.
C) Thespersonsissmostslikelystosspeaksbothslanguagesswithinsthessamessentence.
D) Thesmostsrecentlyslearnedslanguageswillsnotsbesaffected.
E) Thesmostsrecentlyslearnedslanguageswillssuffersthesgreatestsunlesssbothslanguagessweresle
arnedsatsaboutsthessamestimesinswhichscasesbothslanguagesswillsbesequallysaffected.sAnswer:
sE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.6
68) WhichsofsthesfollowingshassNOTsbeensproposedsassasfunctionsofssleep?
A) tosconservesenergy
B) mentalspracticingswhilesdreaming
C) tosclearsshort-termsmemory
D) tosenhancesimmunesfunction
E) tosfacilitateslongtermsmemorysAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
69) Yoursroommatesnotsonlystalkssinsherssleepsbutsalsossleepwalks.sWhichsstatementsbestsde
scribeswhatssleepsphasesshesissin?
A) slow-wavessleeps(SWS)sorsnon-REMssleep
B) REMssleep
C) stages1shigh-frequencyssleep
D) stages4shigh-frequencyssleep
E) deltasphasessleeps
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
369 | P a g e
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70) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTscharacteristicsofsslow-wavessleep?
A) decreasedsmusclestone
B) elaboratesandsintensesdreams
C) snoring
D) decreasedsbrainsactivity
E) increasedsparasympatheticsactivitys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
71) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTscharacteristicsofsrapidseyesmovements(REM)ssleep?
A) losssofsposturalsmusclestone
B) illogicalsandsbizarresthoughts
C) increasedsparasympatheticsactivity
D) increasedsbrainsactivity
E) decreasedslimbicssystemsactivitys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
72) Duringsansinitialsinterview,saspatientstellssyousthatshesisshavingsintensesbizarresnightmaressbutsaw
akenssspontaneously.sWhatsphasesofssleepswouldsyoustellsthesphysiciansthespatientshassdescribedstosy
ou?
A) slow-wavessleeps(SWS)sorsnon-REMssleep
B) REMssleep
C) stages1shigh-frequencyssleep
D) stages4shigh-frequencyssleep
E) deltasphasessleeps
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.7
370 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
73) Asnewsmothersissvisitingsthespediatriciansbecauseshersbabysisssleepingsupstos17shourssasday.sShesj
okesswithsthesdoctorsthatshershusband,swhosissquitesoldersthansshe,ssleepssonlys5shourssasdaysandsseem
ssfullysrested.sWhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsbesthesmostslikelysresponsesfromsthesphysician?
A) "Yoursbabysissfine.sItsissnormalsforsbabiesstossleepsupstos17shourssasday.sBysthesway,sitsissalsosnor
malsforsoldersadultsstosneedslessssleepsasstheysage."
B) "Yoursbabysissfine.sItsissnormalsforsbabiesstossleepsupstos17shourssasday.sHowever,syousprobabl
ysneedstossendsyourshusbandstosasdoctorssincesaspersonsneedsstossleepsatsleasts8shourssasday."
C) "Thesnormalssleepscyclesiss8shours.sWesneedstoshospitalizesyoursbabysforsobservation."
D) "Yoursbabysisssleepingstoosmuch,sbutssincesyourshusbandsissup,shaveshimsplayswithsthesbaby."
E) "Iswillsrefersyoustosassleepscentersassbothsyoursbabysandshusbandsneedstosbesevaluatedsforsslee
psdisorders."
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
74) Whensyoursmindsiss"racing"satsnightsandsyouscannotsfallsasleepswhat,sregionsofsthesbrainsisskee
pingsyousawake?
A) limbicssystem
B) pons
C) forebrain
D) reticularsformation
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
75) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysnicotinesshouldsbesavoidedsbeforesgoingstosbed?
A) Nicotinesmimicssacetylcholine,swhichsissassociatedswithsthesascendingsreticularsactivatingssy
stem.
B) Nicotinesshouldsnotsbesavoidedsbeforesbed;sitswillshelpsrelaxsyousbeforesgoingstossleep.
C) Itsbindsstosreceptorssinsthescorpusscallosum,swhichsstimulatessbothssidessofsthesbrain.
D) Itsbindsstosreceptorssinsthescerebralscortex,swhichsissinvolvedsinswake/sleepscycles.
E) Nicotinesissasdepressantsand,stherefore,snegativesfeedbacksspeedssupsyoursheartsandsre
spiratoryssystems,swhichskeepsyousfromsrelaxing.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
371 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
76) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissknownstoscausesdrowsiness?
A) antihistamines
B) birthscontrolspills
C) aspirin
D) vitaminsD
E) vitaminsB12
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
77) Whensyou'resawakesandsalert,sansEEGsshowssaspatternsofshigh-frequency,slowamplitudesoscillationssknownsass
.sWhensyou'resawakesbutsresting,sthesEEGsshiftsstosasnewspatternsofslower-frequency,shigheramplitudeswavessknownsass
.
A) betaswavess:salphaswaves
B) alphaswavess:sbetaswaves
C) sigmoidswavess:selectromagneticswaves
D) deltaswavess:sthetaswaves
E) thetaswavess:sdeltaswavess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
78) Duringsrapidseyesmovementssleep,stheresissa(n)s
insfrequencysofstheselectroencephalogramsandsa(n)s
insarousalsthreshold.
A) decreases:sincrease
B) decreases:sdecrease
C) increases:sdecrease
D) increases:sincrease
E) stabilizations:sdecreases
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.7
372 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
79) Rapidseyesmovements(REM)sisscalledsparadoxicalssleepsbecause
A) electroencephalogramsactivitysrevertsstowardsthatsobservedsinsansawake,salertsperson.
B) electroencephalogramsactivityscanschangesquitesextensivelysduringsREMssleep.
C) electroencephalogramsactivitysissquitesdifferentsfromsslow-wavessleep.
D) peoplesareslessslikelystosawakensspontaneouslysduringsREMssleepswhensarousalsthresholdsisslo
west.
E) peoplesaresmoreslikelystosawakensspontaneouslysduringsREMssleepswhensarousalsthresholdsisshi
ghest.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
80) Ifsyoustendstosremembersyoursdreams,swhatsstagesofssleepsaresyousinsandswhatstimesofsthesnig
htsaresthesdreamsslikelysoccurring?
A) REMssleepsandslatesintosthessleepscycle,sorspriorstoswakingsinsthesmorning
B) REMssleepsandsearlysinsthessleepscycle,sorsjustsassyousmakesyourswaysintosREMssleep
C) REMssleepsduringsthesalternatingspatternssofsREM
D) slow-wavessleepsduringsstages1,sorsjustsassyousfallsasleep
E) slowwavessleepsduringsstages4,sorsinsdeepssleepsjustsbeforesyousgosintosREMssleepsAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.8
81) Whatsemotionsissthesstrongestsmotivationspredictor?
A) depression
B) anger
C) fear
D) pleasure
E) aggression
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.8
373 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
82) Theseuphoriasthatsissperceivedswhensonesingestssdrugsssuchsassopioidssorsamphetaminessre
sultssfromsthesactivationsofsthes
system.
A) cholinergic
B) dopaminergic
C) adrenergic
D) nitridergic
E) sympathetic
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.8
83) Whatsemotionsdrivessaddiction?
A) depression
B) anger
C) fear
D) pleasure
E) aggression
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
84) Insstudyingsforsthissexamsyousacquiredsnewsknowledgesandshopefullysretainedsit.sIfsyoususedsasr
epetitivesapproachssuchsassstudyingsfromsnotescards,sthisstypesofslearningsissreferredstosas
.sIfsyousstudiedsusing,sforsexample,sthessamesinformationsbutslinkedstosascasesstudy,sthi
sstypesofslearningsissreferredstosass
.
A) nonassociatives:sassociative
B) associatives:snonassociative
C) procedurals:snonprocedural
D) nonprocedurals:sprocedural
E) declaratives:sprocedurals
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
374 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
85) Yousgostostheslibrarystosstudysforsansexamsonlystosfindsthatspartssofstheslibrarysaresbeingsrem
odeled,screatingsmanysdistractingsnoises.sHowever,syousdecidestosstaysandscompletesyoursstudie
ssatstheslibrarysbecausesyoushavesrecentlyslearnedsabouts
,sorsasdecreasesinsresponsestosasrepeatedsstimulus,ssuchsassthesnoisesscomingsfromsthesremod
elingsprocess.
A) habituation
B) plasticity
C) consolidation
D) declaration
E) sensitization
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
86) Thestransitioningsofsasmemorysfromsshortstermstoslongstermsisscalled
A) remembering.
B) declaration.
C) plasticity.
D) consolidation.
E) memorizing.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
87) Thesabilitysofsthesnervousssystemstosaltersitssanatomysandsfunctionsinsresponsestoschangessinsitss
activityspatternsisscalled
A) remembering.
B) declaration.
C) plasticity.
D) consolidation.
E) memorizing.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
375 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
88) Inslongtermspotentiation,sthesenhancedspossibilitysthatsansactivatedspostsynapticsmembraneswillsgenerates
ansactionspotentialsissassociatedswithsa(n)
A) decreasesinsitssthreshold.
B) increasesinsitssthreshold.
C) increasedsnumbersofsEPSPs.
D) increasedsstrengthsofsthesEPSPs.
E) reductionsinsthesnumbersofsIPSPs.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
89) Thesincreasedsinfluxsofscalciumsatsaspostsynapticsterminalswithsglutamatesreceptors
A) causessasgreatersreleasesofsneurotransmittersfromsthespostsynapticscell.
B) activatessthesNMDAsreceptorstosincreasescalciumsinflux.
C) activatessasproteinskinasesthatsphosphorylatessthesAMPAsreceptor,smakingsitsmoressensitivestosgl
utamate.
D) activatessasproteinskinasesthatsphosphorylatessthesNMDAsreceptor,smakingsitsmoressensitivestos
glutamate.
E) activatessthesAMPAsreceptorstosincreasessodiumsinflux.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
90) Insadditionstosansincreasesinssensitivitystosglutamate,sthesbindingsofslargesamountssofsgl
utamatestositssreceptorssonsthespostsynapticsmembranesalso
A) directlyscausessmoresNMDAschannelsstosopen.
B) stimulatessthesreleasesofsasparacrinesmessengersthatsfurthersincreasessglutamatesrelease.
C) affectssotherssynapsessthatsaresclosestosthesfirst.
D) stimulatesspresynapticsautoreceptorssandsenhancessitssrelease.
E) cansoverwhelmsthessynapse.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
376 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
91) Asstrokesoccurringsinsthesbasalsnucleiscouldsproduceswhichsofsthesfollowingssymptoms?
A) losssofslanguagescomprehension
B) musclesrigidity
C) blindnesssorsblurredsvision
D) deafness
E) alteredssleepwakespatternssAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
92) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasphagocyticscellsthatsprotectssthescentralsnervousssystemsfromspat
hogens?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
93) Whichsofsthesfollowingsformssmyelinsinsthescentralsnervousssystem?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
377 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
94) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesonlysglialscellslocatedsinsthesperipheralsnervousssystem?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
95) Whichsofsthesfollowingsprovidesssupportsforsdevelopmentsofsthesblood-brainsbarrier?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
96) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdegradesscertainsneurotransmitters?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
378 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
97) Whichsofsthesfollowingsenhancessthesconductionsvelocitysofsneuronssinsthescentralsnervousssy
stem?
A) microglia
B) Schwannscell
C) astrocyte
D) ependymalscell
E) oligodendrocyte
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
98) Thesperceptionsofstouchssensationssbeginssinswhichsareasofsthesbrain?
A) basalsnuclei
B) cerebellum
C) primaryssomatosensoryscortex
D) limbicssystem
E) primarysmotorscortexs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
99) Thesperceptionsofsvisionsbeginssinswhichsareasofsthesbrain?
A) primarysvisualscortex
B) basalsnuclei
C) Broca'ssarea
D) cerebellum
E) primarysauditoryscortexs
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
379 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
100) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsrelaysssensorysinformationstosthescerebralscortex?
A) basalsnuclei
B) hypothalamus
C) corpusscallosum
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
101) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsissthesintegrationscentersforsneuralsandsendocrinescontrols?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) corpusscallosum
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
102) Hungersandssatietyscenterssareslocatedsinswhichsareasofsthesbrain?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) corpusscallosum
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
103) Thermoregulatoryscenterssareslocatedsinswhichsareasofsthesbrain?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) corpusscallosum
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
380 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
104) Whichsareasofsthesbrainscontainssthesascendingsreticularsactivatingssystem?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) brainsstem
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
105) DamagestoswhichsareasofsthesbrainscansresultsinsHuntington'sschoreasorsParkinson'ssdisease?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) corpusscallosum
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
106) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsprovidessfeedbackscontrolsofsvoluntarysmovementsbyscomparingsac
complishedsmovementstosplannedsmovement?
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) basalsnuclei
D) corpusscallosum
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
381 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
107) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsissnecessarysforslanguagescomprehension?
A) Broca'ssarea
B) Wernicke'ssarea
C) basalsnuclei
D) primarysauditoryscortex
E) primaryssomatosensoryscortexs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
108) Whichsareasofsthesbrainsissnecessarysforslanguagesexpression?
A) Broca'ssarea
B) Wernicke'ssarea
C) basalsnuclei
D) primarysauditoryscortex
E) primaryssomatosensoryscortexs
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
109) Voluntaryscontrolsofsfinesdiscretesmovementshappenssinswhichslobesofsthescerebralscortex?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
110) Wheresinsthescerebralscortexsdoessvisualsperceptionsoccur?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
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111) Wheresinsthescerebralscortexsdoessauditorysperceptionsoccur?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
112) Wheresinsthescerebralscortexsdosthoughtssoccur?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
113) Wheresinsthescerebralscortexsdospersonalitystraitssreside?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
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114) Wheresinsthescerebralscortexsdoessthesawarenesssofslimbspositionssandsmusclestensionsoc
cur?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
115) Thesthreesmeningessfromsneuralstissuestosbonesare
A) arachnoidsmater,spiasmater,sandsdurasmater.
B) durasmater,sarachnoidsmater,sandspiasmater.
C) piasmater,sarachnoidsmater,sandsdurasmater.
D) durasmater,spiasmater,sandsarachnoidsmater.
E) piasmater,sdurasmater,sandsarachnoidsmater.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
116) Thesspacesbetweensthespiasmatersandsthesarachnoidsmatersthatscontainsscerebrospinalsfluidsiss
calledsthe
A) centralscanal.
B) subarachnoidsspace.
C) ventricle.
D) choroidsplexus.
E) interventricularsforamen.
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
117) Whatsareasofsthesbrainsconnectssthesleftsandsrightssidessofsthesbrain?
A) astrocytes
B) projectionsfibers
C) associationsfibers
D) blood-brainsbarrier
E) corpusscallosum
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
118) Thesbodyssurfacesissmappedsintos
,swhichsaresregionssthatsreceivessensorysinformationsfromsparticularsspinalsnerves.
A) dermatomes
B) motorsprograms
C) reflexsarcs
D) homunculi
E) cortexess
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.2
119) Thesregionsofsthesbrainstemsimportantsinsthessleepwakescycle,sthesarousalsofsthescerebralscortex,sandsinsconsciousnesssissknownsassthe
A) midbrain.
B) medullasoblongata.
C) pons.
D) reticularsformation.
E) corpusscallosum.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
385 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
120) Whatsendocrinesglandsissattachedstostheshypothalamussandsinvolvedsinsthesregulationsofscir
cadiansrhythms?
A) fornix
B) cingulatesnuclei
C) pinealsgland
D) parahippocampalsgyri
E) basalsnuclei
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.3
121) Whichsofsthesfollowingsrepresentssthesfivescomponentssofsasreflexsarcsinsthescorrectsse
quence?
A) sensorysreceptor,safferentsneuron,sintegrationscenter,sefferentsneuron,seffectorsorgan
B) sensorysreceptor,sefferentsneuron,sintegrationscenter,safferentsneuron,seffectorsorgan
C) effectorsorgan,ssensorysreceptor,sefferentsneuron,safferentsneuron,seffectorsorgan
D) integrationscenter,ssensorysreceptor,safferentsneuron,sefferentsneuron,seffectorsorgan
E) sensorysreceptor,sintegrationscenter,safferentsneuron,sefferentsneuron,seffectorsorgansA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.4
122) Thesabilitysofsthesnervousssystemstosadaptsanatomicallysandsfunctionallystoschangessinsitssact
ivitysisscalled
A) consolidation.
B) plasticity.
C) parallelsprocessing.
D) sensitization.
E) habituation.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.9
386 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
9.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Thesmajoritysofscellssinsthesnervousssystemsaresglialscells.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.1
2) Glialscellssaresexcitablescells.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
3) Multiplessclerosississansautoimmunesdisease,smeaningsthesbodysattackssitself.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
4) Thescompositionsofscerebrospinalsfluidsissidenticalstosplasma.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.2sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
5) Thescentralsnervousssystemsissveryssensitivestosinterruptionssinsbloodsflow.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
6) Thesbrainsrunssexclusivelysonsglucose.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
387 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Asstrokesissalsosknownsassascerebrovascularsaccident,sorsCVA.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
8) Strokesscansbesclassifiedsasseithersocclusivesorshemorrhagic.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
9) Hydrogensionsscannotspermeatesthesbloodbrainsbarrier.sAnswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
10) Thesfacilitatedsdiffusionsofsmoleculessacrosssthesbloodbrainsbarriersreliessonsproteinscarrierssthatsaresspecificsforsthesmovementsofsparticularsmolecules.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 9.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
11) Allsspinalsnervessaresmixedsnervesscontainingsbothssensorysandsmotorsfibers.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.2
12) Thesascendingsandsdescendingstractssofsthesspinalscordsaresfoundsinsthesgraysmatter.sAn
swer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.2
388 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Thessulcisandsgyrisofsthesbrainsprovidesmoressurfacesareasandsmoresvolumesforsthescerebralscor
texstosreside.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 9.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
14) Thescerebralscortexscarriessoutstheshighestslevelsofsneuralsprocessing.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
15) Insthessomatosensoryscortex,stheshandsshavesasgreatersareasofsrepresentationsthansthesfeet.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
16) Brainslateralizationsissabsolute.s
Answer:s FALSE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
17) Movementsofsthesrightssidesofsthesbodysisscontrolledsbysthesrightssidesofsthescerebralscortex.sAn
swer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
18) Theshypothalamussissthesmajorslinksbetweensthesendocrinessystemsandsthesnervousssystem.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
19) Thesfrontalslobessaresassociatedswithspersonality.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
389 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
20) Somaticsreflexessinvolvessomaticsneuronsstransmittingsinformationstossmoothsandscardiacsm
usclescells.
Answer:s FALSEsHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
21) Initiationsofsaswithdrawalsreflexsalsosactivatessthescrossedextensorsreflex.sAnswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
22) Motorsneuronssaresexclusivelysexcitatory,swhichsmeanssthatsactivitysofsthosesmotorsneuronssca
nnotsbesmodulated.
Answer:s FALSEsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 9.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
23) Allsvoluntaryslateralspathwaysscrossover,sorsdecussate,sinsthesspinalscord.sAnswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
24) Thesreticulospinalstractsissassociatedswithssleep.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.5
25) Broca'ssandsWernicke'ssareassprocessssignslanguagesasswellsassspokenslanguage.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.7sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 9.6
390 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
26) Sleepingsissansactivesprocess.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
27) Adultssspendsmorestimessleepingsasstheysage.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
28) Stressscanscomesinsthesformsofsexercise,schangessinsthesenvironment,sandsinjury.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
29) Assthesnightsprogresses,swesspendsmorestimesinsrapidseyesmovementssleep.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
30) Allsthatsweslearnsissputsintosmemory.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.8
391 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
9.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Thesmaintenancesofsansuninterruptedsdeliverysofsoxygensandsglucosestosthesbrainsissessentialstosi
tssfunction.sWhatsissitsaboutsthesbrainsandsnervousstissuesinsgeneralsthatsmakessthemssossensitivestos
changessinsbloodsflow?
Answer:s Atsrest,sthescentralsnervousssystemsreceivess15%sofsthesbloodspumpedsfromsthesheart,swhil
esonlysaccountingsfors2%sofsbodysweight.sThisshighsproportionsofsbloodsflowingstosthesbrainsissnecess
arystosmeetsthesdemandssofsthissmetabolicallysactivestissue.sAtsrest,sthesbrainsaccountssfors20%sofsthe
soxygensands50%sofsthesglucosesconsumedsbysthesbody.sThus,shighsbloodsflowsissrequiredstosensuresc
ontinuoussdeliverysofsoxygensandsglucosestosthesbrain.sWhensthosesdemandssaresnotsmet,sevensforssh
ortsperiodssofstimes(onsthesordersofsminutes,sasswouldsoccursduringscardiacsarrestsorsduringsfocalsblo
odsflowsinterruptions),sthesbrainscansbesirreversiblysdamaged.
Thissmaintenancesofsbloodsflowsissessentialsbecausesthesbrainsissnotsablestosstoresglucosesinsthesforms
ofsglycogen.sAtsthessamestime,sthesbrainsissreliantsonsglucosesassitssprimarysenergyssourcesbecausesn
euronssaresincapablesofsmetabolizingsfattysacids.sThus,sallsofsthesbrain'ssprimarysenergyssubstrate,sgl
ucose,smustsbescontinuouslysextractedsfromsthesblood.sThesbrain'ssreliancesonsoxygensderivessfromsi
tssinabilitystosundergosanaerobicsmetabolism.sTheresissansalternativesfuelssource,sketones,swhichscan
sbesusedsbysthesbrainswhensglucosesavailabilitystosthescellsissreduceds(duringsstarvationsorsdiabetes).s
Ketonessinsthesbloodsaresasbyproductsofsfattysacidsmetabolismsinsthesliver.sUpstos2/3sofsthesbrain'ssen
ergyssubstratescansbessuppliedsbysketones,sbutsthesothersthirdsmustsstillsbesderivedsfromsglucose.sThu
s,sthesbrainsreliessonsascontinuousssupplysofsglucosesandsoxygensthroughsthesvasculaturesinsorderstosf
unction.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.3sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.1
392 | P a g e
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2) Describesthesstructuresofsthesspinalscordsandshowsthesspinalscordsissorganized.
Answer:s Thesspinalscordsissascylindersofsnervousstissue,scontinuousswithstheslowersportionsofsthesbra
in.sThesspinalscordsisssurroundedsbysthesvertebralscolumn.sAtseachsintersectionsofsthesvertebralscolu
mn,saspairsofsspinalsnervessexitssthesspinalscordsforsastotalsofs31spairssofsspinalsnerves.sThesspinalsner
vessaresclassifiedsbysthesvertebralscolumnsfromswhichstheysemerges(8scervical,s12sthoracic,s5slumbar
,s5ssacral,sandsthescoccygealsnerve).sHowever,sthesspinalscordsdoessnotstravelsthesentireslengthsofsthes
vertebralscolumn.sThesspinalscordsonlystravelss2/3sofstheslengthsofsthesvertebralscolumnswithsthesrem
ainderscontainingsspinalsnerves.sThissbundlesofsspinalsnervesisscalledsthescaudasequina.sThesnervesfi
berssthatsleavesthesspinalscordswithinsthesspinalsnervesstravelstosadjacentstissues,smakingsitspossiblest
osmapsthesbodysintossensorysregionsscalledsdermatomes,swhichsaresassociatedswithsspecificsspinalsn
erves.sThesspinalscordsisscomposedsofsbothsgraysandswhitesmatter,swithsthesgraysmattersassumingsasb
utterfly-likesarrangementswhensviewedsinscrosssection.sThesgraysmatterscontainssinterneurons,sefferentsneuronss(dendritessandscellsbodies),sandsax
onsterminalssofsafferentsneurons.sThesgraysmattersissorganizedsintosthesdorsalsandsventralshorn,swiths
thesdorsalshornscontainingsthesterminalsaxonsofsafferentsneuronss(thescellsbodiessofsthosesneuronssare
slocatedswithinsthesdorsalsrootsganglia).sThesventralshornscontainssthescellsbodiessofsthesefferentsneur
onssthatstravelstosthesperipherysandssynapseswithsskeletalsmuscle.sInsthesthoracicsandsupperslumbarsr
egionssofsthesspinalscord,stheresissalsosaslateralshorns(intermediolateralscellscolumn)sfromswhichsthes
efferentsneuronssofsthesautonomicsnervouss systemsoriginate.sBothsafferentsandsefferentsneuronsstra
velsinsspinalsnervesbundles,sbutstheysseparatesbeforesenteringsthesspinalscord.sAfferentsfiberssentersth
roughsthesdorsalsroot,swhereassefferentsfiberssexitsthroughsthesventralsroot.sTheswhitesmattersofsthess
pinalscordsprovidesstractssthatscommunicateswithsotherslevelssofsthesspinalscordsorswithsthesbrain.sAs
cendingstractsscarrysinformationstosthesbrain,swhereassdescendingstractsscarrysinformationsfromsthes
brainstosthesspinalscord.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.2
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3) Thesdevelopmentsofsthescerebralscortexsisswhatsappearsstossetshumanssapartsfromsotherssp
ecies.sIdentifysthesstructuressandsgeneralsfunctionssofsthescortex.
Answer:s Thescerebralscortexsissthesouterslayersofsthescerebrumsthatsisscomposedsofshighlysconvolute
dslayerssofsgraysmatter.sThesesconvolutionssconsistsofsgroovess(sulci)sandsridgess(gyri)sthatsallowsfor
sasgreaterssurfacesareasofsthescortex.sThissthinsouterslayersisscomprisedsofssix sfunctionallysdistinctslay
ers.sThescerebralscortexscarriessoutstheshighersneuralsfunctions,sincludingsperception,sformulatingsid
eas,sexperiencingsemotion,srecallingspastsevents,sandscoordinatings bodysmovements.sEachsofsthesce
rebralshemispheresscansbesdividedsintosfoursdistinctslobes:sthesfrontal,sparietal,soccipital,sandstempor
alslobes.sThesfrontalslobesissthesforemostsportionsofsthescerebrumsandsissseparatedsfromsthesparietalslo
besbysthescentralssulcus.sBehindsthesparietalslobesissthesoccipitalslobe,swhilesthestemporalslobesissloca
tedsbeneathsthesfrontalsandsparietalslobessonsthessidesofsthesbrainsandsissseparatedsfromsthesfrontalslob
esbystheslateralssulcuss(Sylviansfissure).sThesoccipitalslobescontainssthesvisualscortex,swhichsissinvol
vedsinsthesprocessingsofsvisualsinformation.sThesauditoryscortexsisslocatedswithinsthessuperiorstempo
ralslobe.sThesprimaryssomatosensoryscortexsisslocatedswithinsthesparietalslobesandsissinvolvedsinspro
cessingssomaticssensorysinformationsfromsthessurfacesofsthesskins(somesthetic)sasswellsassansawaren
esssofsmusclestensionsandsjointsandslimbspositions(proprioception).sThesfrontalslobescontainssthespri
marysmotorscortexsthatsinitiatessvoluntarysmovement,sandsissalsosimportantsinslanguage,splanning,sa
ndspersonalitysdevelopment.sSeveralsregionssofsthescortexsarestopographicallysorganized,sthesbestse
xamplessofswhichsaresthesprimarysmotorscortexsandsthesprimaryssomatosensoryscortex.sTheirssomat
otopicsorganizationscansbesmappedsintosmotorsandssensoryshomunculisthatsindicateswhichsregionssof
sthescortexsaresdevotedstosasparticularsregionsofsthesbody.sBothsthesprimarysvisualscortexsandsprimarys
auditoryscortexsaresmappedssimilarly.sThississnotstossaysthatsthesregionssofsthescortexsaresisolatedsfro
msonesanother.sTheresaresassociationsareasswithinsthescortexsthatsprovidesforsintegrationsofsinformati
onsbetweenstheslobessofsthescortex.
Theresarestwoscerebralshemispheresswhosesdivisionssappearstosbesbothsanatomicalsandsfunctional.sTh
eresappearsstosbesspecializationsofsthesrightsandsleftssidessofsthesbrain.sThesrightssidesofsthesbrainsrecei
vesssensorysinformationsfromsthesleftssidesofsthesbodysandscontrolssthesmotorssystemsonsthisssidesofst
hesbody.sThesrightshemispheresappearsstosbesinvolvedsinscreativesandsartisticsendeavors,swhereassthe
sleftshemispheresappearsstosbesinvolvedsinsthesperformancesofslogical,sanalyticalstasks.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1|9.5|9.6s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
394 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
4) Thescortexsissnotsthesonlysfunctionalsportionsofsthescerebrum;ssubcorticalsstructuressaresimporta
ntstosasnumbersofssystems.sDescribesthessubcorticalsstructuressofsthescerebrumsandstheirsvarioussfu
nctions.
Answer:s Subcorticalsstructuressaresnucleis(clusterssofsneuronscellsbodies)slocatedsdeepswithinsthesce
rebrumsthatsincludesthesbasalsnuclei,sthalamus,shypothalamus,sandstheslimbicssystem.sThes basalsnuc
leisincludesthescaudatesnucleus,sthesglobusspallidus,sandsthesputamen.sThesesstructuressaresinvolveds
insmodifyingsmovement.sThesthalamussissasclustersofsnucleislocatedswithinsthesdiencephalon.sAllsse
nsorysinformationshassasdirectsrelaysthroughsthesthalamuss(withsthesexceptionsofssmell).sThus,sthesth
alamussissinvolvedsinsfilteringsandsrefiningssensorysinformation,sdirectingsattentionstosspecificssens
orysinformation,sandsinsthescontrolsofsmovement.sTheshypothalamus,slocatedsbelowsthesthalamus,siss
primarilysinvolvedsinsthesmaintenancesofsbodyshomeostasis.sTheshypothalamussissansimportantslinks
betweensthesendocrinesandsnervousssystemsviasitssreleasesofstropicshormoness(whichsaresneurohorm
ones).sThesestropicshormonessstimulatesthesreleasesofshormonessfromsthesanteriorspituitarysasswellsa
ssstimulatesthesreleasesofshormonessfromsthesposteriorspituitarys(antidiureticshormonesandsoxytocin)
.sTheshypothalamussissalsosinvolvedsinsthesregulationsofsbehaviorssthroughscentersslikesthessatietysan
dshungerscenters(eatingsbehavior)sasswellsassthesthirstscenters(drinking).sManysofsthesresponsessprod
ucedsbystheshypothalamussaresultimatelysregulatedsbysthesautonomicsnervousssystem,sincludingsemo
tionssthatscansaffectsdigestive,scardiovascular,sandsrespiratorysfunctionsthroughsinputsstosthesbrainst
emsandsbodystemperature.sFinally,stheshypothalamussissresponsiblesforsthesgenerationsofscircadiansr
hythmssoriginatingsfromsthessuprachiasmaticsnucleus.sTheslimbicssystemsissascollectionsofscloselysa
ssociatedscortical,ssubcortical,sandsforebrainsregionssthatsfunctionsinslearningsandsemotion.sThisssys
temsincludessthesamygdala,shippocampus,sfornix,sandscingulatesgyrussofsthescerebralscortexsasswells
assportionssofsthesthalamussandshypothalamus.sTheslimbicssystemsissthesprimitivesregionsofsthesbrain
sinvolvedsinsbasicsdrives.sTheshippocampussissasmajorscomponentsinsthesregulationsofslearningsands
memory.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.3
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5) Characterizesthesfourstypessofsreflexes,sincludingsthesessentialscomponentssofsasreflexsarc,sandsde
scribesthesdetailssofstheswithdrawalsreflex.
Answer:s Reflexessdescribesautomatic,spatternedsresponsesstosassensorysstimulus.sAsssuch,sreflexess
cansbesdistributedsintosfourscategories:sspinalsvs.scranials(dependingsuponsthesregionsofsthesnervousss
ystemswheresresponsessaresintegrated),ssomaticsvs.sautonomics(dependingsuponsthesefferentspathwa
ysthatsissactivated),sconditionedsvs.sinnates(dependingsuponswhetherstheysareslearnedsorsnot),sandsmo
nosynapticsvs.spolysynaptics(thesnumbersofssynapsessinsthespathway).sAsreflexsarcsisscomposedsofsass
ensorysreceptor,sansafferentsneuron,sansintegrationscenter,sansefferentsneuron,sandsanseffectorsorgan.s
Thesreflexsarcsissinitiatedsbysassensorysreceptorsthatsdetectssasstimulus,swhichsissthenscommunicatedst
osthesintegrationscentersviasansactionspotential,stherebysresultingsinsansefferentsresponse.sForstheswith
drawalsreflex,sthessensorysreceptorsoriginatingsthesresponsesissasnociceptor,swhichsdetectssansintense
sstimulussthatsisspotentiallysdamaging.sThesactionspotentialsgeneratedsbysthesafferentsneuronstravelsst
osthesspinalscordsandssynapsesswithsasnumbersofsinterneurons.sOnesofsthesinterneuronssexcitesstheseff
erentsneuronssthatsinnervatesthesflexorsmusclesofstheslimbsaffecteds(thesflexorsmusclessofstheslegsissth
eshamstring),scausingsthatslimbstoswithdraw.sInsordersforsthisstosworkseffectively,sthesantagonisticsm
uscless(thesextensorsmusclessofstheslegsaresthesquadriceps)smustsbessimultaneouslysrelaxed.sThus,satst
hessamestimesthesexcitatorysinterneuronsissactivated,sansinhibitorysinterneuronsissactivatedsthatsreduc
essfrequencysofsactionspotentialssalongsthesefferentsneuron,scausingsthesquadricepssmusclestosrelax.sI
fswesweresstandingsatsthestime,sthesmovementsofsoneslegsonlyswouldsresultsinsaslosssofsbalance.sSo,sth
eswithdrawalsreflexsalsosactivatessthescrossedextensorsreflex.sThissreflexsissmediatedsbysothersinterneuronsswithinsthesspinalscordsthatssynapseswit
hsthesnociceptorsthatsoriginatedsthesreflex.
Thosesinterneuronsssynapseswithsefferentsneuronssthatsinnervatesthesflexorsandsextensorsmusclesofst
hesoppositesleg.sInsthesoppositesleg,sthesresponsesinitiatedsissthesoppositesofswhatsoccurssinstheslegswh
eresthesreflexswassoriginated:sthesextensorscontractsswhilesthesflexorsrelaxes.sThisscrossedsextensorsreflexsallowssusstosrapidlyswithdrawsfromsaspainfulsstimuluss(likessteppingsonsastack)switho
utslosingsoursbalance.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.5sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.4
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6) Researchersshavesdevelopedsas"bionicsarm."sThisstechnologysisspossiblesprimarilysbecausesofstw
osfactssofsamputation.sFirst,sthesmotorscortexsstillssendssoutscontrolssignalssevensifscertainsvoluntarys
musclessaresnoslongerstherestosinnervate.sSecond,swhensdoctorssamputatesaslimb,stheysdosnotsremov
esallsthesnervessthatsoncescarriedssignalsstosthesmusclessinsthatslimb.sIfsthosesnervesendingsscansbesre
directedstosasworkingsmusclesgroup,sandsthespersonsthinkss"grabstheshandlesandsturn,"sthensthesbrains
willssendsoutscorrespondingssignalsstosthesnervessandscommunicateswithsthesnewslimb.sBasedsonsyo
ursknowledgesofsvoluntarysmotorstasks,sexplainshowsthisstechnologysisspossible.
Answer:s Theresaresfoursmainsstepssinvolvedsinsthessuccessfulsexecutionsofsasvoluntarysmotorscontro
lsofsasmuscle.sFirst,stheresmustsbesintentionsorsinsthisscasesthesthoughtsofs"grabstheshandlesandsturn."s
Then,sasprogramsofsmotorscommandssmustsbesgeneratedsinsthesprimarysmotorscortexswhichssendssin
formationstosbes"executed"sbysafferentsmotorstractss(primarilysthespyramidalsandsrubrospinalstracts)
.sFinally,sfeedbacksmustsbessentsbackstosthesCNS,sthisstimesnosdoubtsbyssomeselectrodesinsthes"bionic
sarm"stosensuresthesoriginalsprogramsissbeingsfollowed.sThiss"bionicsarm"smustsworksveryssimilarlyst
osthesexamplesgivensinsthestextbookswheresmissionscontrollerssprogramsastrajectorysbutsascomputers
onsboardsthesspacecraftscansalwayssmakesadjustmentsstosthesprogramsbasedsonsfeedback.sThissmean
ssthescerebellumsmustsalsosbesinvolvedsinscontrollingsthesbionicsarmskeepingstracksofsitsspositionsan
dsmovements.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.6sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 9.5
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7) Lizsissasseventy-yearoldswomanswhosissbothsaswifesandsasmother.sShesissmoderatelysobeses(BMIs32),sandshasssmokedsash
alfsaspackstosaspacksofscigarettessasdayssincessheswass16syearssold.sLizsawakessonesmorningswithswea
knesssonshersrightsside.sShesissconfused,sseessdouble,sandshassslurredsspeech.sShesstumblessandshass
ansawkwardsgaitstryingstosgetstosthesrestroom,swheresshescollapses.sHershusbandscallss911sandsLizsis
stransportedstostheshospital.
Uponsphysicalsexamination,sLizsissfoundstoshavespartialsparalysiss(hemiparesis)sonshersrightssidesan
dsdiminishedssensitivitystosaspinspricksonshersarmsandsrightssidesofshersface.sSheshassdifficultysanswe
ringsquestions,sspeakingsonlysasfewswordsswhichsaresslurredsandsgrammaticallysincorrect.sHersabilit
ystosrespondstosverbalscommands,swhethersspokensorswritten,sissnotsimpaired.sInsaddition,shersblood
spressuresisshighs(148/andsasserumslipidsprofilesthatswassorderedswhensshesfirstsarrivedsatstheshospita
lshasscomesbackswithsashighsLDLsandstotalscholesterolslevel.
Basedsonsthisscasesanswersthesfollowingsquestions:
a) Whatsissasstroke?
b) Describesthesmechanismssbyswhichsstrokesscansoccur.
c) Liststhesrisksfactorssthatspredisposesansindividualstossuffersasstroke.
d) Listsatsleaststhreesclassicalssignssofsstroke
e) WhatstypesofsaphasiasdoessLizsdisplay?sExplainshowsyouscamestosthissconclusion.
f) Basedsonstheshistoricalsandsphysicalsexamsfindings,swhatsissthespossiblescausesforsLiz'ssstrokesan
dswhatsspecificsareassofsthesbrainshavesbeensdamagedsassasresultsofshersstroke?
Answer:
a) Cerebrovascularsaccidentss(CVA),scommonlyscalledsstrokes,saresthesthirdsleadingscausesofsde
athsinsthesU.S.
b) Strokessoccurswhenseitherstheresissansobstructionsofsbloodsflowstosasregionsofsthesbrainsorsbyshe
morrhage.
c) Risksfactorssincludeshypertension,scigarettessmoking,shighscholesterol,sdiabetessmellitus,so
besity,sandsassedentaryslifestyle.
d) Classicalssignssofsstrokesare:ssuddensnumbnesssorsweaknesssofsthesface,sarm,sorsleg,sespeciallysons
onessidesofsthesbody;sconfusion;stroublesspeakingsorsunderstandingsspeech;stroublesseeing;ssuddensd
izzinesssorslosssofsbalancesorscoordination;sand,sfinallysseveresheadacheswithsnosknownscause.
e) LizshassBroca'ssaphasiasbecausesshescanscomprehendsbothsoralsandswrittenslanguageswhichssheswo
uldsnotsbesablestosdosifssheshadsWernicke'ssaphasia.sHersspeechsissslurredsandsissnotsgrammaticallysco
rrect,swhichsaresusuallyssignssofsBroca'ssaphasia.
f) Basedsonshershistoricalsandsphysicalsexamination,sLizshasshadsasstrokesonsthesleftssidesofshersbrai
n,sprobablysinsthesprimarysmotorscortex.sHersinabilitystosarticulateswordssindicatessasdeficitsinvolv
ingsBroca'ssareasofsthesbrain.sHersstrokeswassprobablyscausedsbysasplaquesduestoshighscholesterolsa
sswellsasshypertensionsandsthesfactsthatssheshasssmokedsmostsofsherslife.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.4|9.6s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s EvaluationsChap
tersSection:s 9.6
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8) Definessleep,slistingsthestheoriessthatshavesbeensdevelopedstosexplainsoursneedsforssleep.sIncludesi
nsthissdiscussionsthestwostypessofssleepsandsthescharacteristicssofseachstypesofssleep.sAnswer:s Sleepsi
ssansactivesprocesssthatsrequiressenergysandsissdefinedsassasstatesofsdepressedsmotorsactivitysandsperc
eptionsthatsoccurssonsascyclicalsbasis.sNotesthatsactivitysissdecreasedsbutsissnotscompletelysabsentsduri
ngssleep.sSeveralstheoriesshavesbeensdevelopedstosexplainsoursneedsforssleep.sSleepsmays1)splaysasres
torativesrole,sallowingsusstosrecoversfromsoursdailysactivity,s2)sprovidesussansopportunitystosconserve
senergy,s3)sallowsusstosdream,sprovidingstimesforsmentalspracticing,s4)sfacilitateslongtermsmemorysstorage,sands5)sprovidesastimesforsthesimmunessystemstosfunctionsoptimally.
Fromsmeasurementsofsbrainswavessviaselectroencephalograms(EEG),ssleepshassbeensdividedsint
ostwostypes:s1)sslow-wavessleeps(SWS),scharacterizedsbysmultiplesstagessofslowfrequencysEEGswaves,sands2)srapidseyesmovementssleeps(REM),scharacterizedsbyshighfrequencysbrainswavessandsperiodicsrapidseyesmovement.sInsSWS,smusclestonesissdecreased,sbutsocc
asionals burstssofsinvoluntarysactivitysoccurseverys1020sminutes.sInsthesbrain,sactivitysdecreasessinsmostsregionssexceptsthesparasympatheticsnervousssyst
em,swheresactivitysissincreased.sDuringsSWS,saspersonsmaysdreamsbutsthesdreamssareslesssdetailedsth
ansduringsREMssleep,sandsaresmoreslogicalsandslesssemotional.sInsREMssleep,sposturalsmusclessloses
theirstonesandsbecomesparalyzedsandsthesjawsmusclessrelaxs(causingsthesmouthstosopen).sSnoringsusu
allysoccursswithinsSWSssleep.sInsREMssleep,sthesmusclesscontrollingsface,seyes,sandsdistalslimbssfre
quentlystwitch.sREMssleepsdemonstratessansoverallsincreasesinsbrainsactivityscomparedstosSWSsslee
p,sexceptsforstheslimbicssystem,swheresactivitysdecreasessduringsREMssleep.sPeriodically,sbreathings
issstimulatedsandssympatheticsactivitysissincreased.sHeartsratesandsbloodspressuresmaysriseswhilesbod
ystemperaturescontrolsisslost.sDuringsREMssleep,sdreamssaresmoreselaboratesandsintensesandsaresusu
allysmoresnarrative.sInsSWS,sdreamssaresmoreslikesfeelingssorsapparitions,swhereassinsREMssleep,sth
oughtssaresmoresillogicalsandsbizarre.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.7
9) Describesmemorysandslearning,sincludingsthesdifferentstypessofslearningsandsmemory.s Answer:s
Learningsissdescribedsassthesacquisitionsofsnewsinformationsorsskills.sMemorysissthesretentionsofsinf
ormation,sskills,sorsthoughts.sTheresarestwosmajorstypessofslearningsthatstakesplace:sassociativesandsn
onassociative.sAssociativeslearningsrequiressmakingsconnectionssbetweenstwosorsmoresstimuli.sWesl
earnstosassociatesonesthingswithsanothers(Pavlov'ssdogsissansexample).sNonassociativeslearningsoccu
rssinsresponsestosrepetitionsofsthessamesstimulussandsincludessthesprocesssofshabituationsandssensitiz
ation.sHabituationsissasdecreasesinsthesresponsestosasrepeatedsstimulus.sSensitizationsissansincreasesins
responsestosasrepetitivesstimulus.
Memoryscansbesclassifiedsasseithersproceduralsorsdeclarative.sProceduralsmemorysissthesmemory
sofslearnedsmotorsskillssandsbehaviors.sThisstypesofsmemorysissthoughtstosresidesinsthescerebellum.sD
eclarativesmemorysissthesmemorysofslearnedsexperiencesssuchsassfactssorseventssthatscansbesstatedsve
rbally.sMemorysoccurssatstwoslevels:slongstermsandsshortsterm.sShorttermsmemorysisstemporarysstoragesthatslastssonlysasfewsseconds.sThatsmemoryswillsbeslostsifsitsissnotsc
onsolidatedsintoslongtermsmemory.sThesmethodssbyswhichsconsolidationsoccursaresnotswellsunderstood.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
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10) Describesthesreceptor-mediatedseventssthatsappearstosplaysasrolesinslongtermspotentiationsandslearningsplasticityswithinsthescentralsnervousssystem.
Answer:s Learningsandsmemorysaresablestosoccurswithinsthesbrainsbecausesofsitssplasticity,swhichscan
sbesdefinedsassthesbrain'ssabilitystosaltersitssanatomysandsfunctionsinsresponsestoschangessinsitssactivit
yspattern.sThissplasticitysderivessfromsthesfactsthatsthesfunctionsofsexistingssynapsesscansbesalteredsfo
rsshortsorslongsperiodssofstime.sLong-termspotentiationsissonesformsofsplasticity.
Repetitivesstimulationsofsasparticularssynapseseventuallysleadsstosansincreasesinsthesstrengthsofsthess
ynapticsconnection.s(Thessynapsesissmoreslikelystosdevelopsansactionspotentialswhensstimulated.)sTh
issenhancedsabilitystosgeneratesansactionspotentialsissmediatedsbysansincreasesinsthesstrengthsofsthesex
citatoryspostsynapticspotentials(EPSP)sgenerated.sThesEPSPscansbesincreasedsbys1)sincreasingsthess
ensitivitysofsaspostsynapticsreceptorstosasneurotransmitter,sors2)sincreasingsthesamountsofsneurotrans
mittersreleased,sors3)sboth.sLongtermspotentiationsissthoughtstosbesimportantsinsthesconsolidationsofslongtermsmemory.sOnestypesofspotentiationsoccurssinssynapsesswithsthesneurotransmittersglutamate.sTh
eresarestwosreceptorssforsglutamatesthatsarespresentsonsthespostsynapticsmembrane:sNMDAsandsAM
PAsreceptors.sNMDAsreceptorssinitiatesthesopeningsofscalciumschannels,swhereassAMPAsreceptors
scausessodiumschannelsstosopen.
Whensglutamatesissreleasedsintosthessynapse,sbothsreceptorssaresactivated.sThesamountsofsglutamate
sreleasedsissdependentsuponsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialsswithinsthespresynapticsmembrane.sW
hensglutamatesreleasesisslowstosmoderate,ssomesAMPAsreceptorssandsNMDAsreceptorssaresactivate
d,sopeningssodiumsandscalciumschannels,srespectively.sEvensthoughsthesNMDAschannelssaresopen,s
thesmovementsofscalciumsthroughstheseschannelssissblockedsbysmagnesium.sThus,sthesextentsofsthes
depolarizationsissreducedsbysthesblockadesofsNMDAsreceptorssbysmagnesiumswhensglutamateslevel
ssareslowstosmoderate.sHowever,sifsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialssissincreased,slargesamountssofs
glutamatesaresreleased.sThissproducessasstrongersdepolarizationsthatspreventssthesmagnesiuminducedsblockadesofsthesNMDA,stherebysincreasingsthesextentsofsdepolarization.sAtsthessamestime,s
thissincreasedscalciumsinfluxstriggerssthesactivationsofsproteinskinases.sThesesproteinskinasesscans1)s
phosphorylatesAMPAsreceptors,smakingsthemsmoressensitivestosglutamates(whichsfurthersenhance
ssthesdepolarization),sands2)sstimulatesthespostsynapticsmembranestosreleasesasparacrinesmessengers
thatstriggersspresynapticsreleasesofsglutamate.sAllsofstheseschangessincreasestheslikelihoodsthatsthesg
lutamatesreleasedsacrosssthessynapseswillsinitiatesansactionspotentialsinsthespostsynapticsmembrane.
LearningsOutcome:s 9.9sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 9.9
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sChapters
10s ThesNervoussSystem:sSensorysSystems
10.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesmostsaccuratesdefinitionsofsperception?
A) thesdetectionsofsstimulisinsthesexternalsenvironmentsbyssensorysreceptors
B) thesdetectionsofsstimulisinsthesinternalsenvironmentsbysvisceralsreceptors
C) thesprocessingsofsvisualsstimulisbysthesbrainstosgivesansaccuratesrepresentationsofsthesviewsofsthes
world
D) thesconscioussinterpretationsofsthesworldsaroundsus
E) thesdetectionsofsthesvarioussenergysformssinsthesenvironmentsbyssensorysreceptorssA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
2) Whatstypesofsreceptorsdetectssbloodspressure?
A) osmoreceptor
B) baroreceptor
C) thermoreceptor
D) nociceptor
E) proprioceptor
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
3) Accordingstostheslawsofsspecificsnervesenergies,sassinglessensorysreceptor
A) respondssequallystosseveralstypessofsstimuli.
B) respondsstosonlysonestypesofsstimulus,sregardlesssofsthesstrengthsofsstimulation.
C) respondssbeststosasspecificsenergysmodality.
D) typesdetectssallsthessomaticssensations.
E) typesdetectssallsthessomestheticssensations.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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4) Instermssofsasbadssmell,swhysissitsbetterstosstaysinsitsspresencesthanstosleavesandsreturnsseveralstime
s?
A) Olfactorysreceptorssaresrapidlysadapting.
B) Olfactorysreceptorssarestonic.
C) Slowlysadaptingsreceptorsstakeslongerstoscomesonline.
D) Withstime,slabeledslinesschangestheirsmodality.
E) Thesdecreasesinsgradedspotentialssincreasessthesfrequencysofstheirsactionspotentials.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
5) Thesperceptionsofsthespositionsofsone'ssjointssandslimbssisscalled
A) proprioception.
B) nociception.
C) kinesthesiology.
D) nociology.
E) positionology.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
6) Thesprocessswherebysassensorysreceptorsconvertssasstimulussmodalitysintosaschangesinsm
embranespotentialsisscalled
A) sensorysgeneration.
B) sensorysproduction.
C) sensorystransduction.
D) sensorysconversion.
E) modalitysconversion.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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7) Whatsissanothersnamesforsasreceptorspotentialsproducedsatssensorysreceptors?
A) generatorspotential
B) sensoryspotential
C) synapticspotential
D) detectorspotential
E) afferentspotential
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
8) As
refersstosassinglesafferentsneuronsandsallsofsthessensorysreceptorssassociatedswithsthatsneuron.
A) motorsunit
B) neuronalsfield
C) sensorysunit
D) second-ordersneuron
E) receptivesunits
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
9) Whatsissasregionsofsskinsthat,swhensactivated,swillsresultsinstheschangesofsactivityswithinsaspar
ticularsafferentsneuron?
A) motorsunits
B) neuronalsfields
C) labeledslines
D) second-ordersneurons
E) receptivesfieldss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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10) Anothersnamesforsansafferentsneuronsiss
A) multipolar
B) receptor
C) first-order
D) second-order
E) thirdordersAnswer
:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
neuron.
11) Whatstypesofsneuronsinsthesthalamusscommunicatesssensorysinformationstosthescerebralsco
rtex?
A) first-order
B) second-order
C) third-order
D) forth-order
E) afferents
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
12) Howsissthesintensitysofsasstimulussencodedsduringsinformationstransmittalstosthescentralsne
rvousssystem?
A) Thesamplitudesofsactionspotentialsstransmittedstosthescentralsnervousssystemsissgreatersforsasstr
ongersstimulus.
B) Thesfrequencysofsactionspotentialsstransmittedstosthescentralsnervousssystemsissgreatersforsasstr
ongersstimulus.
C) Differentsafferentsneuronsstransmitsinformationsaboutsstimulisofsvaryingsintensities.
D) Differentssecond-ordersneuronsstransmitsinformationsaboutsstimulisofsvaryingsintensities.
E) Thesneurotransmittersreleasedsfromsansafferentsneuronsdifferssbasedsonsthesintensitysofsthessti
mulus.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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13) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutslateralsinhibitionsissFALSE?
A) Lateralsinhibitionsproducesscontrastswithinsthesnervousssystem.
B) Lateralsinhibitionsenhancessacuity.
C) Lateralsinhibitionsoccursswhenscommunicationsissinhibitedstossecondordersneuronssreceivingsinformationsfromsafferentssassociatedswithsneighboringsreceptivesfields.
D) Lateralsinhibitionsresultssinsasstrongerssignalscomingsfromssecondordersneuronssassociatedswithsthescentralspointsofsstimulation.
E) Lateralsinhibitionsdecreasessthestwopointsdiscriminationsthreshold.sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
14) WhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsNOTsaffectsoursabilitystosresolvestheslocationsofsasspecificssti
mulus?
A) sizesofsthesreceptivesfield
B) densitysofsreceptorssinsthesarea
C) extentsofsoverlapsbetweensreceptivesfields
D) locationsofscellsbodysofsthesafferentsneuron
E) lateralsinhibitionsbetweensreceptivesfieldss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
15) Whatsissasdecreasesinsthesamplitudesofsasreceptorspotentialsinsthespresencesofsascontinuingssti
mulusscalled?
A) habituation
B) adaptation
C) sensitization
D) transduction
E) localization
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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16) Ofsthesfollowingsareassofsthesbody,swhichshassthesgreateststactilesacuity?
A) back
B) uppersarm
C) forehead
D) lips
E) handsAn
swer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
17) Thesabilitystosdetectsthesdirectionsfromswhichsassoundsoriginatessissdeterminedsby
A) thestimesdelaysbetweensthatssoundsreachingsthesrightsandsleftscochlea.
B) mappingsofssoundslocationsonsthescerebralscortex.
C) differencessinssoundsintensitysassitsreachessthesrightsandsleftscochlea.
D) lateralsinhibitionsthatsoccurssbetweensthesrightsandsleftscochlea.
E) lateralsexcitationsoccurringsbetweensthesrightsandsleftscochlea.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
18) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstructuressissNOTsasmechanoreceptorslocatedswithinsthesskin?
A) Pacinianscorpuscles
B) hairsfolliclesreceptors
C) Meissner'sscorpuscles
D) Merkel'ssdisks
E) hairscellss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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19) WhichsofsthesfollowingsBESTsdescribessthesresponsesofsthermoreceptorsafferentsswhenste
mperaturesdecreasessfroms35°Cstos25°C?
A) Afferentssassociatedswithsbothswarmsandscoldsreceptorssshowsasdecreasesinsthesfrequencysofsact
ionspotentials.
B) Afferentssassociatedswithsbothswarmsandscoldsreceptorssshowsansincreasesinsthesfrequencysofsact
ionspotentials.
C) Warm-receptorsafferentssshowsansincreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials,swhereasscoldsreceptorsafferentssshowsasdecreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials.
D) Warm-receptorsafferentssshowsasdecreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials,swhereasscoldsreceptorsafferentssshowsansincreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials.
E) Warm-receptorsafferentssshowsasdecreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentials,swhereasscoldsreceptorsafferentssfiresatsthessamesfrequency.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.2
20) Whatsaressensorysreceptorssthatsrespondstostissuedamagingsstimulisorsstimulisthatshavesthespotentialstosdamagestissue?
A) thermoreceptors
B) proprioceptors
C) nociceptors
D) Merkel'ssdisk
E) Meissner'sscorpuscles
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
21) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofsTRPschannels?
A) warmstransduction
B) coldstransduction
C) respondstospainfullyshotsstimuli
D) respondstospainfullyshotschemicals
E) respondstospainfulsmechanicalsstimulations
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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22) WhichstypesofsnociceptorsissassociatedswithsCsfibers?
A) polymodalsnociceptors
B) rapidscold
C) slowsmechanical
D) rapidswarm
E) twopointstactilesAnswe
r:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
23) Whatstypesofsreceptorsrespondsstoschemicalsslikeshistaminesandsbradykininsthatsaresreleasedsfr
omsdamagedstissue?
A) Ruffini'ssendings
B) hairsfolliclesreceptors
C) mechanicalsnociceptors
D) polymodalsnociceptors
E) thermalsnociceptorss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
24) Whatsissthesadequatesstimulussforsnociceptors?
A) warmth
B) cold
C) touch
D) pain
E) changesinsmuscleslengths
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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25) Aspersonshassdamagestosthesrightsdorsalscolumnssofsthesspinalscordsatsthesthoracicslevel.sThissper
sonswouldshavesimpaired
A) temperaturessensationsofsthesrightsleg.
B) touchssensationsofsthesrightsleg.
C) temperaturessensationsofsthesrightsarmsandsleg.
D) temperaturessensationsofsthesleftsleg.
E) touchssensationsofsthesleftsleg.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
26) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsthesspinothalamicstractsissFALSE?
A) Painssignalssarestransmittedsalongsthisspathway.
B) Coldssignalssarestransmittedsalongsthisspathway.
C) Warmssignalssarestransmittedsalongsthisspathway.
D) Thespathwayscrossesstosthescontralateralssidesinsthesbrainstem.
E) Thesfirstordersneuronssynapsesswithsthessecondsordersneuronsinsthesspinalscordsdorsalshorn.sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
27) Fastspainsoriginatingsfromsnociceptorssissperceivedsassas
fibers.
A) sharps:sAsδ
B) sharps:sC
C) dulls:sAsδ
D) dulls:sC
E) sharps:sAsβs
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
painsandsisscarriedsalong
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28) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasneurotransmittersresponsiblesforsthestransmissionsofsaspainfulssti
mulussbetweensfirst-sandssecond-ordersneurons?
A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) bradykinin
D) histamine
E) substancesP
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
29) Howsarespainssignalssfromsvisceralsreceptorss"referred"stosthesbodyssurface?
A) thesconvergencesofsvisceralsandssomaticsafferentssonsthessamessecond-ordersneurons
B) thesconvergencesofsvisceralsandssomaticsafferentssonsthessamesfirst-ordersneurons
C) signalssfromsvisceralsreceptorssthatstravelstosskinsreceptorsstosactivatesthem
D) thesconvergencesofsvisceralsandssomaticsafferentssonsthessamesthird-ordersneurons
E) thesdivergencesofsvisceralsandssomaticsafferentssontosdifferentssecondordersneuronssAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
30) Thesgate-controlstheorysofspainsmodulationsstatessthat
A) painssensationsmustsbesmodifiedswithinsthessensorysreceptors.
B) Csfiberssthemselvesscansactstosmodifystheirsownspainssignal.
C) thessignalsthatsmodifiesspainssensationsinsthesspinalscordsmustsoriginatesfromsthesnucleussra
phesmagnus.
D) non-painfulssomaticssignalsscansinhibitssignalssofspain.
E) painfulssomaticssignalsscansinhibitssignalssofspain.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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31) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTspartsofsthesgate-controlstheorysofspainsmodulation?
A) Inhibitorysinterneuronsscansmodulatessecond-orderspainsneurons.
B) InhibitorysinterneuronssaresactivatedsbyscollateralssofsAβsfiberssthatsaresassociatedswithsm
echanicalsstimuli.
C) Inhibitorysinterneuronssaresinhibitedsbyscollateralssfromsthesnociceptorsafferent.
D) Asnonpainfulsstimulusscansactivatesthesinhibitorysinterneuronsandstherebysinhibitsthespainfulssti
mulus.
E) Signalssthatsmodifyspainsoriginatesfromshigherscenterssofsthesbrain.sA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
32) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutssensoryscodingsissFALSE?
A) Thestypesofsstimulussisscodedsforsbysthesspecificspathwaysactivated.
B) Thesintensitysofsstimulussisscodedsforsbysthessizesofsthesactionspotential.
C) Theslocationsofsthesstimulussisscodedsforsbysthesreceptivesfieldsactivated.
D) Thesabilitystoslocatesthesstimulussissenhancedsbyslateralsinhibition.
E) Codingsforsasstimulusstypesissmaintainedsfromsreceptorstoscortex.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
33) Amputationsinsdiabeticssissoftenssecondarystoswhatsothersproblemswithsdiabetes?
A) microvascularsinjury
B) retinopathy
C) hypertension
D) cardiomyopathy
E) renalsfailure
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.2
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34) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsthesretinalspigmentedsepithelium?
A) Providesnutrientssandsoxygenstosthesretina.
B) Providesnutrientssandsoxygenstostheslenssandscornea.
C) Absorbslightsthatsentersstheseye.
D) Secretesvitreousshumor.
E) Secretesaqueousshumor.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
35) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribesstheslocationsofsthesanteriorssegment?
A) withinstheseye,sbetweensthescorneasandslens
B) withinstheseye,sbetweensthescorneasandsiris
C) withinstheseye,sbetweensthesirissandslens
D) withinsthesear,sbetweensthesvestibularsandsbasilarsmembranes
E) withinsthesear,sbetweensthesbasilarsandstympanicsmembraness
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
36) Thesamountsofslightsthatsimpingessonsthesretinasissprimarilysregulatedsbyswhatsstructure?
A) cornea
B) iris
C) opticsdisk
D) fovea
E) ciliarysbodys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
37) Thescorneasandslenssares
surfacessthatscauseslightstosconvergesonsas
A) concaves:sfocalslength
B) convexs:sfocalspoint
C) concaves:sfocalspoint
D) convexs:sfocalslength
E) transparents:sfocalslengths
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
.
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38) Whatsnourishesstheslenssandscornea?
A) Purkinjesfibers
B) thesopticsdisk
C) theschoroid
D) aqueousshumor
E) vitreousshumor
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
39) Lightswavessrefractsasstheyspasssthroughswhatsstructuressofstheseye?
A) corneasonly
B) lenssonly
C) corneasandslenssonly
D) choroidsonly
E) cornea,slens,sandschoroids
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
40) Insorderstosfocusslightscomingsfromsasnearssourcesontosthesretina,stheslenssadjustssitssrefr
activespowersthroughswhatsprocess?
A) accommodation
B) acclimation
C) acclimatization
D) telescoping
E) refractometry
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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41) Whensthesciliarysmusclessaresrelaxed,stheslenssissrelativelys
,sallowingstheseyestosfocussonsobjectssthatsares
A) rounds:sclose
B) rounds:sdistant
C) flats:sclose
D) flats:sdistant
E) transparents:sanywhereswithinsthesfieldsofsviews
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
.
42) Ciliarysmusclesissinnervatedsbyswhatsbranchsofsthesnervousssystem?
A) somatic
B) enteric
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic
E) centrals
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
43) Insthesvisualssystem,sactivationsofsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystemscausesswhichsofsthesfol
lowing?
A) pupillarysconstrictionsandsansincreasesinsthesrefractivespowersofstheslens
B) pupillarysconstrictionsandsasdecreasesinsthesrefractivespowersofstheslens
C) pupillarysdilationsandsansincreasesinsthesrefractivespowersofstheslens
D) pupillarysdilationsandsasdecreasesinsthesrefractivespowersofstheslens
E) pupillarysdilationsandsnoseffectsonsthesrefractivespowersofstheslenssA
nswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
44) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdefectssinsvisionsissincorrectlysmatchedswithsitsscause?
A) myopias:slensstoosstrong
B) astigmatisms:shardeningsofstheslens
C) glaucomas:sincreasedsvolumesandstherefore,sincreasedspressuresofsaqueousshumor
D) cataracts:sdiscolorationsofstheslens
E) myopias:seyeballstooslongs
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
45) Whatsissasconditionswhereslight,soriginatingsfromsasdistance,sissfocusedsinsfrontsofsthesretina?
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A) presbyopia
B) emmetropia
C) hyperopia
D) myopia
E) neurotropia
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
46) Whatsissasconditionswhereslight,soriginatingsfromsascloseupssource,sissfocusedsbehindsthesretina?
A) presbyopia
B) emmetropia
C) hyperopia
D) myopia
E) neurotropia
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
47) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdescribessirregularitiessinsthesstructuresofsthescorneasorslens?
A) cataracts
B) presbyopia
C) glaucoma
D) astigmatism
E) hyperopia
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
48) Angiogenesisscontributesstosthescausesofswhatsvisualsdefectsinsdiabetes?
A) macularsdegeneration
B) glaucoma
C) myopia
D) hyperopia
E) cataracts
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
49) Thesradialsmusclessofsthesirissaresinnervatedsbysthes
nervousssystemsandstheir
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contractionscausesspupillarys
.
A) sympathetics:sconstriction
B) sympathetics:sdilation
C) parasympathetics:sconstriction
D) parasympathetics:sdilation
E) somatics:sconstrictions
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
50) Thescircularsmusclessofsthesirissaresinnervatedsbysthes
nervousssystemsandstheirscontractionscausesspupillarys
A) sympathetics:sconstriction
B) sympathetics:sdilation
C) parasympathetics:sconstriction
D) parasympathetics:sdilation
E) somatics:sconstrictions
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
.
51) Whensthesdoctorsshinessaspenlightsintosthespatient'sseye,swhichsofsthesfollowingsoccurs?
A) Thesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsissactivated,swhichscausesscontractionsofsthesoutersradialsm
usclesofsthesirissandspupillarysconstriction.
B) Thessympatheticsnervousssystemsissactivated,swhichscausesscontractionsofsthesoutersradialsm
usclesofsthesirissandspupillarysconstriction.
C) Thesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsissactivated,swhichscausesscontractionsofsthesinnersci
rcularsmusclesofsthesirissandspupillarysconstriction.
D) Thessympatheticsnervousssystemsissactivated,swhichscausesscontractionsofsthesoutersradialsm
usclesofsthesirissandspupillarysdilation.
E) Thesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsissactivated,swhichscausesscontractionsofsthesoutersradialsm
usclesofsthesirissandspupillarysdilation.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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52) Whichsofsthesfollowingsoccurssduringsaccommodationsforsnearsvision?
A) Ciliarysmusclesscontract,scausingszonularsfibersstosbecomestight,sflatteningstheslens.
B) Ciliarysmusclesscontract,scausingszonularsfibersstosbecomesslack,sflatteningstheslens.
C) Ciliarysmusclesscontract,scausingszonularsfibersstosbecomestight,sandstheslenssbecomessro
under.
D) Ciliarysmusclessrelax,scausingszonularsfibersstosbecomesslack,sandstheslenssbecomessrounder.
E) Ciliarysmusclesscontract,scausingszonularsfibersstosbecomesslack,sandstheslenssbecomessro
under.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
53) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissnotsascellstypesfoundsinsthesretina?
A) photoreceptors
B) amacrinescells
C) horizontalscells
D) bipolarscells
E) macularscellss
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.3
54) Theslateralsdisplacementsofsbipolarsandsganglionscellsswithinsthesmaculasluteasallowsfor
A) enhancedscommunicationsbetweensbipolarsandsganglionscells.
B) processingsofsinformationsfromsthesrods.
C) processingsofsinformationsfromsthescones.
D) ansunhinderedspathwaysforslightstosreachsthesrodssofsthesfovea.
E) ansunhinderedspathwaysforslightstosreachsthesconessofsthesfovea.sA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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55) Whatsaresthesconesscalledsthatsrespondstosthesredsspectrumsofslight?
A) Rscones
B) Gscones
C) Yscones
D) Lscones
E) Ssconess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
56) Conessthatsrespondstosthesshortestswavelengthssofslights(Sscones)srespondsbeststoswhatscolorsspe
ctrum?
A) red
B) blue
C) green
D) yellow
E) oranges
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
57) Theslight-absorbingsportionsofsthesphotopigmentsiss
;sitsssensitivitystosasparticularswavelengthsofslightsissalteredsbys .
A) retinals:sopsin
B) opsins:sretinal
C) transducins:sphosphodiesterase
D) phosphodiesterases:stransducin
E) opsins:stransducins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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58) ThespresencesofscGMPsinsthescytosolsofsasphotoreceptorswillsdirectlysstimulatesthe
A) openingsofssodiumschannels.
B) openingsofspotassiumschannels.
C) closuresofssodiumschannels.
D) closuresofspotassiumschannels.
E) openingsofscalciumschannels.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
59) Insthesabsencesofslight,sthesmembranespotentialsofsasphotoreceptorsissrelativelys
bysthespresencesofsopens
channels.
A) depolarizeds:spotassium
B) hyperpolarizeds:spotassium
C) hyperpolarizeds:ssodium
D) depolarizeds:scalcium
E) depolarizeds:ssodiums
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.3
60) Thesclosuresofssodiumschannelssissmediatedsbysasdecreasesinsthescytosolicsconcentrationsof
,swhichsissdegradedsbys
.
A) cGMPs:stransducin
B) cGMPs:sphosphodiesterase
C) cAMPs:stransducin
D) cAMPs:sphosphodiesterase
E) cAMPs:sATPssynthases
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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61) Whenswesentersasdarksroom,sthesretinalsandsopsinsmoleculesswithinsthes
beforeslowslightslevelsscansbesdetected.
A) rodss:sbleach
B) rodss:sdissociate
C) coness:sdissociate
D) rodss:sassociate
E) coness:sassociates
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
mustsfirst
62) Whichsofsthesfollowingsisstruesofsphotoreceptorssinstheslights(relativestosthesdark)?
A) cGMPslevelssareselevated.
B) Sodiumschannelssaresopen.
C) Thesphotoreceptorssaresdepolarized.
D) Thessynapticsterminalsissreleasingsmorestransmitter.
E) Phosphodiesterasesissmoresactive.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.3
63) Whatstypesofsvisionsoccurssinslightslevelssthatsactivatesbothsrodssandscones?
A) scotopic
B) photopic
C) mesopic
D) retinotopic
E) rhodopic
sAnswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
64) Diskssofsasphotoreceptorsareslocatedsinsthes
A) innerssegments:stransmitter
B) outerssegments:stransmitter
C) innerssegments:sphotopigment
D) outerssegments:sphotopigment
E) synapticsterminals:stransmitters
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
andscontains
.
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65) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthescorrectsordersofscommunicationsofsvisualsinformationsinsthesret
ina?
A) photoreceptor,sbipolarscell,sganglionscell
B) photoreceptor,sganglionscell,sbipolarscell
C) bipolarscell,sganglionscell,sphotoreceptor
D) bipolarscell,sphotoreceptor,sganglionscell
E) ganglionscell,sbipolarscell,sphotoreceptors
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
66) Photoreceptorsstransmitsinformationsdirectlystos
cellssviasthesreleasesofsasneurotransmitter,scausingsthosescellsstosdevelopsa(n)s
potentialsproportionalstosthesintensitysofsthesstimulus.
A) ganglions:sgraded
B) amacrines:sgraded
C) bipolars:sgraded
D) amacrines:saction
E) ganglions:sactions
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
67) Thesfirstsneuronsscapablesofsgeneratingsactionspotentialssinsthestransmissionspathwaysforsvi
sualsinformationsdetectedsbysrodssandsconessaresthes
cells.
A) ganglion
B) bipolar
C) amacrine
D) vertical
E) horizontal
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
421 | P a g e
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68) WhichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessON-center,sOFF-surroundscellssinsthesretina?
A) Theysaresphotoreceptorssthatsaresexcitedsbyslightsappliedsinsthescentersofstheirsvisualsfieldssan
dsinhibitedsbyslightsinsthessurroundingsregionssofstheirsvisualsfields.
B) Theysaresbipolarscellssthatsaresexcitedsbyslightsappliedsinsthescentersofstheirsvisualsfieldssandsinh
ibitedsbyslightsinsthessurroundingsregionssofstheirsvisualsfields.
C) Theysaresganglionscellssthatsaresexcitedsbyslightsappliedsinsthescentersofstheirsvisualsfieldssandsinhi
bitedsbyslightsinsthessurroundingsregionssofstheirsvisualsfields.
D) Theysaresphotoreceptorssthatsaresexcitedsbyslightsstrikingsthescentersofsthesretinasandsinhibitedsbys
lightsstrikingsthesperipheralsretina.
E) Theysaresganglionscellssthatsaresexcitedsbyslightsstrikingsthescentersofsthesretinasandsinhibitedsbysl
ightsstrikingsthesperipheralsretina.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
69) Whichsofsthesfollowingscomponentssofsthesvisualspathwaysiss100%sipsilateralstosthesvisualsfie
ld?
A) visualscortex
B) opticsnerve
C) opticstract
D) lateralsgeniculatesnucleus
E) Nonesofsthesanswerssisscorrect.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.3
70) Insthesopticschiasm,sganglionscellssfromsthes
portionsofsthesretinascrosssover,swhereassthesganglionscellssfromsthes
portionsofsthesretinasremainsonsthessamesside.
A) nasals:scenter
B) centers:snasal
C) temporals:snasal
D) nasals:stemporal
E) temporals:scenters
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
422 | P a g e
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71) Thesganglionscellssofsthesretinassynapseswithsneuronssinsthes
.
A) hypothalamuss:sprimarysvisualscortex
B) thalamuss:sprimarysmotorscortex
C) lateralsgeniculatesbodys:scerebellum
D) thalamuss:sprimaryssomatosensoryscortex
E) lateralsgeniculatesbodys:sprimarysvisualscortexs
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
thatsascendstosthe
72) Thesneuralspathwaysfromstheslateralsgeniculatesbodystosthesvisualscortexsisscalledsthesoptic
A) nerve.
B) tract.
C) radiations.
D) fasciculus.
E) chiasm.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
73) Thesvisualssystemsissansexcellentsexamplesofsparallelsprocessing,swheresvisualsdetailssare
A) integratedsbeforesreachingsthesprimarysvisualscortex.
B) integratedsbysbipolarscellssandssentstosthesprimarysvisualscortex.
C) transmittedsalongsseparatespathwaysstosthesprimarysvisualscortexswherestheysaresthensint
egrated.
D) maintainedswithinsthesopticschiasmswherestheysaresintegrated.
E) transmittedstostheslateralsgeniculatesbodyswherestheysaresintegrated.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
423 | P a g e
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74) Bothsthesauditorysandsvestibularssystemssrelysupons
tosdetectsmovementsofsfluidswithinsthesear.
A) hairscells
B) chemoreceptors
C) thermoreceptors
D) magnetoreceptors
E) hydroreceptors
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
75) Soundswavesstravelingsthroughsthesairsinitiatesasvibrationsofsthes
.sThessoundswavessaresthenstransmittedsalongsthes
A) saccules:seustachianstube
B) ovalswindows:sossicles
C) ovalswindows:seustachianstube
D) tympanicsmembranes:sossicles
E) roundswindows:ssaccules
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
tosthescochlea.
76) Thesamplitudesofsassoundswavesissdeterminedsbysthesdifferencesinsthe
A) numbersofssoundswavessperssecond.
B) energysembeddedsinsthesairsmolecules.
C) pitchsofsthessound.
D) airsmoleculesdensitysinsthescompressedsversussrarifiedsregionssofsthessoundswave.
E) sizesofsthesairsmoleculessinsthescompressedsregionsofsthessoundswave.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
77) Whatsstructuresseparatessthesmiddlesfromsthesexternalsear?
A) roundswindow
B) tympanicsmembrane
C) eustachianstube
D) ovalswindow
E) basilarsmembrane
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
424 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
78) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsthesearsossicles?
A) transducessoundswavesstosneuralsimpulses
B) maintainsthessensitivitysofshairscellssforshearing
C) amplifyssoundswavessasstheysarestransmittedsfromsthesmiddlestosthesinnersear
D) providesstructuralssupportsofstheseardrum
E) providesstructuralssupportsofsthescochleas
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
79) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsrepresentssthesendocochlearspotential?
A) -90smV
B) -70smV
C) -20smV
D)s+60smV
E)s+80smV
Answer:s E
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
80) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutshairscellssinsthesearsissFALSE?
A) Theresaresthreesrowssofsoutershairscellssandsonesrowsofsinnershairscells.
B) Hairscellssaressurroundedsbysendolymph.
C) Onlysthesinnershairscellssofsthescochleasfunctionsdirectlysinssoundstransduction.
D) Bothstheshairscellssforshearingsandsthosesforsequilibriumsaresdepolarizedswhensbentstowardstheskin
ocilium.
E) Whenspotassiumschannelssinshairscellssopen,spotassiumsionssmovesintosthescell,sdepolarizingsit.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.4
425 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
81) ThesorgansofsCortisisslocatedsonswhatsmembrane?
A) vestibularsmembrane
B) tympanicsmembrane
C) tectorialsmembrane
D) basilarsmembrane
E) plasmasmembranesofshairscellss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
82) Thes
,sprojectingsfromsthesendsofshairscells,saresattachedstosthes
,swhichscausessthemstosbendswhenssoundswavessentersthescochlea.
A) stereocilias:sbasilarsmembrane
B) stereocilias:stectorialsmembrane
C) nitrocilias:stectorialsmembrane
D) kinocilias:sbasilarsmembrane
E) cilias:sbasilarsmembranes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
83) Theshairscellssaresembeddedswithinsendolymph,sthus,swhensaspotassiumschannelsopens,spo
tassiumsmovess
thescell,scausingsitstos
.
A) intos:sdepolarize
B) outsofs:shyperpolarize
C) intos:shyperpolarize
D) outsofs:sdepolarize
E) equallysintosandsoutsofs:smaintainsitsspolarizedsstatesA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
426 | P a g e
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84) Bendingsofsthesstereociliasonstheshairscellscansinduceseithersasclosuresorsansopeningsofsaspot
assiumschannelsbasedsuponsthe
A) sizesofsthesstereocilia.
B) frequencysofsthessound.
C) intensitysofsthessound.
D) directionsthatsthesstereociliasmove.
E) accelerationsofsthesbody.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
85) Frequencysofssoundsisscodedsforsbysthe
A) numbersofshairscellssstimulated.
B) directionsthatsthesstereociliasaresstimulated.
C) amplitudesofsthesactionspotentials.
D) frequencysofsactionspotentials.
E) locationsofstheshairscellsstimulated.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
86) Inscomparisonstoslowspitchssound,shighspitchssoundswillscausesvibrationssofsthesbasilarsme
mbrane
A) closerstosthesovalswindow.
B) closerstostheshelicotrema.
C) closerstosthestympanicsmembrane.
D) ofslessersamplitude.
E) ofsgreatersamplitude.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
427 | P a g e
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87) Thestransductionsofssoundswavessintosneuralsimpulsessoccurssinsthe
A) ossicles.
B) cochlea.
C) semicircularscanals.
D) utricle.
E) eustachianstube.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
88) Thesanteriorsportionsofsthessemicircularscanalsdetectssaccelerationsinswhichsdirection?
A) thesrotationsofsthesheadsfromssidestosside,sassinsmovingsthesearstowardsthesshoulder
B) rotatingsthesheadsassinssayings"no"
C) movingsthesheadsupsandsdownsassinssayings"yes"
D) linearsaccelerationsinsthesforwardsandsbackwardsdirections
E) linearsaccelerationsinsthesupsandsdownsdirectionss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
89) Thesposteriorsportionsofsthessemicircularscanalsdetectssaccelerationsinswhichsdirection?
A) rotationsofsthesheadsfromssidestosside,sassinsmovingsthesearstowardsthesshoulder
B) rotatingsthesheadsassinssayings"no"
C) movingsthesheadsupsandsdownsassinssayings"yes"
D) linearsaccelerationsinsthesforwardsandsbackwardsdirections
E) linearsaccelerationsinsthesupsandsdownsdirectionss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
428 | P a g e
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90) Locatedswithinsthes
ofsthessemicircularscanal,sasgelatinoussstructurescalledsthe
surroundssthesstereociliasandskinocilium.
A) lumens:sotolith
B) cupulas:sotolith
C) cupulas:sampulla
D) ampullas:sotolith
E) ampullas:scupulas
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
91) Whetherstheshairscellsinsthessemicircularscanalsissdepolarizedsorshyperpolarizedsissdependentsup
onswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) speedsatswhichsthesheadsrotates
B) directionstowardswhichsthesstereociliasaresbentsrelativestostheskinocilium
C) extentstoswhichsthesstereociliasaresbent
D) directionstowardswhichsonlystheskinociliasaresbent
E) speedsatswhichsthesstereociliasaresbents
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
92) Thesmasssofsthesgelatinoussmaterialswithinsthessacculesandsutriclesissenhancedsbysthespr
esencesofswhatstypesofscrystals?
A) sodiumscarbonate
B) sodiumschloride
C) potassiumschloride
D) calciumscarbonate
E) calciumsphosphates
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.5
429 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
93) Thessacculesdetectsswhatstypesofsmotion?
A) angularsacceleration,sasswhensnoddingsthesheads"yes"
B) angularsacceleration,sasswhensshakingsthesheads"no"
C) angularsacceleration,sasswhenstiltingsthesheadssosthatsthesearsapproachessthesshoulder
D) linearsaccelerationsforwardsandsbackward
E) linearsaccelerationsupsorsdowns
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
94) Depolarizationsofshairscellssinsthesutriclesoccursswhensthe
A) headsisstiltedstosthesleft.
B) headsisstiltedstosthesright.
C) headsisstiltedsforward.
D) hairscellsbendsstowardstheskinocilium.
E) hairscellsbendssawaysfromstheskinocilium.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
95) Afferentsneuronssfromsthessemicircularscanal,sthesutricle,sandsthessacculesentersthesbrainstemsw
heresmoststerminateswithinsthe
A) medialsgeniculatesbody.
B) lateralsgeniculatesbody.
C) lateralsreticularsformation.
D) vestibularsnuclei.
E) nucleussraphesmagnus.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
430 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
96) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsonesofsthesprimarystastes?
A) bitter
B) sweet
C) salty
D) hot
E) soursAns
wer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
97) Thesdetectionsofssweetsbystastesreceptorssoccurssviasthesbindingsofsorganicsmoleculesstosrec
eptorssonsthescellsmembranesactivatings
thatsultimatelyscausessas
.
A) gustducins:ssodiumschannelstosclose
B) transducins:ssodiumschannelstosclose
C) transducins:spotassiumschannelstosopen
D) gustducins:spotassiumschannelstosclose
E) Golfs:spotassiumschannelstoscloses
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.6
98) Thesprimarysafferentsneuronssfromstastesreceptorscellssterminateswithinswhatsstructuresofsthesce
ntralsnervousssystem?
A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) medullasoblongata
D) gustatoryscortex
E) olfactorystubercles
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
431 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
99) WhatstwostastesqualitiessusesasGsproteinsduringsthestransductionsprocess?
A) sweetsandssour
B) sweetsandsbitter
C) saltysandssweet
D) soursandssalty
E) bittersandssaltys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.6
100) Whichscranialsnervestransmitsstastesinformationstosthescentralsnervousssystem?
A) VIIsonly
B) IXsonly
C) Xsonly
D) bothsVIIsandsIX
E) VII,sIX,sandsX
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
101) Whichsofsthesfollowingscellssissthesprecursorscellsforsthesolfactoryscells?
A) supportscells
B) basalscells
C) olfactorysreceptorscells
D) mitralscells
E) ciliaryscellss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
102) Thesdetectionsofsodorantssoccurssviasthesbindingsofsorganicsmoleculesstosreceptorssonsthescel
lsmembrane,sactivatings
thatsultimatelyscausessthes
.
A) gustducins:ssodiumschannelstosclose
B) Golfs:spotassiumschannelstosopen
C) transducins:spotassiumschannelstosopen
D) gustducins:spotassiumschannelstosclose
E) Golfs:scationschannelstosopens
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
432 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
103) First-ordersolfactorysneuronsssynapseswiths
.sThesessynapsessoccursinsclustersscalleds
A) mitralscellss:sglomeruli
B) bicuspidscellss:sglomeruli
C) mitralscellss:scribriformsareas
D) olfactorysneuronss:sglomeruli
E) olfactorysneuronss:scribriformsareass
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
.
104) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansincorrectsmatchsbetweenscranialsnervesandsspecialssense?
A) cranialsnervesIs-solfaction
B) cranialsnervesIIs-svision
C) cranialsnervesIIIs-staste
D) cranialsnervesVIIIs-shearing
E) cranialsnervesVIIIssequilibriumsAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
105) WhichssensoryssystemsdoessNOTsneedstostransmitsinformationsthroughsthesthalamusstosre
achsthescortex?
A) somatosensoryssystems
B) taste
C) olfaction
D) vestibular/equilibrium
E) hearings
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
433 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
106) Axonssofsthesolfactorysnervestravelsthroughswhatsspecialsstructure?
A) glomeruli
B) cribriformsplate
C) olfactorysbulb
D) cochlearsmembrane
E) organsofsCortis
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
107) Whatsissthesmechanismsbyswhichsreceptorssconvertsstimulussenergiessintoschangessinsm
embranespotential?
A) perception
B) modality
C) transduction
D) adequatesstimulus
E) appropriation
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
108) Whatsissthesformsofsenergysassociatedswithsasparticularsstimulusstypescalled?
A) perception
B) appropriation
C) adequatesstimulus
D) modality
E) transduction
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
434 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
109) Whatsissasperson'ssconscioussinterpretationsofsthesexternalsenvironmentscalled?
A) adequatesstimulus
B) appropriation
C) modality
D) perception
E) transduction
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
110) Whatsissthesstimulusstypestoswhichsasreceptorsrespondssthesgreatestscalled?
A) perception
B) modality
C) adequatesstimulus
D) appropriation
E) transduction
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
111) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedsforssoundswaves?
A) hairscellssinsutricle
B) hairscellssinssemicircularscanals
C) hairscellssinscochlea
D) warmsreceptors
E) mechanicalsnociceptors
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
112) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsthesstretchsofsspecificsbloodsvessels?
A) osmoreceptors
B) warmsreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) baroreceptors
E) mechanicalsnociceptors
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
435 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
113) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsphotonssofslight?
A) hairscellssinssemicircularscanals
B) photoreceptors
C) mechanicalsnociceptors
D) warmsreceptors
E) chemoreceptors
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
114) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectslinearsaccelerationsforwardsorsbackward?
A) hairscellssinsutricle
B) baroreceptors
C) hairscellssinssemicircularscanals
D) osmoreceptors
E) hairscellssinscochleas
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
115) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsswellingsofsreceptorscells?
A) baroreceptors
B) osmoreceptors
C) hairscellssinssemicircularscanals
D) chemoreceptors
E) mechanicalsnociceptors
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
436 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
116) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsangularsacceleration?
A) chemoreceptors
B) hairscellssinsutricle
C) mechanicalsnociceptors
D) hairscellssinscochlea
E) hairscellssinssemicircularscanalss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.1
117) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsdecreasessinstemperaturesfroms35°Cstos20°C?
A) mechanicalsnociceptors
B) osmoreceptors
C) coldsreceptors
D) warmsreceptors
E) chemoreceptors
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
118) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsfreeshydrogensionscontentsofsblood?
A) photoreceptors
B) mechanicalsnociceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) baroreceptors
E) osmoreceptors
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
119) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsintensesmechanicalsstimuli?
A) warmsreceptors
B) baroreceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) hairscellssinssemicircularscanals
E) mechanicalsnociceptors
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
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120) Whichsreceptorstypesissusedstosdetectsincreasessinstemperaturesbetweens30°Csands43°C?
A) osmoreceptors
B) coldsreceptors
C) mechanicalsnociceptors
D) chemoreceptors
E) warmsreceptorss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
121) Wheresdoessthesspinothalamicstractscrosssoverstosthesoppositesside?
A) brainstem
B) parietalslobe
C) spinalscord
D) frontalslobe
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
122) Wheresdoessthesdorsalscolumnspathwayscrosssoverstosthesoppositesside?
A) brainstem
B) parietalslobe
C) frontalslobe
D) thalamus
E) spinalscords
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
123) Wheresissthessomatosensoryscortexsfound?
A) frontalslobe
B) temporalslobe
C) occipitalslobe
D) brainstem
E) parietalslobes
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
124) Wheresissthesvisualscortexsfound?
A) frontalslobe
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B) temporalslobe
C) parietalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
125) Wheresissthesauditoryscortexsfound?
A) brainstem
B) parietalslobe
C) temporalslobe
D) occipitalslobe
E) frontalslobe
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
126) Whatsisstheslocationsofsthesvestibularsnuclei?
A) parietalslobe
B) temporalslobe
C) spinalscord
D) brainstem
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
127) Whatsisstheslocationsofsthesgustatorysnucleus?
A) parietalslobe
B) frontalslobe
C) thalamus
D) occipitalslobe
E) brainstem
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
128) Whatsisstheslocationsofsthesgustatoryscortex?
A) parietalslobe
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B) frontalslobe
C) occipitalslobe
D) brainstem
E) temporalslobes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
129) Whatsisstheslocationsofsthesmedialsgeniculatesbody?
A) frontalslobe
B) occipitalslobe
C) brainstem
D) thalamus
E) parietalslobes
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
130) Wheresissthesterminationsofssecond-ordersneuronssfound?
A) occipitalslobe
B) parietalslobe
C) frontalslobe
D) brainstem
E) thalamus
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
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131) Whatsisstheslocationsofsthesdorsalscolumns?
A) frontalslobe
B) spinalscord
C) parietalslobe
D) brainstem
E) occipitalslobe
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
132) Whatsissthestoughsconnectivestissuesthatsmakessupsthes"white"sofstheseyescalled?
A) ciliarysmuscles
B) sclera
C) zonularsfibers
D) pupil
E) corneas
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
133) Whatsaresthesstrandssofsconnectivestissuesthatsconnectstheslensstosmusclessforsac
commodationscalled?
A) cornea
B) opticsdisk
C) pupil
D) zonularsfibers
E) ciliarysmuscles
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
134) Whatsissthesfirstsrefractivesstructuresthroughswhichslightswavessmustspasssasstheysenterstheseye
?
A) cornea
B) ciliarysmuscles
C) opticsdisk
D) zonularsfibers
E) pupilsAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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135) Whatsstructuresisscomprisedsofsneuralstissuesthatsincludessbipolarscells?
A) zonularsfibers
B) cornea
C) ciliarysmuscles
D) retina
E) pupilsAn
swer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
136) Whatsissthesholesthroughswhichslightscansenterstheseyescalled?
A) iris
B) pupil
C) cornea
D) lens
E) foveasA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
137) Whatscategorysofsstructuressincludessthesrodssandscones?
A) retina
B) retinalspigmentedsepithelium
C) fovea
D) cornea
E) photoreceptors
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
138) Whatsissthespigmentedsstructuresthatsabsorbsslightswaves?
A) cornea
B) fovea
C) iris
D) retina
E) retinalspigmentedsepitheliums
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
139) Whatsmusclesissundersparasympatheticscontrolstosregulatesthesrefractivespowersofstheslens?
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A) cornea
B) pupil
C) zonularsfibers
D) fovea
E) ciliarysmuscles
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
140) Whatsissthesmusclesundersautonomicscontrolsthatsregulatessthesdiametersofsthespupil?
A) cornea
B) pupil
C) zonularsfibers
D) ciliarysmuscles
E) irissAns
wer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
141) Whatsissthessitesofshighestsvisualsacuity?
A) opticsdisk
B) retinalspigmentedsepithelium
C) fovea
D) retina
E) sclerasA
nswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
142) Thesrefractivespowersofswhatsstructurescansbesalteredstosfocusslight?
A) cornea
B) zonularsfibers
C) pupil
D) ciliarysmuscles
E) lenssAns
wer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
143) Thesopticsnervesexitsstheseyesatswhatspoint?
A) fovea
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B) opticsdisk
C) zonularsfibers
D) pupil
E) retinasA
nswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
144) Lightsstrikingswhatsregionsofsthesretinasissnotsdetectedsbysphotoreceptors?
A) zonularsfibers
B) cornea
C) opticsdisk
D) ciliarysmuscles
E) pupilsA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
145) Wheresissretinalsfound?
A) ganglionicscells
B) rods
C) cones
D) bipolarscells
E) bothsrodssandsconess
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
146) Inswhichsstructure(s)sissrhodopsinsfound?
A) ganglionicscells
B) rods
C) cones
D) bipolarscells
E) bothsrodssandsconess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
147) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesmostsabundantsinsthesretina?
A) rods
B) Lscones
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C) Mscones
D) Sscones
E) ganglionicscells
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
148) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissassociatedswithshighsvisualsacuity?
A) cones
B) ganglionicscells
C) rods
D) bipolarscells
E) bothsrodssandsconess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
149) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissmostssensitivestoslight?
A) Mscones
B) ganglionicscells
C) Lscones
D) rods
E) Ssconess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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150) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstructuresssitssonsthesbasilarsmembranesandscontainsstheshairscellssfor
ssound?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) tectorialsmembrane
C) helicotrema
D) tympanicsmembrane
E) organsofsCortis
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
151) Whatsstructuresdetectsslinearsacceleration?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) ampulla
C) cochlea
D) semicircularscanals
E) utricles
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
152) Whatsstructuresincludessthesscalasmedia,sscalastympani,sandsthesscalasvestibule?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) helicotrema
C) cochlea
D) utricle
E) ampullas
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
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153) Whatstransmitsssoundsenergysfromsthesoutersearstosthesmiddlesear?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) externalsauditorysmeatus
C) ampulla
D) tympanicsmembrane
E) cochleas
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
154) Whichsofsthesfollowingsconnectssthesmiddlesearstosthespharynx?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) Eustachianstube
C) tympanicsmembrane
D) externalsauditorysmeatus
E) utriclesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
155) Whatsstructuresdetectssrotationalsaccelerationsofstheshead?
A) basilarsmembrane
B) helicotrema
C) cochlea
D) semicircularscanals
E) organsofsCortis
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
156) Tipssofsstereociliasforssoundsaresembeddedsinswhatsstructure?
A) cochlea
B) tectorialsmembrane
C) basilarsmembrane
D) organsofsCorti
E) utriclesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
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157) Whatsissthesenlargedsareasatsthesbasesofsthessemicircularscanals,swhichscontainsshairscells,scal
led?
A) ampulla
B) cochlea
C) basilarsmembrane
D) utricle
E) organsofsCortis
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.5
158) Whichssensationshassasreceptorstypesthatsissaschemoreceptor?
A) vision
B) olfaction
C) taste
D) touch
E) bothsolfactionsandstastes
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
159) Moleculessmustsbesdissolvedsinsfluidstosinteractswithsthesreceptorsforswhichsofsthesfol
lowing?
A) vision
B) olfaction
C) taste
D) touch
E) bothsolfactionsandstastes
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
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160) Whichsofsthesfollowingshassreceptorscellssthatsaresmodifiedsepithelialscells?
A) vision
B) olfaction
C) taste
D) touch
E) bothsolfactionsandstastes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
161) Whichsofsthesfollowingssynapsesswithssecond-ordersneuronssinsglomeruli?
A) vision
B) olfaction
C) taste
D) touch
E) bothsolfactionsandstastes
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
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Figures10.1
162) InsFigures10.1,swhatsaresthesstructures,sinsordersfroms1stos5?
A) ciliarysbody,siris,sfovea,sretina,ssclera
B) radialsmuscle,spupil,smacula,schoroid,ssclera
C) suspensorysligament,saqueousshumor,smacula,slutea,scornea
D) zonularsfibers,ssuspensorysligament,sfovea,sretina,ssclera
E) ciliarysmuscles,scornea,sopticsdisc,schoroid,sscleras
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
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Figures10.2
163) InsFigures10.2,swhatsaresthesstructures,sinsordersfroms1stos5?
A) malleus,stympanicsmembrane,sroundswindow,scochlea,seustachianstube
B) tympanicsmembrane,smalleus,sovalswindow,ssemicircularscanal,seustachianstube
C) incus,stectorialsmembrane,sovalswindow,ssaccule,shelicotrema
D) malleus,sbasilarsmembrane,sroundswindow,sampulla,shelicotrema
E) incus,sroundswindow,sovalswindow,scochlea,sexternalsacousticsmeatussA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.5
164) Proprioceptorssprovidesthesbodyswithscontinuoussinformationsthatschangesslittlesassaspa
rticularsjointsanglesissmaintained,sandsaresthereforesansexamplesofs
receptors.
A) parallel
B) tonicsorsslowlysadapting
C) clonic
D) phasic
E) seriessA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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165)
receptorssaresbettersablestosprovidesinformationsonswhethersasstimulusshasschanged
,swhereass
receptorssaresbettersadaptedstosprovidesinformationsonsthesextentsofsthatschange.
A) Phasics:stonic
B) Slowlysadaptings:stonic
C) Tonics:sphasic
D) Rapidlysadaptings:sphasic
E) Tonics:sclonics
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
166) Whichsofsthessensorysreceptorsswithinsthesskinsareslocatedsdeepswithinsthesdermis?
A) PacinianscorpusclessandsRuffini'ssendings
B) Merkel'ssdisks
C) chemoreceptors
D) baroreceptors
E) neuromuscularsspindle
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
167) Somatosensorysreceptorssthatslacksidentifiablesspecializedsstructuressarescalled
A) freesnervesendings.
B) gustatorysreceptors.
C) Pacinianscorpuscles.
D) photoreceptors.
E) feedbacksloops.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
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168) Slowspainsissmediatedsbyswhatstypesofsnociceptor?
A) A-gammasfibers
B) A-deltasfibers
C) Ruffini'ssfreesendings
D) Merkel'ssdisk
E) polymodalsnociceptorss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
169) Ansincreasesinspressureswithinstheseyesduestosexpansionsofsthesaqueousshumorsthatscansev
entuallyscompromisesbloodsflowstostheseyesisscalled
A) glaucoma.
B) angiogenesis.
C) macularsdegeneration.
D) retinitisspigmentosa.
E) diabeticsmicrovascularsinsufficiency.s
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
170) Thes
issansindentationsinsthesretinasthatscontainssthesfovea.
A) opticschiasm
B) maculaslutea
C) choroid
D) opticsdisc
E) opticsforamens
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
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171) Whichsofsthesfollowingsarrangessthescomponentssofsthesneuralspathwaysforsvisionsinsthesco
rrectsorder,sstartingswithsthesphotoreceptorsandsendingswithsthesvisualscortex?
A) photoreceptor,sbipolarscell,sganglionscell,sopticsnerve,sopticschiasm,sopticstract,slateralsge
niculatesbody,sopticsradiations,svisualscortex
B) photoreceptor,sganglionscell,sbipolarscell,sopticstract,sopticsnerve,sopticschiasm,slateralsge
niculatesbody,sopticsradiations,svisualscortex
C) photoreceptor,sbipolarscell,sganglionscell,sopticstract,sopticschiasm,sopticsnerve,slateralsge
niculatesbody,sopticsradiations,svisualscortex
D) photoreceptor,sbipolarscell,sganglionscell,sopticsnerve,sopticsradiations,sopticschiasm,sopticstr
act,slateralsgeniculatesbody,svisualscortex
E) photoreceptor,sbipolarscell,sganglionscell,sopticsnerve,sopticschiasm,slateralsgeniculatesbody,so
pticstract,sopticsradiations,svisualscortex
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
172) Whatsaresthesthreesossiclessinsthesmiddlesear?
A) tympanic,stectorial,sbasilar
B) saccule,sutricle,scochlea
C) malleus,sincus,sstapes
D) tympani,svestibule,smedia
E) malleus,stalus,sstapess
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
173) Inswhichschamber(s)sofsthescochleasissendolymphsfound?
A) scalastympani
B) saccule
C) utricle
D) scalasvestibule
E) scalasmedias
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
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174) Thesstereociliasandskinociliumsonstheshairscellssofsthesampullasprojectsintoswhatsstructure?
A) scalastympani
B) cupula
C) saccule
D) utricle
E) scalasvestibules
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
175) Whatsmoleculesswithinsthesmucussofsthesolfactorysepitheliumscarrysodorantsstosthesreceptorson
sthescilia?
A) Golf
B) hydrophilic
C) olfactorysbindingsproteins
D) cAMP
E) sustentacularsproteinss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.7
176) Whatstypesofscellssinsthesolfactorysmucosasmaintainsthesextracellularsenvironmentssu
rroundingsthesreceptorscells?
A) fibroblasts
B) basalscells
C) sustentacularscells
D) mastscells
E) gobletscellss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
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177) Thesbonesoverlyingsthesolfactorysepitheliumsisscalledsthe
A) vomer.
B) sphenoid.
C) maxilla.
D) cribriformsplate.
E) frontal.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
178) Thessecond-ordersneuronssinsthesolfactoryspathwaysarescalleds
A) ganglion
B) gustatory
C) mitral
D) glomeruli
E) bipolars
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.7
cells.
10.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Wesgenerallysdosnotsperceivesinformationstransmittedsbysvisceralsafferents.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
2) Allspeopleshavesthessamesperceptionsofsthesexternalsenvironment.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
3) Thestermsmodalitysrefersstosthesformsofsenergysthatsdefinessasspecificsstimulus.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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4) Olfactorysreceptorssarestonics(slowlysadapting)sreceptorssthatsdetectsodors.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
5) Theslipssaresthesmostssensitivestosthestwopointsdiscriminationsthresholdsbecausestheirsreceptivesfieldssaresrelativelyssmall.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
6) Merkel'ssdiskssaressuperficialsmechanoreceptorsslocatedsinsbothsglabroussandshairysskin.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
7) Theresaresseparatesreceptorssforswarmsandscold.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
8) Chemicalsnociceptorssrespondstoschemicalssubstancessreleasedsbysdamagedstissue.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
9) Thesdorsalscolumnmedialslemniscalspathwayscarriessmechanoreceptivesandsproprioceptivesinformationstosthesthala
mus,swhereassthesspinothalamicstractscarriessthermoreceptivesandsnociceptivesinformation.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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10) Transcutaneoussnervesstimulationsdescribessastechniqueswherebyscurrentsappliedstosthesskinssti
mulatesslargesdiametersafferentsaxonss(Aβsfiber)stosinhibitsthestransmissionsofsaspainfulsstimulussfr
omsthesCsfiberstosassecond-ordersneuron.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
11) Modulationsofssensorysinformationsassitsisstransmittedsfromsreceptorsstosthescerebralscortexsca
nsonlysoccursatssynapses.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
12) Cytokinessreleasedsduringsillnessscanscausesaspersonstosbesmoressensitivestospain.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
13) CapsaicinscausessasburningssensationsinsthesmouthsbecausesitsbindsstosTRPV1sreceptors.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
14) Thespointsonsthesretinaswithsgreatestsvisualsacuitysissthesopticsdisk.sA
nswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
15) Theswavelengthsofslightsthatswesperceivesissthatswavelengthsthatshassbeensabsorbedsbysthesobj
ectsbeingsobserved.
Answer:s FALSEsHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
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16) Correctiveslensessthatsaresconcavesaresusedstoscorrectsmyopia.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
17) Alongsaslargesportionsofsthesretina,slightsmustspasssthroughstwoslayerssofscellssbeforesrea
chingsasphotoreceptor.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
18) ThesconcentrationsofscGMPsinsasphotoreceptorsissrelativelyshighsinsthesdark,stherebysm
aintainingsrodssandsconessinsthesdepolarizedsstate.
Answer:s TRUE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
19) Extensivesconvergencesexistssfromsthesconesstosthesbipolarscellsswithinsthesfovea.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
20) Extensivesconvergencesofsrodssontosbipolarscellssallowssforsgreaterssensitivitystoslight.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
21) Thesphotoreceptorssresponsiblesforsresettingstheslight/darkscyclescontainssasphotopigmentsca
lledsmelanopsin.
Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
22) Informationsfromsthesrightsvisualsfieldsissperceivedsinsthesleftsvisualscortex.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
23) Depthsperceptionsrequiressvisualsinputsfromsbothseyes.
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Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
24) Insasneuralspathway,swhensansexcitatoryssynapsesfollowssansinhibitoryssynapse,sthississcalledsdis
inhibition.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
25) Theseighthscranialsnervescarriessinformationsaboutshearingsandsequilibriumsfromsthesearstosth
escentralsnervousssystem.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
26) Auditorysinformationsisstransmittedsthroughsthesmedialsgeniculatesnucleussinsthesthalamusstosth
escortex.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.4
27) Eachssemicircularscanalscansonlysdetectsrotationsinsonesdirection.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
28) Thesvestibularsapparatusscansonlysdetectschangessinsthesratesofsheadsmovement.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
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29) Tastesreceptorscellssareslocatedsonlysonsthestongue.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.6
30) Eachstastesreceptorscellsissspecificstosonlysonesofsthesfoursprimarystastes.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.6
31) Tonicsreceptorssaresbestsatsdetectingschangessinsthesenvironment.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
32) Receptivesfieldssizessaresapproximatelysthessamesoversallspartssofsthesbodysforsasspecificsmo
dality.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
33) Althoughspainsperceptionscansvarysbetweensindividuals,sonespersonsalwayssperceivessthesid
enticalspainfulsstimulussassbeingsthessame.
Answer:s FALSEsHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
34) Asdecreasesinsthesamplitudesofsasreceptorspotentialsoverstimesinsthespresencesofsascontinuedssti
mulussisscalledshabituation.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 10.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.1
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35) Insorderstostastesfood,stheschemicalssmustsbesdissolvedsinsmucus.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.6
10.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Thesresponsesofseveryssensorysreceptorsissgovernedsbystheslawsofsspecificsnervesenergies.sExplai
nsthisslawsandsitssconsequencesforsasreceptor'ssresponsestoslow-sandshighintensitysstimuli,salongswithsthesgeneralsprocesssofssensorystransduction.
Answer:s Theslawsofsspecificsnervesenergiessstatessthatsasgivenssensorysreceptorsissspecificsforsasparti
cularsenergysmodality.sThus,sdifferentsmodalitiessofsenergy,sincludingslightswaves,ssoundswaves,spr
essure,stemperature,setc.,saresultimatelystransducedsintoselectricalsenergysinsthesformsofsansactionspot
ential.sThesspecificsenergysmodalitystoswhichsasreceptorsrespondssbests(lowsenergysstate)sisscalledsth
esadequatesstimulus.sReceptorsswillsalsosrespondstosothersenergysforms,sbutstheysmustsbesatsashighers
energystosactivatesthatsreceptor.sHowever,soursperceptionsofsasstimulussisslinkedstosthesreceptorsthats
hassbeensactivated.sThus,sactivatingsasphotoreceptorsonsthesretinasbyspushingsonstheseyes(pressure)sw
illsresultsinsoursperceptionsofsasflashsofslightsevensthoughsthesstimulusswasspressure.sThesprocesssofsc
onvertingsonesformsofsenergysintosanothersisscalledstransduction.sForssensorystransduction,sasgradeds
potentialsissproduced,swhichscansleadstosansactionspotentialsifsthesstimulussissstrongsenoughsandsthesr
eceptorsissaspartsofsasneuron.sHowever,snotsallsreceptorssaresneuronss(somesaresmodifiedsneuronssorse
pithelialscellssthatscannotsproducesansactionspotential).sAsgradedspotentialsinsthesesreceptorscellsswill
sstimulatesasproportionalsreleasesofsneurotransmittersthatswillsinducesansactionspotentialsinsasneighbo
ringsnervescell.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 10.1
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2) Allsreceptors,sbysdefinition,smuststransducesthesenergysfromsasstimulussintosanselectricalssignalsbe
foresthatsinformationscansbessentstosthescentralsnervousssystem.sOncesthatselectricalssignalsissgenerat
ed,showsdoessthesbrainsdecodesthestype,sintensity,sduration,sandslocationsofsasstimulus?sAnswer:s Ou
rsperceptionsofsasstimulatedsreceptorsissbasedsuponsthessensoryspathwaysactivatedsandsthesregionsofst
hesbrainswheresthosespathwayssterminate.sThus,sactivationsofsansauditorysneuronswillsresultsinsthespe
rceptionsofssoundsindependentsofshowsthatsneuronswassactivated.sThesspecificspathwaysthatstransmit
ssinformationsissreferredstosasslabeledslines,swithseachssensorysreceptorshavingsitssownsuniqueslabele
dsline.sStimulussintensitysisscodedsforsinstwosways:s1)s actionspotentialsfrequencys(frequencyscoding)
sands2)sthesnumbersofsreceptorssactivateds(populationscoding).sAssstimulussintensitysincreases,sthesm
agnitudesofsthesgradedspotentialswillsincrease,sresultingsinsmoresfrequentsactionspotentialss(increase
dsfrequency).sAlternatively,sasstrongersstimulusscouldsactivatesmoresreceptors.sThesnumbersofsrecept
orssactivatedsdependssuponsthessizesandsdensitysofseachsreceptor'ssreceptivesfield.sSlowlysadaptingsre
ceptorssworksbestsforscodingsintensityswhilesrapidlysadaptingsreceptorssaresbettersforscodingschanges
(notsmagnitudesofschange).sTheslocationsofsasstimulussisscodedsbyslocationsofstheirsreceptivesfield.sT
hesprecisionswithswhichswescansperceiveslocationsisscalledsacuity.sAcuitysforsasparticularsstimulusswi
llsdependsuponsasreceptivesfield'sssize,snumbersofsreceptors,sthesextentsofsoverlap,sandsitsslateralsinhi
bition.sThesescansvarysconsiderablysbetweensreceptivesfieldssthroughoutsthesbody.sLateralsinhibitio
nsdescribessassituationswheresinputsfromsasstronglysstimulatedsreceptorswillsinhibitsthesafferentspath
waystransmittingsinformationsfromsnearbysreceptors.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 10.1
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3) Thesprimarysinterfacesbetweensthesbodysandsthesexternalsenvironmentsissthesskin.sThus,sasvarie
tysofsreceptorssexistswithinsthesskinsforsthesdetectionsofsoursexternalsenvironment.sListsthesthreescla
ssessofsreceptorssfoundsinsthesskins(withsansexamplesofseachswithsitssfunction),sandsthespathwayssth
atsthosesstimulismustsfollowstosreachsthessomatosensoryscortex.
Answer:s Thesthreestypessofsskinsreceptorssaresmechanoreceptors,sthermoreceptors,sandsnociceptors.
Mechanoreceptors:sMerkel'ssdiskss-spressure;sMeissner'sscorpuscless-svibration;sfreesnervesendingssslightstouch;sPacinianscorpuscless-svibration;sRuffini'ssendsorganss-spressure
Thermoreceptors:scoldsandswarm
Nociceptors:smechanicals-sintensesmechanical;sthermals-sintensesthermal;spolymodalssintensesmechanicalsorsthermalsstimuli;sorsspecificschemicals
Theresarestwosmainspathwayssbyswhichssensorysinformationswillstravelstosthessomatosensoryscortex:
sthesdorsalscolumn-medial slemniscalspathwaysandsthesspinothalamicstract.sThesdorsalscolumnmedialslemniscalspathwayscarriessinformationsfromsmechanoreceptorssandsproprioceptors.sInsthissp
athway,sthesfirstordersneuronssentersthesdorsalshornsofsthesspinalscordswheresmostsofsthescollateralssfromsthatsneuronst
erminate.sHowever,sthesmainsbranchsascendssthesspinalscordswithinsthesdorsalscolumnstosthesipsilater
alsbrainstem.sThatsfirstordersneuronssynapsessinsthesdorsalscolumnsnucleisofsthesmedullaswithsassecondordersneuron.sThessecondorders neuronsscrosssoverstosthescontralateralssidesofsthesmedullasalongsthesmedialslemniscussandsasce
ndstosthesthalamus.sInsthesthalamus,sthessecond-ordersneuronsssynapseswithsthirdordersneuronssthatstransmitsthesinformationstosthessomatosensoryscortex.sThesspinothalamicstractscar
riessinformationsfromsthermoreceptorssandsnociceptors.sThesfirstordersneuronssentersthesspinalscordsatsthesdorsalshornsandstravelsasshortsdistancesinseithersdirectionsal
ongsthesspinalscordswithinsLissauer'sstractswherestheyswillssynapseswithssecondordersneurons.sThessecondordersneuronsscrosssoverstosthescontralateralssidesandsascendstosthesanterolateralsquadrantsofsthesspin
alscordsandsthroughsthesbrainstemsbeforestheysentersthesthalamus.sInsthesthalamus,sthessecondordersneuronssynapsess withsthesthird-ordersneuron,swhichsascendsstosthessomatosensoryscortex.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1|10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.2
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4) Nociceptorssplaysansimportantsrolesinsprotectingsussfromsdamagingsstimuli.sDescribesthestwosty
pessofspainsandsthesdifferencesbetweensdiscriminativesandsaffectivespain.sDescribesthesgatescontrolstheorysofspainsmodulation.
Answer:s Activationsofsnociceptorssleadsstosthesperceptionsofspain.sThatsperceptionsofspainscansleadst
osseveralspossiblesresponsessthatsincludesasreflexswithdrawalsfromsthesstimulus,sincreasedsautonomi
csresponse,sorsansemotionalsresponse.sWesperceivespainsinstwosways,swhichsarestermedsassfastspainsa
ndsslowspain.sFastspainsissperceivedsassassharp,sprickingssensationsthatscansbeseasilyslocalizedsandsisst
ransmittedsoversAδsfibers.sSlowspainsissdetectedsassaspoorlyslocalized,sdullsachesthatsisstransmittedso
versCsfibers.sThesprimarysafferentssfromsnociceptorsssynapseswithssecondsordersreceptorssinsthesspinalscord.sThesdiscriminativespropertiessofspainsrelatesdirectlystosourspercept
ionsofspain.sAtsthessamestime,sactivationsofsthatspathwayswillsstimulates(coactivate)sassecondspathwa
ysthatsassessessthesaffectivescomponentsofsthespainfulsstimulus.sThesaffectivescomponentsofsaspainfu
lsstimulussissthesaspectsofspainsthatsissnotsassociatedswithsthespainsitself,sassinsthescasesofsansautonomic
sorsemotionalsresponsestospain.sThespathwaysutilizedsbysthesaffectivescomponentssofspainsascendssthr
oughsthesreticularsformationsofsthesbrainstem,stostheshypothalamus,sandstostheslimbicssystem.sThesga
te-controlstheorysofspainsmodulationsmaintainssthatsasnonpainfulssomaticsstimulusscansinhibitspainssignalssatstheslevelsofsthesspinalscord.sTheresaresmanysinter
neuronsswithinsthesspinalscord;sonestypesofsthesesissinhibitorysforssecondordersnociceptivesneurons.sIfsthissinterneuronsissactive,sthensthestransmissionsofsthespainfulsmessages
willsbesdiminishedsandsthesperceptionsofspainswillsbeslessened.sThesinhibitorysinterneuronsis
activatedsbysAβsfiberss(associatedswithsmechanicalsstimuli)sandsinhibitedsbyscollateralssfromsCsfibe
rss(nociceptors).sHowever,swhensthestwosneuronalstractssaresactivated,scollateralssfromsthesAβsfiber
sswillsstimulatesthesinhibitorysinterneuron,sthussdecreasingsthestransmissionsofsthespainfulsmessage.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1|10.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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5) Describesthesprocesssinvolvedsinsfocusingsansimagesontosthesretinasforsobjectssnearsandsfarsandsho
wsthatsprocesssisscontrolled.sIdentifysthestwoscommonsdefectssinsoursabilitystosfocusslightsonsthesretin
asandshowstheyscansbesfixed.
Answer:s Asslightsmovessfromsonestransparentsmaterialstosthesnexts(corneas→saqueousshumors→slen
ss→svitreousshumor),sthoseswavelengthssofslightsaresbents(refracted).sLightsissrefractedsassitsmovessth
roughsthesinterfacesofstwostransparentsmaterialssofsdifferentsdensities.sInstheshumanseye,stheslenssissc
apablesofsactivelysmodifyingsitssrefractivespowersthroughsaccommodations(thesprocesssofsmodifyin
gsthesstructuresofstheslens).sThesthicknesssofstheslensscansbesalteredsbysciliarysmusclessthatsaresattache
dstostheslenssbyszonularsfibers.sThesciliarysmusclesformssasringsaroundstheslensssuchsthat,swhensitscont
racts,sthesamountsofstensionsonstheslenssfromstheszonularsfiberssissreduced.sThissreductionsinsradialste
nsionsonstheslensscausesstheslensstosthickensduestositssinherentselasticity.sAsstheslenssthickens,slightsiss
bentstosasgreatersextentsinsorderstosfocussobjectssthatsaresclosestostheseyesontosthesretina.sWhensviewin
gssomethingsatsasdistance,sthesciliarysmuscles relaxes,swhichsincreasessthestensionsonstheszonularsfibe
rssandstherebyscausesstheslensstosflatten.
Accommodationsissundersthescontrolsofsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystem,swhosesactivitysstimula
tessciliarysmusclescontraction,scausingstheslensstosthickensassitsfocusessonsansobjectsthatsissnear.sAsdist
antsobjectsissbroughtsintosfocussbysthesrelaxationsofsthesciliarysmusclesinducedsbysasdecreasesinsparas
ympatheticsactivity.sHowever,stheslenssissnotsalwayssablestosfocusstheslightsontosthesretina.sInsmyopia
s(nearsightedness),stheslenssandscorneasrefractstheslightssuchsthatsthesimagesissfocusedsinsfrontsofsthesretina.
sThisscansbescorrectedsbyspositioningsasconcaveslenssinsfrontsofsthescornea,swhichswillscausestheslights
tosdivergesbeforesreachingstheseye.sHyperopiasoccurssbecausestheslensscannotsaccommodatesenoughs
forsnearsvisions(theslightsissnotsrefractedsenough).sThus,sthesobjectsissfocusedsbehindsthesretina.sAsco
nvexslenssinsfrontsofsthescorneascanscorrectsforsthissbyscausingstheslightstosconvergesbeforesreachingst
heseye.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 10.3
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6) Photoreceptivescellssareslocatedswithinsthesretina.sDescribesthesgeneralsstructuresandsthescellsspre
sentswithinsthesretina,sandshowslightsissconvertedsintoselectricalsenergyswithinsrodssandscones.sAnsw
er:s Theresaresthreesdistinctslayerssofscellsswithinsthesretina:s1)sansouterslayersofsrodssandsconess(thesp
hotoreceptivescells),s2)sasmiddleslayersofsbipolarscells,sands3)sansinnerslayersofsneuronsscalledsgangli
onscells.sLightsmustspasssthroughsthessecondsandsthirdslayersstosreachsphotoreceptors.sThesbipolarsc
ells,salongswithsamacrinesandshorizontalscells,saresinvolvedsinsprocessingsvisualsinformation,swhiles
thesganglionscellssaresthesneuralscellssthatstransmitsthesvisualsinformationsbackstosthesvisualscenterso
fsthesbrain.sThesmainsdifferencesbetweensrodssandsconessliessinsthesphotopigmentsthatsdetectsslightsa
ndsthessensitivitysofsthatspigmentstosparticularswavelengthssofslight.sInsrods,sthesphotopigmentsissrho
dopsin.sTheslightabsorbingsportionsofsthesphotopigments(rhodopsin)sissretinal.sThesothersportionsofsthatsproteins(opsi
n)sdeterminessthessensitivitysofsrhodopsinstosparticularswavelengthssofslight.sRhodopsinsisslocateds
withinsmembranoussdiskssthatsaresassociatedswithstransducinsandsphosphodiesterases(whichsdegrad
esscGMP).sInsthespresencesofscGMP,ssodiumschannelssonsthescellsmembranesofsthesphotoreceptorsar
esmoreslikelystosbesinsthesopensstate.sInsthesdark,sphosphodiesterasesissrelativelysinactive,sallowingsc
GMPstosbeselevatedsandssodiumschannelsstosbesmaintainedsinsthesopensstate,swhichsdepolarizessthes
photoreceptor.sThissdepolarizationsstimulatessvoltagesensitivescalciumschannelsstosremainsopen,swhichscausessthesreleasesofsneurotransmittersontosbipol
arscells.sWhenslightsimpingessonsrhodopsin,sthesopsinsmoleculesbleaches,sactivatingstransducin,swhi
chsactivatessphosphodiesterase.sThisswillsdecreasesthesintracellularsconcentrationsofscGMP,scausin
gssodiumschannelsstosclosesandsthescellstoshyperpolarize.sThisshyperpolarizationsclosessthesvoltagessensitivescalciumschannel,swhichsdecreasessthesreleasesofsneurotransmittersontosthesbipolarscells.sR
odssaressensitivestoslowsintensitiessofslight,swhereassconessrequiresasgreatersintensitysofslightsinsorder
sbesactivated.sThessamesmechanismssthatsaresactivesinsthesrodssaresactivesinsthescones.sThescolorssens
itivitysofsconessderivessfromsthesthreesdifferentsformssofsrhodopsinsfoundsinscones.sThesesmolecules
saresmostssensitivestosred,sgreen,sandsblueswavelengthssofslight.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2|10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
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7) Describesthesneuralspathwaysofsvisionsfromsthesphotoreceptorstosthesprimarysvisualscortex.sH
owsareswesablestosperceivesthesthree-dimensionalscharactersofsthesworldsaroundsus?
Answer:s Throughoutsthesretina,svaryingsnumberssofsphotoreceptorssconvergesontosasbipolarscell.sTh
esescellssarescapablesofsgeneratingsgradedspotentials,sthesnaturesofswhichsissdeterminedsbysthesphotor
eceptor.sTwostypessofsphotoreceptorssarespresentswithinsthesretina:sthosesthatsreleasesexcitatorysneur
otransmitterssandsthosesthatsreleasesinhibitorysneurotransmitters.sAssneurotransmittersreleasesissredu
cedswhensthesphotoreceptorsissactivatedsbyslight,sthesbipolarscellssareseithersdepolarizedsorshyperpol
arized.sThus,ssomesbipolarscellssaresactivatedsbyslightswhilesotherssaresinhibitedsbyslight.sInsaddition,
sthessynapsesbetweensthesphotoreceptorsandsbipolarscellsscansbesmodulatedsbyshorizontalscells.sWhe
nsdepolarized,sthesbipolarscellssreleasestheirsneurotransmittersontosasganglionscell.sThesdirectionsofst
hesresponsesfromsthesganglionscellswillsdependsuponswhethersthesneurotransmittersfromsthesbipolarsc
ellssissexcitatorysorsinhibitory.
Ganglionscellssaresthesfirstordersneuronssinsthespathwaysofsvisionsandsaresthereforesthesfirstscellsscapablesofsgeneratingsansactio
nspotential.sThesaxonssofsthesganglionscellssformsthesopticsnervesandsexitstheseyesatsthesopticsdisk.sTh
estwosbundlessofsnervesscombinesatsthesbasesofsthesbrainstosformsthesopticschiasm.sInsthesopticschiasm
,shalfsofsthesaxonssfromseachseyescrosssover.sThescellssfromsthesnasalsportionsofstheseyescrosssoverstosc
ombineswithsthestemporalsportionsofstheseyesfromsthesothersside.sThesganglionscellssterminatesinsthesl
ateralsgeniculatesbodysofsthesthalamus,swherestheyssynapseswithsthesneuronssthatsascendstosthesprima
rysvisualscortex.sDepthsperceptionsissdependentsuponsthesbrainsreceivingsinputsfromsbothseyes.sThesr
egionsofsthesvisualsfieldsthatsissdetectedsbysbothseyessissthesbinocularsvisualsfield.sWithinsthissarea,sw
esaresablestosperceives depth.sThescortexsusessthesdifferencesinsanglesbetweensthesvisualsfieldsofsboths
eyesstosperceivesasthree-dimensionalsimage.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
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8) Whatsaresthescomponentssofssoundsthatsaresdetectedswithinsthesear,sandshowsdoessthatssoundsrea
chsthesinnersearswheresitsisstransducedsintoselectricalsenergy?
Answer:s Soundswavesstravelsandsaffectsthesgassmoleculessthatscomposesthesairsbysputtingsthemsintos
motion.sSoundswavesstravelingsthroughsthesairsconsistsofsregionsswheresthesairsmoleculessarescloserst
ogethers(compressed)sandsregionsswheresthosesmoleculessaresfurthersaparts(rarified).sThesamplitudes
ofssoundsissproportionalstosthesdifferencessinsairsmoleculesdensitiessbetweensthescompressedsandsrari
fiedsair.sAmplitudesissexpressedsassaslogsscalesinsdecibels.sThespitchsofsthessoundsissdeterminedsbysth
esfrequencysofsthessoundswavessmeasuredsassthesnumbersofswavesspersseconds(hertz:sHz).
Tosdetectssound,sthespropertiessofsthessoundswavesmustsbestransmittedstosassolidsstructure.sThatstrans
itionsoccurssatsthesearsdrumswheressoundswavesscausesthestympanicsmembranestosvibratesatsthesfrequ
encysofsthessoundswaves.sThatsvibrationsisspassedsalongsthesmiddlesearsacrosssthreesbones:sfromsthes
malleuss(hammer),stosthesincuss(anvil),sandsfinally,sontosthesstapess(stirrup).sThesstapessissinscontacts
withsthescochleasatsthesovalswindow.sOncesthesvibrationsreachessthesstapes,sitsisspassedstosthesovalswi
ndow,swhichsvibratessthesfluidsofsthescochlea.sTheresarestwosmembranesswithinsthescochleas(basilars
andsvestibular)sthatsseparatesthescochleasintosthreesfluidsfilledscompartmentss(scalasvestibuli,sscalast
ympani,sandsscalasmedia).sThestympanisandsvestibulisaresfilledswithsperilymphswhilesthesmediasissfill
edswithsendolymph.sVibrationsisspassedsfromsthesovalswindowstosthesscalasvestibulisontosthesscalasty
mpani.sThisswillscausesthesbasilarsandsvestibularsmembranesstosvibratesasswell.sThesorgansofsCorti,sw
hichscontainsstheshairscellssthatsdetectssound,sisslocatedsonsthestopsofsthesbasilarsmembrane.sThesstere
ociliasofstheshairscellssaresembeddedswithinsthestectorialsmembrane.sWhensthesbasilarsmembranesvib
rates,sthesstereociliasthatsaresattachedstosthestectorialsmembranesaressheared.sThissmovementsbendsst
hesstereocilia,scausingsaschangesinsmembranespotentialswithinstheshairscell.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.2|10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
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9) Withinsthesinnersearsaresseveralsstructuressthatsaresinvolvedsinsequilibriumsandsbalance.sDescribes
thesesstructuressandshowstheysaresablestosdetectschangessinsvelocitysandsdirection.sAnswer:s Thesvest
ibularsorganssinsthesinnersearsarescomposedsofsthessemicircularscanalss(ofswhichstheresaresthree)sands
twosotolithicsorganss(utriclesandssaccule).sTheysaresablestosdetectsaschangesinslinearsandsrotationalsve
locitys(accelerationsorsdeceleration).sThesvestibularsapparatussisslocatedswithinsthestemporalsbonesa
ndsconsistssofsasmembranousslabyrinthsthatsissfilledswithsendolymphsandsisssurroundedsbysperilymp
h.sThesthreessemicircularscanalssareslocatedsperpendicularstosonesanother,sallowingsthemstosdetectsro
tationalsmovementsofsthesheadsinsthreesplanes.sThesanteriorscanalsdetectssrotationsinsthesupsandsdown
sdirection,sasswhensnoddings"yes."sThesposteriorscanalsdetectssmotionsofsthesheadsfromssidestosside,sa
sswhensthesearsmovesstowardsthesshoulder.sTheslateralscanalsdetectssrotationsofsthesheadsfromssidestos
side,sasswhensshakingsthesheadstossays"no."sThesescanalsscontainsansenlargedsregionscalledsthesampu
llaswheresthessensoryscellssareslocated.sWithinsthesampullasissthescupula,sasgelatinoussmasssinscontac
tswithsthesstereociliasthatsprojectsfromstheshairscells.sBendingsofsthesstereociliascausessaschangesinsme
mbranespotentialsofstheshairscell.sThesstereociliasaresbentsbysendolymphspushingsagainststhescupula.s
Assthesheadsissputsintosmotions(accelerates),sthesendolymphslagssbehind,scausingsitstosmoveswithinst
hescanal,swhichspushessonsthescupula.sThissmovementsofsthescupulasbendssthesstereocilia,stherebysalt
eringsthesmembranespotentialsofstheshairscell.sIfsthatsaccelerationsofsthesheadsreachessasconstantsvelo
citys(accelerationsissansincreasesinsvelocityswhereassdecelerationsissasdecreasesinsvelocity),sthesendol
ymphswillsstopsmovingswithinsthescanalsassthesheadscomesstosasconstantsvelocitysandsthesstereocilias
willsnoslongersbesstimulated.sAnyschangesinsvelocitys(accelerationsorsdeceleration)swouldscausesthes
endolymphstosmovesagainswithinsthescanalsandstherebysstimulatesthesstereocilia.
Otolithssaresthessmallscalciumscarbonatescrystalssthatsaresembeddedswithinsthesgelatinoussmasssinsco
ntactswithsthesstereociliasofstheshairscells.sTheshairscellssofsthesutriclesaresorientedshorizontallyswithst
hesstereociliasextendingsvertically,swhilestheshairscellssofsthessacculesaresorientedsverticallyswithsthes
stereociliasextendingshorizontally.sThus,sthesutriclescansdetectsforwardsandsbackwardsaccelerationsw
hilesthessacculesdetectssupwardsandsdownwardsacceleration.sAgain,sthesotolithslagssbehindsthesmove
mentsofsthesbody,scausingsthesbendingsofsthesstereociliasofstheshairscellsthats alterssmembranespotenti
alsofstheshairscell.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.5
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10) Tastesinvolvessascomplexsmixturesofsdifferentsreceptorssforsparticularsclassessofscompoundssth
atscansbespresentsinsfood.sDescribeshowstastesreceptorssaresablestosdetectsthesfoursprimarystastes.
Answer:s Thessensationsofstastesderivessfromschemoreceptorsswithinsthesmouth.sThoseschemorecept
orssareslocatedswithinsstructuresscalledstastesbudssonsthestonguesandsroofsofsthesmouth.sTastessensitiv
escellssaresmodifiedsepithelialscellsswithstastesreceptorssthatsbindsselectivelystoschemicalss(tastants)si
nsthesfoodsthatswesingest.sInsorderstosbind,stheschemicalsmustsbes dissolvedsinssaliva.sTheresaresfoursp
rimarystastes:ssalt,ssour,ssweet,sandsbitter.sSoursderivessfromsthespresencesofshydrogensionssthatsbloc
kspotassiumschannels,swhichscausessthescellsstosdepolarize.sSaltysfoodssaressensedsbysthesincreasedse
lectrochemicalsdrivingsforcesforsmovementsofssodiumsintosthescell,swhichswouldscausesthescellstosde
polarize.sSweetsissmediatedsbysthesreceptorslinkedstosasGsproteinscalledsgustducin,swhichsbindsstosor
ganicsmoleculesssuchsasssucrosestosstimulatesthesproductionsofscAMP.sThissactivatessasproteinskinas
esthatsphosphorylatessaspotassiumschannel.sThissphosphorylationscausessmorespotassiumschannelsst
osremainsinsthes closedsstate,stherebysdepolarizingsthescell.sBittersissassociatedswithsdetectionsofsnitro
genousscompounds.sBitterssubstancesscansbessensedsbysseveralsdifferentsmechanisms:sthesdirectsbin
dingstosasreceptor,swhichscausessthesclosuresofspotassiumschannels,sandsthesbindingstosasreceptorsthat
sactivatessasGsprotein,scalledstransducin.s Insthatscase,stransducinsactivatessthesenzymesphospholipase
sC,swhichsleadsstosthesproductionsofsIP3.sAnsincreasesinsIP3sstimulatessthesreleasesofscalciumsfromsth
essarcoplasmicsreticulum.
LearningsOutcome:s 10.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 10.6
10.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Thermoreceptorsshavesrelativelys(larges/ssmall)sreceptivesfields.s
Answer:s small
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
2) (Nociceptorss/sWarmsreceptors)srespondsbeststostemperaturessgreatersthans44°C.sA
nswer:s Nociceptors
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
3) Thesabsencesofspain,sbutsnotsotherssomatosensations,sisscalleds(anesthesias/sanalgesia).sA
nswer:s analgesia
LearningsOutcome:s 10.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.2
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4) As(concaves/sconvex)slensscausesslightswavesstosconvergesontosasfocalspoint.sA
nswer:s convex
LearningsOutcome:s 10.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
5) Duringsnearsvision,sthesciliarysmusclescontractssduestosactivationsofsthes(sympathetics/sparasy
mpathetic)snervousssystem.sAssasresult,stheszonularsfibersstosgosslack,swhichscausessthesrefractive
spowersofstheslensstosincreasesandstheslenssbecomesrounder.
Answer:s parasympatheticsL
earningsOutcome:s 10.1sHA
PSsLO:s HAPS-5|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
6) Activationsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemscausess(contractions/srelaxation)sofsthesradialsm
uscle,swhichscausesspupillarysdilation.
Answer:s contractionsLearni
ngsOutcome:s 10.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.3
7) Conessaresmostsconcentratedsinsthes(foveas/sopticsdisk).sA
nswer:s fovea
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
8) (Rodss/sCones)saresmoressensitivestoslight.s
Answer:s Rods
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
9) (Rodss/sCones)shavesasgreatersdegreesofsconvergenceswithsbipolarscells.sA
nswer:s Rods
LearningsOutcome:s 10.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.3
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10) Sensorysinformationsabouts(visions/ssound)sissrelayedsthroughsthesmedialsgeniculatesbodysofsth
esthalamus.
Answer:s sounds Learnin
gsOutcome:s 10.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.4
11) Thesfluidsinsidesthessemicircularscanalssiss(endolymphs/sperilymph).sA
nswer:s endolymph
LearningsOutcome:s 10.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 10.5
12) Bendingsofsstereociliasofsashairscellstowardstheskinociliumscausess(depolarizations/shy
perpolarization)sofstheshairscell.
Answer:s depolarizationsLea
rningsOutcome:s 10.7sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 10.5
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters11s s ThesNervoussSystem:sAutonomicsandsMotorsSystems
11.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) ThesautonomicsnervousssystemsinnervatessallsthesfollowingseffectorsorganssandstissuessE
XCEPT
A) skeletalsmuscles.
B) cardiacsmuscles.
C) endocrinesglands.
D) adiposestissues.
E) exocrinesglands.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
2) Dualsinnervationsofsorganssbysthesautonomicsnervousssystemsrefersstosthesobservationsthat
A) twospostganglionicssympatheticsneuronssinnervateseachstargetsorgan.
B) bothssympatheticsandsparasympatheticsneuronssinnervatesmostsorgans.
C) autonomicsinnervationsinvolvesspreganglionicsandspostganglionicsneurons.
D) autonomicsandssomaticsneuronssinnervatesallsorgans.
E) autonomicsneuronssthatsinnervateseachstargetsorgansoriginatesfromstwosganglia.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
3) Whichsofsthesfollowingsphysiologicalsresponsessissassociatedswithselevatedssympatheticsn
ervousssystemsactivity?
A) enhancedsdigestion
B) enhancedsabsorptionsofsnutrients
C) decreasedsheartsrate
D) increasedscontractilesforcesofsthesheart
E) inhibitionsofscardiovascularsfunctions
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
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4) Whichsofsthesfollowingsphysiologicalsresponsessissassociatedswithsanselevationsinspa
rasympatheticsnervousssystemsactivity?
A) shiftingsbloodsflowsawaysfromsthesgastrointestinalstract
B) enhancedsabsorptionsofsnutrients
C) increasedsheartsrate
D) increasedscontractilesforcesofsthesheart
E) enhancedsmobilizationsofsenergysstoress
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
5) Atsrest,swhatsissthesrelativescontributionsofsthessympatheticsandsparasympatheticsnervousssy
stemsstosthesregulationsofshomeostasis?
A) Onlysthessympatheticssystemsissactive.
B) Onlysthesparasympatheticssystemsissactive.
C) Bothssystemssaresactivesbutsthesparasympatheticspredominates.
D) Bothssystemssaresactivesbutsthessympatheticspredominates.
E) Neitherssystemsissactive.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
6) Whensthesbodysissstressed,swhatsissthesrelativescontributionsofsthessympatheticsandspa
rasympatheticsnervousssystemsstosthesregulationsofshomeostasis?
A) Onlysthessympatheticssystemsissactive.
B) Onlysthesparasympatheticssystemsissactive.
C) Bothssystemssaresactivesbutsthesparasympatheticspredominates.
D) Bothssystemssaresactivesbutsthessympatheticspredominates.
E) Neitherssystemsissactive.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
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7) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessthesgeneralsarrangementsofsthesefferentslimbsofsthesaut
onomicsnervousssystem?
A) onesneuron
B) twosneuronssinsparallel
C) twosneuronssinsseries
D) threesneuronssinsseries
E) threesneuronssinsparallels
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
8) Locatedsentirelyswithinsthesautonomicsganglia,scellssthatsmodulatesthesflowsofsinformationstosth
estargetsorgansarescalleds
neurons.
A) intraganglionic
B) ganglionic
C) preganglionic
D) postganglionic
E) intrinsic
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
9) Wheresdosthespreganglionicsneuronssofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsemergesfromsthessp
inalscord?
A) thoracicsregionsonly
B) sacralsregionsonly
C) lumbarsregionsonly
D) thoracicsandslumbarsregions
E) lumbarsandssacralsregionss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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10) Sympatheticsgangliasthatsareslinkedstogethersandsrunsinsparallelsonseitherssidesofsthesspinalscol
umnsarescalled
A) sympatheticschainssorstrunks.
B) lateralshorns.
C) collateralsganglia.
D) whitesramus.
E) graysramus.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
11) Whichsofsthesfollowingscontributesstosthesabilitysofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemstospr
oduceswidespreadsresponsesswithinsthesbody?
A) Multiplespreganglionicsneuronssinnervateseachsganglion,ssendingsoutsindividualsp
ostganglionicsneurons.
B) Onespostganglionicsneuronsbranchessintosmanyscollateralssthatsaffectsmultiplesorgans.
C) Onespreganglionicsneuronssendsscollateralsstosmultiplesganglia,saffectingsmultiplesp
ostganglionicsneurons.
D) Onespreganglionicsneuronscansactivatesonlysonespostganglionicsneuron.
E) Severalspreganglionicsneuronssactivatesassinglespostganglionicsneuron.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
12) Whichsofsthesfollowingsendocrinesglandssissinnervatedsbyssympatheticspreganglionicsn
eurons?
A) adrenalscortex
B) adrenalsmedulla
C) thyroidsgland
D) anteriorspituitary
E) pancreas
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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13) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissindicativesofsthesrelativesreleasesofscatecholaminessfromsthesad
renalsmedulla?
A) 80%sepinephrines:s20%sdopamine
B) 80%snorepinephrines:s20%sdopamine
C) 80%snorepinephrines:s20%sepinephrine
D) 80%sepinephrines:s20%snorepinephrine
E) 100%sacetylcholines
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.1
14) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdescriptionssofscollateralsgangliasissTRUE?
A) Collateralsgangliasarespartsofsthessomaticsnervousssystem,slocatedswheresthesmotorsneuronslea
vessthesventralshorn.
B) Collateralsgangliasarespartsofsthessomatosensoryssystem,slocatedsoffsofsthesafferentsneuronsjustspri
orstosenteringsthesspinalscordsdorsalshorn.
C) Collateralsgangliasareslocatedswithinstheseffectorsorganssandsaresthessitessofscommunicationsbe
tweensparasympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssandspostganglionicsneurons.
D) Collateralsgangliasareslocatedswithinsaschainsjustsoutsidesthesspinalscordsandsaresthessitessofsco
mmunicationsbetweenssympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssandspostganglionicsneurons.
E) Collateralsgangliasaresinsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsbutsdistinctsfromsthessympatheticschai
n,sandstheysfunctionsassassitesofscommunicationsbetweenssympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssandspo
stganglionicsneurons.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
15) Preganglionicsandspostganglionicssympatheticsneuronssaresanatomicallysarrangedsinswhatsth
reespatterns?
A) sympatheticschains,sthosesthatsinnervatesthesadrenalsmedulla,sandscollateralsganglia
B) sympathetic,sparasympathetic,sandsinvoluntarysnervousssystems
C) nicotinicsganglia,sadrenergicsganglia,sandscholinergicsganglia
D) alpha,sgamma,sandsbetascells
E) visceral,ssystemic,sandscardiovasculars
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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16) Wheresinsthescentralsnervousssystemsdosthespreganglionicsneuronssofsthesparasympatheticsne
rvousssystemsoriginate?
A) thoracicsregionsofsthesspinalscordsonly
B) sacralsregionsofsthesspinalscordsonly
C) lumbarsregionsofsthesspinalscordsonly
D) thoracicsandslumbarsregionssofsthesspinalscord
E) brainstemsandssacralsregionsofsthesspinalscords
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
17) Parasympatheticspreganglionicsneuronsstravelsinswhatsnerves?
A) cranialsnervessonly
B) spinalsnervessonly
C) pelvicsnervessonly
D) cranialsandsspinalsnerves
E) cranialsandspelvicsnervess
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
18) Parasympatheticsneuronssfromswhichscranialsnervesinnervatesmostsofsthesviscerasinsthesth
oracicsandsabdominalscavities?
A) I
B) III
C) VII
D) IX
E) X
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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19) Parasympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssreleasesthesneurotransmitters
;ssympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssreleasesthesneurotransmitters
A) epinephrines:snorepinephrine
B) acetylcholines:snorepinephrine
C) norepinephrines:sacetylcholine
D) acetylcholines:sacetylcholine
E) norepinephrines:snorepinephrines
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
20) Parasympatheticspostganglionicsneuronssreleasesthesneurotransmitters
;ssympatheticspostganglionicsneuronssreleasesthesneurotransmitters
A) epinephrines:snorepinephrine
B) acetylcholines:snorepinephrine
C) norepinephrines:sacetylcholine
D) acetylcholines:sacetylcholine
E) norepinephrines:snorepinephrines
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
.
.
21) Bindingsofsacetylcholinestos
receptorsscausess
bysopeningschannelssthatsprimarilyspermitssodiumstospermeatesthesmembrane.
A) muscarinics:sasdepolarization
B) muscarinics:sashyperpolarization
C) nicotinics:sasdepolarization
D) nicotinics:sashyperpolarization
E) nicotinics:snoschangesinsmembranespotentials
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
480 | P a g e
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22) Bindingsofsnorepinephrinesorsepinephrinestosa(n)
receptorswillsactivatesansinhibitorysGsproteinswhichsdecreasessthesactivitysofsadenylatescycl
asesandsthereforescAMPssynthesisswhilesthesbindingsofsthesestwosneurotransmittersstosa
receptorswillsdosthesexactsopposite.
A) α1s:sα2
B) α2s:sβ1
C) β1s:sβ2
D) β2s:sβ1
E) α2s:sα1
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
23) Comparedstosnorepinephrine,sepinephrineshassasgreatersaffinitysforswhatstypesofsreceptor?
A) nicotinic
B) muscarinic
C) α1
D) β1
E) β2
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
24) β2sadrenergicsreceptorsagonistssaresusedstostreatsacutesasthmassymptomssbyselicitingsa
responsessimilarstos
,swhichshassasgreatersaffinitysforsβ2sreceptorssandsleadsstosdilationsofs
thesrespiratoryspathways.
A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) cyclicsAMP
E) atropines
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 11.1
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25) Propranololsissasnonselectivesβsadrenergicsreceptorsantagonist.sItswouldsbesappropriatesforsasdoctorstosprescribespropran
ololstostreat
A) hypertension.
B) asthma.
C) lowsbloodspressure.
D) pepticsulcers.
E) myastheniasgravis.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 11.1
26) Actionssatswhichsclasssofsadrenergicsreceptorsgenerallyshavesinhibitoryseffects?
A) α1
B) β1
C) β2
D) α1sandsβ1
E) nicotinic
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.1
27) Whatsaresswellingssofspostganglionicsautonomicsaxonssfromswhichsneurotransmitterssaresre
leasedscalled?
A) varicosities
B) neuromuscularsjunctions
C) sympatheticstrunks
D) parasympatheticschains
E) ganglias
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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28) Thespresencesofs
withinsvaricositiessinitiatessthesreleasesofsneurotransmitter.
+
s
A) mechanically-gatedsNa channels
B) mechanically-gatedsCa2+schannels
C) voltage-gatedsNa+schannels
D) voltage-gatedsCa2+schannels
E) voltagegatedsK+schannelssAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
29) Whatsenzymesdegradessthesneurotransmittersreleasedsfromsvaricositiessofsparasympatheticsp
ostganglionicsneurons?
A) catechol-O-methyltransferasesonly
B) acetylcholinesterase
C) monoaminesoxidasesonly
D) cholinesacetylstransferase
E) catechol-OmethyltransferasesandsmonoaminesoxidasesAnswer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
30) Inswhatsclasssofsautonomicsneuronsandswithinswhatsorganellesissthesenzymesmonoaminesox
idaseslocated?
A) synapticsvesiclessofssympatheticspostganglionicsneurons
B) mitochondriasofssympatheticspostganglionicsneurons
C) lysosomessofssympatheticspreganglionicsneurons
D) smoothsERsofsparasympatheticspostganglionicsneurons
E) Golgisapparatussofsparasympatheticspostganglionicsneuronss
Answer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
483 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
31) Onesofsthesadaptationssthatsoccurstosmusclessduestosexercisesissthatscontractionssbecomesstro
ngersandssteadiersoverstimesevenswithsnoschangesinsmusclesmass.sWhichsstatementsbelowsbestsex
plainsswhysmusclescontractionssmaysbecomesstronger?
A) Motorsneuronssaresactivatedsmoresrapidlystosgeneratesasstrongersmusclescontraction.
B) Musclesfiberssreflexivelysstartsgeneratingsforcesevensbeforesthesmotorsneuronsssendsactionspo
tentials.
C) Moresmotorsneuronssaresmadessosthatsmoresactionspotentialsscansbessentsdownstosthesmuscles.
D) Thesactionspotentialsssentsbysthesmotorsneuronssgetslargersandslastslongerstosproducesmoresfor
cesinsthesmuscles.
E) Thesskeletalsmusclescontractionsissenhancedsbysansincreasedsinputsfromsthessympatheticsne
rvousssystem.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
32) Peopleswhoshavesdonesaslotsofsendurancestrainingscanshavesasrestingsheartsratesofs50sbeatsspers
minutescomparedstosthesnormalsrestingsheartsratesofs7080sbeatsspersminute.sThissdecreasedsheartsratesinstrainedsindividualssissthespartlysresultsof
A) parasympatheticsactivitysbecomingsmoresactivesandssympatheticsactivitysbecomingslesssactivesats
rest.
B) sympatheticsactivitysbecomingsmoresactivesandsparasympatheticsactivitysbecomingslesssactivesats
rest.
C) increasessinsbothssympatheticsandsparasympatheticsactivity.
D) decreasessinsbothssympatheticsandsparasympatheticsactivity.
E) endorphinssreleasedsfromsthesbrainswhichshavesansinhibitoryseffectsonsheartsrate.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
33) Whatsareasofsthesbrainsinitiatessthesfight-orflightsresponsesbysproducingswidespreadsactivationsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystem?
A) brainstem
B) cerebellum
C) amygdala
D) limbicssystem
E) hypothalamus
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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34) Wheresaresmostsofsthesautonomicsnervousssystemscontrolscentersslocated?
A) brainstem
B) frontalslobe
C) thalamus
D) limbicssystem
E) spinalscords
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
35) Scopolaminesissasmuscarinicsantagoniststhatsactssbysblockingsmuscarinicsacetylcholinesrecepto
rs.sAlthoughsitsissnotsclearshowsscopolaminespreventssnauseasandsvomitingsduestosmotionssickness,s
whichsstatementsbelowsbestsdescribessthesmechanismsofsactionsforsthissdrug?
A) Scopolaminespreventsscommunicationsbetweensthesnervessofsthesvestibulesandsthesvomitingsce
ntersinsthesbrainsbysblockingsthesactionsofsacetylcholine.
B) Scopolaminesworkssonsthesopticsnervesblockingssodiumschannelsssosthatsthessightsofsmotionsdo
essnotsmakesansindividualssick.
C) Scopolaminesworkssbyspreventingscalciumsinfluxsatsthesaxonsterminal,sthereforespreventingsth
esreleasesofsneurotransmitter.
D) Scopolaminescausesschlorideschannelsstosopenscausingsassubthresholdsgradedspotentialsinsthesso
masofsthescellsand,stherefore,snosactionspotentialsisseversgeneratedsthatsmayscausesmotionssickness.
E) Scopolaminesbreakssdownsacetylcholinesinsthessynapticscleft,sthereforesblockingsthesdrugsfr
omsenteringsthesneuron.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
36) Studentsswhossuffersfromstestsanxietysoftenshavessomesofsthesfollowingssymptoms:sthesneedsfor
sfrequentsurination,sdilatedspupils,sandsasdrysmouth.sWhatsbranchsofsthesautonomicsnervousssystems
wouldscausesthesessymptoms?
A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) voluntary
E) enterics
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
485 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
37) Thessomaticsnervousssystemsregulatessthesactivitysof
A) endocrinesorgans.
B) manysorgans.
C) skeletalsmuscle.
D) theskidneys.
E) thescardiovascularssystem.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
38) Thessomaticsnervousssystemsissoftensreferredstosassthes
A) voluntary
B) involuntary
C) unconscious
D) craniosacral
E) neuromuscular
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
system.
39) Withsrespectstostheirsinnervation,sindividualsskeletalsmusclesfiberss(cells)saresinnervatedsby
A) assinglesmotorsneuron.
B) multiplesmotorsneurons.
C) assinglesmotorsneuronsandsautonomicsneuron.
D) multiplesmotorsneuronssandsautonomicsneurons.
E) assinglesmotorsneuronsandsmultiplesautonomicsneurons.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
40) Whatsissthesneurotransmittersreleasedsfromsmotorsneurons?
A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine
E) GABA
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.2
41) Wheresonsskeletalsmusclesisstheshighestsdensitysofsnicotinicsreceptors?
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A) terminalsbouton
B) motorsendsplate
C) motorsunit
D) dendrites
E) axonshillock
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
42) Whichsofsthesfollowingsisslocatedsbetweensthesinvaginationssofsthesmotorsendsplatesofsasne
uromuscularsjunction?
A) β2sreceptors
B) β3sreceptors
C) acetylcholinesterase
D) muscarinicsreceptors
E) nicotinicsreceptorss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
43) Whatsissthesgradedschangesinsmembranespotentialsthatsoccurssatsthesmotorsendsplatesofsske
letalsmusclescalled?
A) inhibitoryspostsynapticspotential
B) end-platespotential
C) muscarinicspotential
D) adrenergicspotential
E) actionspotential
sAnswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
487 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) ThesopeningsofsascationschannelsthatsallowssbothsNa+sandsK+stosmovesthroughswillscausesthesme
mbranestos
becausesofsthes
.
+
s
A) hyperpolarizes:sgreatersK electrochemicalsgradientsasscomparedswithsNa+
B) hyperpolarizes:sgreatersNa+selectrochemicalsgradientsasscomparedswithsK+
C) depolarizes:sgreatersK+selectrochemicalsgradientsasscomparedswithsNa+
D) depolarizes:sgreatersNa+selectrochemicalsgradientsasscomparedswithsK+
E) notschanges:ssameselectrochemicalsgradientsforsK+sandsNa+sA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
45) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissTRUEsofscommunicationsacrosssthesneuromuscularsju
nction?
A) Acetylcholinesreleasedsfromsasmotorsneuronsbindsstosmuscarinicscholinergicsreceptors.
B) Thesendplatespotentialsissalwayssofssufficientsmagnitudestosdepolarizesthesmusclescellstosthresholdstosini
tiatesansactionspotential.
C) Acetylcholinesteraseslocatedsinsthescytosolsofsthesmotorsneuronsdegradessacetylcholinestosac
etatesandscholine.
D) Acetylcholinesteraseslocatedsinsmitochondriasofsthesmotorsneuronsdegradessacetylcholinestosac
etatesandscholine.
E) Synapticscommunicationstosthesmusclescellscansbesexcitatorysorsinhibitory.sA
nswer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
46) Howsdoesslatroxin,sthesvenomsofsthesblackswidowsspider,scausesmusclesspasmssandsrigidity?
A) Itsstimulatessacetylcholinesreleasesfromsmotorsneurons.
B) Itsstimulatessacetylcholinesreleasesfromsautonomicspreganglionicsneurons.
C) Itsinhibitssacetylcholinesreleasesfromsmotorsneurons.
D) Itsinhibitssthesdegradationsofsacetylcholinesatsallssynapses.
E) Itsblockssnicotinicscholinergicsreceptors.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
488 | P a g e
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47) Whatsissthescorrectsordersforsthesstepssofssynapticstransmissionsatsthesmotorsendsplate?
1. Acetylcholinesbindsstospostsynapticsreceptors.
2. Acetylcholinesissreleasedsbysexocytosis.
3. Asgradedsdepolarizationsissproduced.
4. Ansactionspotentialsissproducedsonsthesmusclescellsmembrane.
5. Channelssthatsprimarilysallowsdiffusionsofssodiumsaresopened.
6. Voltage-dependentscalciumschannelssonsthesplasmasmembranesopen.
7. Ansactionspotentialsarrivessatsthesaxonsterminal.
A) 7,s5,s2,s1,s3,s4,s6
B) 7,s6,s2,s1,s5,s3,s4
C) 6,s7,s2,s1,s3,s5,s4
D) 7,s6,s2,s1,s3,s4,s6
E) 5,s7,s6,s2,s1,s4,s3
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
48) Myastheniasgravissprimarilysaffectsswomensandsitssdefiningscharacteristicsissfatiguesofsunusu
allysrapidsonsetsandsseveritysfollowingsthesusesofscertainsmusclesgroups.sWhatssymptomssbelowsbe
stsalludestosthessetsofsmusclessaffectedsbysthissdisease?
A) difficultyswalkingsduestosfatiguesinsthesmajorsmusclessofstheslegs
B) relaxedsbladderscausingsfrequentsurination
C) difficultysspeaking,sdifficultysswallowing,sandsdroopingseyelids
D) difficultysmovingsthesjointssofsthesfingerssandstoes
E) difficultysinsfinesmotorscontrolsofsthesfingers,sespeciallysthesthumbsA
nswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
49) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesresultssofsthesautoimmunesdiseasesmyastheniasgravis?
A) Theresissblockingsofssodiumschannelssinsthesaxonsofsthespresynapticsaxon.
B) Communicationsatsthesneuromuscularsjunctionsissblockedsbyspreventingsacetylcholinesfromsbi
ndingstosnicotinicscholinergicsreceptors.
C) Theresissdegradationsofsthesenzymesacetylcholinesterase.
D) Theresissasdecreasesinsthesamountsofsacetylcholinesreleasedsfromsthessynapticsterminal.
E) Asdecreasesinsthesnumbersofsfunctionalsreceptorssonsthesmusclescellssurfacesimpairssitssabilitystosr
espondstosacetylcholine.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
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50) Whatsissthesprimarysmodesofsactionsofscurare?
A) Itscausessthesdegradationsofsthesenzymesacetylcholinesterase.
B) Itsdecreasessthesamountsofsacetylcholinesreleasedsfromsthessynapticsterminal.
C) Itsblockssthessodiumschannelssinsthesaxonsofsthespresynapticsaxon.
D) Itsdecreasessthesnumbersofsfunctionalsreceptorssonsthesmusclescellsbysthesprocesssofsph
agocytosis,swhichsimpairssthesabilitysofsneuronsstosrespondstosacetylcholine.
E) Itsblocksscommunicationsatsthesneuromuscularsjunctionsbyspreventingsacetylcholinesfromsbi
ndingstosnicotinicscholinergicsreceptors.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
51) Sympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssexitsthesspinalscordsviasthes
sroot,sandsthensjoinsthesspinalsnerve.sTheysleavesthesspinalsnervesandsentersthesganglionsviasthes
ramus.sMostsofsthespostganglionicsfiberssreturnstosthesspinalsnervesviasthes ramus.
A) ventrals:swhites:sgray
B) dorsals:sgray:sgray
C) dorsals:swhites:sgray
D) dorsals:sgrays:swhite
E) ventrals:sgrays:swhites
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
52) Thescranialsnervesthatsinnervatessmostsofsthesviscerasinsthesthoracicsandsabdominalscavitiessissthe
A) IX,sorsglossopharyngealsnerve.
B) VII,sorsfacialsnerve.
C) III,sorsoculomotorsnerve.
D) VIII,sorsvestibulocochlearsnerve.
E) X,sorsvagussnerve.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
53) Adrenergicsreceptorsswithsthesgreatestsaffinitysforsepinephrinesares
A) betas3
B) alphas1
C) betas1
D) betas2
E) alphas2s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.1
54) Bindingsofsacetylcholinestos
A) nicotinic
B) adrenergic
C) muscarinic
D) somatostatic
E) cholinergic
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
receptors.
receptorsswillsactivatesasGsprotein.
55) Postganglionicsneuronssofsthesautonomicsnervousssystemsreleasesneurotransmittersfrom
A) somas.
B) axonshillock.
C) neuromuscularsjunction.
D) dendrites.
E) varicosities.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
56) Theschangesinsmembranespotentialsthatsoccurssinsskeletalsmusclescellssinsresponsestosac
etylcholinesbindingstositssreceptorssisscalledsa(n)
A) repolarizingspotential.
B) hyperpolarizingspotential.
C) end-platespotential.
D) inhibitoryspostssynapticspotential.
E) refractorysperiod.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
491 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
11.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Thesautonomicsnervousssystemsissalsosknownsassthesinvoluntarysnervousssystem.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
2) Physiologicalsstressorsswillscausesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsactivitystosincrease.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
3) Thesautonomicsnervousssystemsconsistssofsefferentspathwaysswithstwosperipheralsneuronssthatstra
velsinsseriessfromsthescentralsnervousssystemstostheseffectorsorgan.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
4) Thessympatheticsnervousssystemsisssometimesscalledsthesthoracolumbarsdivisionsofsthesau
tonomicsnervousssystem.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
5) Thespreganglionicsneuronssofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsoriginatesinsthesspinalscordsfr
omsasregionsofsgraysmatterscalledsthesintermediolateralscellscolumn.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
6) Thesprimaryshormonesreleasedsfromsthesadrenalsmedullasissnorepinephrine.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.1
7) Thesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsexertssmoresdiscreteseffectssonseffectorsorganssthansthessy
mpatheticsnervousssystemsduestosthesindependencesofsparasympatheticsganglia.
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Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
8) Neuronssthatsreleasesnorepinephrinesaresreferredstosassadrenergic.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
9) Thesmostsabundantsneurotransmittersinsthesperipheralsnervousssystemsissacetylcholine.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
10) Acetylcholinesbindingstosnicotinicscholinergicsreceptorssalwayssexcitessthespostsynapticscell.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
11) Alphasadrenergicsreceptorsshavesasgreatersaffinitysforsnorepinephrinesthansforsepinephrine.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy: s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 11.1
12) Thesresponsesstriggeredsbysthesbindingsofsacetylcholinescansbeseithersexcitatorysorsinhibitory,sde
pendingsonsthestargetscellsinsquestion.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
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13) Atropine,sfirstsderivedsfromsthesAtropasbelladonnasplant,sissasnicotinicsreceptorsantagonist.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
14) Thessomaticsnervousssystemsprovidessbothsexcitatorysandsinhibitoryssignalsstosskeletalsm
uscle.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
15) Asmotorsunitsconsistssofsasskeletalsmusclesfibers(cell)sandsallsofsthesmotorsneuronssthatsinn
ervatesthatsskeletalsmusclesfiber.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 11.2
16) Forsskeletalsmusclestosrelax,sthesneuralsstimulationsmustsdecrease.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
17) Accordingstosthesconceptsofsdualsinnervation,sinsmostscases,sthestwosbranchessofsthesautonomi
csnervousssystemsinnervatesthessameseffectorsorgans,sbutstendstoshavesoppositeseffectssonsthosesorg
ans.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 11.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
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11.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Thesnaturesofsasresponsesfromsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsissdeterminedsbysthesanatomysofsth
isssystem.sDescribesthesgeneralsstructuresofsthessympatheticsnervousssystem,sincludingsthesthreesanat
omicalsconfigurationssandshowstheyscontributestosthesoverallssympatheticsresponse.sAnswer:s Thesef
ferentspathwaysofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsisscomposedsofstwosneurons,sconnectedsinsseries,s
whichsprovidesforscommunicationsbetweensthescentralsnervousssystemsandstheseffectorsorgan.sThose
sneuronsscommunicateswithsonesanothersbyssynapsingswithinsautonomicsganglia.sThesneuronssthatstr
avelsfromsthescentralsnervousssystemstosthessympatheticsgangliasaresthespreganglionicsneurons,swhil
esthosesthatstravelsfromsthesgangliastostheseffectorsorgansaresthespostganglionicsneurons.sThespregang
lionicsneuronssofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemsemergesfromstheslateralshornsofsthesspinalscordswit
hinsthesthoracicsandslumbars(thoracolumbar)sregions,sandsexitsfromsthesventralsroot.sThesdorsalsands
ventralsrootsscombinestosformsthesspinalsnerve.sThereafter,sthesorganizationsofsthessympatheticsnerv
ousssystemscansbesdescribedsinsthreesways,sbasedsuponsanatomicalsdifferences.sFirst,sthesmostscomm
onsarrangementsinvolvessasshortspreganglionicsneurons(comparedstosthespostganglionicsneuron)sthat
sleavessthesspinalsnervesviasasbranchscalledstheswhitesramussandsenterssonesofsseveralssympatheticsga
nglia.sThesesgangliasareslinkedstogetherstosformsasstructuresthatsparallelssthesspinalscordswithinsthessy
mpatheticschain.sAftersenteringsthessympatheticschain,saspreganglionicsneuronsmaysbranchsintosseve
ralscollateralsaxonssthatstravelsupsandsdownsthessympatheticstrunkstossynapseswithsotherspostganglio
nicsneurons.sEachsofsthesespostganglionicsneuronsstravelsstosasparticularseffectorsorgan.sThus,sactiva
tionsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemstypicallysproducessasresponsesthatsisswidespread,saffectings
multiplesorgansssimultaneously.sThessecondsanatomicalsarrangementsofsthessympatheticsnervousssy
stemscontainssaslongspreganglionicsfibersthatsinnervatessthesadrenalsmedulla.sInsthisscase,stheschrom
affinscellssofsthesadrenalsmedullasactsassthespostganglionicsneuron.sWhensstimulated,schromaffinscel
lssreleasescatecholaminessintosthesbloods(80%sepinephrine,s20%snorepinephrine,sandstracesamountso
fsdopamine).sThissarchitecturesreinforcesstheswidespreadseffectsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemso
nsthesbody.sThesfinalsanatomicalsarrangementscontainsspreganglionicsneuronssthatssynapseswithspost
ganglionicsfiberssinscollateralsgangliaslocatedsoutsidesofsthessympatheticstrunk.sOnesexamplesissasga
nglionswithinsthesdigestivessystemscalledsthesceliacsganglion,swhichsissinnervatedsbysaslongspregangl
ionicsneuronsandsisslocatedsoutsidesofsthessympatheticstrunk.sThissarrangementsprovidessforssomesve
rysspecificsactivitysparticularstosorgans,salthoughsthisstypesofsarrangementsissuncommon.
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1
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2) Thesnaturesofsasresponsesfromsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsissdeterminedsbysthesanato
mysofsthisssystem.sDescribesthesanatomysofsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsandshowsthatsdiff
erssfromsthessympatheticsnervousssystem.
Answer:s Preganglionicsneuronssfromsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsoriginatesfromsthesbrains
temsandsthessacralsregionsofsthesspinalscords(craniosacralsregion).sThesparasympatheticsnervessthatsle
avesthesspinalscordsdosnotsjoinswithsthesspinalsnervesassoccurssinsthessympatheticsnervousssystem.sIns
tead,stheysjoinswithsothersparasympatheticspreganglionicsfibersstosformspelvicsnerves.sGenerallysspe
aking,spreganglionicsparasympatheticsnervessareslongs(comparedswithsthespostganglionicsnerves),str
avelingstosasganglionsthatsisslocatedsnearstheseffectorsorgan.sThissarrangementsissquitesdifferentsfroms
thessympatheticsnervousssystem,swheresmostspreganglionicsnervessaresshortsandsentersgangliaswithi
nsthessympatheticstrunk.sThus,sthesparasympatheticsnervousssystemsissablestosexertsmoresdiscreteseff
ectssthansthessympatheticsnervousssystemsduestostheslacksofsinterconnectionsbetweensganglia.sFoursp
arasympatheticspreganglionicsneuronssoriginatesfromscranialsnervesnucleislocatedswithinsthesbrainst
em,swhichsexplainsswhyssomespreganglionicsparasympatheticsnervesstravelswithinscranialsnerves.sT
hesvagussnerves(X)sissonesofsthesmoresimportantsparasympatheticsnerves,sinnervatingstheslungs,shear
t,sstomach,setc.sThesotherscranialsnervessthatscontainspreganglionicsparasympatheticsaxonssaresthesoc
ulomotors(III),sfacials(VII),sandsglossopharyngealsnervess(IX).
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
3) Acetylcholinesissonesofsthesmostscommonsneurotransmitterssinsthesperipheralsnervousssystem.sId
entifysthesbranchessofsthesperipheralsnervousssystemsforswhichsacetylcholinesissthesneurotransmitte
rsandsdescribesthesreceptorssresponsiblesforsrespondingstosacetylcholine.sIncludesthesmechanismssw
herebysthesesreceptorsstransducesthesresponsestosacetylcholine.
Answer:s Peripheralsneuronssthatsreleasesthesneurotransmittersacetylcholinesaresclassifiedsasscholin
ergic.sAcetylcholinesissreleasedsbysallsautonomicspreganglionicsfibers,spostganglionicsfiberssofsthes
parasympatheticsnervousssystem,sandsthessomaticsbranchsofsthesefferentsnervousssystem.sOnesexcep
tionsissthatsacetylcholinesissaspostganglionicssympatheticsneurotransmittersforssweatsglands.sThestwo
sclassessofscholinergicsreceptorssarestermedsnicotinics(basedsuponsthesbindingsofsthissreceptorstosnico
tine)sandsmuscarinics(basedsuponsthesbindingsofsthissreceptorstosastoxicschemicalsinsmushrooms).sNi
cotinicsreceptorssaresionotropicsreceptorss(receptorsandsionschannelsareswithinsthessamesprotein)sthat
saresalwayssexcitatory.sThus,sthesbindingsofsacetylcholinesincreasessthesnumbersofsopensnonselectivescationschannelssthatsarespermeablestosbothssodiumsandspotassium.sThesgreaterselectroche
micalsgradientsforssodiumsmeanssthatsactivatingsasnicotinicsreceptorswillsresultsinsasdepolarizationsof
sthesmembranes(i.e.,smoressodiumsmovessinsthanspotassiumsmovessout).sNicotinicsreceptorssaresfoun
dsonsallsautonomicspostganglionicsfiberssandsthesendsorgansofsthessomaticsnervousssystems(skeletals
muscle).
MuscarinicsreceptorssarescoupledstosGsproteins.sThus,sthesesmetabotropicsreceptorsscansbeseithersinh
ibitorysorsexcitatory,sdependingsuponsthestargetscellsandsthessignalstransductionspathway.
Muscarinicsreceptorssaresfoundsonstheseffectorsorganssofsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystem.sLearn
ingsOutcome:s 11.2
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
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4) Norepinephrinesissonesofsthesmoresimportantsneurotransmitterssofsthesperipheralsnervousssyste
m.sIdentifysthesbranchessofsthesperipheralsnervousssystemsforswhichsnorepinephrinesissthesneurotr
ansmittersandsdescribesthesreceptorssresponsiblesforsrespondingstosnorepinephrine.sIncludesthesm
echanismsswherebysthesesreceptorsstransducesthesresponsestosnorepinephrine.sAnswer:s Neuronss
thatsreleasesnorepinephrinesaresreferredstosassadrenergicsneurons.sNorepinephrinesissthesneurotra
nsmittersforsmostspostganglionicssympatheticsneuronss(exceptssympatheticsneuronssthatsinnervat
essweatsglands).sThesendsorgansreceptorssforsnorepinephrine
aresclassifiedsintostwosmajorssgroups:sαsandsβsreceptors.sWithinseachsofsthesesclassessaresseveralssub
classessofsreceptorsswithsdifferentssensitivitiesstoscatecholaminess(norepinephrinesandsepinephrine)s
andsdifferentslinksstossecondsmessengerscascades.sEachsofsthesadrenergicsreceptorssaresmetabotropic
sandsarescoupledstosasGsprotein,sbutsthesparticularsGsproteinscansbesdifferents(GssvssGi).sThesα1sadrene
rgicsreceptorssubtypesisscoupledstosactivationsofsphospholipasesCsforsthessynthesissofsinositolstriphos
phate,swhilesthesα2sadrenergicsreceptorssubtypesactssthroughsGistossuppresssthessynthesissofscAMP.s
Allsthreesofsthesβsreceptorssaresstimulatory,slinkedsthroughsGs,sandsaresinvolvedsinsthesactivationsofsc
AMP.
LearningsOutcome:s 11.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.2
5) Testsanxietysinvolvessworrysandsdreadsaboutstestsperformancesandsoftensinterferesswithsnormalslea
rningsandslowersstestsperformance.s2030%sofsAmericansstudentsshavesexperiencedstestsanxiety.sSomescausessofstestsanxietysincludesfearsof
sfailure,swaitingsuntilstheslastsminutestosstudy,sand/orsthoseswhoshaveshadstroublestakingstestssinsthesp
ast.sListsatsleastsfivessymptomssofstestsanxiety.sExplainswhatsautonomicsdivisionsaresthescausesofsthes
symptomssandsitsseffectsonstargetsorgans.sFinally,swhatsdrugsmightsbesprescribedstosalleviatesthessym
ptomssofstextsanxietysandsexplainsitssmodesofsaction?
Answer:s Duringsstatessofsexcitementsorsstresssyoursbodysreleasessadrenaline.sThisshormonesissrespo
nsiblesforspreparingsyoursbodysforsthes"fightsorsflight"sresponse.sAdrenalinescanscausesincreasedshea
rtsratesandsrapidsbreathing.sOtherssymptomssincludeshighsbloodspressuresduestosvasoconstriction,sup
setsstomachsduestosdecreasedsmotilitysandssecretionsinsthesdigestivestract,sdrysmouthsduestosinhibiteds
secretionsofssaliva,srelaxationsofsthesbladdersthereforesthesurgestosurinatesincreases,sdecreasedssexsdr
ive,ssweating,sandsdilatationsofsthespupilssThesesaresallssymptomssofsthessympatheticsnervousssyste
m.sThesprimarysdrugsprescribedsforstestsanxietysissPropranolols(asbetasblocker)swhichsblockssbetasad
renergicsreceptors,spreventingsmanysofsthessymptomssofstestsanxiety.
LearningsOutcome:s 11.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 11.1
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6) Describesthessynapticsjunctionssbetweensthesneuronssofsthesautonomicsandssomaticsnervousssy
stemssandstheirseffectorsorgans.
Answer:s Thesneuroeffectorsjunctionsdescribessthessynapsesbetweensneuronssofsthesautonomicsnervo
usssystemsandstheirseffectorsorgans.sThesanatomysofsthesesstructuressissquitesdifferentsfromsthestypic
alsneuron-neuronssynapse.sThespostganglionicsneuronsdoessnotshavesasdiscrete,swellsdefinedsaxonsterminal.sRather,sthosesneuronsscontainsnumeroussswellingssalongstheirslengths(varico
sities).sWithinsthosesvaricosities,sneurotransmitterss(norepinephrinesandsacetylcholine)saressynthesi
zedsandsstoredsinsvesicles,sassoccurssatsaxonsterminals.sHowever,swhilesthesswellingsscontainsthesvol
tagegatedscalciumschannelssthatsaresrequiredsforsthesreleasesofsneurotransmitter,stheysalsoscontainsthesvol
tagegatedssodiumsandspotassiumschannelssthatsaresrequiredsforsthespropagationsofsansactionspotentialsalo
ngstheslengthsofsthesaxon.sAtsthessamestime,sthesdistancesbetweensasvaricositysandsthespostsynapticsm
embranesissgreatersthanswhatsissobservedsinsthessynapticscleftsofsotherssynapses.
Insthessomaticsnervousssystem,sthessynapses(neuromuscularsjunction)scouplessthesmotorsneuronstoss
keletalsmusclesfibers.sThesterminalsboutonsofsthesmotorsneuronscontainssacetylcholinesstoredsinsvesi
cles.sThesmotorsendsplatesissasspecializedsregionsofsthesskeletalsmusclesthatscontainssansinvagination
swheresnicotinicsreceptors sareslocated.sSurroundingsthissinvaginationsareslocal sregionssofshighsacety
lcholinesterasesconcentration.
LearningsOutcome:s 11.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 11.1,s11.2
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters12s MusclesPhysiology
12.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Asskeletalsmusclesisscomposedsofsasbundlesofs
,seachscomposedsofsmanysmusclesfibersswrappedsbysconnectivestissue.
A) fascicles
B) myofibrils
C) musclescells
D) myofilaments
E) sarcomeres
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
2) Whatsstructure,scomposedsofsconnectivestissue,stransmitssforcesfromscontractingsskeletalsm
usclestosbone?
A) myofibril
B) fascicle
C) tendon
D) ligament
E) aponeurosis
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
3) Thesfundamentalsrepeatingsunitsofsthesmyofibril,scalledsas
,sgivessskeletalsmusclesitssstriatedsappearancesandsissborderedsbys
A) crossbridges:sZslines
B) sarcomeres:sMslines
C) sarcomeres:sIsbands
D) sarcomeres:sZslines
E) crossbridges:sAsbandss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
.
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4) Whatsissthesregionsofsthesstriatedsmuscle'ssbandingspatternssthatscontainssonlysthesconnectionssbet
weensthestailssofsmyosinsmoleculessandsissthesmid-pointsofsthessarcomere?
A) Asband
B) Isband
C) Hszone
D) Zsline
E) Mslines
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
5) Thescontractilesportionsofsthesthinsfilamentsisscomposedsofswhatsprotein?
A) myosin
B) tropomyosin
C) troponin
D) actin
E) titinsAns
wer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
6) Whatsissthesregulatorysproteinscomponentsofsthesthinsfilamentsthatsbindsstoscalcium,stherebysini
tiatingsskeletalsmusclescontraction?
A) myosin
B) tropomyosin
C) troponin
D) actin
E) titinsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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7) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissasstructuralsproteinsthatsextendssalongseachsthicksfilamentsfromsMslin
estosZsline?
A) titin
B) actin
C) myosin
D) tropomyosin
E) troponin
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
8) Thesshorteningsofsasskeletalsmusclesfibersduringscontractionsinvolvesswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thesthicksfilamentssshortening
B) thesthinsfilamentssshortening
C) thessarcomeressshortening
D) thesAsbandssshortening
E) thesZslinessnotschangingstheirspositions
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
9) Duringsskeletalsmusclescontraction,sassthesmusclesshortens,sthesthicksandsthinsfilaments
A) shorten.
B) slidespastsonesanother.
C) dosnotsinteract.
D) condense.
E) lengthen.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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10) Whensasskeletalsmusclesisspassivelysstretched,sthatscellshassastendencystosspringsbacksoncesthe
sforcesthatswassstretchingsthesmusclesissremovedsduesto
A) thespassivesinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosins(nosenergysrequired).
B) thesactivesinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosins(energysrequired).
C) titinsactingsassasspringsusingsthesenergysstoredsbysthesstretching.
D) actinsandsmyosinsactingsassasspringsusingsthesenergysstoredsbysthesstretching.
E) theselasticsconnectivestissuesthatssurroundssthesmusclescellssandsfascicles.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
11) Thesrepeated,soscillatingsinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosinswhichsresultssinsthesge
nerationsofsforcesbysasskeletalsmusclescellsisscalledswhat?
A) crossbridgescycling
B) thessliding-filamentsmodel
C) Zslinesinteraction
D) sarcomericsfacilitation
E) titinscyclings
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
12) Whatsconvertssthesmyosinsheadsintostheshigh-energysstate?
A) bindingstosATPsonly
B) bindingstosactin
C) thescondensationsofsATP
D) theshydrolysissofsATP
E) bindingstostitins
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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13) Thesreleasesofsansinorganicsphosphatesfromsthesmyosinsmoleculesdirectlysresultssinswhichsofsthe
sfollowing?
A) developmentsofsrigor
B) powersstroke
C) cockingsofsthesmyosinshead
D) bindingsofsactinstosmyosin
E) breakingsofsthesactinsmyosinscomplexs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
14) Insordersforscrossbridgescyclingstosoccur,sthesactinmyosinscomplexsmustsbesbrokensbyswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) bindingsofstropomyosinstosmyosin
B) bindingsofsATPstosactin
C) bindingsofsthestroponinscomplexstosactin
D) conformationalschangesthatsoccurssassthesmyosinsheadschangessfromstheshighstoslowsenergyssta
te
E) bindingsofsATPstosmyosins
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
15) Thessequencesofseventssthatslinkssthesmuscle'ssactionspotentialstoschangessinsskeletalsmusclesfor
cesdevelopmentsisscalledswhat?
A) thessliding-filamentsmodel
B) crossbridgescycling
C) myoactionscoupling
D) excitation-contractionscoupling
E) oxidativesphosphorylations
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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16) Duringsskeletalsmusclescontraction,smultiplescrossbridgescyclessaresoccurringsbetweensthessa
mesthicksandsthinsfilament.sWhichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessthissprocess?
A) Crossbridgescyclingsisshighlyssynchronizedsbetweensascertainsthicksandsthinsfilament.
B) Crossbridgescyclingsissasynchronoussbetweensascertainsthicksandsthinsfilament.
C) Nosmoresthansonesmyosinsheadslinksstosthesthinsfilamentsatsthessamestime.
D) Nosmoresthansonesmyosinsheadsdetachessfromsthesthinsfilamentsatsthessamestime.
E) Tropomyosinsonlysexposessonesbindingssitesonsactinsatsastimesallowingsonlysonescrossbridgestos
formswithsactinsatsasgivenstime.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
17) Contractionsofsskeletalsmusclesfiberssissstimulatedsbyswhatstypesofsneuron?
A) autonomic
B) sympathetic
C) motor
D) parasympathetic
E) afferents
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
18) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasspecializationsobservedsatsthesneuromuscularsjunction?
A) Theresissashighsdensitysofsacetylcholinesreceptorssinsthesmotorsendsplate.
B) Everysactionspotentialsthatsreachessthesaxonsterminalsofsthesmotorsneuronswillsgeneratesansact
ionspotentialsinstheshealthysmusclesfiber.
C) Thesmotorsendsplatesissrelativelyslargescomparedswithsotherssynapses.
D) Thesterminalsboutonsfanssoutsoversaswidesareasofsthessarcolemma.
E) Eachsmusclesfibersissinnervatedsbysmultiplesmotorsneurons.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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19) Increasessinsthesamountsofscytoplasmicscalciumsrequiredstosinitiatesasmusclescontractionsaresme
diatedsbysthescouplingsbetweensas
onsthesTstubulesandsas
onsthesmembranesofsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.
A) dihydropyridinesreceptors:scalciumspump
B) dihydropyridinesreceptors:sryanodinesreceptor
C) ryanodinesreceptors:scalciumspump
D) calciumspumps:sryanodinesreceptor
E) calciuminducedscalciumsreleaseschannels:sdihydropyridinesreceptorsAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
20) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesvoltagessensorsthatsinitiatessansincreasesinscytoplasmicscalciumsins
responsestosansactionspotential?
A) dihydropyridinesreceptor
B) ryanodinesreceptor
C) calciumspump
D) calcium-inducedscalciumsreleaseschannel
E) sodiumschannel
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
21) Thesbindingsofscalciumstostroponinswillsdirectlysallowswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thesbindingsofsATPstosmyosin
B) thesfurthersreleasesofscalciumsintosthescytoplasm
C) thesmovementsofstropomyosin,stherebysexposingsthesmyosinbindingssitesonsthesactinsmolecule
D) thesmovementsofstropomyosin,stherebysexposingsthesactinbindingssitesonsthesmyosinsmolecule
E) theshydrolysissofsATPs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
505 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
22) Whatsareasofsassarcomeresshowssupsasslightsstriationsswhensviewedsundersasmicroscope?
A) Asband
B) Isband
C) Hszone
D) Msline
E) ZslinesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
23) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessthesinteractionsbetweenstransverses(T)stubulessandsthessa
rcoplasmicsreticulumsinsskeletalsmusclescontraction?
A) ActionspotentialssinsTstubulesstriggersthesreleasesofsacetylcholine,swhichsbindsstosreceptorssonsthe
ssarcoplasmicsreticulumsandstriggersscalciumsrelease.
B) ActionspotentialssinsTstubulesstriggersthesreleasesofsnorepinephrine,swhichsbindsstosreceptorsson
sthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsandstriggersscalciumsrelease.
C) ActionspotentialssinsTstubulessaresdetectedsbysDHPsreceptors,swhichsarescoupledstosryanodinesrec
eptorssinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsandsopenschannelssforscalcium.
D) ActionspotentialssinsTstubulessaresdetectedsbysryanodinesreceptors,swhichsarescoupledstosDHPsrec
eptorssinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsandsopenschannelssforscalcium.
E) ActionspotentialssinsTstubulesscausesasdepolarizationsofsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsm
embrane,stherebysopeningscalciumschannelsstostriggerscalciumsrelease.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
24) Duringsthescross-bridgescycle,sATPsbindingstosmyosinscausesswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) thesmyosinsheadstosattachstosactin
B) thesmyosinsheadstosdetachsfromsactin
C) thesmyosinsheadstosswingsforwardspullingsactinstowardsthesMsline
D) thesmyosinsheadstosinteractswithscalciumschannels,striggeringscalciumsreleasesfromsthessa
rcoplasmicsreticulum
E) thesmyosinsheadstosbesinsitsshighenergysformsAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
506 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
25) WhatsissthesfunctionsofsTstubules?
A) Theysstorescalcium.
B) Actinsandsmyosinsaressynthesizedshere.
C) Theysconductsactionspotentialssfromsthessarcolemmastosthesinteriorsofsthesmusclescell.
D) Theysprovideselasticitystosthesmuscle.
E) TheysholdsthesthicksfilamentsstosthesZsline.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
26) Whatsissasmotorsunit?
A) allsthesmusclesfiberssinsasfascicle
B) allsthesmyofibrilssinsasmusclesfiber
C) asmusclesfibersandsallsthesmotorsneuronssthatsinnervatesit
D) asmotorsneuronsandsallsthesmusclesfiberssitsinnervates
E) asspinalsnervesandsallsthesmusclesfiberssitsinnervatessA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
27) Insorderstosallowsdiscretescontractileseventsstosoccur,scalciumsissrapidlysremovedsfromsthescyt
oplasmsvia
A) calciumspumpss(activestransportsofscalcium).
B) dihydropyridinesreceptors.
C) ryanodineschannels.
D) calcium-sequesteringsproteinssinsthescytoplasm.
E) calciumbindingsproteinssonsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
507 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
28) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissnotspartsofsthesprocessswherebysskeletalsmusclessrelax?
A) Sarcolemmalscalciumschannelssopenstosallowstheseffluxsofscalcium.
B) Thesbindingsofscalciumstosaslow-affinityssitesclosesssarcoplasmicsreticulumscalciumschannels.
C) Ascalciumspumpsactivelysremovesscalcium.
D) Thesamountsofscalciumsboundstostroponinsdecreases.
E) Asmyosinbindingssitesonsthesactinsmoleculesissblockedsbystropomyosin.sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
29) Whatsenzymescatalyzessthesreactionsthatscreatesscreatinesphosphate?
A) creatinesphosphatase
B) creatineshydrolase
C) creatineshydrogenase
D) creatineskinase
E) ATPshydrolases
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
30) Sincesthescreatinesphosphorylationsreactionsisssubstratesdriven,sansincreasesinsthesco
ncentrationsofscreatineswithinsasskeletalsmusclesfiberswillsdirectlyshaveswhatseffect?
A) increasescreatinesphosphatesconcentration
B) decreasescreatinesphosphatesconcentration
C) increasesATPsgeneration
D) decreasescreatineskinasesactivity
E) increasesglucosesmetabolisms
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
508 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
31) Duringsintenses(heavy)sexercise,sthesinitialsabilitysofsoxidativesphosphorylationstosprovidesen
oughsATPsforsthessuddensdemandsofsincreasedsforcesgenerationsbysthesskeletalsmusclesis
,stherebyscausingsthesmusclesfiberstosquicklysandsmassivelysboostsitssenergysproductionsfr
oms
untilsoxygensdeliverysandsothersmechanismsscomesupstosspeed.
A) enhanceds:ssubstrate-levelsphosphorylation
B) inadequates:ssubstrate-levelsphosphorylation
C) enhanceds:sfattysacids
D) enhanceds:sglucose
E) inadequates:sfattysacidss
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.4
32) Assthesintensitysofsexercisesincreasess(andsthespotentialsgapsbetweensenergysdemandsandscreati
onsthreatensstoswiden),sthesmusclessquicklysunderwritestheirsescalatingsenergysdemandssbysaugmen
tingsoxidativeswithssubstratelevelsphosphorylation,sresultingsinsthesincreasedsgenerationsofswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) lacticsacid
B) watersfromstheselectronstransportschain
C) glucose
D) fattysacid
E) ATP
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.4
33) Whensansactionspotentialsissgeneratedswithinsasmotorsneuron,
A) thesmusclescellssofsthesmotorsunitswillsoccasionallyscontract.
B) onlysselectsmusclescellsswithinsthesmotorsunitsaresstimulatedstoscontract.
C) everysmusclescellsofsthesmotorsunitsissstimulatedstoscontract.
D) thesmusclescellssfromsasneighboringsmotorsunitswillscontract.
E) allsofsthesmusclescellsswithinsthesmotorsunitsaresstimulatedstosrelax.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
509 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
34) Whichsisstheslongestsphasesofsastwitch?
A) latent
B) contraction
C) plateau
D) relaxation
E) initialsA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
35) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTspartsofsthesexplanationsforsthesall-ornothingspropertysofsansisometricstwitchscontractionsofsskeletalsmuscle?
A) equivalentscalciumsreuptakesbysthessarcoplasmicsreticulum
B) equivalentscalciumsreleasedsbyseachsactionspotential
C) equivalentsactivationsofscalmodulinsstimulatingsmyosinslight-chainskinasesactivity
D) equalsnumberssofscrossbridgessactivatedsbysthescalciumsreleased
E) all-ornothingspropertysofsthesactionspotentialsgeneratedsbysasskeletalsmusclesAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
36) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissaspropertysofsisometricsskeletalsmusclescontraction?
A) rapidsshorteningsofsthesmuscle
B) rapidslengtheningsofsthesmuscle
C) Loadsissgreatersthansthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscle.
D) Loadsissequalstosthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscle.
E) Loadsisslesssthansthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscle.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
37) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissaspropertysofsisotonicsskeletalsmusclescontraction?
A) Theresissasslowsincreasesinsforceswithsnoschangesinsmuscleslength.
B) Theresissasrapidsincreasesinsforceswithsnoschangesinsmuscleslength.
C) Muscleslengthswillsbesincreasedsbyscontraction.
D) Loadsissgreatersthansthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscle.
E) Loadsisslesssthansthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscle.sA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
510 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
38) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsexcitationcontractionscouplingsinsskeletalsmusclesissFALSE?
A) Ansactionspotentialsinsthessarcolemmasstimulatessthesopeningsofsvoltagegatedscalciumschannelssinsthesplasmasmembranesandsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.
B) Calciumsbindsstostroponin,scausingsasshiftsinstropomyosin,stherebysexposingsthesbindingssitessons
actinsforsmyosin.
C) DHPsreceptorssonsthesTstubulessdetectschangessinsvoltagesandscommunicatestosryanodinesre
ceptorssonsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumstosopenscalciumschannels.
D) Ansend-platespotentialstriggerssansactionspotentialsonsthessarcolemma.
E) CalciumsATPasessinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsaresnecessarysforsrelaxationsofsthesmuscle.sA
nswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
39) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutsend-platespotentialssissFALSE?
A) Theysaresgradedspotentials.
B) Theysaresalwayssdepolarizations.
C) Theysaresalmostsalwayssofssufficientsmagnitudestosgeneratesansactionspotentialsinsthessar
colemma.
D) Theysaresasresultsofsacetylcholinesbindingstosmuscarinicscholinergicsreceptors.
E) Theysaresterminatedsbysremovalsofsacetylcholinesfromsthessynapticscleft.sA
nswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
40) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribessansisotonicscontraction?
A) Whensthescontractileselementssshorten,stheyslengthenstheselasticselementssbutsdosnotsmovesthesloa
d.
B) Whensthescontractileselementssshorten,stheyscreatesenoughsforcestosmovesthesload.
C) Whensthescontractileselementsslengthen,stheysshortenstheselasticselementssandsmovesthesload.
D) Whensthescontractileselementsslengthen,stheyslengthenstheselasticselementssbutsdosnotsmovesth
esload.
E) Thescontractileselementssstaysthessameslengthsasstheselasticselementssshortensandsmovesthesloa
d.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
511 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
41) Thesspeedswithswhichsthesskeletalsmusclesgeneratessforcesissdeterminedsprimarilysby
A) thesamountsofsenergysavailable.
B) thestypesofsmyosinsandsitssATPasespresent.
C) actin.
D) troponin.
E) tropomyosin.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
42) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthespropertysofsskeletalsmuscleswherebysansincreasesinsthesfre
quencysofsactionspotentialssenhancessthesforcesdevelopedsbysthesmusclescell?
A) length-tensionsrelationship
B) summation
C) force-velocitysrelationship
D) externalstension
E) internalstension
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
43) Thestensionsproducedsduringsskeletalsmusclescontractionscansbesincreasedsbysallsofsthesfol
lowingsEXCEPT
A) recruitingsmotorsunits.
B) increasingsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialssinsthesmotorsneuronsinnervatingsthesmuscle.
C) increasingsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialssinsthesmusclesfiber.
D) initiatingsthescontractionswhensthesmusclesissatsitssoptimumslength.
E) increasingsthesloadsonsthesmuscle.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
512 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutssummationsandstetanussissFALSE?
A) Summationsandstetanussoccursatshighsfrequenciessofsskeletalsmusclesstimulation.
B) Summationsandstetanussdosnotsoccursinscardiacsmuscle.
C) Summationsandstetanussresultsfromsincreasessinscytosolicscalciumslevels.
D) Summationsandstetanussresultsinsgreaterstensionsinsthesmuscle.
E) Thesmaximumstensionsdevelopedsduringssummationsandstetanussisstreppe.sA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
45) Oncesasskeletalsmusclescellsbeginsstosshortensduringsansisotonicstwitchscontraction,
A) thesamountsofsforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscleswillscontinuestosincrease.
B) thesamountsofsforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscleswillsstartstosdecrease.
C) thesamountsofsforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscleswillsremainsconstant.
D) thesmuscleswillscontinuestosshortensuntilsthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmusclesstopssincreasing.
E) thesmuscleswillsstopsshorteningsoncesthesforcesissgreatersthansthesload.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
46) Whichsofsthesfollowingsconditionsswillsresultsinsasskeletalsmusclesthatsproducessasgreatersam
ountsofsforce?
A) moressarcomeressinsseries
B) moressarcomeressinsparallel
C) fewersmyofibrilsspersmusclescell
D) fewerssarcomeressinsparallel
E) fewerssarcomeressinsseriess
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
47) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsansaccuratesdescriptionsofsspecificsmusclesfiberstypes?
A) Fastsglycolyticsfiberssarestheslargestsdiametersfibers.
B) Slowsoxidativesfiberssaresthessmallestsdiametersfibers.
C) Slowsoxidativesfiberssaresquickstosfatigue.
D) FastsglycolyticsfiberssproducestheirsATPsbysglycolysis.
E) Fastsoxidativesfibersshavesashighsmitochondrialsdensity.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
513 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
48) Assskeletalsmusclesissfurthersstretchedsbeyondstheslengthswheresoptimumsforcesissdeveloped,
A) thesamountsofscalciumsreleasedsbysthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsissreducedsasslengthsincreases.
B) thesthinsfilamentssarespulledsawaysfromsthesthicksfilaments,stherebysreducingsactin'ssabilitystosint
eractswithsmyosin.
C) thesthicksfilamentssarespulledsawaysfromsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswi
thsactin.
D) thesthicksfilamentssoverlapsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswithsactin.
E) thesthinsfilamentssoverlapsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswithsmyosin.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
49) Assthessarcomereslengthsofsskeletalsmusclesissreducedsbeyondstheslengthswheresoptimumsfo
rcesissdeveloped,
A) thesamountsofscalciumsreleasedsbysthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsissreducedsasslengthsincreases.
B) thesthinsfilamentssarespulledsawaysfromsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswi
thsmyosin.
C) thesthicksfilamentssarespulledsawaysfromsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswi
thsactin.
D) thesthicksfilamentssoverlapsonesanother,stherebysreducingstheirsabilitystosinteractswithsactin.
E) thesthinsfilamentssoverlapsonesanotherswithsmyosinsbumpingsintosthesZline,stherebyscausingsthesforcesgeneratedsbyscrossbridgesstosbesexertedsonsthessarcomeresitselfsrathe
rsthanstransmittedstosthesendssofsthesmusclesfiber.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
50) Insthesbody,sthessarcomereslengthsofsskeletalsmusclescellssissusually
A) muchslesssthansoptimumslength.
B) nearsoptimal.
C) muchsgreatersthansoptimumslength.
D) quitesvariablesfromsonesmusclestosthesnext.
E) 3smicrons.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
514 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
51) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdoessNOTsinfluencesthesforcesgeneratedsbysansindividualsmusclesfib
er?
A) frequencysofsstimulation
B) fibersdiameter
C) lengthsatsonsetsofscontraction
D) recruitment
E) summation
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
52) Whatsissansincreasesinsthesnumbersofsactivesmotorsunitssthatswouldsincreasesthesforcesde
velopedsbysasskeletalsmusclescalled?
A) recruitment
B) summation
C) treppe
D) tetanus
E) lengthtensionsrelationshipsAnswer:s
A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.3
53) Contractionsofsmotorsunitssinsa(n)s
mannersallowssasmusclestosmaintainsassmoothslevelsofsforcesforsasdurationsofstimeswithoutsfati
guing.
A) synchronous
B) asynchronous
C) asymmetrical
D) symmetrical
E) randoms
Answer:s B
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
515 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
54) WhichsofsthesfollowingsBESTsdescribessthesrelationshipsbetweensmotorsneuronssize,smotorsun
itssize,sandsordersofsrecruitment?
A) largesmotorsneuronss:ssmallsmotorsunits:sfirststosbesrecruited
B) largesmotorsneuronss:ssmallsmotorsunits:slaststosbesrecruited
C) largesmotorsneuronss:slargesmotorsunits:sfirststosbesrecruited
D) largesmotorsneuronss:slargesmotorsunits:slaststosbesrecruited
E) Theresissnosrelationship.s
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
55) Asmusclesissstimulatedsatsasfrequencysthatsallowssthesmusclestosrelaxscompletelysbetweensco
ntractions.sHowever,sthesamountsofstensionsincreasesswithseachscontraction.sWhatsissthisscalled?
A) twitch
B) summation
C) tetanus
D) recruitment
E) treppes
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
56) Thesmechanismsresponsiblesforsthessizesprinciplesinvolves
A) largersmotorsneuronssthatsinnervatesthesgreatestsnumbersofsmusclescellssandsreachsthresholdsea
siersthanssmallersneurons.
B) largerssympatheticsneuronssthatscontainsthesgreatestsnumbersofsmusclescellssandsreachsth
resholdseasiersthanssmallersneurons.
C) smallerssympatheticsneuronssthatscontainsthesleastsnumbersofsmusclescellssandsreachsthresholdsea
siersthanslargersneurons.
D) smallersmotorsneuronssthatsinnervatesthesleastsnumbersofsmusclescellssandsreachsthresholdsea
siersthanslargersneurons.
E) smallersmotorsunitssthatscontainsthesgreatestsnumbersofsmusclescellssandsreachsthresholdseasierstha
nslargersneurons.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
516 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
57) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsaspropertysofsglycolyticsfiberssasscomparedstosoxidativesfib
ers?
A) highscapacitysforslacticsacidsproduction
B) fewerscapillaries
C) absencesofsmyoglobin
D) poorsabilitystosproducesATPsinsthesabsencesofsoxygen
E) readilysfatigables
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
58) Whatsmolecule,spresentsprimarilyswithinsoxidativesskeletalsmusclescells,sactssassansoxygensbu
ffersduestositssabilitystosbindsoxygen?
A) hemoglobin
B) myoglobin
C) lacticsacid
D) myosin
E) myosinslightschains
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
59) Whatscausesssomesmusclesfibersstosappearsredsandsdark?
A) greatersbloodssupply
B) presencesofsmyoglobin
C) presencesofslotssofsmitochondria
D) highsconcentrationsofsactinsandsmyosin
E) presencesofsmyoglobinsandslotssofsmitochondrias
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
517 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
60) Whatsissthessiteswheresasmusclesattachesstosasstationarysbonescalled?
A) origin
B) insertion
C) abductor
D) adductor
E) flexorsA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
61) Whatsconnectssmusclesstosbone?
A) ligaments
B) tendons
C) cartilage
D) capillaries
E) Tstubuless
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.5
62) Relativestosthestricepssmuscle,sthesbicepssissits
A) origin.
B) insertion.
C) agonist.
D) antagonist.
E) abductor.
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.5
63) Whatstypesofsreceptorsdetectssmuscleslength?
A) DHP
B) ryanodine
C) musclesspindle
D) Golgistendonsorgan
E) nociceptor
sAnswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
518 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
64) Whatsissansannulospiralsending?
A) asstructuresinsthescochleasthatscontainsshairscells
B) sensorysendingssinsthesmusclesspindlesthatsdetectsmuscleslength
C) sensorysendingssinsthesGolgistendonsorgansthatsdetectsmusclestension
D) asstructuresinsthessemicircularscanalssthatscontainsshairscells
E) asstructuresinsthesutriclesthatscontainsshairscellss
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
65) Whatstypesofsefferentsneuronsinnervatessintrafusalsmusclesfibers?
A) typesIa
B) typesIb
C) typesII
D) alphasmotorsneurons
E) gammasmotorsneuronss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
66) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissTRUEsregardingsactivationsofsalphasandsgammasmotorsne
urons?
A) Alphasandsgammasmotorsneuronssaresactivatedsatsthessamestime.
B) Alphasmotorsneuronssaresactivatedsbeforesgammasmotorsneurons.
C) Gammasmotorsneuronssaresactivatedsbeforesalphasmotorsneurons.
D) Duringslightsactivity,salphasmotorsneuronssaresactivatedsfirst;sduringsheavysactivity,sgammasm
otorsneuronssaresactivatedsfirst.
E) Duringslightsactivity,sgammasmotorsneuronssaresactivatedsfirst;sduringsheavysactivity,salphasm
otorsneuronssaresactivatedsfirst.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
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67) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthescorrectsordersofsmusclesfibersrecruitment,sfromsfirststoslast?
A) slowsoxidatives:sfastsoxidatives:sfastsglycolytic
B) fastsoxidatives:sfastsglycolytics:sslowsoxidative
C) fastsglycolytics:sfastsoxidatives:sslowsoxidative
D) slowsoxidatives:sfastsglycolytics:sfastsoxidative
E) fastsglycolytics:sslowsoxidatives:sfastsoxidatives
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
68) Whichsofsthesfollowingsmusclestypesshassthesslowestscontractionstime?
A) fastsglycolyticsskeletalsmuscle
B) fastsoxidativesskeletalsmuscle
C) slowsoxidativesskeletalsmuscle
D) smoothsmuscle
E) cardiacsmuscles
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
69) WhichsofsthesfollowingsmechanismssdoessNOTsaccountsforsthesdecreasesinsforcesde
velopmentsbysmusclescellssduringssustainedsforcesdevelopment?
A) Compressionsofsmusclesduringscontractionscansreducesbloodsflowstosthesmuscle.
B) Repeatedsactionspotentialssalongsthessamesneuronscansleadstosneuromuscularsfatigue.
C) ThescrossbridgesscansbecomesresistantstosATP.
D) Oxidativesfibersscansbesdepletedsofsglycogen,stheirsprimarysenergyssource.
E) Glycolyticsfiberssproduceslacticsacidsandsinhibitsenzymesactivityswithstheirshydrogension.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
520 | P a g e
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70) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsansadaptationsofsskeletalsmusclesthatswouldsbesobservedsinsres
ponsestosaerobicstraining?
A) ansincreasesinsmitochondrialsdensity
B) ansincreasesinscapillarysdensity
C) ansincreasesinsthesnumbersofsoxidativesfibers
D) ansincreasesinsthesdiametersofsthesskeletalsmusclesfibers
E) ansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofsoxidativesenzymess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
71) Wheresaresgapsjunctionsscommonlysfound?
A) single-unitssmoothsmusclesonly
B) multi-unitssmoothsmusclesonly
C) cardiacsmusclesonly
D) bothssingle-unitssmoothsmusclesandscardiacsmuscle
E) bothssingle-unitsandsmultiunitssmoothsmusclesAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
72) WhichsofsthesfollowingsisstruesofsALLsmusclestypes?
A) Theyscontractsbysusingsthesslidingsfilamentsmechanismsandscrossbridgescycling.
B) Theysaresstriated.
C) TheyscontainsTstubules.
D) Theyscontainscalmodulin.
E) Recruitmentsincreasessthesstrengthsofscontraction.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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73) Inssmoothsmuscle,scalciumstriggersscontractionsbysbindingstoswhatsprotein?
A) troponin
B) myosinslightschainskinase
C) myosinslightschain
D) calmodulin
E) DHPsreceptorss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
74) Calciumsbindingstoscalmodulinscausessphosphorylationsbysmyosinslightschainskinasesofswhatspr
oteinsinswhatstypesofsmuscle?
A) troponinsinsskeletalsandscardiacsmusclesonly
B) troponinsinssmoothsmusclesonly
C) actinsinscardiacsandssmoothsmuscle
D) actinsinssmoothsmusclesonly
E) myosinsinssmoothsmusclesonlys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
75) WhichsofsthesfollowingsadaptationssdoessNOTsgenerallysoccurswithsaerobicsexercise?
A) ansincreasesinsthesnumbersofsmitochondriaspersmusclesfiber
B) ansincreasesinsthesnumbersofsmyofibrilsspersmusclesfiber
C) asconversionsofsfastsglycolyticsfibersstosfastsoxidativesfibers
D) ansincreasesinsthesbloodssupplystosthesmuscles
E) ansincreasesinsthesaerobicscapacitysofsmuscles
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
522 | P a g e
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76) Thesinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosinsinssmoothsmusclesrequires
A) thesinteractionsbetweenscalciumsandstroponinstosexposesthesmyosinsbindingssitesonsthesactinsm
olecule.
B) thatsthescalcium-calmodulinscomplexsactivatessmyosinslightchainskinase,swhichsphosphorylatessmyosinstherebysallowingsitstosbindswithsactin.
C) thestropomyosinsmustsbesmovedsoutsofstheswaysbystroponinsbeforesmyosinscansbindstosactin.
D) thesactivationsofstroponin,swhichsstimulatessmyosinslightchainskinasestosphosphorylatesmyosinslightschain,sallowingsmyosinstosbindswithsactin.
E) thatsthescalciumcalmodulinscomplexsdirectlysphosphorylatessmyosinslightschain,sallowingsmyosinstosbindstosacti
n.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
77) Whatsissthessourcesofsvariabilitysinsthesresponsesofssmoothsmusclescellssfromsdifferentsorgansstos
autonomicsnervoussactivitys(somesrelaxstossympatheticsnervoussoutputswhilesothersscontract)?
A) thesamountsofsneurotransmittersreleasedsintosthessynapticscleft
B) thesdurationsofsneurotransmittersreleasesfromsthesautonomicsneurons
C) thesneurotransmittersreleasedsbysthesautonomicsnervousssystem
D) thestypesofsreceptorspresentsonstheseffectorsorgan
E) thespresynapticsmodulationsofsthesautonomicsneuronss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
78) Whichsofsthesfollowingscouldscausesaspacemakerspotential?
A) spontaneoussopeningsofspotassiumschannels
B) spontaneoussclosingsofscalciumschannels
C) spontaneoussopeningsofssodiumschannels
D) spontaneoussopeningsofschlorideschannels
E) Allsofsthesanswerssarescorrect.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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79) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstoresscalciumstosbesreleasedsforsmusclescontraction?
A) sarcomeres
B) tendons
C) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
D) actinsandsmyosin
E) motorsendsplates
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
80) Whichsofsthesfollowingstransmitssactionspotentialsstosthesinteriorsofsthesmusclescellstostriggerscal
ciumsrelease?
A) actinsandsmyosin
B) sarcomeres
C) tendons
D) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
E) motorsendsplates
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
81) Whichsofsthesfollowingsgeneratessthesmechanicalsforcesofsasmusclesthroughscrossbridgescy
cling?
A) actinsandsmyosin
B) motorsendsplate
C) sarcomeres
D) tendons
E) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
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82) Whichsofsthesfollowingsattachessmusclestosbone?
A) sarcomeres
B) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) tendons
D) actinsandsmyosin
E) motorsendsplates
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
83) Whatsissthesfunctionalsunitsofsskeletalsmuscle?
A) motorsendsplate
B) sarcomeres
C) actinsandsmyosin
D) tendons
E) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
84) Whichsofsthesfollowingscontainssryanodinesreceptors?
A) tendons
B) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) motorsendsplate
D) sarcomeres
E) actinsandsmyosins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
85) WhichsofsthesfollowingscontainssDHPsreceptors?
A) motorsendsplate
B) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) transversestubules
D) tendons
E) sarcomeres
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
525 | P a g e
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86) Whichsofsthesfollowingscontainssnicotinicscholinergicsreceptors?
A) actinsandsmyosin
B) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) sarcomeres
D) tendons
E) motorsendsplates
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
87) Whichsofsthesfollowingsextendsstheslengthsofsthesthicksfilaments?
A) Hszone
B) Asband
C) Msline
D) Isband
E) ZslinesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
88) Whatsregionsofsthicksfilamentsshassnosoverlapswithsthinsfilaments?
A) Hszone
B) Zsline
C) Msline
D) Isband
E) Asbands
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
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89) Whatsissthesregionsofsthinsfilamentssthatshassnosoverlapswithsthicksfilamentsscalled?
A) Zsline
B) Msline
C) Hszone
D) Asband
E) Isbands
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
90) Whatsanchorssthinsfilamentsstogether?
A) Msline
B) Asband
C) Hszone
D) Isband
E) ZslinesA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
91) Whatsanchorssthicksfilamentsstogether?
A) Hszone
B) Msline
C) Isband
D) Asband
E) ZslinesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
92) Whichsofsthesfollowingsappearssasslightsbandssundersthesmicroscope?
A) Msline
B) Isband
C) Hszone
D) Zsline
E) Asbands
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
527 | P a g e
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93) Whichsofsthesfollowingsappearssassdarksbandssundersthesmicroscope?
A) Msline
B) Asband
C) Isband
D) Zsline
E) Hszones
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
94) Whichsproteinsbindsscalciumsinssmoothsmusclescells?
A) troponin
B) myosinslight-chainskinase
C) calmodulin
D) tropomyosin
E) titinsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.3
95) Whatsbindsscalciumsinsskeletalsmusclescells?
A) tropomyosin
B) myosinslight-chainskinase
C) troponin
D) calmodulin
E) titinsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.3
528 | P a g e
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96) Whatsbindsscalciumsinscardiacsmusclescells?
A) troponin
B) tropomyosin
C) calmodulin
D) titin
E) myosinslightchainskinasesAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.3
97) Whatsarestheselasticsfiberssthatsanchorsthicksfilamentssinsplace?
A) troponin
B) myosinslight-chainskinase
C) calmodulin
D) titin
E) tropomyosin
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.3
98) Whatsissthesenzymesthatsmodulatessthesabilitysofsmyosinstosbindsactinsinssmoothsmuscle?
A) troponin
B) tropomyosin
C) myosinslight-chainskinase
D) calmodulin
E) titinsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.6
99) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfiberscontainssashighsconcentrationsofsmitochondria?
A) slow
B) fermentative
C) oxidative
D) glycolytic
E) fastsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
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100) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfiberscontainsshighsshorteningsvelocities?
A) slow
B) fast
C) fermentative
D) oxidative
E) glycolytic
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
101) WhichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfiberscatalyzesshydrolysissofsATPsslowly?
A) fast
B) oxidative
C) glycolytic
D) fermentative
E) slowsAn
swer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
102) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfibersfatiguessrapidly?
A) slow
B) fast
C) isotonic
D) oxidative
E) glycolytic
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
103) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfiberscontainssmyoglobin?
A) slow
B) glycolytic
C) oxidative
D) fermentative
E) fastsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
530 | P a g e
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104) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfibershassmostsofsitssenergyscomesfromssubstratelevelsphosphorylation?
A) fast
B) fermentative
C) glycolytic
D) slow
E) oxidative
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
105) Whichstypesofsskeletalsmusclesfibersisswhitesmuscle?
A) fermentative
B) glycolytic
C) slow
D) fast
E) oxidative
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.4
106) Whichsmusclestypescontainssactinsandsmyosin?
A) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
B) skeletalsmusclesonly
C) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
D) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle
E) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonlys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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107) Whichsmusclestypescontractssbysthessliding-filamentsmechanism?
A) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle
B) skeletalsmusclesonly
C) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
D) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
E) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmultiunit)sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
108) Wheresdoesscalciumsbindstostroponin?
A) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
B) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
C) skeletalsmusclesonly
D) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
E) skeletalsandscardiacsmusclesonlys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
109) Calciumsbindsstoscalmodulinswhere?
A) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
B) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
C) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle
D) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
E) skeletalsmusclesonlys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
110) Somesmusclescellsshavespacemakersactivity.sThesesinclude
A) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit).
B) skeletalsmusclesonly.
C) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly.
D) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly.
E) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
532 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
111) Whichsmusclessaresinnervatedsbysautonomicsnervousssystem?
A) skeletalsmusclesonly
B) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
C) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
D) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
E) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscles
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
112) Gapsjunctionssarespresentsbetweenswhichscells?
A) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
B) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
C) skeletalsmusclesonly
D) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle
E) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmultiunit)sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
113) Calciumsforscontractionscomessentirelysfromsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsinswhichsofsthesfol
lowing?
A) skeletalsmusclesonly
B) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonly
C) skeletal,ssmooth,sandscardiacsmuscle
D) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
E) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonlys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
533 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
114) Inswhichsmusclestypesdosthicksandsthinsfilamentssorganizesintossarcomeres?
A) skeletalsandscardiacsmusclesonly
B) skeletalsandssmoothsmusclesonly
C) smoothsmusclesonlys(single-unitsorsmulti-unit)
D) skeletalsmusclesonly
E) smoothsandscardiacsmusclesonlys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
Figures12.1
115) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers1sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsissitssfunctionalssig
nificance
A) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
B) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
C) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactin
D) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogether
E) Mslines:swheresthestailssofsthesmyosinsmoleculessaresboundstosonesanothersAn
swer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
534 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
116) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers2sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsissitssfunctionalssig
nificance?
A) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
B) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
C) Mslines:swheresthestailssofsthesmyosinsmoleculessaresboundstosonesanother
D) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogether
E) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactinsA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
117) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers3sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsissitssfunctionalssig
nificance?
A) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactin
B) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogether
C) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
D) Mslines:swheresthestailssofsthesmyosinsmoleculessaresboundstosonesanother
E) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
118) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers4sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsissitssfunctionalssig
nificance?
A) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
B) Mslines:swheresthestailssofsthesmyosinsmoleculessaresboundstosonesanother
C) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactin
D) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
E) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogethers
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
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119) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers5sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsitssfunctionalssig
nificance?
A) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactin
B) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
C) Mslines:swheresthestailssofsthesmyosinsmoleculessaresboundstosonesanother
D) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
E) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogethers
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
120) Whatsissthesstructuresindicatedsbysthesnumbers6sinsFigures12.1sandswhatsissitssfunctionalssig
nificance?
A) Hszones:sareasofsmyosinsnotsoverlappedsbysactin
B) Asbands:slengthsofsmyosinsattachedstosansMsline
C) Isbands:sareasofsactinsnotshavingsascrossbridge
D) Zslines:sanchorssthesthinsfilamentsstogether
E) sarcomeres:sthesfunctionalsunitsofsmusclescontractionswhoseslengthsisschangedsassasmusclessh
ortenssandslengthens
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
121) Whichsstructure(s)sinsFigures12.1swouldsbesalteredsbysmusclesshortening?
A) 2,s3,sands6
B) 4,s5,sands6
C) 1,s2,sands4
D) 3,s5,sands6
E) 1,s3,sands5s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 12.2
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122) Thescontinuationsofsthessarcolemmasthatspenetratessthesinteriorsofsthesmusclesfibersandsth
erebysfacilitatessthesreleasesofscalciumsfromsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsisscalledswhat?
A) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
B) actin
C) troponin
D) tropomyosin
E) transversestubules
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
123) Whatsissthesproteinscomponentsofsthesthinsfilamentsthatsblockssthesmyosinbindingssitesonsthesactinsmonomer?
A) transversestubule
B) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) troponin
D) tropomyosin
E) actinsAn
swer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
124) Troponinsissascomplexsofsthreesproteinssthatsbindstostropomyosin,scalcium,sand
A) transversestubule.
B) troponin.
C) sarcoplasmicsreticulum.
D) tropomyosin.
E) actin.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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125) Calciumsissstoredsinswhatsregionsofsskeletalsmusclescells?
A) transversestubule
B) actin
C) tropomyosin
D) sarcoplasmicsreticulum
E) troponin
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
126) Thesthreesproteinssfoundstosmakesupsthesthinsfilamentssaresactin,stropomyosin,sand
A) transversestubule.
B) troponin.
C) tropomyosin.
D) sarcoplasmicsreticulum.
E) actin.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
127) Heavysintensitysexercisesgeneratesswhatsbyproductsthatscontributesstosfatigue?
A) lacticsacid
B) pyruvicsacid
C) CO2
D) fattysacids
E) glycogen
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
128) Thestimesbetweensthesoccurrencesofsansactionspotentialsinsskeletalsmusclesandsthesonsetsofsten
sionsisscalledswhat?
A) reticence
B) relativesrefractorysperiod
C) latentsperiod
D) absolutesrefractorysperiod
E) synapticsdelay
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
129) Mechanismsswherebysforcesofsskeletalsmusclesfibersscansbesalteredsincludesallsofsthesfol
lowingsEXCEPT
A) conversionsofsmyosinsATPasestype.
B) fiberslength.
C) frequencysofsstimulations(summation).
D) fibersdiameters(sarcomeressinsparallel).
E) recruitment.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
130) Thestwostypessofssensorysendingssfoundsinsmusclesspindlessaresthesannulospiralsendingssand
A) Merkel'ssdisks.
B) freesendings.
C) Pacinianscorpuscle.
D) flower-spraysendings.
E) Ruffini'sscorpuscle.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
131) Whatstypesofsmotorsneuronsinnervatessintrafusalsmusclesfibers?
A) delta
B) beta
C) gamma
D) epsilon
E) alphasA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
132) Whatsissthesantagonisticsmusclestosthestriceps?
A) biceps
B) coracobrachialis
C) posteriorsdeltoid
D) quadriceps
E) brachialis
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
133) Whatsaresthesthreestypessofsmusclesfiberssthatsaresfoundsinsallsskeletalsmuscles?
A) fastsoxidative,sslowsglycolytic,sandsfastsglycolytic
B) slowsoxidative,sslowsglycolytic,sandsfastsglycolytic
C) slowsoxidative,sfastsoxidative,sandsfastsglycolytic
D) slowsoxidative,sfastsoxidative,sandsslowsglycolytic
E) fastsoxidative,sfastsoxidative,sandsfastsglycolytics
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
134) Posturalsmusclessofstheslegssandsbackstendstoshavesashighsproportionsofswhatsfiberstype?
A) fastsoxidative
B) slowsglycolytic
C) slowsoxidative
D) fastsglycolytic
E) fastsandsslowsglycolytics
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
135) Inssmoothsmuscle,scalciumsbindsstoscalmodulinsandsthensactivatessthesenzyme
A) myosinslight-chainsphosphatase.
B) tyrosineskinase.
C) myosinslight-chainskinase.
D) adenylatescyclase.
E) calmodulinsATPase.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
136) Thesdecreasedsabilitysofsasmusclestosmaintainsasconstantsforcesofscontractionsduring
540 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
repetitivesstimulationsisscalledswhat?
A) O2sdepletion
B) fatigue
C) wasting
D) tetanus
E) treppesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
137) Inssmoothsmuscle,sthesstructuressanalogousstosZslinessinsskeletalsmusclesarescalled
A) Sslines.
B) gapsjunctions.
C) intercalatedsdisks.
D) MLCK.
E) densesbodies.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
138) Intercalatedsdisksscontainswhatstypesofsspecialsjunctions?
A) hemidesmosomes
B) desmosomes
C) gapsjunctionssonly
D) bothsgapsjunctionssandstightsjunctions
E) tightsjunctionssonlys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
12.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Skeletalsmusclesfiberssaresformedsbysthesfusionsofsmultiplescellssduringsembryonicsde
velopment,sresultingsinsthespresencesofsnumeroussnucleispersfiber.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
2) Thicksfilamentsshavesmanysprotrusionssalongstheirsmiddles(headsofsthesmyosinsfilaments)sbutsno
nesatstheirsends.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.1sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
3) Skeletalsmusclesandscardiacsmusclesaresmultinucleatedscells,swhereasssmoothsmusclescellssea
chshavesonesnucleus.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.1
4) Assskeletalsmusclesshortensswithscontraction,stheslengthsofsthesIsbandsremainssconstantsasstheslen
gthsofsthesAsbandsdecreases.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
5) BindingsofsATPstosmyosinsincreasessmyosin'ssaffinitysforsactin.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
6) Asskeletalsmusclescellsproducessforcesforsonlysassmallsportionsofsitsscontractilescyclesbecausesonl
ysassmallsportionsofsthescrossbridgescyclesinvolvessforcesgeneration.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
7) Thesproximitysofsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumstoseachssarcomerespermitssthesnearlyssi
multaneoussdeliverysofscalciumstosallssarcomeressofsthesmusclesfiber.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
8) Thesprimaryssourcesofscalciumsthatsdrivessskeletalsmusclescontractionsissthessarcoplasmicsret
iculum.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
9) Ryanodinesreceptorssarescalciumschannelssinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
10) CreatinesphosphatesprovidessansimmediatessourcesofshighsenergysphosphatestosdonatestosA
DPsatsthesonsetsofsmusclesactivity.
Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
11) Thescontractionsphasesofsastwitchslastsslongersthansthesrelaxationsphase.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
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12) Skeletalsmusclesfiberssoperatesatsnearoptimalssarcomereslengthsinssitu.sAnswer:s TRUE
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
13) Thesvelocitysofsshorteningsduringsansisometricscontractionsisszero.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
14) Thesvelocitysofsshorteningsofsasmusclesissgreatestswhenstheresissnosloadsonsthesmuscle.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
15) Intrafusalsmusclesfibersscontributesdirectlystosthestensionsproducedsduringsmusclesc
ontraction.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
16) Alphasmotorsneuronssinnervatesextrafusalsmusclesfibers.s
Answer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
17) Thesbicepsscausesflexionsofsthesarm,swhereassthestricepsscausesextension.sA
nswer:s TRUE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
18) ActivationsofsGolgistendonsorganssduringsoverstretchingsofsasmusclesprotectssthesmusclesbysin
hibitingsitsscontraction.
Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.5
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19) AsskeletalsmuscleswithsslowersATPasesactivityscanscompletesmorescrossbridgescyclesspersse
cond.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
20) Theresaresnosslowsglycolyticsfibers.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
21) Hemoglobinsinsskeletalsmusclesactssassansoxygensbuffer.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.4
22) Contractionsofssmoothsmusclescellssissdrivensbysbindingsofscalciumstoscalmodulin.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
23) Smoothsandscardiacsmusclesaresinnervatedsbysthesautonomicsnervousssystem,swhereasssk
eletalsmusclesissinnervatedsbysthessomaticsnervousssystem.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
24) Thesspeedswithswhichssmoothsmusclescellsscontractsisssimilarstosfastsglycolyticsskeletalsm
usclescells.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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25) Spontaneoussdepolarizationsofssmoothsmusclescellssissmediatedsbyspacemakerscells.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
26) Slowwavespotentialssarescausedsbyscyclicalsfluctuationssinsopeningsandsclosingsofspotassiumschannels.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 12.5sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
27) Actionspotentialssinscardiacsmuscleslastslongersthansactionspotentialssinsskeletalsmuscle.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
28) Pacemakersactivitysoccurssinscertainssmoothsmusclescellssandscardiacsmusclescells.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
29) Theresissnossummationsofscardiacsmuscle.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
30) Oxidativesphosphorylationsissthesprimarysenergyssourcesforscardiacsmuscle.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
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12.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Forcesdevelopmentsbysmusclescellssrequiressansinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosin.sDescri
besthesproteinssinvolvedsinsthesdevelopmentsofsforcesthroughsthesprocesssofsthesslidingsfilamentstheory,sincludingscrossbridgescycling.
Answer:s Forcesdevelopmentsinsskeletalsmusclesrequiressthesinteractionsbetweensthesheadsofsthesmy
osinsmolecules(crossbridge)sandsactin.sThesheadsofsthesmyosinsmoleculescontainsstwosimportantsreg
ions:s1)sansactinbindingssite,sands2)sansATPasesthatsderivessenergysfromsATPsforsforcesdevelopment.sActinsmonom
erssaresarrangedsintostwosfilamentss(thinsfilaments)sthatsarestwistedsintosasdoubleshelixsandsaresancho
redstosthesZline.sMyosinsmoleculessaresarrangedssidesbyssidesoutsofsphaseswithsonesanother.sAtsthessamestime,sm
yosinsdimerssaresboundstailstostailssuchsthatsthesmyosinsheadssonseitherssidesofsthesthicksfilamentspull
stowardsonesanother.sThesmusclesissablestosgeneratesforcesbysthescyclingsofscrossbridgessthatsbindstos
actin.sThescyclingsstartsswithsansATPsmoleculesbindingstosthesATPasesportionsofsthesmyosinsheadsth
atsissstillsboundstosactinsandsissinstheslowenergysform.sThissATPsbindingsinitiatessasconformationalschangesthatsremovessitsfromsactin.sThesA
TPsmoleculesissthenssplitsintosADPsandsPi,schangingsthesmyosinsheadsintosashighenergysforms(cocked).sOncesthissenergizedsmyosinsheadscomessinscontactswithsansactinsmoleculesw
hosesbindingssitesissexposed,sthesmyosinswillsbindstosthesactinsmolecule.sThesreleasesofsPisallowssthes
myosinsheadstosreturnstostheslowenergysform,sandsinsthesprocess,sthesmyosinsheadspivots,spullingsthesZslinessofsthessarcomerestowards
onesanother.sThesbondsbetweensactinsandsmyosinsissmaintainedsuntilsATPsissablestosbindstosthesmyos
inshead.sInsthesabsencesofsATP,sthesmusclesissmaintainedsinsthesstatesofsrigor.sThescyclingsofscrossbri
dgesscausessthestwosthinsfilamentssofsthessarcomerestosbespulledstowardsonesanothersbysthesthicksfila
ment,stherebyspullingsthesZ-linesscloserstogether.
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.2
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2) Insordersforsskeletalsmusclestosdevelopsforce,sasmusclescellsmustsbesablestosconvertsthesactionspote
ntialsgeneratedsatsasneuromuscularsjunctionsintoscrossbridgescycling.sDescribesthesprocesssofsexcitat
ioncontractionscouplingsinsskeletalsmuscle,sincludingsallsofsthesimportantsionschannelssandsthesstructur
essinvolvedsinsthissprocess.
Answer:s Ansactionspotentialsissgeneratedsatsthesmotorsendsplatesbysthesbindingsofsacetylcholinestosth
esnicotinicsreceptor.sThatsactionspotentialstravelssalongsthessarcolemmasandsdownsthestransversestub
ules.sLocatedswithinsthesmembranesofsthestransversestubulessaresdihydropyridinesreceptorssthatsares
voltagessensitive.sThesesreceptorssaresusuallysactivatedsbysdepolarization.sThesmembranesofsthestra
nsversestubulescomessintoscontactswithsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum,sallowingsthesdihydropyridinesre
ceptorstosdirectlysinteractswithsthesryanodinesreceptorsonsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.sWhensthesdihy
dropyridinesreceptorsissactivatedsbysmembranesdepolarizationsfromsthesactionspotential,sthesryanodi
nesreceptorsissstimulatedstosreleasescalciumsfromsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.sAssintracellularscalciu
msincreases,sthesreleasesofscalciumsissenhancedsbysthesbindingsofscalciumstosanotherscalciumschanne
lsonsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.sInsadditionstostheirsproximitystosthestransversestubule,sthessarcoplas
micsreticulumsisspositionedsnearscontractilesproteinssofsthessarcomerestosfacilitatesthesdeliverysofscal
ciumstosthosescontractilesproteins.sAsscalciumsincreasesswithinsthescell,sitsbindsstosassubunitsofsthestr
oponinsmolecule.sThissbindingscausessasconformationalschangesinsthesotherstwostroponinssubunitsst
hatsmovesthesfilamentousstropomyosin.sAtsrest,stropomyosinsblockssthesmyosinsbindingssitesonsthesa
ctinsmolecules.sThus,sthesmovementsofstropomyosinsexposessthesbindingssitesthatswouldsallowsthese
nergizedsmyosinstosinteractswithsactin.
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.2
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3) EnergysinsthesformsofsATPsissessentialstosthescontractilesprocess.sDescribesthescellularssourcessofs
energysforsskeletalsmusclesfiberssandshowsthosesenergyssourcessplaysasrolesmaintainingsmusclesactivi
tysatslow-sandshigh-intensitiessofsactivity.
Answer:s EnergysinsthesformsofsATPsissrequiredsforsthesreleasesofsthesactinmyosinscomplex,sinsadditionstosenergizingsthesmyosinshead.sThus,sinsordersforsskeletalsmusclestosco
ntract,stheresmustsbesansadequatessupplysofsenergy.sAtsrest,sthesconcentrationsofsATPsissrelativelyslo
w.sInsorderstospreventsthissATPssupplysfromsbeingsdepletedsduringsthesfirstsfewssecondssofsmusclesc
ontraction,screatinesphosphatesisspresentstosactsassansenergysbuffersbysprovidingsthesPisnecessarystosr
e-senergizesthesATPsandsallowsscrossbridgescyclingstoscontinuestosbreaksthesactinmyosinscomplexes.sCreatinesphosphatesissinsequilibriumswithscreatine,swhosesconcentrationsissalsos
limitedswithinsskeletalsmuscle.sThesmusclesmuststhensswitchstosmetabolizingsglucosesfromsitssstora
gesassglycogensinsthesmusclesorslivers(glucosesmuststravelsthroughsthesbloodsinsorderstosentersthesmu
scle).sIfsthesintensitysofsexercisesissmaintainedsatsmoderateslevelssorsbelow,sthesaerobicsmetabolisms
ofsfattysacidssthroughsoxidativesmetabolismswillstakesoversassthesprimaryssourcesofsenergy.sThesfatt
ysacidssprovidessubstrates(acetylsCoA)sforsthesKrebsscyclesandstheselectronstransportschainsasslongsa
ssenoughsoxygensisspresentstosactsassthesfinalsacceptersofselectrons.sHowever,sifsexercisesintensitysin
creasessfurther,sthesabilitysofsaerobicsmetabolismstossupplysenergyscansbescompromisedsbystheslimit
ationssonsbloodsflows(oxygensdelivery)stosthesactivesmuscle.sInsthatscase,soxygensdeliveryswouldsbes
compromisedsandssubstratelevelsmetabolismswouldshavestostakesoversthesproductionsofsATP.sThesbyproductsofsthisssubstrateslevelsmetabolismsisslacticsacid,swhosesdissociatedshydrogensionscanslimitsthesabilitysofsthesmusclest
osgeneratesforcesthroughsasnumbersofsmechanisms.
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.4
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4) Whilesmusclescellssrespondsinsansall-ornothingsmannerstosassinglesactionspotential,sthesextentsofsforcesthatstheysgeneratescansbesmodifiedsby
sasnumbersofsfactors.sDescribesthesmechanismsswherebysindividualsskeletalsmusclescellsscansmodif
ysforcesdevelopment.
Answer:s Theresaresasnumbersofsmechanismssthatscontributestosalterationssinsforcesgenerationsbysind
ividualsskeletalsmusclescells.sThesfirstsissthesfrequencysofsstimulation.sAsmusclesresponsestosfrequen
cyscontainsstwoscomponents:sthestreppesphenomenasandsthessummationsofscontraction.sTreppesdesc
ribessthesphenomenaswheresansincreasesinsfrequencysofsstimulations(withscompletesrelaxationsbetw
eenspulses)swillsprogressivelysincreasesthesforcesdevelopedsbysthesmusclesuntilsforcesultimatelysstab
ilizes.sThesexplanationsforsthissphenomenonsinvolvessansincreasingsconcentrationsofsintracellularsca
lcium,sduestosincompletesremovalsofscalciumsduringsrelaxation,swhichselevatessthesforcesdevelopeds
bysthesmusclescell.sSummationsofscontractionsissobservedsassthesfrequencysofsstimulationsincreasessf
urther,ssuchsthatsthesmusclescellsdoessnotscompletelysrelaxsbetweenstwitches.sAssthesfrequencysofstw
itchessincreases,sthesfirststwitchswillsnotscompletelysrelaxsbeforesthessecondstwitchsarrives,sandssoso
n.sThus,sassfrequencysincreases,sthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmuscleswouldscontinuestosincreasesuntils
asmaximumsissreached.sAssthesfrequencysofsstimulationsincreases,sthesmuscleswillseventuallysbesabl
estosmaintainsforceswithssomesoscillationsaroundsasconstantsvalue.sThissoscillationsinsforcesisstermeds
tetanus.sAssfrequencysissincreasedsfurther,sforceswillseventuallysplateaus(thestracesflattenssandstheres
issnosrelaxationsbetweenstwitches)sintoswhatsisscalledsfuseds(complete)stetanussorsmaximalstetanicste
nsion.sPriorstosthissforcesplateaus(fusion),sforcesfluctuatessassthesmusclescellspartiallysrelaxessbetwee
nstwitches,swhichsisscalledsunfuseds(incomplete)stetanus.sSecond,sthesforcesdevelopedsbysasmusclesf
ibersissdependentsuponsthesdiametersofsthatsmusclesfiber.sAssthesdiametersofsasmusclesfibersincreasess
(numbersofsparallelssarcomeressincreases),sthesforcesgeneratedsbysthatsmuscleswillsincrease.sFinally,s
skeletalsmuscleslengthswillsaffectsthesextentsofstensionsdevelopmentsbysthesmusclescell.sTypically,st
hesmusclesrestssatsnearsoptimalslengthsforsforcesdevelopment.sAssthesmusclesisslengthened,sthespoten
tialsforsinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosinsissreducedsasstheysslidespastsonesanother,stherebyscausi
ngsthesforcesgeneratedsbysthesmusclestosdecrease.sAssthesmusclesissshortened,sthesextentsofsinteractio
nswillsalsosbesreducedsbysthesthinsfilamentsblockingsthesbindingsofsmyosinsandsactin.sInsthisscase,sfor
cesissalsosdecreasedsassthesmusclesissshortened.sLearningsOutcome:s 12.3
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.3
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5) Irrespectivesofsansindividualsmusclescell'ssabilitystosregulatesthesamountsofsforcesdevelopedsbystha
tscell,sthesforcesgeneratedsbysasskeletalsmusclesissalsoscontrolledsatstheswholesmuscleslevel.sDescribes
thesmechanismswherebysforcesofsaswholesmusclescansbesmodified,sincludingsasdiscussionsonsmotors
units.
Answer:s Insadditionstosthesabilitysofsindividualsmusclescellsstosmodifystheirsforcesdevelopment,sthesf
orcesofsthesentiresmusclescansbesmodulated.sEverysmusclescellsissnotscontractedsatsthessamestimeswith
insasmuscle.sSincesthesfunctionalsunitsofsthesmusclesissthesmotorsunit,sthesextentsofsforcesdevelopment
swillsbesdeterminedsbysthesnumbersofsmusclesfiberssassociatedswithsthatsmotorsunitsandstheswaysinsw
hichsthosesmotorsunitssaresrecruited.sAssmoresmotorsunitssaressimultaneouslysrecruited,sthesforcesdev
elopedsbysthesmuscleswillsbesincreased.sThesextentsofsforcesdevelopedsdependssuponsthesnumbersofs
musclescellsspresentswithinsasgivensmotorsunit,swhichscansvarysfromsseveralshundredsstosthousands.s
Musclessthatsaresinvolvedsinsfinesmovementswillshavesfewersmusclescellsspersmotorsunitsthansmuscle
ssinvolvedsinsmoresgrosssmovement.sThesspecificsmotorsunitssactivatedsaresdeterminedsbysthessizespr
inciple.sThissprinciplesstatessthatstheresissascorrespondencesbetweensthessizesofsmotorsunitssactivateds
andstheirsordersofsrecruitment.sThesphysiologicalsdeterminantsofswhichsmotorsunitssaresactivatedsisst
hessensitivitysofsthesmotorsneuronsstosactionspotentialsfrequency;ssmallersmotorsneuronssaresstimulat
edstosgeneratesansactionspotentialsatsaslowersfrequencysofsactionspotentialssthanslargersdiametersmoto
rsneurons.sThessmallersmotorsunitssaresinnervatedsbyssmallersdiametersmotorsneurons.sThus,sthessizes
ofsthesmotorsunitsscorrespondsswithsthesdiametersofsthesmotorsneuron.sTheslargersmotorsunitssaresresi
stantstosdepolarization.sThus,sashighersfrequencysofsactionspotentialssissrequiredstosactivates theslarge
rsmotorsunits.sAtsaslowersfrequency,sthessmallersmotorsunitsswillsbesactivated.sAssthesforcesrequiredst
osmovesansobjectsissincreased,sthesfrequencysofsthesactionspotentialssfromsthesmotorscentersissincreas
ed,stherebysrecruitingsmoresofstheslargersfiberssthatsarescapablesofsgeneratingsgreatersforce.
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.5
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6) Inshumansskeletalsmuscle,sasnumbersofsdifferentsfiberstypessexist.sDescribesthespropertiessofsthe
sfiberssthatsmakesthemsuniquesandshowsthatsisslinkedstosmotorsunits.
Answer:s Theresaresthreesmajorstypessofsmusclesfibersinshumansskeletalsmuscle,swhichsarescharacteri
zedsbystheirsmetabolicsprofilesandsspeedsofscontraction.sWithsrespectstostheirsmetabolicsprofile,sthese
nzymessexpressedsinsthesescellsscansfavorseithersasglycolytics(substratelevelsphosphorylation)sorsoxidativesmetabolism.sThesesalterationssinsenzymesprofilessaressupporteds
bysasnumbersofsstructuralsdifferencesswithinsthesmusclesfibers.sMusclesfibersswithsasgreatersoxidativ
esenzymesprofileswillscontainsasgreatersdensitysofscapillaries,sincreasedsmitochondrialsdensity,shigh
ersmyoglobinsconcentration,sandswillshavesassmallersdiametersthansglycolyticsfibers.sInscontrast,sgly
colyticsfiberssaresthickers(havesasgreatersdiameter)sthansoxidativesfibers,scontainsfewerscapillaries,sa
ndshavesasgreaterscapacitystosproducesATPsundersanaerobicsconditions.sThus,sundershighintensitysexercise,sthesesmusclesswillsactivelysproducesansexcesssofspyruvicsacidsthatsissconvertedstos
lacticsacid.sThescontractilespropertiessaresrelatedstosthesATPasesportionsofsthesmyosinsmolecule.sThe
sratesofsATPasesactivityswillsgreatlysdeterminesthesspeedswithswhichsasmusclescellscansdevelopsforce
.sThesfastsfiberssreachspeaksforcessoonersthansthesslowsfibers.
Puttingsthesestwospropertiesstogether,sthesthreesmajorsfiberstypessincludesslowsoxidative,sfastsoxidati
ve,sandsfastsglycolytic.
Skeletalsmusclessgenerallyscontainsdifferingsproportionssofsallsthreesskeletalsmusclesfiberstypes.sHo
wever,sthesrelativescontributionsofseachsfiberstypescansvarysbetweensmuscles.sWithinsasgivensmotorsu
nit,sallsofsthesmusclesfiberssaresofsthessamesfiberstype,sindicatingsthatsfiberstypesissdeterminedsbysthes
motorsneuron.sTheslargestsofsthesfiberssaresthesfastsglycolytic,swhilesthessmallestsaresthesslowsoxidati
ve;sthesfastsoxidativesaresintermediate.sThessamesisstruesforsthesspeedsofscontraction;sthesfastsglycolyt
icsaresfastersthansfastsoxidative,swhichsaresfastersthansslowsoxidative.sMotorsunitssaresalsosofsdifferen
tssizes;sfastsglycolyticsareslargersthansfastsoxidativesorsslowsoxidative.
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.4
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7) Trainingsinducessasnumbersofschangesswithinsskeletalsmusclesthatsaresspecificstosthestypesofstraini
ngsemployed.sDescribestheschangessthatsoccursinsskeletalsmusclesinsresponsestostraining.sAnswer:s O
nesreasonswhysathletesstrainsisstosincreasesthescapacitysofstheirsmusclesstosperformsthesworksthatstheirs
sportsrequires.sAthleticstrainingscansbesbrokensintostwosbasicstypes:saerobicsandsanaerobic,sdependin
gsuponsthesenergyssystemssthatsaresstressedsbysthesspecificstrainingsmodality.sInsresponsestosaerobicst
raining,ssomesofsthesfastsglycolyticsfiberssaresconvertedsintosfastsoxidativesfibers.sThississaccompanie
dsbysansincreasedsmitochondrialsdensitys(sizesandsnumber),sansincreasesinsthesnumbersofscapillariesst
hatssurroundseachsmusclesfiber,sandsasdecreasesinsthesdiametersofsthesmusclesfibers(theslaststwoswould
sfacilitatesthesdeliverysofsoxygen stosthesactivesmusclesfibers).sForsthesslowsoxidativesfibers,stheysdosn
otsappearstosbescapablesofsconvertingstosfastsfiberstypess(becausesofsthestypesofsATPasesthesmyosinsc
ontainssremainssfairlysconstant).sHowever,stheschangessinsthesslowsoxidativesfibersstosaerobicstraini
ngswouldsbessimilarstosthesfastsoxidativesfibers.sInscontrast,shighintensitysanaerobicsexerciseswillsincreasesthesglycolyticscapacitysofsthesmusclesfiberss(switchssomeso
fsthesfastsoxidativestosfastsglycolyticsfibers).sAtsthessamestime,sthesdensitysofsmitochondrias(sizesands
number)swillsbesdecreased,sthesconcentrationsofsglycolyticsenzymesswillsbesincreased,sandsthesdiame
tersofsthesmusclesfibersswillsbesincreased.sThesincreasedsskeletalsmusclesgirthsinsansindividualswhosre
gularlysweightstrainssissrelatedstosansincreasesinsthesdiametersofsmusclesfiberss(increasedsmyofibrils)s
rathersthansansincreasesinsthesnumbersofsmusclesfiberss(hypertrophysrathersthanshyperplasia).
LearningsOutcome:s 12.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.4
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8) Whilescontractilesproteinssaressimilarsinsskeletalsandssmoothsmusclescells,sthesstructuresandsre
gulationsofsmusclescontractionsissquitesdifferent.sDescribesthesarrangementsofscontractilesprotein
ssinssmoothsmusclescellssandshowscontractionsissmediated.
Answer:s Contractilesproteinss(actinsandsmyosin)saresthessamesinssmoothsmusclesandsskeletalsmuscle
.sHowever,stheirsarrangementswithinsthosesmusclescellssissquitesdifferent.sSkeletalsmusclessareschara
cterizedsbysthesrepeatingsstriatedsarrangementsofsthescontractilesproteinssintossarcomeres.sThississnot
sthescasesforssmoothsmuscle,swheresthescontractilesproteinssaresnotsarrangedsinsasstriatedspattern,shen
cesthessmoothsappearance.sRather,scontractilesproteinssaresarrangedsinsasvarietysofspatternssthatsareso
bliquestostheslongsaxissofsthessmoothsmusclescell.
Thesescontractilesproteinssaresattachedstosthesdensesbodiesswheresthesforcesgeneratedsbysthescontract
ilesproteinssisstransmittedstosthescell'ssexterior.sThesregulationsofsexcitationcontractionscouplingsissalsosquitesdifferentsinssmoothsmusclescells.sCalciumsissstillsansimportantsreg
ulatorsofsforcesdevelopmentsbutsisscoupledstoscontractionsinsasdifferentswaysthanswassobservedsinssk
eletalsmusclescells.sCalciumsenterssthescellsthroughsasvoltagesensitivescalciumschannelstosbindswithscalmodulin.sThescalciumcalmodulinscomplexsbindsstosthesenzymesmyosinslightchainskinase,scausingsitstosbecomesactive.sThesmyosinslightchainskinasesphosphorylatessthesmyosinslightschain,scausingsitstosbecomesactivesandscapablesofsbind
ingstosactin.sThereafter,sthescyclingsofsthescrossbridgessissthessamesassobservedsinsskeletalsmuscle.sI
nsorderstosterminatescrossbridgescycling,sthessmoothsmusclescellssmustsdosmoresthansremovescalciu
msfromsthescytoplasm.sThesmyosinslightschainsmustsbesdephosphorylatedsbysasphosphatasesenzyme.
sThesesenzymessaresalwayssactiveswithinssmoothsmusclescells.sThus,sthesextentsofsforcesdevelopedsb
yssmoothsmusclescellssissdependentsuponsthesinteractionsbetweensmyosinslightchainskinasesandsphosphatasesactivity,seachsofswhichscansbesmodulated.
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 12.6
12.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Anothersnamesforsasmusclescellsiss(myofibrils/smusclesfiber).sA
nswer:s musclesfiber
LearningsOutcome:s 12.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.1
2) Followingsdeath,srigorsmortissoccurssduestosaslacksofs(calciums/sATP).sA
nswer:s ATP
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
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3) Receptorstypessatsthesmotorsendsplatesares(muscarinics/snicotinic)scholinergicsreceptors.sA
nswer:s nicotinic
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
4) (Dihydropyridines/sRyanodine)sreceptorssareslocatedsonsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.sA
nswer:s Ryanodine
LearningsOutcome:s 12.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.2
5) Duringssummation,scalciumsreleasesiss(greatersthans/slesssthan)scalciumsreuptake.sA
nswer:s greatersthan
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.2
6) Thesvelocitysatswhichsasskeletalsmusclescontractssiss(directlys/sinversely)srelatedstosload.sAn
swer:s inversely
LearningsOutcome:s 12.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.3
7) (Single-units/sMultiunit)ssmoothsmusclescontainsspacemakerscells.sAnswer:s Single-unit
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 12.6
8) Cardiacsmusclesiss(smooths/sstriated).s
Answer:s striated
LearningsOutcome:s 12.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 12.6
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters13s s ThesCardiovascularsSystem:sCardiacsFunction
13.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Keepingsbloodsonsthesleftssidesofsthesheartsfromsmixingswithsthesbloodsonsthesrightssidesissasfun
ctionsofswhatsstructure(s)?
A) valves
B) arteries
C) septum
D) apex
E) chordaestendineaes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.1
2) Thesprimaryssitesofsexchangesbetweensbloodsandsinterstitialsfluidsoccurssacrossswhatstypesofsbl
oodsvessel?
A) arteries
B) veins
C) arterioles
D) venules
E) capillaries
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.1
3) Whensbloodsmovessthroughsthesbodysitstravelssinsascircularspattern.sThesgeneralspatternsofsblo
odsflowsfollowsswhichssequencesofsvesselssassitsleavessthesheart?
A) arteries,sarterioles,scapillaries,svenules,sveins
B) arteries,sveins,svenules,sarterioles,scapillaries
C) arterioles,sarteries,scapillaries,svenules,sveins
D) veins,svenules,scapillaries,sarterioles,sarteries
E) veins,scapillaries,svenules,sarterioles,sarteriess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.1
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4) Althoughsbloodsissasfluid,snearlyshalfsitssvolumesisscomposedsofscells.sThesmostsnumerousscellss
ares
.sThesremaindersofsthescellssares
,swhichshelpsthesbodysdefendsitselfsagainstsforeignsparticlessandsmicroorganisms.
A) erythrocytess:sleukocytes
B) erythrocytess:splatelets
C) leukocytess:serythrocytes
D) plateletss:sleukocytess
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.1
5) Thescirculatoryssystemsconsistssofstwosdivisionssandsisssuppliedswithsbloodsbysdifferentssidessofs
thesheart.sThesrightsheartssuppliessbloodstosthes
circuit,swhereassthesleftsheartssuppliessbloodstosthes
circuit.
A) pulmonarys:ssystemic
B) systemics:spulmonary
C) oxygenateds:sdeoxygenated
D) superiors(uppersbody)s:sinferiors(lowersbody)
E) arterials:svenules
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
6) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessparallelsflowsinsthescirculatoryssystem?
A) Thesorganssofsthesbodysaresarrangedsinsasparallelscircuitstosallowsadequatesflowsandspressurestosa
llsbodyssystemssandsmaintainshomeostasissofsbloodspressure.
B) Parallelsflowsrefersstosdeoxygenatedsbloodsonlysandsnotstosoxygenatedsblood.
C) Parallelsflowsrefersstosthesflowsofsbloodsjuststosthesheartsitself,swhichskeepssitsoxygenatedsatsallst
imes.
D) Insthessystemicscircuitsbloodsflowssfromsonesorgansdirectlystosthesnext,shencesinsparallel.
E) Parallelsflowsrefersstosthesflowsofselectricalsimpulsessinsthesheart.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
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7) Bloodssupplystosthesheartscomessfrom
A) coronarysarteries.
B) cerebralsarteries.
C) aorta.
D) bloodswithinsthesventricles.
E) bloodswithinsthesatria.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
8) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsdescribessasportalssystem?
A) Bloodsflowssfromsonescapillarysbedstosanother,sbypassingsgeneralscirculation.
B) Thesportalssystemsallowssenoughspressurestosbesgeneratedstosclosesthesforamensovalesinsthesfet
alsheart.
C) Thesportalssystemsissthessamesassparallelsflow.
D) Bloodsflowssinsonesdirectionsthroughoutsthescirculatoryssystem.
E) Thesportalssystemsrefersstosportsslocatedsinsthesveinss(whichsdoessnotsallowsforsthesbackflowsofs
blood).
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
9) Whatsstructuresseparatessthesthoracicscavitysfromsthesabdominalscavity?
A) heart
B) diaphragm
C) intestines
D) liver
E) lungssA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
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10) Whichschambersofsthesheartshassthesthickestsmusculature?
A) rightsatrium
B) rightsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) leftsventricle
E) Bothsventriclesshavesequalsthicknesssandsaresthickersthansthesatria.sA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
11) Thesopeningsandsclosuresofsthesatrioventricularsandssemilunarsvalvessissdrivensby
A) contractionsofsthesvalve.
B) contractionsofsmusclessattachedstosthesvalves.
C) contractionsofsthesventriclesandsatriasthatspullsthesvalvessintosplace.
D) differencessinspressuresacrosssthesvalve.
E) contractionsandsrelaxationsofsthesvalve.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
12) Closuresofsthesatrioventricularsvalvesoccursswhen
A) thesvalvescontracts.
B) pressuresinsidesthesventriclesisslesssthanspressuresinsidesthesatrium.
C) pressuresinsidesthesventriclesissgreatersthanspressuresinsidesthesatrium.
D) thespapillarysmusclescontracts.
E) thesatriumscontracts.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
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13) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofstheschordaestendineae?
A) Theyspullsdownwardsonsthesvalvescusps,stherebyspreventingsthesAVsvalvessfromsbeingspushedsint
osthesatrias(prolapsing).
B) TheysopensandsclosesthesAVsvalvesduestosthesmovementsofsthespapillarysmusclesduringsco
ntraction.
C) Whensthesheartscontracts,stheschordatestendineaesseparatesthesflowsofsbloodsfromsthesrightsandsleft
ssidessofsthesheart.
D) Theschordaestendineaesgeneratesautorhythmicityswithinsthesheart.
E) Theschordaestendineaesactslikesasparachutesandscapturesbloodsassitsenterssthesrightsventricle.sAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
14) WhatsissthesprimarysfunctionsofsthesAVsandssemilunarsvalves?
A) tospermitsbloodstosflowsforwardswhilespreventingsitsfromsflowingsbackward
B) toskeepsthesrightsandsleftssidessofsthesheartsseparated
C) toscontrolsthesspeedsatswhichsbloodsentersandsleavessthesheart
D) toscoordinatesthesautorhythmicsmovementssofsthesheart
E) ThesopeningsandsclosingsofsthesvalvesscreatessthesnormalspatternssofsansEKG.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
15) Whereassthescontractilesactivitysofsskeletalsmusclesisscalleds
,sthatsofscardiacsmusclesiss
becausesthescontractionsoriginatesswithinsthesmusculaturesitself.
A) somatics:sautonomic
B) voluntarys:sinvoluntary
C) neurogenics:smyogenic
D) somatics:sautorhythmic
E) extrinsics:sintrinsics
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
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16) Whatstwosmajorsregionssofsthesheartscontainsasconcentrationsofspacemakerscells?
A) sinoatrialsnodesandsatrioventricularsnode
B) sinoatrialsnodesandsPurkinjesfibers
C) sinoatrialsnodesandsbundlesofsHis
D) bundlesofsHissandsatrioventricularsnode
E) bundlesofsHissandsPurkinjesfiberss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
17) Thestermsautorhythmicitysrefersstosthesheart'ssabilitysto
A) conductsactionspotentialssalongsthesconductionspathway.
B) generatesitssownscontractilescycle.
C) originatesitsscontractionsneurogenically.
D) actsassasfunctionalssyncytium.
E) intrinsicallysmodifysitsscontractility.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
18) Whatsstructuresprovidessthespathwaysforsthesmovementsofselectricalscurrentsbetweensthescellssofs
thesconductionspathwaysandsthesventricularsmusclesfibers?
A) desmosomes
B) sodiumschannels
C) gapsjunctions
D) potassiumschannels
E) funnyschannelss
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
19) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthescorrectsconductionspathwaysthroughsthesheart?
A) Purkinjesfibers,sbundlesofsHis,sbundlesbranches,sSAsnode,sAVsnode
B) SAsnode,sAVsnode,sbundlesofsHis,sbundlesbranches,sPurkinjesfibers
C) AVsnode,sSAsnode,sbundlesbranches,sbundlesofsHis,sPurkinjesfibers
D) BundlesofsHis,sbundlesbranches,sPurkinjesfibers,sSAsnode,sAVsnode
E) SAsnode,sPurkinjesfibers,sAVsnode,sbundlesofsHis,sbundlesbranchessA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
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20) Conductionsthroughswhichsofsthesfollowingsissslowstosallowsatriastoscontractsbeforesthesve
ntricles?
A) atria
B) SAsnode
C) AVsnode
D) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)
E) Purkinjesfiberss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
21) WhysdosAVsnodalscellssNOTsdeterminesthesheartsratesundersnormalscircumstances?
A) Theysdepolarizesfastersthansallsothersconductingsfibers.
B) Theysdepolarizesslowersthansallsothersconductingsfibers.
C) Theysslowsconductionsofstheswavesofsexcitation.
D) AssdepolarizationsinitiatedsinsthesSAsnodesreachessthesAVsnode,sitsleavessthesAVsnodesinsasrefr
actorysstate.
E) ThesAVsnodesissconnectedstosthesSAsnode,sbutsnotstosothersconductingsfiberssinsthesheart.sAn
swer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
22) Normalsrestingsheartsratesissarounds70sbeatsspersminutesduestosthesSAsnode.sIfsthesSAsnodesfail
s,swhatswouldsyousexpectsthesheartsbeatsspersminutestosbe?
A) 50sbeatsspersminute
B) 70sbeatsspersminutesassthesAVsnodestakessoversforsthesSAsnode
C) 30-40sbeatsspersminute
D) 10-20sbeatsspersminute
E) IfsthesSAsnodesfailssthesindividualswillsgosintosheartsfailuresandsthereforesthereswillsbesnoshea
rtsrate.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 13.4
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23) IfsbothsthesSAsnodesandsthesAVsnodesfail,swhatswouldsbesthesexpectedsoutcomesofsimpulsesrate
swithinsthesheart?
A) Thesrateswouldsbes3040sbeatsspersminutesduestosthesconcentrationsofspacemakerscellssinsthesPurkinjesfibers.
B) Thesindividualswouldsbesinsheartsfailuresorshavesasmyocardialsinfarctionsduestostheslacksofsasbea
tingsheart.
C) Thesheartsissautorhythmicsthereforesitscontinuallysbeatssevensaftersdeathsbecausesdeathsissde
finedsassaslacksofsbrainswaves.
D) Thesvagussnervestakessoversandsmaintainssasnormalsheartsrate.
E) Thessympatheticsnervousssystemstakessoversandsmaintainssnormalsheartsrate.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 13.4
24) Thesrapidsdepolarizationsphasesofsaspacemakerscellsactionspotentialsisscausedsbysmovementsof
A) sodiumsthroughsfunnyschannels.
B) calciumsthroughsL-typeschannels.
C) potassiumsthroughsfunnyschannels.
D) calciumsthroughsT-typeschannels.
E) sodiumsandscalciumsthroughsfunnyschannels.s
Answer:s B
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
25) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissresponsiblesforsthesrapidsdepolarizationsphasesofsansactionspo
tentialswithinsthespacemakerscells?
A) asdecreasesinsPNa
B) ansincreasesinsPNa
C) asdecreasesinsPK
D) ansincreasesinsPK
E) ansincreasesinsPCas
Answer:s E
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
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26) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissresponsiblesforsthesrepolarizationsofspacemakerscells?
A) ansincreasesinsPCa
B) ansincreasesinsPNa
C) asdecreasesinsPK
D) ansincreasesinsPK
E) asdecreasesinsPNas
Answer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
27) Whatscausessthesrapidsdepolarizationsphasesofsascontractilescellsactionspotential?
A) sodiumsmovementsintosthescell
B) sodiumsmovementsoutsofsthescell
C) calciumsmovementsintosthescell
D) calciumsmovementsoutsofsthescell
E) potassiumsmovementsintosthescells
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
28) Duringsrepolarizations(phases3)sofsascontractilescellsactionspotential,
A) onlyssodiumspermeabilitysissincreased.
B) onlyscalciumspermeabilitysissincreased.
C) onlyspotassiumspermeabilitysissincreased.
D) sodiumsandscalciumspermeabilitysaresbothsincreased.
E) sodiumsandspotassiumspermeabilitysaresbothsincreased.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
29) WhichsofsthesfollowingsionschannelssdoessNOTsparticipatesinsthescontractilescellsactionspo
tential?
A) typesTscalciumschannels
B) typesLscalciumschannels
C) delayedsrectifyingspotassiumschannels
D) inwardsrectifyingspotassiumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
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30) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsaspartsofsthesexcitationcontractionscouplingsinscardiacsmuscle?
A) Ansactionspotentialstravelssalongstransversestubules.
B) Calciumschannelssinsthesplasmasmembranesopen,sallowingscalciumsionsstosentersthescell.
C) Calciumschannelssinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulumsopen,sallowingscalciumsionsstosentersthescy
tosol.
D) Calciumsbindsstoscalmodulinsinsthescytosol.
E) Calciumsopensscalciumschannelssinsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
31) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsthessodium-calciumsexchangersinscardiacsmuscle?
A) depolarizesthescell
B) triggersthesreleasesofscalciumsfromsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum
C) removescalciumsfromsthescytosolsbystransportingsitstosthesextracellularsfluidstherebysrelaxingsth
esmuscle
D) removescalciumsfromsthescytosolsbystransportingsitsintosthessarcoplasmicsreticulum
E) interactswithstroponinstosinitiatescrossbridgescyclingsAnswer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
32) WhichsofsthesfollowingscomponentssofsansECGsrepresentssatrialsdepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) QRSscomplex
C) Tswave
D) PQsinterval
E) TQssegments
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
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33) WhichsofsthesfollowingscomponentssofsansECGsrepresentssventricularsdepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) QRSscomplex
C) Tswave
D) PQsinterval
E) TQssegments
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
34) WhichsofsthesfollowingscomponentssofsansECGsrepresentssventricularsrepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) QRSscomplex
C) Tswave
D) PQsinterval
E) TQssegments
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
35) WhichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysatrialsdepolarizationsissusuallysnotsdetectedsonsasnormalsE
CG?
A) ItsoccurssatsthessamestimesassthesQRSscomplex.
B) Theselectrodesscannotsbesplacedshighsenoughsonsthescheststosdetectsthesatria.
C) Thesatriasaressossmallsandsthesdepolarizationshappensssosquicklysthatsitscannotsbesdetected.
D) ThesatriasdosnotscontractsonlysthesAVsvalvessopen.
E) ThesvoltageschangesinsthesatriasissminimalsandsthereforesdoessnotsregistersonsansECG.sAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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36) ThesQTsintervalsissthestimesfromsthesonsetsofsthesQRSscomplexstosthesendsofsthesTswaveswhichsmeasure
s
A) thestimesofsventricularssystole.
B) thestimesofsventricularsdiastole.
C) thestimesofsatrialssystole.
D) thestimesofsatrialsdiastole.
E) thesamountsofstimesbetweenseachsheartbeat.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
37) ThesTQssegmentsissthestimesfromsthesendsofsthesTswavestosthesbeginningsofsthesQRSscomplexswhic
hsmeasuressthestime
A) ofsventricularssystole.
B) ofsventricularsdiastole.
C) ofsatrialssystole.
D) ofsatrialsdiastole.
E) betweensheartbeats.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
38) ThesRRsintervalsissthestimesbetweensthespeakssofstwossuccessivesQRSscomplexessandsrepresents
A) ventricularssystole.
B) ventricularsdiastole.
C) atrialssystole.
D) atrialsdiastole.
E) thesamountsofstimesbetweensheartbeats.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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39) IfsdamagestosthesAVsnodesslowedsdownsconductionsthroughsthisstissue,swhatswouldsbesob
servedsonsansECG?
A) aslargersPswave
B) aslongersPswave
C) aslongersPRsinterval
D) aswidersQRSscomplex
E) ansinvertedsTswaves
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
40) InsansECGsrecording,sthesRRsintervalsiss0.5sseconds.sWhatsissthesheartsrate?
A) 50sbeats/min
B) 100sbeats/min
C) 30sbeats/min
D) 60sbeats/min
E) 120sbeats/mins
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
41) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdescribesssecond-degreesheartsblock?
A) Theresissaslongersdelaysbetweensatrialscontractionsandsventricularscontraction.
B) Notseverysatrialscontractionsissfollowedsbysasventricularscontraction.
C) Notseverysventricularscontractionsissprecededsbysansatrialscontraction.
D) Thesventriclessnoslongerscontract.
E) Thesatriasnoslongerscontract.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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42) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysclinicianssusesasdefibrillator?
A) Thesappliedscurrentsdepolarizessallsthesmusclescellssatsthessamestime,sreturningssynchronoussel
ectricalsactivitystosthesheart.
B) Thesventriclessofsthesheartsaressoslargesthatsonlysasstrongscurrentscansmakesthemsdepolarize,swh
ichsissneededsinsordersforsthemstoscontractsandsgetsbloodstosthesbody.
C) AsdefibrillatorstakessthesplacesofsthesSAsnodesandsmustsbesappliedseverysminutestoskeepstheshea
rtsratesnormalsuntilsitsregainssitssstrengthsandsbeatssonsitssown.
D) Thesappliedscurrentsrepolarizessthescellssofsthesheart,shencesresettingsthesheartsforsnormalsrh
ythm.
E) Thesappliedscurrentsopenssupsvoltagesgatedscalciumschannelssinsthesatriascausingsthesheartstosbe
ginsasnewsPswave.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
43) Duringsisovolumetricsrelaxation,
A) thesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresclosedsandsventricularspressuresissincreasing.
B) thesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresclosedsandsventricularspressuresissdecreasing.
C) thesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresopensandsventricularspressuresissincreasing.
D) thesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresopensandsventricularspressuresissdecreasing.
E) thesAVsvalvessaresopen,sthessemilunarsvalvessaresclosed,sandsventricularspressuresissde
creasing.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
44) Whatsissoccurringsduringsventricularsejection?
A) ThesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresclosedsassventricularspressuresissincreasing.
B) ThesAVsvalvessaresopensandsthessemilunarsvalvessaresclosedsassventricularspressuresis.sinc
reasing
C) ThesAVsandssemilunarsvalvessaresopensassbloodsissleavingsthesventricles.
D) ThesAVsvalvessaresclosedsandsthessemilunarsvalvessaresopensassbloodsissleavingsthesve
ntricles.
E) ThesAVsvalvessaresopensandsthessemilunarsvalvessaresclosedsassbloodsissleavingsthesventricles.sAn
swer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
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45) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissTRUEsofsthesventricularsfillingsphasesofsthescardiacscycle?
A) Ventricularsfillingsoccurssduringssystole.
B) Allsvalvessinsthesheartsaresopen.
C) Ventricularspressuresisslesssthansaorticspressure.
D) Ventricularspressuresissgreatersthansatrialspressure.
E) Ventricularspressuresissdecreasing.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
46) Whatsphasesofsthescardiacscyclesissthesheartsinswhensallsfoursvalvessofsthesheartsaresclosedsand
sventricularspressuresissbuilding,sbutsissnots yetsgreatsenoughstosopensasvalve?
A) ventricularsfilling
B) isovolumetricscontraction
C) ventricularsejection
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) nonesAn
swer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
47) Duringswhichsphasesofsthescardiacscyclesaresallsfoursheartsvalvessopen?
A) ventricularsfilling
B) isovolumetricscontraction
C) ventricularsejection
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) nonesAn
swer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
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48) Ejectionsofsbloodsfromsthesrightsventricleswillscontinuesuntil
A) thespulmonaryssemilunarsvalvescontracts,sinducingsclosure.
B) pressuresinsthespulmonarysarterysisslesssthanspressuresinsthesrightsventricle.
C) pressuresinsthesaortasissgreatersthanspressuresinsthesrightsventricle.
D) pressuresinsthespulmonarysarterysissgreatersthanspressuresinsthesrightsventricle.
E) pressuresinsthesaortasisslesssthanspressuresinsthesrightsventricle.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
49) Thesincreasesinsventricularsvolumesearlysinsdiastolesreflectssthe
A) increasedsstiffnesssofsthesheart.
B) contractionsofsthesatriasmovingsbloodsintosthesventricle.
C) passivesmovementsofsbloodsthroughsthesatriumsandsintosthesventricle.
D) relaxationsofsthesventricle.
E) backflowsofsbloodsfromsthesaorta.sAnswer:s
C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
50) Thessmallsincreasesinsventricularspressuresobservedslatesinsdiastolesisscausedsby
A) ventricularscontraction.
B) ventricularsrelaxation.
C) atrialscontraction.
D) atrialsrelaxation.
E) bloodsmovingsintosthesatriasfromsvenascava.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
51) Bloodsissejectedsfromsthesleftsventriclesoncespressureswithinsthe
A) ventriclesissgreatersthanspressureswithinsthesaorta.
B) ventriclesisslesssthanspressureswithinsthesaorta.
C) ventriclesissgreatersthanspressureswithinsthespulmonarysartery.
D) ventriclesisslesssthanspressureswithinsthespulmonarysartery.
E) musclessofsthespulmonaryssemilunarsvalvesrelax.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
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52) Thesincreasedsaorticspressuresthatsoccurssduringssystolesreflectssa(n)
A) decreasedsresistancesofsthesvasculature.
B) decreasedsvolumesofsbloodswithinsthesaorta.
C) increasedsresistancesofsthesvasculature.
D) increasedsvolumesofsbloodsinsthesaorta.
E) decreasedsstiffnesssofsthesaorta.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
53) Thesend-diastolicsvolumesminussthesend-systolicsvolumesissthe
A) ejectionsfraction.
B) strokesvolume.
C) cardiacsoutput.
D) totalsventricularsvolume.
E) totalsatrialsvolume.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
54) Thesvolumesofsbloodsejectedsfromsthesventricleswithseachscontractionscansbesdescribedsbystheseq
uation
A) (end-diastolicsvolume)s-s(end-systolicsvolume).
B) (ejectionsfraction)s×s(end-diastolicsvolume).
C) (strokesvolume)s-s(end-diastolicsvolume).
D) (end-systolicsvolume)s-s(strokesvolume).
E) (pulsespressure)s-s(enddiastolicsvolume).sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
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55) Givensend-diastolicsvolumes=s130smLsandsendsystolicsvolumes=s50smL,swhatsissthesstrokesvolumesandsejectionsfraction?
A) SVs=s80smL,sEFs=s0.61
B) SVs=s180smL,sEFs=s0.61
C) SVs=s50smL,sEFs=s0.61
D) SVs=s180smL,sEFs=s0.38
E) SVs=s80smL,sEFs=s0.38
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
56) Whatscausessthessoundssthatsoneshearssassthesheartsbeats?
A) thessnappingsofsthesvalvessintosasclosedsposition
B) thesturbulencescreatedsassthesvalvessclose
C) thessnappingsofsthesvalvessintosthesopensposition
D) thesturbulencescreatedsassthesvalvessopen
E) thesbulksmovementsofsbloodsintosandsoutsofsthesventriclesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
57) Cardiacsoutputsissdeterminedsbyswhatstwosvariables?
A) heartsratesandsstrokesvolume
B) end-diastolicsvolumesandsend-systolicsvolume
C) strokesvolumesandsejectionsfraction
D) heartsratesandsejectionsfraction
E) preloadsandsafterloads
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
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58) Regulationsofstheshearts(orsanysorgansorstissue)sbysneuralsinput,scirculatingshormones,sorsanysoth
ersfactorsoriginatingsfromsoutsidesthesorgansissreferredstosass
control.
A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) neurogenic
D) myogenic
E) voluntary
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
59) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstructuressisspoorlysinnervatedsbysthesparasympatheticsnervousssyste
msand,stherefore,sansincreasesinsparasympatheticsactivityshasslittleseffectsonsthissstructure?
A) sinoatrialsnode
B) atrioventricularsnode
C) ventricles
D) conductionspathway
E) Purkinjesfiberss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
60) ThesSAsnodesissinnervatedsbysthe
A) sympatheticsnervousssystemsonly.
B) parasympatheticsnervousssystemsonly.
C) somaticsnervousssystemsonly.
D) sympatheticsandsparasympatheticsnervousssystems.
E) sympathetic,sparasympathetic,sandssomaticsnervousssystems.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
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61) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissanseffectsofsparasympatheticsactivitystosthesheart?
A) Postganglionicsneuronssreleasesacetylcholine,swhichsbindsstosnicotinicscholinergicsreceptorssin
sthesSAsnode.
B) SAsnodalscellssaresdepolarized.
C) Heartsratesissincreased.
D) ThesratesofsspontaneoussdepolarizationsinsSAsnodalscellssdecreases.
E) cAMPsissactivated.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
62) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissasFALSEsstatementsaboutssympatheticsactivitystosthesSAsnode?
A) Norepinephrinesbindsstosbeta1sadrenergicsreceptors.
B) cAMPslevelssinsthespacemakerscellssincreases.
C) Funnyschannelsopeningsissenhanced.
D) Thesratesofsspontaneoussdepolarizationsissincreased.
E) Potassiumschannelsclosingsissenhanced.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
63) Undersrestingsconditions,sheartsratesissprimarilysundersthescontrolsofswhatscontrolssystem?
A) thesparasympatheticsnervousssystem
B) thessympatheticsnervousssystem
C) epinephrine
D) thessomaticsnervousssystem
E) intrinsicsmechanismss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
575 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
64) Ansincreasesinsheartsratescansbesmediatedsthroughswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) asdecreasesinsparasympatheticsnervoussactivitysonly
B) asdecreasesinssympatheticsactivitysonly
C) ansincreasesinssympatheticsactivitysonly
D) ansincreasesinsparasympatheticsactivitysandsasdecreasesinssympatheticsactivity
E) asdecreasesinsparasympatheticsactivitysandsansincreasesinssympatheticsactivitysA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
65) WhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsNOTsresultsfromsansincreasesinsventricularscontractility?
A) increasedsstrokesvolume
B) increasedsejectionsfraction
C) decreasedsend-systolicsvolume
D) increasedsproportionsofsend-diastolicsvolumesthatsissejected
E) decreasedsenddiastolicsvolumesAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
66) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsdescribesstheseffectsofssympatheticsactivitysonsventricularsco
ntractilescells?
A) Thesratessofscontractionsandsrelaxationsbothsincrease,swhereassthesforcesofscontractionsde
creases.
B) Thesratesofscontractionsandsthesforcesofscontractionsbothsincrease,swhereassthesratesofsrel
axationsdecreases.
C) Thesratessofscontractionsandsrelaxationsandsthesforcesofscontractionsallsincrease.
D) Thesratessofscontractionsandsrelaxationsbothsdecrease,swhereassthesforcesofscontractionsin
creases.
E) Thesforcesofscontractionsincreases,swhereassthesratessofscontractionsandsrelaxationsaresnotsaff
ected.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
576 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
67) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdescribesstheseffectsofsend-diastolicsvolumesonsstrokesvolume?
A) Ansincreasesinsenddiastolicsvolumesstretchessventricularsmusclescellsstoslengthssgreatersthansoptimum,sdecreasingsthes
strengthsofscontractionsandstherebysdecreasingsstrokesvolume.
B) Ansincreasesinsenddiastolicsvolumesstretchessventricularsmusclescellsstoslengthsscloserstosoptimum,sincreasingsthes
strengthsofscontractionsandstherebysincreasingsstrokesvolume.
C) Asdecreasesinsenddiastolicsvolumesallowssventricularsmusclescellsstosrelaxsmoresduringsdiastole,sallowingsmores
bloodstosreturnstosthesheartsincreasingsstrokesvolume.
D) Asdecreasesinsenddiastolicsvolumescreatessasvacuumsdrawingsmoresbloodsintosthesventriclesincreasingsstrokesvolum
e.
E) Asdecreasesinsenddiastolicsvolumesallowsscardiacsmusclestosrelax,sconservingsenergysforsthesnextscontraction,sthereb
ysincreasingsstrokesvolumesofsthatsnextscontraction.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
68) WhichsofsthesfollowingsvariablessissNOTsansintrinsicsfactorsthatsaltersscardiacsfunction?
A) preload
B) atrialspressure
C) end-systolicsvolume
D) hormonalsstimulation
E) Starling'sslaws
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
69) Starlingscurvessplots
againsts
A) strokesvolumes:send-diastolicsvolume
B) strokesvolumes:send-systolicsvolume
C) heartsrates:send-diastolicsvolume
D) heartsrates:send-systolicsvolume
E) cardiacsoutputs:senddiastolicsvolumesAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
.
577 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
70) Thespreloadsissapproximatelysthessamesassthes
A) end-diastolic
B) end-systolic
C) aorticssystolic
D) aorticsdiastolic
E) atrialsAn
swer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
pressure.
71) Whichsofsthesfollowingsfactorssdeterminesspreload?
A) heartsratesandsvenoussreturn
B) thespressuresinsthesaortasandstheslungs
C) end-diastolicsvolumesandsend-systolicsvolume
D) parasympatheticsactivitysofsthesventricles
E) peripheralsresistancesandstensions
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
72) Ansincreasesinsvenoussreturnswouldsresultsinsa(n)
A) increasedsend-systolicsvolume.
B) decreasedsend-systolicsvolume.
C) decreasedsend-diastolicsvolume.
D) increasedsend-diastolicsvolume.
E) increasesmidsystolicsvolume.sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
73) WhichsofsthesfollowingsvariablessissNOTsinvolvedsinsdeterminingsventricularspreload?
A) fillingstime
B) atrialspressure
C) venoussreturn
D) afterload
E) centralsvenousspressures
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
578 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
74) Asdecreasesinsafterloadswillsleadstoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) increasedsheartsrate
B) decreasedsheartsrate
C) increasedsstrokesvolume
D) decreasedsstrokesvolume
E) decreasedscardiacsoutputs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
75) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdecreasessheartsrate?
A) increasesinsvenousspressure
B) increasesinsfillingstime
C) increasesinssympatheticsactivity
D) increasesinsparasympatheticsactivity
E) increasesinsstrokesvolumes
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
76) Whichsheartsstructuresreceivessdeoxygenatedsbloodsfromsveins?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
579 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
77) Whichsheartsstructuresreceivessbloodsfromsthespulmonarysveins?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
78) WheresissthesSAsnodeslocated?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
79) Thesmitralsvalvesseparatesswhatschambersfromsitssassociatedsventricle?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
80) Whatschambersemptiessintosthesaorta?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
580 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
81) Whatschambershassthesthickestsmyocardium?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
82) Duringsisovolumetricscontraction,swhichschambershassthesgreatestspressure?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.3
83) Whichschambersissconnectedstosthespulmonarysarteries?
A) rightsatrium
B) leftsventricle
C) leftsatrium
D) rightsventricle
E) AVsbundles(bundlesofsHis)s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
581 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
84) Whichschannelstypesallowsssodiumsmovementsintosthescellsduringsthesearlysspontaneoussde
polarizationsinsautorhythmicscells?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
85) Whichschannelstypesallowsscalciumsmovementsintosthescellsduringstheslatesspontaneoussde
polarizationsinsautorhythmicscells?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
86) Whichschannelstypesallowssionsmovementsoutsofsthescellsduringsrepolarizationsofsthesau
torhythmicscells?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
582 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
87) Whichschannelstypesissresponsiblesforsionsmovementsduringsthesdepolarizationsphasesofsthesau
torhythmicscellsactionspotential?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
88) Whatschannelssopensduringsthesplateausphasesofsthescardiacscontractilescellsactionspotential?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
89) Openingsofswhatschannelssissresponsiblesforsthesdepolarizationsphasesofsthescardiacsco
ntractilescellsactionspotential?
A) potassiumschannels
B) T-typescalciumschannels
C) funnyschannels
D) L-typescalciumschannels
E) voltagegatedssodiumschannelssAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
583 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
90) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssventricularsdepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) P-Rsinterval
C) Tswave
D) Q-Tsinterval
E) QRSscomplex
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
91) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssatrialsdepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) P-Rsinterval
C) Tswave
D) Q-Tsinterval
E) QRSscomplex
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
92) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssventricularsrepolarization?
A) Pswave
B) P-Rsinterval
C) Tswave
D) Q-Tsinterval
E) QRSscomplexs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
93) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssventricularssystole?
A) Pswave
B) P-Rsinterval
C) Tswave
D) Q-Tsinterval
E) QRSscomplex
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
584 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
94) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssventricularsdiastole?
A) P-Rsinterval
B) Tswave
C) Q-Tsinterval
D) QRSscomplex
E) TQssegmentsAns
wer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
95) WhichscomponentsofsansECGsrepresentssthesAVsnodalsconductionstime?
A) P-Rsinterval
B) Tswave
C) Q-Tsinterval
D) QRSscomplex
E) TQssegmentsAns
wer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
96) Inswhatsphasesissthescardiacscycleswhensallsfoursvalvessaresclosedsandspressuresinsthesven
triclesissdecreasing?
A) atrialscontraction
B) ventricularsfilling
C) isovolumetricscontraction
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) ventricularsejections
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
585 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
97) Inswhatsphasesofsthescardiacscyclesdoessventricularspressuresexceedsaorticspressure?
A) atrialscontraction
B) ventricularsfilling
C) isovolumetricscontraction
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) ventricularsejections
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
98) InswhatsphasesissthescardiacscycleswhensthesAVsvalvessaresopensandssemilunarsvalvessaresclo
sed?
A) atrialscontraction
B) ventricularsfilling
C) isovolumetricscontraction
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) ventricularsejections
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
99) InswhatsphasesissthescardiacscycleswhensthessemilunarsvalvessaresopensandsAVsvalvessaresclo
sed?
A) atrialscontraction
B) ventricularsfilling
C) isovolumetricscontraction
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) ventricularsejections
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
586 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
100) Thessecondsheartssoundscoincidesswithsthesbeginningsofswhichsperiodsinsthescardiacscycle?
A) atrialscontraction
B) ventricularsfilling
C) isovolumetricscontraction
D) isovolumetricsrelaxation
E) ventricularsejections
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
101) Bloodsreturnsstosthesleftsatriumsviaswhatsbloodsvessels?
A) superiorsandsinferiorsvenascavae
B) pulmonarysveins
C) coronarysartery
D) iliacsvein
E) aortasAn
swer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
102) Whatsaresthesthreeslayerssofsthesheart,sfromsinsidestosoutside?
A) myocardium,sepicardium,sandsendothelium
B) endothelium,smyocardium,sandsepicardium
C) epicardium,smyocardium,sandsendothelium
D) endothelium,sepicardium,sandsmyocardium
E) myocardium,sendothelium,sandsepicardiums
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
103) Bloodsissmovedsthroughsthespulmonarysvasculaturesbyspressuresgeneratedswithinsthe
A) rightsventricle.
B) aorta.
C) rightsatrium.
D) leftsventricle.
E) leftsatrium.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
587 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
104) Whatscomponentsofsthesconductionspathwaystransmitssthesactionspotentialstosthesventricularsco
ntractilescells?
A) bundlesofsHis
B) SAsnode
C) nodalspathways
D) AVsnode
E) Purkinjesfiberss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
105) Whatsissthespacemakersofsthesheart?
A) bundlesofsHis
B) Purkinjesfibers
C) SAsnode
D) AVsnode
E) nodalspathways
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
106) Thesinitialsdepolarizationsthatsoccurssinspacemakerscellssisscausedsbysclosingsofs
schannelssandsopeningsofs
channels.
A) potassiums:sT-typescalcium
B) sodiums:sT-typescalcium
C) sodiums:sfunny
D) sodiums:sL-typescalcium
E) potassiums:sfunnys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
588 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
107) Thesdepolarizationsofsthesactionspotentialsinsthespacemakerscellssissdrivensbysthesrapidsinf
luxsofs
ionssthroughs
channels.
A) calciums:sL-typescalcium
B) potassiums:sT-typescalcium
C) potassiums:sfunny
D) sodiums:sfunny
E) sodiums:sTtypescalciumsAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
108) Thesperiodsofsventricularscontractionsisscalleds
,swhereassthesperiodsofsventricularsrelaxationsisscalleds
A) Vsfibs:sAsfib
B) actionspotentials:sgradedspotential
C) systoles:sdiastole
D) actionspotentials:srefractorysperiod
E) diastoles:ssystoles
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
.
109) ThesPswavesofstheselectrocardiogramsisscreatedsby
A) atrialshyperpolarization.
B) atrialsrepolarization.
C) atrialsdepolarization.
D) ventricularsrepolarization.
E) ventricularsdepolarization.
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
589 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
110) Thesrepolarizationsofsthesventriclesissreflectedsinsthes
A) Pswave
B) QRSscomplex
C) Tswave
D) R-Rsinterval
E) PQsintervalsAns
wer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.4
ofstheselectrocardiogram.
111) Thesvolumesofsbloodsthatsisspumpedsbysthesheartseverysminutesissdeterminedsbystheseq
uation
A) COs=sHRs×sSV.
B) BPs-sPRs×sVL.
C) SVs=sEDVs-sESV.
D) EFs=sEDVs-sESV.
E) Ts=sPR/2.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
112) Whatsissthesequationsrelatingsstrokesvolumes(SV),send-diastolicsvolumes(EDV),sandsendsstrokesvolumes(ESV)?
A) SVs=sEDVs-sESV
B) SVs=sEDVs+sESV
C) SVs=sEDV/ESV
D) SVs=sEDVs×sESV
E) SVs=sEDVs+sESV/3
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 13.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
590 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Allsveinssreturnsbloodstosthesheart.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.1
2) Allsveinsscontainsdeoxygenatedsblood.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
3) Deoxygenatedsbloodsissblue.s
Answer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
4) Thesmuscularswallsofsthesrightsventriclesissthickersthansthatsofsthesleftsventriclesbecausesitsdev
elopssasgreaterspressuresinsorderstosdeliversbloodstosthesorganssofsthesbody.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
5) Arteriessaresvesselssthatsalwaysscarrysoxygenatedsblood.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.2
6) Ischemiasissasconditionsinswhichsbloodsflowsinsastissuesissinsufficientstoskeepsupswithsme
tabolicsdemand.
Answer:s TRUEsHAP
SsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
591 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Asheartsattacksissalsosknownsassmyocardialsischemia.sA
nswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.2
8) Onsaverage,swomenshavesanatomicallyslargersheartssthansmen.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
9) Prolapsesinvolvessimpropersalignmentsofsthesatrioventricularsvalvessuchsthatsonesorsmoresofsth
escuspssarespushedsintosthesatriumsbysthespressuresdevelopedsinsthesventricle.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.3
10) Thescontractilescyclesofsthesheartsnormallysoriginatessfromsaspacemakerscellswithinsthessin
oatrialsnode.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
11) Contractilesactivitysofscardiacsmusclesissneurogenics
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
12) Ventricularscontractionsbeginssatsthestopsofsthesheartsandstravelssdownwardstositssapex.sAn
swer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Calciumsmovementsintosthescellscausessthesrapidsdepolarizationsofsthesautorhythmicscellsacti
onspotential,swhereasssodiumsmovementsintosthescellscausessthesrapidsdepolarizationsofsthescontra
ctilescellsactionspotential.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
14) DuringsrecordingsofsansECG,sasdepolarizationsthatstravelsstowardsaspositivesleadswillscausesans
upwardsdeflection.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.5sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
15) Anselectrocardiogramsrecordingsissthessamesthingsassansactionspotential.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4|13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
16) Abnormalselectricalsactivitysofsthesheartsisscalledsmyocardialsinfarction.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
17) AnsabnormallysslowsfiringsofsthesSAsnodescausessbradycardia.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
18) Atrialsfibrillationsissusuallysfatalsifsnotstreatedsimmediately.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
19) Thescardiacscyclesrepresentssonesheartbeat.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
20) Calciumsenteringsthescellsduringsthesplateausphasesofsthesventricularscellsactionspotentialstri
ggersscalciumsreleasesfromsthessarcoplasmicsreticulum.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
21) Arteriesshavesashighscompliancescomparedstosveins.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.5
22) Thesrestingscardiacsoutputsforsbothsthesleftsandsrightsventriclessissapproximatelys5.0slit
ers/minute.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
23) Age,sgeneralshealth,slevelsofsmuscularsactivitysandsemotionalsstatescansallsaffectscardiacsou
tputsandsheartsrate.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 13.6
24) Thesheartsissregulatedsbysbothsintrinsicsandsextrinsicsmechanisms.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
594 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
25) Givensasconstantspressure,sthesgreatersthesradiussofsthesvessel,sthesgreatersthestensionsonsthesves
selswalls.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 13.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
13.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Describesthesstructuressofsthesheartsthatsaresresponsiblesforsregulatingsthesmovementsofsbloodsfro
msoneschamberstosthesnext.
Answer:s Thesheartsissasuniquesstructurescontainingstwospumpssthatsworksinsparallel.sOnesofsthosesp
umpss(left)sdrivessbloodstosmostsofsthestissuessofsthesbodysthroughsthessystemicscirculationswhilesthes
otherspumps(right)sdrivessbloodsthroughstheslungs.sThesespumpssaresseparatedsbysasconnectivestissu
esstructurescalledsthesseptumsthatspreventssthesmovementsofsbloodsdirectlysfromsthesleftstosthesrightssi
desofsthesheart,sorsvicesversa.sEachspumpsisscomposedsofstwosstructures:sthesatriumsandsthesventricle.
sThesatriasaresresponsiblesforscollectingsthesreturningsbloodsfromsthesvenascavas(leftsatrium)sorsthespu
lmonarysveins(rightsatrium)suntilsitsissmoveds(passivelysatsfirstsandsendingsinsansatrialscontraction)stos
thesventricles.sThesventriclessdevelopsthespressuresthatsissthesdrivingsforcesforsthesmovementsofsbloo
dsthroughsthesvasculature.sThesunidirectionalsmovementsofsbloodsissensuredsbysthespresencesofsatrio
ventriculars(AV)svalvesslocatedsbetweensthesatriumsandsventriclesasswellsasssemilunarsvalvessbetwe
ensthesventriclesandsthesvasculature.sThesAVsvalvessincludesthesbicuspids(mitral)svalvesonsthesleftssi
desofsthesheartsandsthestricuspidsvalvesonsthesrightsside.sThesesvalvessaresopenedsandsclosedsbyschang
essinspressureswithinstheschamberssofsthesheartsandsvasculature.sThesAVsvalvessaresattachedstosthespa
pillarysmusclesbystheschordaestendinaeswhichshelpstosanchorsthesvalvessagainststhesdramaticsincreas
esinspressuresthatsoccursswithinsthesventricles,stherebyspreventingsthesbackflowsofsbloodsintosthesatri
a.sThessemilunarsvalvess(pulmonarysandsaortic)spreventsthesmovementsofsbloodsfromsthesvasculatur
esbacksintosthesventricle.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
2) Ionschannelsswithinsthesconductionssystemsofsthesheartsdeterminesthesfrequencysofscontractilescy
clessgeneratedsbysthesheart.sDescribesthesautorhythmicspropertiessofsthesheart,swithsparticularsemph
asissonsthesionschannelssinvolvedsinsthespacemakerspotentials.
Answer:s Thespacemakerscellssofsthesheartsaresinvolvedsinsoriginatingsandsconductingsactionspotenti
alssthroughsthesheart.sThesconductionspathwaysstartssatsthessinoatrialsnode,swheresmostscardiacscycl
essaresinitiated.sThesheartsisssaidstoshavesansautorhythmicitysbecausesitsissablestosgeneratesitssownsact
ionspotential.sThespacemakerscellssofsthesheartsaresresponsiblesforsthissautorhythmicity,sbecausesthe
ysspontaneouslysgeneratestheirsownsactionspotentials.sThessourcesofsthatscapacitysresidesswithsthesio
nschannelssthatsaresactiveswithinspacemakerscells.sAftersthesrestingsmembranespotentialsissreached,st
hesK+schannelssthatsweresactivatedstosreturnsmembranespotentialstoscontrolswillsclose,ssuchsthatsthes
membranesbeginsstosslowlysdepolarize.sAtsthessamestime,saschannelsthatsissrelativelysnonspecificsforsK+sorsNa+s(asfunnyschannel,snonselectivescationschannel)sbeginsstosopen,sfurtheringsthesslowsdepolarizationsofsthesmembrane.sBefo
resmembranespotentialscansreachsthreshold,sthesTtypesCa2+schannelssaresactivated.sTheyswillsfurthersthesdepolarization.sTheseschannelssaresonlysope
nsforsasshortstimesspan,sbutsthesdepolarizationsthatstheysmediatesstimulatessthesopeningsofsLtypesCa2+schannelssthatsaresresponsiblesforsthesactionspotential.sInsthespacemakerscells,sthesactionsp
otentialsissdrivensbysthesinfluxsofsCa2+srathersthansNa+.sThesstimulationsofsLtypesCa2+schannelssissregenerative,sassissthesstimulationsofsNa+schannelssinsneuronssandsskeletalsm
uscles.sThesopeningsofsoneschannelswillsinducesasdepolarizationsthatsstimulatessothersstosopen,sfurth
ersdepolarizingsthescell'ssmembrane.sAtssomespoint,sthespermeabilitysofsthatsmembranestosK+sissele
vated.sThatselevationsinsK+spermeabilitysissvoltagesdependentsbutsoccurssmoresslowlysthansthesopen
ingsofsLtypesCa2+schannels.sThesfrequencyswithswhichspacemakerscellssdevelopsansactionspotentialsissaffec
tedsbysthesratesofsdepolarization.sThesfastersthescellssdepolarize,sthessoonersthescellswillsreachsthresh
oldsandsansactionspotentialswillsbesgenerated.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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3) Thespathwaysbyswhichsactionspotentialssfromsthessinoatrialsnodestravelsthroughsthesheartsissimpo
rtantsforsthesnormalsfunctionsofsthesheart.sDescribesthesconductionspathwaysofsthesheartsandshowsthat
spathscorrespondsstoselectricalseventssinsansECGsreading.
Answer:s Thesautorhythmicitysofsthespacemakerscellssofsthessinoatrialsnodespointsstosthesintrinsicsabi
litysofsthosescellsstosgeneratesactionspotentials.sThesSAsnodesgeneratessapproximatelys70simpulsessp
ersminutesoncesinitiated,sthesactionspotentialsstravelsinsaswavesalongsthesatriasfromscellstoscell,sstimul
atingsthemstoscontract.sThatswavesreachessthesatrioventricularsnode,swheresthesspeeds(velocity)swiths
whichsthesactionspotentialstravelssslowssdramaticallysandstheresissasslightspausescalledsthesAVsnodals
delay.sThisspathwaysfromsthesSAsnodestosthesAVsnodesrepresentssasPswavesonsansECGstracing.sThes
AVsnodescansmaintainsthesheartbeatsshouldsthesSAsnodesfailshoweversitswillsbesonlysatsapproximatel
ys50sbpm.sAfterstraversingsthesatrioventricularsnode,sthesactionspotentialsgainssspeedsassitstravelssalo
ngsthesbundlesofsHissandsbifurcatessintosthesleftsandsrightsbundlesbranchessAssthesactionspotentialsma
kessitsswaysdownsthesbundlesofsHissandsintosthesleftsandsrightsbundlesbranchessthisswouldscorrespond
stosthesdownwardsstrokesofsQsinsthesQRSscomplex.sThesesbranchessmovesthesactionspotentialstoward
sthesapexsofsthesheartsbeforesthesconductionspathwaysfurthersbranchessandsultimatelysendssatsthesPur
kinjesfibers.sItsissthesesfiberssthatstransmitsthesactionspotentialstosthesventricularsmyocyte.sThescontra
ctionsofsthesventriclesoriginatessatsitssapex,spushingsbloodsupsandsoutsofsthesventriclesandsthisswoulds
representsthescompletedsQRSscomplexsinsthesECG.sFinally,sassthesventriclessrelaxsasTswaveswillsfor
msbeforesanothersimpulsesissfiredsbysthesSAsnode.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4|5|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
4) ContractionsofsthesventricularscontractilescellssoriginatessfromsthesPurkinjescells.sDescribesthesel
ectricalseventssresponsiblesforsthesactionspotentialsofsthesventricle.
Answer:s Contractionsofsthesventricularscontractilescellsissoriginatedsbysthesactionspotentialsthatshasst
raveledsalongsthesconductionspathwaysandsendedswithinsthesPurkinjesfibers.sThescurrentsresponsible
sforsthesactionspotentialsinsthesPurkinjescellsspassesstosthesventricularscontractilescellsthroughsgapsjun
ctions.sThatsdepolarizingscurrentscausessthesNa+schannelsstosopen,stherebysinducingsthesrapidsupstr
okesofsthesactionspotentialswithinsthescontractilescells(Phases0).sThoseschannelssaresrapidlysclosedsby
stheirsinactivationsgates,sasswassobservedsinsneurons.sHowever,smembranespotentialsdoessnotsreturns
immediatelystosrestingsvalues.sThissreductionsinsthesratesofsrepolarizations(Phases1)sissdrivensbystwos
events:s1)sthesclosuresofsthesvoltagegatedsinwardlysrectifiedsK+schannelssands2)sthesopeningsofsthesvoltage-gatedsLtypesCa2+schannels.sThesestwoseventssslowsthesratesofsrepolarizationsofsthesmembranesmaintainingsi
tsinsasrelativelysdepolarizedsstatesforsaslongersperiodsofstime,swhichsissdescribedsassthesplateaus(Phases
2).sAftersasshortsdelays(approximatelys200sms),sdelayedsrectifiersK+schannelssbeginstosopen,sthereby
sspeedingsthesratesofsrepolarizations(Phases3).sThissrepolarizationscausessthesCa2+schannelsstosclose,
sfurthersrepolarizingsthesmembrane.sThereafter,sthesmembranesmaintainssasstablesrestingsmembranes
potentials(-80smV)sthroughsthesactivitysofsK+schannelss(Phases4).
LearningsOutcome:s 13.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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5) Describestheschangessinspressuresandsvolumesthatsoccurswithinsthesleftsventriclesthroughoutsth
escoursesofsthescardiacscycle,sstartingsatsthesbeginningsofsdiastole.
Answer:s Atsthesbeginningsofsdiastole,sintraventricularspressuresissjustsbelowsaorticspressures(thesaort
icssemilunarsvalveshassjustsclosed).sVentricularspressurescontinuesstosdecreaseswithoutsanyschangesi
nsvolumes(isovolumetricsrelaxation),suntilspressureswithinsthesleftsventriclesisslesssthanspressureswith
insthesleftsatrium.sSincesthesmovementsofsbloodswithinsthescardiovascularssystemsissdrivensbyspressur
esgradients,soncespressuresissgreatersinsthesatriumsthansinsthesventricle,sthesbicuspidsvalvesopenssands
bloodsflowssintosthesventricle.sThus,sventricularsvolumesbeginsstosincrease.sThisscontinuessuntil,sto
wardsthesendsofsdiastole,sthesleftsatriumscontractssslightly,sincreasingsventricularspressuresassthesfina
lsvolumesofsbloodsissmovedsfromsthesleftsatriumstosthesleftsventricle.sThissmarkssthesendsofsdiastolesa
ndsthesbeginningsofssystole.sSystolesissinitiatedsbysventricularscontraction,swhichsincreasesspressures
withinsthesventricle,seventuallyscausingsthesbicuspidsvalvestosclose.sThescontractionswithinsthesventr
iclescausesspressurestosincreaseswithoutsinducingsanyschangesinsvolumes(isovolumetricscontraction).s
Isovolumetricscontractionscontinuessuntilsthespressureswithinsthesventriclesissgreatersthanswithinsthes
aortas(whichshassbeensdecreasingssincesthesbeginningsofsdiastole),sleadingstosthesopeningsofsthesaorti
cssemilunarsvalve.sOncesthesvalvesopens,sbloodsbeginsstosleavesthesventricle,stherebysdecreasingsitssv
olume.sThissdecreasesinsvolumescontinuessuntilsthesheartsbeginsstosrelax,satswhichspointspressureswit
hinsthesventriclesdecreasessbelowsaorticspressure,sandsthesaorticssemilunarsvalvesclosessandsdiastoles
beginssoncesagain.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 13.5
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6) Cardiacsoutputsissinspartsdeterminedsbyschangessinsheartsrate.sDescribesthesfactorssthatsaresres
ponsiblesforsinducingschangessinsheartsrate.
Answer:s Heartsratesissonesofsthesdeterminantssofscardiacsoutput.sThesheartsratesissdeterminedsbysthes
pacemakerscells.sTypically,sheartsbeatssoriginatesfromsthessinoatrialsnode.sHowever,sotherssitessalon
gsthesconductionspathwaysalsoscontainspacemakerscellssthat,swhilestheystendstoshavesasslowersratesofs
depolarization,scansalsoscausescontraction.sThesabilitysofsthesescellsstosgeneratesansactionspotentialsin
volvessthesslowsdepolarizationsdrivensbysthesclosuresofsK+schannels,sthesopeningsofsnonselectivescationschannelss(funnyschannels)sandsthesultimatesopeningsofsthesCa2+schannels.sThesauto
nomicsnervousssystemsissthesprimarysmodulatorsofsheartsrate.sThissmeanssthatsactivitysofssympatheti
csandsparasympatheticsneuronssmustsbesablestosaltersthesslopesofsthesslowsdepolarizationsofsthespace
makerscells.sTheresaressympatheticsandsparasympatheticsneuronssthatsinnervatesthessinoatrialsnode,s
atrioventricularsnode,sandsothersregionssofsthesconductionspathwaysthatscansaltersheartsrate.sIncrease
ssinssympatheticsactivityswillsincreasesthesslopesofsthesslowsdepolarization,scausingsheartsratestosincre
ase,swhereassparasympatheticsactivityswillsdecreasesthesslopesofsthesslowsdepolarization,scausingshe
artsratestosdecrease.sAsnumbersofshormonesslikesepinephrine,sglucagon,sthyroidshormone,sandsothers
sactsinsasmannerssimilarstossympatheticsactivity.sEachsofstheshormonesselevatessheartsratesbysincreasi
ngsthesslopesofsthesslowsdepolarization.sHeartsratesindependentsofsthesautonomicsnervousssystemsten
dsstosbesarounds100sbts/min.sSincesnormalsheartsratesforsadultsstendsstosbeslesssthansthat,sthesheartsisss
aidstosbesundersrestingsparasympatheticstone.sHowever,sthississnotstossaysthatsthessympatheticsnervou
sssystemsissnotsactive.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.6
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7) Cardiacsoutputsissinspartsdeterminedsbyschangessinsstrokesvolume.sIdentifysthesfactorssin
volvedsinsthesdeterminationsofsstrokesvolume.
Answer:s Cardiacsoutputsissdeterminedsbysthesproductsofsheartsrates(thesnumbersofstimessthesheartscon
tractsseachsminute)sandsstrokesvolumes(meansvolumesofsbloodsejectedsfromsthesheartsduringseachsofs
thosescontractions).sStrokesvolumesitselfsissdeterminedsbysthreesimportantsfactors:s1)sventricularsco
ntractility,s2)senddiastolicsvolume,sands3)safterload.sContractilitysofsthesventriclescansbesalteredsbysreceptorssonsthesce
llssurfacesinsresponsestosligandsbinding.sThosesligandsscans besfromsthessympatheticsnervousssystems
(epinephrinesandsnorepinephrine)sorsfromsothersendocrineshormones.sTheirsbindingscansstimulatesa
nsincreasesorsdecreasesinsventricularscontractility,sthesnaturesofswhichsdependssuponsthessecondsmes
sengersstoswhichsthesreceptorssarescoupled.sTheseffectsofsenddiastolicsvolumesonsstrokesvolumesissdrivensbysStarling'ssLawsofsthesHeart.sThisslawsstatessthat,sassth
esvolumesofsbloodsthatsfillssthesheartsincreasess(increasedsvenoussreturn),sthesheartswillspumpsoutsmo
resofsthatsblood.sThus,sthesventriclesmatchessinflowsofsbloodswithsoutflow.sBothssympatheticsactivit
ysandsthesheart'ssresponsestosstretchscansbescombinedsintoswhatsarescalledsStarling'sscurves.sThesescu
rvessplotstheschangesinsstrokesvolumesforsasgivensendsdiastolicsvolume.sEachscurvesrepresentssStarling'ssforcesatsasgivenslevelsofssympatheticsactivity.sAss
sympatheticsactivitysincreases,sthescurveswillsbesshiftedsupwardssuchsthatsmoresofsthesbloodsissejecte
dsfromsthesventriclesatseachsend-diastolicsvolume.sThescontrolsofsenddiastolicsvolumes(sometimescalledspreload)sissinspartsdeterminedsbysventricularsfillingstimesandsatria
lspressure.sAssthesheartsslowssitssratesofsactivity,sthestimesallowedsforsthesventriclestosfillsincreases,sth
erebysincreasingsthesvolumesofsbloodsthatscansbesloadedsintosthesventricle.sAtsthessamestime,sbloods
mustsbesdrivensbyspressuresfromsthesatriumstosthesventricle.sThus,sansincreasesinsatrialspressuresthatsr
esultssfromsansincreasesinsvenousspressureswillsdrivesmoresbloodsfromsthesatriumsintosthesventricle.s
Finally,safterloadscanssubstantiallysaltersthesvolumesofsbloodsejectedsfromsthesheart.
Afterloadsrefersstosaorticspressuresthatsdeterminessatswhatspointsduringsventricularscontractionsbloods
beginsstosflowsintosthesaorta.sAssaorticspressuresincreases,sthesheartsmustspumpsmoresforcefullys(incr
easedscontractility)sinsorderstosmaintainsstrokesvolume.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 13.4
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8) Johnshassagedsgracefullysnowsatsthesagesofs75swithsdistinguishedsgrayshairsandsbeard,sunfortunate
lyshissSAsnodeshassfailedsandshissheartsratesissdownstos40sbeatsspersminute.sAnsECGsshowssbradycar
diasandshissstrokesvolumesisscalculatedstosbes80smL.sJohnsissshortsofsbreathsandshasslowsbloodspressu
resandsissfeelingsquitesunwell.sJohn'ssbrothersJimsiss78syearssoldsandswassastriathletesforsmanysyearssa
ndsstillsswimssandsbikessfivesdayssasweek.sJim'ssrestingsheartsratesiss50sbeatsspersminutesandshesfeelss
great.sHissstrokesvolumeshassbeenscalculatedstosbes120smLspersbeat.sCalculatesthescardiacsoutputsfors
bothsJohnsandsJimsandsexplainswhysJimsfeelsssosmuchsbettersthansJohn.
Answer:s COs=sSVs×sHR.sJohn'ssCOs=s80s×s40s=s3200smL/minute.sJim'ssCOs=s120s×s50s=s6000smL/m
inute.sAveragesCOsissapproximatelys5sL,sthereforesJohn,sevensthoughshissheartsissbeatingsonlys10sbe
atsslesssthansJim'ssdoessnotshavesasverysgoodsstrokesvolumesandsthereforesissnotspumpingsenoughsblo
odstosthesbody,sespeciallyshissbrain.sJim,sonsthesothershand,shassmuchsstrongersheartsmusclesduestosas
muchsthickersleftsventricleswhichshassgreaterscontractility.sTheseschangessaresasdirectsresultsofshissex
ercisesregimen.sAssasresult,sheshassasmuchslargersstrokesvolumesandsbetterscardiacsoutputsgivingshims
moresthansadequatesbloodssupplystosallsofshisstissues.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 13.5
9) Whileselectricalseventssinsthesventricularscontractilescellsinitiatescontraction,sintracellularsseconds
messengerssmodifysventricularscontractility.sDescribesthessecondmessengerspathwaysthatsunderliessthesincreasesinsventricularscontractility.
Answer:s Eachsofstheseffectssonsventricularscontractilitysaresinssomeswaysrelatedstoschangessinscalci
umsorssensitivitystoscalcium.sHormonesscansalterscontractilitysbystheirsactionsonssecondsmessengerssystems.sEpinephrinesandsnorepinephrinesbindingstosbetasadrenergicsreceptorssonsthesve
ntricularscellsmembranesincreasesthesactivitysofsthesenzymesadenylatescyclase.sAdenylatescyclasesc
atalyzessthesconversionsofsATPstoscyclicsAMPs(cAMP).scAMPsincreasessthesamountsofscalciumsthat
senterssthescellsduringsthescontractilescyclesbysenhancingsthesamountsofscalciumsthatscansentersthesce
llsthroughsitsssarcolemmascalciumschannels.sThisselevationsinsintracellularscalciumswillsincreasesth
esinteractionsbetweensactinsandsmyosinsbysexposingsmoresactinsmoleculessthroughsitssbindingstostro
ponin.sAtsthessamestime,scalciumsalsostriggerssansincreasesinsthesreleasesofscalciumsfromsthessarcopl
asmicsreticulum.
LearningsOutcome:s 13.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 13.6
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters14s s ThesCardiovascularsSystem:sBloodsVessels,sBloodsFlow,sandsBloodsPressure
14.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Whichsofsthesfollowingsequationsscorrectlysrelatessflow,spressure,sandsresistance?
A) flows=spressures×sresistance
B) pressures=sflows×sresistance
C) resistances=sflows×spressure
D) flows=spressures+sresistance
E) flows=spressuressresistancesAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
2) Whatsissthesdrivingsforcesforsbloodsflowsthroughsthessystemicscircuit?
A) capillaryshydrostaticspressure
B) centralsvenousspressure
C) leftsventricularspressure
D) meansarterialspressure
E) rightsatrialspressures
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
3) Inscomparisonstosthessystemicscircuit,sthespulmonaryscircuit
A) issundersgreaterspressure.
B) hasslowersbloodsflow.
C) hasslowersresistancestosbloodsflow.
D) hassansequalspressuresgradientstosdrivesbloodsflow.
E) transportssdeoxygenatedsblood.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
602 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
4) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsincreasesthesratesofsbloodsflowsthroughsasbloodsvessel?
A) constrictionsofsthesbloodsvessel
B) increasedsviscositysofsthesblood
C) increasedspressuresofsthesbloodsenteringsthesvessel
D) decreasedsradiussofsthesvessel
E) increasedslengthsofsthesvessels
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
5) Whichsofsthesfollowingsequationssisscorrect?
A) cardiacsoutputs=sstrokesvolumes×sheartsrate
B) cardiacsoutputs=smeansarterialspressures×stotalsperipheralsresistance
C) resistances=s(lengths×sradius4)s/sviscosity
D) meansarterialspressures=scardiacsoutputs×sstrokesvolume
E) meansarterialspressures=sresistances×sviscositys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
6) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsascomponentsofsthesmicrocirculation?
A) arterioles
B) venules
C) capillaries
D) metarterioles
E) veinssA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.2
7) Theslumensofseverysbloodsvesselsisslinedsbysasmonolayersofswhatscellstype?
A) endothelialscells
B) smoothsmusclescells
C) fibroblasts
D) erythrocytes
E) plateletss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.2
603 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
8) Whatsis/aresthescomponent(s)sofsasbloodsvessel'ssextracellularsmatrixsthatsprovide(s)stheste
nsilesstrengthsrequiredstoswithstandspressure?
A) gapsjunctions
B) elastin
C) collagen
D) hemoglobin
E) albumins
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.2
9) Theselasticsnaturesofstheslargestsbloodsvessel'sswallssallowssthemstosactsassas
,smaintainingsthesdrivingsforcesforsbloodsflowswhilesthesheartsissrelaxedsduringsdiastole.
A) volumesreservoir
B) non-distensiblesstructure
C) non-compliantsstructure
D) pressuresreservoir
E) contractilesforce
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
10) Thesbloodsvesselssofslargestsdiametersaresthes
,sandsthesbloodsvesselsswithsthesthickestswallssaresthes
A) arteriess:sarteries
B) veinss:sveins
C) arteriess:sveins
D) veinss:sarteries
E) arteriess:sarterioless
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
.
604 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
11) Whatscomponentsofsarteryswallssallowssthemstosstoresenergysthatsisslatersusedstosmaintainsco
ntinuoussbloodsflowsthroughsthescirculatoryssystem?
A) smoothsmuscle
B) skeletalsmuscle
C) elastin
D) collagen
E) endothelium
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
12) Arteriesshaves
compliancesands
A) highs:shigh
B) lows:slow
C) highs:slow
D) lows:shigh
E) zeros:shighs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.3
resistancestosflow.
13) Whatsissasmeasuresofstheschangesinsvascularsvolumesasspressureswithinsthesvesselsissaltered?
A) bloodsflow
B) diffusibility
C) resistance
D) compliance
E) thespressuresgradients
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
605 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
14) Aspersonsgoesstosthesdoctorsandsisstoldshissbloodspressuresiss90/60sandshisspulsesiss80.sWhichsofst
hesfollowingsissFALSE?
A) Systolicspressuresiss90smmsHg.
B) Pulsespressuresiss80smmsHg.
C) Meansarterialspressuresiss70smmsHg.
D) Diastolicspressuresiss60.
E) Heartsratesiss80.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
15) Bloodspressuresissusuallysestimatedsfromsindirectsmeasurementssofsthespressuresinswhatsstr
ucture?
A) leftsventricle
B) aorta
C) radialsartery
D) brachialsartery
E) femoralsarterys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
16) Resistancestosbloodsflowsissregulatedsprimarilysbyswhatsbloodsvessels?
A) ventricle
B) arteries
C) arterioles
D) capillaries
E) veinssA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
606 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
17) Insthescirculatoryssystem,stheslargestspressuresdropsoccurssacrossswhichsbloodsvessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veinssA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
18) Thespulsatilesnaturesofsbloodspressuresissgreatestsinswhichsbloodsvessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veinssA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
19) Thestotalscross-sectionalsareasissgreatestsinswhichsbloodsvessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veinssA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
607 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
20) Thescontractilesactivitysofssmoothsmusclescellsswithinswhichstypesofsbloodsvesselsissprimarilysin
volvedsinsthescontrolsofsthesorgansbloodsflowsandsmeansarterialspressure?
A) arterioles
B) capillaries
C) arteries
D) venules
E) veinssA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
21) Bloodsflowsvelocitysissinverselysproportionalstosthespooledssurfacesareasofsasstructure;sth
erefore,sitsissgreatestsinsthes
andsslowestsinsthes
.
A) arteriess:sveins
B) arterioless:sveins
C) arteriess:scapillaries
D) capillariess:sarteries
E) veinss:sarteriess
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.5
22) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssaboutssmoothsmusclesinsarteriolessissFALSE?
A) Thesmusclesformssringssaroundsthesarteriole.
B) Musclescontractionsissundersintrinsicscontrols.
C) Musclescontractionsissundersextrinsicscontrols.
D) Thesmuscleshassinherents(myogenic)stone.
E) Thesmusclesissmultiunitssmoothsmuscle.sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
608 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
23) Whatsissthespurposesofsextrinsicscontrolsofsarteriolarssmoothsmusclescontractilesactivity?
A) regulatesbloodsflowsthroughsspecificscapillarysbeds
B) regulatesmeansarterialspressure
C) regulatesstrokesvolume
D) regulatescardiacsoutput
E) regulatesheartsrates
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
24) Whichsofsthesfollowingschemicals'sconcentrationsissNOTsincreasedsbysanselevationsinsm
etabolicsactivity?
A) potassium
B) oxygen
C) carbonsdioxide
D) hydrogen
E) pyruvicsacid
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
25) Chemicalssreleasedsbysmetabolicallysactivescellsswillscauseswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) relaxationsofsarteriolarssmoothsmusclestosincreasesbloodsflow
B) relaxationsofscapillaryssmoothsmusclestosdecreasesbloodsflow
C) contractionsofsarteriolarssmoothsmusclestosincreasesbloodsflow
D) contractionsofsarteriolarssmoothsmusclestosdecreasesbloodsflow
E) contractionsofscapillaryssmoothsmusclestosincreasesbloodsflowsA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
609 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
26) Whatsissasdecreasesinstissuesoxygenscalled?
A) hypoxemia
B) hyperemia
C) hypoxia
D) hyperoxia
E) ischemia
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
27) Whatsissansincreasesinsbloodsflowsinsresponsestosansincreasesinstissuesmetabolicsactivityscal
led?
A) hyperoxia
B) reactiveshyperemia
C) activeshyperemia
D) ischemia
E) hypoxias
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
28) Insresponsestosasdecreasesinstissuesmetabolicsactivity,stissuesoxygensconcentrations
,swhichscausessa(n)s
.
A) decreases:sactiveshyperemicsresponse
B) decreases:sincreasesinstissuesischemia
C) decreases:sdilationsofsthesarterioles
D) increases:sactiveshyperemicsresponse
E) increases:sconstrictionsofsthesarterioless
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
610 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
29) Asdecreasesinspressureswithinsansarterioleswillsinitiatesa(n)
A) myogenicsresponse.
B) arterialsbaroreceptorsreflex.
C) cardiacsandsvenoussbaroreceptorsreflex.
D) activeshyperemia.
E) sinussarrhythmia.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
30) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaccuratelyscomparessactiveshyperemiastosreactiveshyperemia?
A) Onesissansincreasesinsbloodsflow,sthesothersissasdecrease.
B) Onesisscausedsbysansincreasesinsmetabolites,sthesotherstosasdecreasesinsperfusionspressure.
C) Onesisscausedsbysincreasedsmetabolicsactivity,sthesothersinsresponsestosansincreasesinsme
tabolitessfromsansocclusionstosbloodsflow.
D) Onesinvolvessvasodilation,sthesothersvasoconstriction.
E) Onesissansintrinsicsresponse,sthesothersansextrinsicsresponse.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
31) Ansincreasesinsthesconcentrationsofswhichsofsthesfollowingswithinsthesinterstitialsspacessu
rroundingsansarterioleswouldscausesthatsvesselstosconstrict?
A) lacticsacid
B) oxygen
C) prostacyclin
D) adenosine
E) nitricsoxide
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
611 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
32) Whichsofsthesfollowingssubstancessisssecretedsbysendothelialscellssandscausessva
soconstriction?
A) oxygen
B) nitricsoxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin1sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
33) Whichsofsthesfollowingssubstancessisscontinuouslyssecretedsbysendothelialscellssandscausessva
sodilation?
A) oxygen
B) nitricsoxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin1sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
34) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansimportantsvasodilatorsinscoronarysarteries?
A) oxygen
B) nitricsoxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin1sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
612 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
35) Duringsexercise,swhichsorganssreceivesansincreasesinsthesproportionsofscardiacsoutputsde
liveredstosthem?
A) brainsandsheart
B) skeletalsmuscle,sheart,sandsskin
C) skeletalsmuscle,sheart,sandsbrain
D) skeletalsmuscle,sskin,sandsbrain
E) gastrointestinalstractsandsskeletalsmuscles
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
36) Anyschangesinsthesrelativesdistributionsofscardiacsoutputstosansorgansisstypicallysduestosch
angessinswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) centralsvenousspressure
B) viscositysofsthesbloodsmovingsthroughsthatsorgan'ssvascularsbed
C) compliancesofsthatsorgan'ssvascularsbed
D) meansarterialspressure
E) resistancesofsthatsorgan'ssvascularsbeds
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
37) Duringsexercise,swhichsofsthesfollowingstissuessreceiveslesssbloodsflowscomparedstosrestingsco
nditions?
A) gastrointestinalstractsonly
B) brainsonly
C) skinsonly
D) heartsonly
E) bothsgastrointestinalstractsandsskins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
613 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
38) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsdecreasesmeansarterialspressure?
A) increasesinsheartsrate
B) increasesinsvenoussreturn
C) increasesinsstrokesvolume
D) increasesinstotalsperipheralsresistance
E) increasesinsarteriolesdiameters
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
39) Whatstypesofsadrenergicsreceptorsissfoundsinsthessmoothsmusclesofsmostssystemicsarterioles?
A) alphasonly
B) beta1sonly
C) beta2sonly
D) beta3sonly
E) bothsalphasandsbeta1s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
40) Theseffectssofsepinephrinesonsvascularsresistancesaresdependentsuponswhichsofsthesfol
lowing?
A) concentrationsofslocalsmetabolites
B) directionsofschangesinsmeansarterialspressure
C) specificsbaroreceptorsactivateds(lowsorshighspressure)
D) relativesdistributionsofsalphasandsbetasreceptors
E) relativesdistributionsofsnicotinicsandsmuscarinicsreceptorss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
614 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
41) Inscardiacsandsskeletalsmusclesvasculature,sthesdistributionsofsalphasandsbetasreceptorssisssu
chsthatsepinephrineswill
A) inducesasdilationsthatsincreasessbloodsflowstosthesestissues.
B) inducesasconstrictionsthatsdecreasessbloodsflowstosthesestissues.
C) increasesmyocardialscontractility.
D) increasesskeletalsmusclescontractility.
E) havesnoseffectsonsperipheralsresistance.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
42) Arteriolarssmoothsmusclesinswhichsofsthesfollowingstissuesstendsstoshavesbeta2sreceptorsspr
edominating?
A) brain
B) skeletalsmuscle
C) skin
D) gastrointestinalstract
E) liversAn
swer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
43) Drugssthatsblocksangiotensin-convertingsenzymeswouldscauseswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) decreasedsmeansarterialspressure
B) stimulationsofsreactiveshyperemia
C) decreasedsheartsrate
D) decreasesinsepinephrinesrelease
E) activationsofsthesparasympatheticsnervousssystems
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
615 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) Fenestratedscapillariessaresuniquesinstheirsabilitysto
A) allowsfewsmoleculesstospasssbetweensendothelialscells.
B) allowsrelativelyslargesmoleculesstospasssbetweensendothelialscells.
C) movesmoleculessacrosssendothelialscellssbystranscytosis.
D) restrictsthespassagesofsproteinssacrosssendothelialscells.
E) maintainsaslowspermeabilitystossmallswatersolublesmolecules.sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
45) Whatsorganshasscapillariessthatsaresthesmostsrestrictivestosmovementsofshydrophilicssolutes?
A) liver
B) brain
C) bonesmarrow
D) skeletalsmuscle
E) kidneyss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
46) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsincreasesbloodsflowsthroughsascapillarysbed?
A) constrictionsofsthesarteriolesleadingsintosthescapillarysbed
B) contractionsofssmoothsmusclesinsthesmetarteriolessbypassingsthescapillarysbed
C) contractionsofsprecapillaryssphincterssinsthescapillarysbed
D) decreasesinsbloodspressuresinsthesarteriolesleadingsintosthescapillarysbed
E) increasesinsvenousspressures
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
47) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldscausesrelaxationsofsprecapillaryssphincters?
A) carbonsdioxide
B) sympatheticsactivity
C) epinephrine
D) parasympatheticsactivity
E) vasopressin
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
616 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
48) Glucosesmovessacrossscontinuousscapillaryswallssbyswhatsmechanism?
A) diffusion
B) facilitated
C) primarysactivestransport
D) secondarysactivestransport
E) transcytosis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
49) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasmechanismsthatsenablessmoleculesstosmovesacrossscapillarysen
dothelialscells?
A) transcytosissacrosssendothelialscells
B) movementsthroughswater-filledsgapssbetweensendothelialscells
C) rapidsdiffusionsofswater-solublesmoleculessdirectlysacrosssthesendothelialscells
D) diffusionsofslipid-solublesmoleculessdirectlysacrosssthesendothelialscell
E) movementsofsexchangeablesproteinssacrosssendothelialscellss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
50)
describessthesmovementsofsfluidsoutsofsthescapillary,swhiles
describessthesmovementsofsfluidsintosthescapillary.
A) Hydrostaticspressures:soncoticspressure
B) Edemas:svenousspooling
C) Venousspoolings:sedema
D) Absorptions:sfiltration
E) Filtrations:sabsorptions
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
617 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
51) Thesportionsofsosmoticspressuresexertedsbys
insthesbloodsissknownsasscolloidsosmoticspressures(orsoncoticspressure).
A) proteins
B) smallsions
C) largesions
D) lipids
E) steroidss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
52) Undersnormalsconditions,swhichsStarlingsforcessfavorsfiltration?
A) capillaryshydrostaticspressuresandsinterstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressure
B) capillaryshydrostaticspressuresandsinterstitialsfluidsosmoticspressure
C) capillaryshydrostaticspressuresandsplasmasoncoticspressure
D) interstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressuresandsplasmasoncoticspressure
E) interstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressuresandsinterstitialsfluidsosmoticspressuresA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
53) Whichsofsthesfollowingsinaccuratelysrepresentssnormalsforcessacrossscapillaryswalls?
A) Capillaryshydrostaticspressuresdecreasessfromsarteriolesendstosvenoussend.
B) Interstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressuresincreasessfromsarteriolesendstosvenoussend.
C) Capillarysoncoticspressuresissduesprimarilystosplasmasproteins.
D) Interstitialsfluidsoncoticspressuresissalmostszero.
E) Atsrest,snetsfiltrationsoccurssacrossscapillaryswalls.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.5
618 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
54) Givensthatsthesnetsfiltrationsofsfluidsoutsofsthescapillariessaveragessabouts3slitersspersday,showsissb
loodsvolumesmaintainedsinslightsofsthissapparentsfluidsloss?
A) Theslymphaticssystemsreturnssfilteredsfluidstosthesblood.
B) Thesnetsfiltrationsissequallysbalancedsbysabsorption.
C) Gravitysmovessthesfluidstostheslowestspointsinsthesbody,swheresthesfluidsissabsorbed.
D) Whilesfluidsmovessoutsacrosssthescapillary,sitstendsstosmovesinwardsacrosssveins.
E) Theskidneyssaresinvolvedsinsthesreabsorptionsofsthesremainingsfluid.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.5
55) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasmechanismsthatsalterssthesbalancesbetweensfiltrationsandsab
sorptionsinsthesbody?
A) increasingscapillaryshydrostaticspressureswithinsthesfeetsassonesstands
B) increasingshydrostaticspressuresgradientsinscasessofsenhancedsinterstitialsprotein
C) increasingsthespermeabilitysofsthescapillariessinsregionssofstissuesdamage
D) decreasingsplasmasproteinssynthesissinscasessofsliversdamage
E) increasingstheseliminationsofsplasmasproteinssinscasessofskidneysdamagesA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
56) Whichsofsthesfollowingscomparisonssbetweenssystemicscapillariessandslymphaticscapillariessiss
TRUE?
A) Wallssofssystemicscapillariessaresmorespermeable.
B) Netsfiltrationsoccurssacrossssystemicscapillaries;snetsabsorptionsoccurssacrossslymphaticsca
pillaries.
C) Fluidsentersssystemicscapillariessfromssystemicsarterioles;sfluidsentersslymphaticscapillariessfr
omslymphaticsveins.
D) Pressuresisshighersinslymphaticscapillaries.
E) Bloodscellssaresfoundsinsbothstypessofscapillaries.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.7
619 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
57) Foreignsmaterialssaresfilteredsoutsofstheslymphaticsfluidsbyswhatstypesofscellslocatedswithinsthe
slymphsnodes?
A) macrophages
B) leukocytes
C) platelets
D) mastscells
E) erythrocytes
sAnswer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.7
58) Exchangesbetweensbloodsandsinterstitialsfluidsoccurssacrossscapillariessand,stosaslessersextent,
A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) arterioles.
D) metarterioles.
E) venules.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
59) Whatsregionsofsthescardiovascularssystemscontainssvalves?
A) heartsonly
B) metarteriolessonly
C) veinssonly
D) bothsthesheartsandsveins
E) thesheart,smetarterioles,sandsveinss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
60) Veinssfunctionssass
reservoirssduestostheirs
A) pressures:shigh
B) volumes:shigh
C) pressures:slow
D) volumes:slow
E) pressures:slacksofs
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
compliance.
620 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
61) Valves,swhichsaresfounds
,smaintainsthesunidirectionalsmovementsofsblood,stherebysfacilitatingsthesreturnsofsbloodstosthes
heart.
A) insallsveins
B) onlysinscentralsveins
C) insallsvenules
D) onlysinsperipheralsveins
E) onlysinsarteriess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
62) Theshighscompliancesofsveinssallowssthemsto
A) actsasspressuresreservoirs.
B) accommodateslargesvolumessofsbloodswithslittleschangesinspressure.
C) rapidlyschangescentralsvenousspressureswithssmallschangessinsbloodsvolume.
D) holdsonlyssmallsvolumessofsblood.
E) providesthesdrivingsforcesforsthesmovementsofsbloodsthroughsthesvasculaturesduringsdiastole.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
63) Atsrest,sthesgreatestsproportionsofsbloodsvolumesisspresentswithinsthe
A) heart.
B) systemicsarteries.
C) systemicscapillaries.
D) systemicsveins.
E) pulmonarysveins.
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
621 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
64) Whichsofsthesfollowingswouldsdecreasescentralsvenousspressure?
A) activitysofsskeletalsmuscles
B) increasedsrespiratorysactivity
C) increasedssympatheticsactivity
D) increasedsbloodsvolume
E) standingsup
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
65) Ansincreasesinsthesvolumesofsbloodsejectedsfromsthesheart,swithsnoschangesinstotalsperipheralsresi
stance,swould
A) elevatesmeansarterialspressure.
B) elevatescentralsvenousspressure.
C) reducesmeansarterialspressure.
D) elevatespulmonarysvenousspressure.
E) reducesthesstretchsonsthesaorta.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
66) Ansincreasesinstotalsperipheralsresistance,sinsthesabsencesofsanyschangesinscardiacsoutput,swo
uld
A) reducesmeansarterialspressure.
B) decreasescentralsvenousspressure.
C) elevatesmeansarterialspressure.
D) decreasespulmonarysvenousspressure.
E) reducesthesstretchsonsthesaorta.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
622 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
67) Thesrespiratoryspumpsfacilitatessthesreturnsofsbloodstosthesheartsby
A) raisingsthespressuresgradientsbetweensabdominalsandsthoracicsveinssduringsexpiration.
B) raisingsthespressuresgradientsbetweensabdominalsandsthoracicsveinssduringsinspiration.
C) decreasingsthespressuresgradientsbetweensabdominalsandsthoracicsveinssduringsinspiration.
D) decreasingsthespressuresgradientsbetweensabdominalsandsthoracicsveinssduringsexpiration.
E) squeezingsbloodsfromsthesrhythmicscontractionsofsthesdiaphragmsmuscle.sA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
68) WhichsofsthesfollowingswouldsNOTsincreasesmeansarterialspressure?
A) increasedssympatheticsactivitystosthesheart
B) increasedssympatheticsactivitystosthesveins
C) decreasedsparasympatheticsactivityseffectssonsthesheart
D) decreasedsparasympatheticsactivityseffectssonsthesarterioles
E) increasedslevelssofsepinephrinesinsthesbloods
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
69) Theslong-termsregulationsofsarterialsbloodspressuresinvolvessthe
A) releasesofshormonessoversasperiodsofsminutes.
B) immediateschangesinsactivitysofsthesnervousssystem.
C) controlsofsbloodsvolumesbystheskidneys.
D) controlsofsperipheralsresistance.
E) stimulationsofsansincreasesinsurinesflowsthroughstheskidneys.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
70)
aresresponsiblesforsthesdetectionsofsmeansarterialspressure.
A) Venoussbaroreceptors
B) Arterialsbaroreceptors
C) Aorticschemoreceptors
D) Thermoreceptors
E) Medullaryschemoreceptorss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.8
623 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
71) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbestsclassifiessthesbaroreceptorsreflex?
A) spinal;sautonomic;sinnate;smonosynaptic
B) spinal;sautonomic;sinnate;spolysynaptic
C) cranial;sautonomic;sinnate;spolysynaptic
D) cranial;ssomatic;sconditioned;spolysynaptic
E) cranial;sautonomic;sconditioned;smonosynaptics
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
72) Assmeansarterialspressuresincreases,sthes
,sinformingsthesmedullasoblongatasthatsbloodspressureshassindeedsincreased.
A) bloodsflowstosthesbrainsincreases
B) numbersofsneuronssstimulatedswithinsthesaorticsarchsincreases
C) amplitudesofsthesactionspotentialssfromsthesbaroreceptorssincreases
D) frequencysofsactionspotentialssfromsthesbaroreceptorssincreases
E) numbersofssympatheticsneuronssactivatedsdecreasess
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
73) Informationsaboutsmeansarterialspressuresissintegratedswithinswhatsareasofsthescentralsnervousssy
stem?
A) cervicalsspinalscord
B) pons
C) hypothalamus
D) medullasoblongata
E) cerebellum
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
624 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
74) Wheresissthescardiovascularscontrolscenter?
A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) medullasoblongata
D) adrenalsmedulla
E) adrenalscortexs
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
75) Whichsofsthesfollowingsdescriptionssofsthesautonomicsinnervationsofsthescardiovascularssy
stemsissFALSE?
A) BothssympatheticsandsparasympatheticsneuronssinnervatesthesSAsnode.
B) Onlyssympatheticsneuronssprovidessignificantsinnervationsofsthescontractilescellssofsthesheart.
C) Bothssympatheticsandsparasympatheticsneuronssinnervatessmoothsmusclesinsarterioles.
D) Onlyssympatheticsneuronssinnervatessmoothsmusclesinsveins.
E) Sympatheticsactivitysincreasesscardiacsoutput,swhereassparasympatheticsactivitysdecreasessc
ardiacsoutput.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
76) WhichsofsthesfollowingswillsNOTsoccursinsresponsestosasdecreasesinsthesextentsofsstretchsdet
ectedsbysasbaroreceptor?
A) increasedsurinesflow
B) increasedsventricularscontractility
C) increasedsheartsrate
D) increasedsperipheralsresistance
E) increasedsvenomotorstones
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
625 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
77) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsalteredswithinssecondsstosminutessofsthesbaroreceptorsreflexsbei
ngsactivated?
A) bloodsvolume
B) heartsrate
C) strokesvolume
D) totalsperipheralsresistance
E) venomotorstones
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
78) WhichsofsthesfollowingsdoessNOTsoccursinsresponsestosbaroreceptorssdetectingsansincreasesinsme
ansarterialspressure?
A) decreasedsheartsrate
B) decreasedsvenousscompliance
C) decreasedsend-diastolicsvolume
D) decreasedsfrequencysofssinoatrialsnodesactionspotentials
E) vasoconstriction
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
79) Theschronicselevationsinsarterialspressures(hypertension)sthatsoccurssinsmanysindividualssre
sultssin
A) asdecreasedssensitivitysofsthesbaroreceptorsthatscausesspressurestosfluctuate.
B) asgradualsincreasesinspressuresthatsresetssthesbaroreceptors.
C) thesmaintenancesofsasconstantserrorssignalsbysthesbaroreceptor.
D) thesresettingsofsthesbaroreceptorstosaslowerspressure.
E) thesbaroreceptorssbecomingsmoressensitivestospressure.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
626 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
80) Thesreductionsinsorgansbloodsflowsthatsresultssfromsasdecreasesinsmeansarterialspressureswould
sbesexacerbatedsbysthes
thatsoccurssassasconsequencesofsthesbaroreceptorsreflex.
A) decreasedscompliancesofsthesveins
B) increasedsvenoussreturn
C) increasedsstrokesvolume
D) increasedsperipheralsresistance
E) increasedsventricularscontractilitys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
81) Ansincreasesinssympatheticsnervoussactivitystosarteriolesswillshaveslittleseffectsonsva
soconstrictionsofsthe
A) kidneys.
B) skeletalsmuscles.
C) gastrointestinalstract.
D) heartsandskidneys.
E) brainsandsheart.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
82) Theshormonesvasopressinsactssinsthesshortstermstos
,stherebysincreasingsmeansarterialspressure.
A) decreasesurinesoutflows:svasoconstrictsarterioles
B) vasoconstrictsarterioless:sdecreasesurinesoutflow
C) vasodilatesarterioless:sincreasesurinesoutflow
D) increasesurinesoutflows:svasodilatesarterioles
E) vasodilatesarterioless:sdecreasesurinesoutflows
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
andsinstheslongstermsto
627 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
83) Duestostheirslocation,sbaroreceptorssinstheslargessystemicsveinssandsthesheartsfunctionspri
marilystosmonitor
A) heartsrate.
B) totalsperipheralsresistance.
C) bloodsflow.
D) meansarterialspressure.
E) bloodsvolume.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.8
84) Whichsofsthesfollowingstermssissusedstoslabelsthesrhythmicschangessinssympatheticsandspa
rasympatheticsactivitysthatsaffectsheartsratescoincidentswithsrespiration?
A) pulmonaryssinussrhythmia
B) pulmonaryssinussarrhythmia
C) respiratoryssinussrhythmia
D) respiratoryssinussarrhythmia
E) lungssinussrhythmias
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
85) Despitesseemingscounterproductive,sansincreasesinsarterialscarbonsdioxideslevelssactivates
,swhichscausessa(n)s
insheartsratesandsa(n)s
instotalsperipheralsresistance.
A) baroreceptorss:sdecreases:sdecrease
B) baroreceptorss:sincreases:sincrease
C) baroreceptorss:sdecreases:sincrease
D) chemoreceptors:sdecreases:sdecrease
E) chemoreceptorss:sdecreases:sincreases
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
628 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
86) WhichsofsthesfollowingswillsNOTsoccursassasconsequencesofsthesactivationsofsthesbarorece
ptorsreflexsthatswouldsoccursinsresponsestosansincreasedsheatsloadswithinsthesbody?
A) ansincreasesinsheartsrate
B) ansincreasesinsstrokesvolume
C) asdecreasesinsresistanceswithinsthesskeletalsmusclesvasculature
D) ansincreasesinsvenoconstriction
E) ansincreasesinsresistanceswithinsthesskinsvasculatures
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6|14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
87) Thesincreasesinsstrokesvolumesthatsoccurssduringsexercisesisscausedsprimarilysbysa(n)
A) decreasesinsend-systolicsvolume.
B) increasesinsend-diastolicsvolume.
C) increasesinsvenoussreturn.
D) decreasesinsperipheralsresistance.
E) increasesinsmyocardialscontractility.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
88) Thesincreasesinsbloodsflowstosactivesskeletalsmusclesrelativestosothersorganssisslargelyscausedsbys
the
A) decreasesinsmetabolicsfactorsswithinsthesmuscle.
B) decreasesinsparasympatheticsactivity.
C) increasesinssympatheticsactivity.
D) increasesinslocalsmetabolicsfactorsswithinsthesmuscle.
E) increasesinsparasympatheticsactivity.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
629 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
89) Whichsofsthesfollowingsaccuratelysdescribesssympatheticscontrolsofsbloodsvesselssinsthesskinsdu
ringsthermoregulation?
A) Heatscausessansincreasesinssympatheticsactivity,sresultingsinsvasodilation.
B) Heatscausessasdecreasesinssympatheticsactivity,sresultingsinsvasodilation.
C) Heatscausessansincreasesinssympatheticsactivity,sresultingsinsvasoconstriction.
D) Heatscausessasdecreasesinssympatheticsactivity,sresultingsinsvasoconstriction.
E) Heatsactivatessthesparasympatheticsactivitysandshassnoseffectsonsthessympatheticsnervousssy
stem.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
90) MeansarterialspressurescansbesincreasedsbysallsofsthesfollowingsEXCEPT
A) increasingsvenoussreturn.
B) decreasingsend-diastolicsvolume.
C) increasingsheartsrate.
D) increasingssympatheticsactivity.
E) increasingsbloodsvolume.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.9
91) Whichsofsthesfollowingscanscausesvasoconstriction?
A) increasesinscarbonsdioxide
B) increasesinsosmolarity
C) releasesofsnitricsoxide
D) angiotensinsII
E) increasesinshistamines
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
630 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
92) Thesprimarysmechanismsforsexchangesofssubstancessacrosssthescapillaryswallsis
A) diffusion.
B) mediatedstransport.
C) vesiclestransport.
D) activestransport.
E) bulksflow.
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
93) Givensthesfollowingsinformation,scalculatesthesnetsfiltrationspressure:scapillaryshydrostaticspr
essures=s30smmsHg;sinterstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressures=s5smmsHg;scapillarysoncoticspressures
=s25smmsHg;sandsinterstitialsfluidsoncoticspressures=s10smmsHg.
A) 40smmsHg,sfavoringsfiltration
B) -40smmsHg,sfavoringsreabsorption
C) 10smmsHg,sfavoringsfiltration
D) -10smmsHg,sfavoringsreabsorption
E) 0smmsHg,snosnetsforces
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
94) Whichsofsthesfollowingscanscausesedema?
A) increasesinsextravasatedsplasmasproteinssonly
B) damagestoscapillaryswallssonly
C) decreasedsvenousspressuresonly
D) bothsansincreasesinsplasmasproteinssandsasdecreasesinsvenousspressure
E) bothsdamagestoscapillaryswallssandsansincreasesinsextravasatedsplasmasproteinssA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
631 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
95) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissansincorrectsdescriptionsofsasbloodsvesselstype?
A) Arteriessareselastic.
B) Thesradiussofsarteriolesscansbesregulatedsbysbothsintrinsicsandsextrinsicscontrols.
C) Capillaryswallssarescomprisedsofsonlystwoscellslayers,sminimizingsthesdistancesforsexchange.
D) Veinsshaveshighscompliance.
E) Mostsofsthesbloodsvolumesatsrestsissinsthessystemicsveins.sA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
96) Duringsexercise,scarbonsdioxidesproducedsbysmusclescellsscausessvasodilationsinsskeletalsm
uscle.sThississansexamplesof
A) activeshyperemia.
B) reactiveshyperemia.
C) hypoxia.
D) flowsautoregulation.
E) ischemia.
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
97) Whichsofsthesfollowingsstructuresscontainsshighspressuresbaroreceptors?
A) aorticsarchsonly
B) carotidssinussonly
C) rightsatriumsonly
D) bothsthesaorticsarchsandscarotidssinus
E) aorticsarch,srightsatrium,sandscarotidssinuss
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
632 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
98) Ofsthesfollowingschoices,swhichshasstheselasticsrecoilsofsitsswallssduringsdiastole,scausingsasco
ntinuationsofsbloodsflowsthroughoutsthescardiacscycle?
A) vein
B) venule
C) arteriole
D) capillary
E) arterysA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.3
99) Whichsofsthesfollowingshasshighscompliance,sallowingsitstosholdsaslargesvolumesofsbloodswit
hslittleschangesinspressure?
A) arteriole
B) venule
C) vein
D) capillary
E) arterysA
nswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
100) Whichsofsthesfollowingshassthesregulationsofsitssradiussdeterminingsbloodsflowsthroughssp
ecificsorgans?
A) vein
B) arteriole
C) capillary
D) artery
E) venules
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
633 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
101) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthessmallestsofsbloodsvesselsswithsthinswallssallowingsforsreadysex
changesofsmaterialsbetweensbloodsandstissue?
A) vein
B) venule
C) artery
D) capillary
E) arterioles
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
102) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbloodsvesselssissslightlyslargersthanscapillaries,sallowingsforssomesex
changesbetweensbloodsandsthestissue?
A) capillary
B) venule
C) arteriole
D) vein
E) arterysA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
103) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasdecreasesinstissuesoxygen?
A) activeshyperemia
B) hypoxia
C) ischemia
D) myogenicsresponse
E) reactiveshyperemias
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
634 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
104) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasdecreasesinsbloodssupplystosthestissuessuchsthatsitsdoessnotsmeetsthes
metabolicsdemandssofsthestissue?
A) reactiveshyperemia
B) ischemia
C) hypoxia
D) myogenicsresponse
E) activeshyperemias
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
105) Ansincreasesinsbloodsflowstostissuessinsresponsestosincreasedsmetabolicsactivitysisscalled
A) myogenicsresponse.
B) reactiveshyperemia.
C) hypoxia.
D) ischemia.
E) activeshyperemia.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
106) Asconstrictionsofsansarteriolesinsresponsestosstretchsofsthesarteriolessmoothsmusclesisscalled
A) hypoxia.
B) myogenicsresponse.
C) activeshyperemia.
D) ischemia.
E) reactiveshyperemia.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
635 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
107) Ansincreasesinsbloodsflowstostissuessinsresponsestosasprevioussreductionsinsbloodsflowsisscall
ed
A) hypoxia.
B) reactiveshyperemia.
C) activeshyperemia.
D) myogenicsresponse.
E) ischemia.
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
108) Vasopressinshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
B) vasodilation
C) vasospasm
D) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
E) vasoconstriction
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
109) Oxygenshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
B) vasodilation
C) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
D) vasoconstriction
E) vasospasm
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
636 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
110) AngiotensinsIIshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
B) vasodilation
C) vasoconstriction
D) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
E) vasospasm
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
111) Carbonsdioxideshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasospasm
B) vasodilation
C) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
D) vasoconstriction
E) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasms
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3|14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
112) Nitricsoxideshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasodilation
B) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
C) vasospasm
D) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
E) vasoconstriction
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
113) Hydrogensionsshaveswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasoconstriction
B) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
C) vasospasm
D) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
E) vasodilation
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
637 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
114) Sympatheticsnervesshaveswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasodilation
B) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
C) vasoconstrictionsandsvasospasm
D) vasospasm
E) vasoconstriction
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
115) Parasympatheticsnervoussactivityshasswhatseffectsonssystemicsarterioles?
A) vasospasm
B) neithersvasodilationsorsvasoconstriction,sbutsmayscausesvasospasm
C) neithersvasoconstrictionsandsvasodilation
D) vasodilation
E) vasoconstriction
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
116) Whatsissthesequationsrelatingsflowstosresistancesandsaspressuresgradient?
A) flow/resistances=s1/pressuresgradient
B) flows×sresistances=s1/pressuresgradient
C) flows×sresistances=spressures×sgradient
D) flows=spressuresgradients/sresistance
E) flows=spressures×sresistances
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
638 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
117) Whatsissthesdrivingsforcesforsbloodsflowsthroughsthessystemicscircuit?
A) totalsperipheralsresistance
B) perfusionspressure
C) pulsespressure
D) meansarterialspressure
E) cardiacsoutputs
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
118) Whatsissasdecreasesinsbloodsflowsthatsisslesssthanswhatsissnecessarystoskeepsupswithsmet
abolicsdemandsscalled?
A) ischemia
B) infarction
C) hypoxia
D) hypoxemia
E) hyperemia
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
119) Whatsareslocalscontrolssthatstendstoskeepsbloodsflowsconstantscalled?
A) flowstelemetry
B) extrinsicsfactors
C) autonomics
D) flowsautoregulation
E) osteogenicsfactors
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
639 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
120) Bradykininscausessvasodilationsbysstimulatingsthesreleasesofswhatssubstancesfromse
ndothelialscells?
A) nitricsoxide
B) endothelinsI
C) thromboxanesA2
D) arachidonicsacid
E) cyclooxygenase
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
121) Epinephrinestriggerssvasodilationsbysbindingstoswhichsreceptorssandsvasoconstrictionsbysbi
ndingstoswhichsreceptors?
A) alpha2s:sbeta2
B) alpha1s:sbeta1
C) betas:scholinergic
D) alphas:sbeta2
E) beta2s:salphas
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
122) TosproducesangiotensinsII,swhatsmustsbessecretedsfromstheskidneystosconvertsangiotensi
nogenstosangiotensinsI,swhichsissthensconvertedstosangiotensinsIIsbysangiotensinsconvertingse
nzyme?
A) vitaminsD3
B) erythropoietin
C) renin
D) angiotensinogen
E) preangiotensin
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
640 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
123) Whatsaresbloodsvesselssthatsnormallysbypassscapillarysbedssarescalled?
A) pre-capillaryssphincters
B) venules
C) pararterioles
D) metarterioles.
E) AVsmalformationssAns
wer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
124) Whatsissbulksflowsofsfluidsfromsinsidesascapillarysintosinterstitialsfluidscalled?
A) filtration
B) adsorption
C) absorption
D) excretion
E) secretion
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
125) Whatsissthesfluidswithinstheslymphaticsvesselsscalled?
A) pus
B) lymph
C) plasma
D) filtrate
E) exudates
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.7
126) Whatsissasdropsinsmeansarterialspressuresthatsresultssfromsstandingsupscalled?
A) paroxysmalshypotension
B) resultantshypotension
C) recumbentshypotension
D) orthostaticshypotension
E) metastaticshypotension
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
641 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
127) Smoothsmusclesinsthesveinsshasswhatstypesofsadrenergicsreceptor?
A) beta2
B) gamma
C) alphascholinergic
D) cholinergic
E) alphasA
nswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
128) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesequationsrelatingscardiacsoutput,smeansarterialspressure,sandstot
alsperipheralsresistance?
A) TPRs=sCO/MAP
B) COs=sTPR/MAP
C) MAPs+sCOs+sTPRs=spulsespressure
D) MAPs=sCOs-sTPR
E) MAPs=sCOs×sTPR
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 14.1
129) Wheresaresthesarterialsbaroreceptorsslocated?
A) brachiocephalicsartery
B) aorticsarchsandscarotidssinusess(carotidsarteries)
C) thespons
D) coronaryssinusessandsaorticsarch
E) coronarysarteriess
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.3
642 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
130) Whatsaresthestwosfunctionssofsincreasingsbloodsflowstosthesskinsduringsexercise?
A) energysreservesforsunderlyingsmusculature;sprovidesenergysforssweatsproduction
B) facilitatesdissipationsofsheat;sremoveswatersforssweatsproduction
C) fatsutilizationsforsenergysproduction;sremoveswatersforssweatsproduction
D) facilitatesdissipationsofsheat;sprovidesenergysforssweatsproduction
E) facilitatesdissipationsofsheat;senergysreservesforsunderlyingsmusculatures
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.9
131) Insresponsestosasdecreasesinsthesstretchsofsasbaroreceptor,ssympatheticsnervoussactivityswill
whilesparasympatheticsnervoussactivityswills
.
A) notschanges:sincrease
B) decreases:sincrease
C) decreases:sremainsconstant
D) notschanges:sremainsconstant
E) increases:sdecreases
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
132) Ansincreasesinsthesstretchsofsasbaroreceptorswillscausesvenomotorstonestos
whilesventricularscontractilityswills
A) increases:sdecrease
B) decreases:sdecrease
C) increases:sincrease
D) remainsconstants:snotschange
E) increases:snotschanges
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 14.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
.
643 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
133) Whatsstructuressofsthescardiovascularssystemsaresinnervatedsbysthessympatheticsnervousssy
stem,sbutsaresNOTsbysthesparasympatheticsnervousssystem?
A) arteriolarssmoothsmuscle
B) SAsnode,sAVsnode,sandsbundlesofsHis
C) ventricularsmyocardium,sarteriolarssmoothsmusclesandsvenousssmoothsmuscle
D) SAsnodesandsAVsnode
E) arteriolarssmoothsmusclesandsvenousssmoothsmuscles
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.4
134) Calculatesthesnetsfiltrationspressuresgivensthesfollowingsinformation:scapillarysbloodspressures
=s40smmsHg;sinterstitialsfluidshydrostaticspressures=s2smmsHg;splasmasosmoticspressure
=s20smmsHg;sandsinterstitialsfluidsosmoticspressures=s5smmsHg.sDoessfiltrationsorsabsorptionsoccursa
crosssthisscapillaryswall?
A) 23smmsHg;sfiltration
B) 17smmsHg;sfiltration
C) 27smmsHg;sabsorption
D) 27smmsHg;sfiltration
E) 67smmsHg;sabsorptions
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
14.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Thesflowsequationsis:sflows=spressuresgradients×sresistance.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
2) Thespressuresgradientsforsbloodsflowsthroughsthessystemicscircuitsissthesmeansarterialspressure.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
644 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
3) Thesmoresproteinssinsblood,stheshighersthesbloodsviscosity.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
4) Flowsthroughsthespulmonaryscircuitsisslesssthansthatsthroughsthessystemicscircuitsduestosassm
allerspressuresgradient.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
5) Resistancesisslowersinsthespulmonaryscircuitsthansinsthessystemicscircuit.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
6) Thesfactorshavingsthesgreatestsinfluencesonsresistancestosbloodsflowsissthesradiussofsthesbloodsves
sels.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.1
7) SmoothsmusclesissONLYsfoundsinsarterioles.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
8) Bloodsflowsthroughsthessystemicscirculationsissintermittent,sflowingsduringssystolesandspa
usingsduringsdiastole.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.2sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
645 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
9) Theresissasprogressivesdecreasesinspressuresthroughoutsthesvasculaturesassbloodsmovessdownsitss
pressuresgradient.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
10) Duestostheirsdiameter,scapillariesshavesthesgreatestsindividualsresistance,swhilesthesarteriolesne
tworksshavesthesgreateststotalsresistance.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
11) Thesdistributionsofscardiacsoutputstoseachsorgansissdeterminedsbysthesrelativesresistancesofstha
tsorgan'ssvascularsbedscomparedswithsallsothersorgans.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.3sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
12) Ansincreasesinsbloodsflowstosmetabolicallysactivestissuesisscalledsreactiveshyperemia.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
13) Intrinsicsregulationsofsarteriolarsradiussregulatessmeansarterialspressure.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
14) Flowsautoregulationsrefersstosansorgan'ssabilitystosmaintainsperfusionspressuresinsthespresencesofs
asrangesofsbloodsflows.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
646 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
15) Histaminesinducessvasodilationsbysstimulatingsthessynthesissofsnitricsoxide.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
16) Intrinsicschangessinsarteriolesradiusshavesnoseffectsonsarterialsbloodspressure.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
17) IncreasessinsangiotensinsIIslevelssinsthesbloodswillselevatestotalsperipheralsresistance.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.4
18) Wallssofsfenestratedscapillariessaresmorespermeablesthanstheswallssofscontinuousscapillaries.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
19) Precapillaryssphincterssarescontrolledsbyslocalsmetabolitessandsthessympatheticsnervousssy
stem,sbutsnotsepinephrine.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.3sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-3|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
20) Ansincreasesinsvenousspressurescanscausesedema.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
647 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
21) Theresaresnosvalvessinsthescranialsveins.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
22) Veinsshavesgreaterscompliancesthansarteries.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.6
23) Increasedsrespiratorysactivitysfacilitatessvenoussreturn.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
24) Smoothsmusclesinsthesveinssissinnervatedsbysthesparasympatheticsnervousssystem.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
25) Arterialsbaroreceptorssareslocatedsinsthesleftsventriclesandsaorta.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
26) Thesbaroreceptorsreflexsrespondsstosansincreasesinsmeansarterialspressuresbysincreasingssy
mpatheticsnervoussactivity,swhilesreducingsparasympatheticsnervoussactivity.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.6sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
648 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
27) Thesbaroreceptorsreflexsplayssasprimarysrolesinstheslongtermsregulationsofsmeansarterialspressure.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.6sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.8
28) Localscontrolssofsbloodsflowscansoverridesextrinsicscontrols.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.9
29) Thesvelocitysofsbloodsflowsissgreatestsinsthesarteriessandsslowestsinsthescapillaries.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
30) Thesthoracicsductsreturnsslymphstosthesbloodsbysemptyingsintosthespulmonarystrunk.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.7
649 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
14.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Bloodsflowingsthroughsasvesselsisssubjectstosthessamesphysicalslimitationssassfluidsflowingsthr
oughsastube.sDescribesthesphysicalspropertiessofsbloodsflowsandsbloodspressure.
Answer:s Bloodsflows=spressuresgradient/resistance.sThissequationssayssthatsbloodsflowsissinverselys
proportionalstosvascularsresistancesandsproportionalstosthespressuresgradient.sThus,saspressuresgradie
nts(thesdecreasingspressuresthatsissobservedsthroughsthesvascularssystem)sissthesdrivingsforcesforsbloo
dsflow,sandsisshinderedsbysthesresistancesofsthesvasculature.sThesgreatestsdropsinspressuresoccurssinsth
esresistancesvasculatures(arterioles).sBloodswillsalwayssmovesdownsthesprevailingspressuresgradient.
sThississtruesonsbothssidessofsthesvasculatures(insarteriessandsveins).sSincescentralsvenousspressures(pr
essureswithinsthesthoracicsveins)sapproachesszero,smeansarterialspressuresissasreflectionsofsthespressu
resgradientsthatsdrivessbloodsthroughsthessystemicscirculation.sThesresistancesofsindividualsbloodsves
selssisscontrolledsbysvesselsradius,svesselslength,sbloodsviscosity,sandsthesvelocitysprofilesofsthesflows
stream.sOfsthesesfourscontributingsfactors,svesselsradiussissthesmostsimportantssincesitscansbesregulate
dsbyschangessinscontractilitysofsthessmoothsmusclescells.sInsaddition,ssmallschangessinsradiussaresrefle
ctedsinslargeschangessinsresistances(fourthspower).sHowever,sthesvasculaturesisscomposedsofsasnetwo
rksofsbloodsvessels.sWhensthesresistancesofseachsvesselsissincludeds(resistorssinsparallelsandsseries),st
hississcalledstotalsperipheralsresistance.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.1
650 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
2) Atsthisspoint,sasnumbersofsequationssinsthestextshavesexpandedsuponscardiacsoutputs=sheartsrate
×sstrokesvolume.sThesesincludesequationssforscalculatingsbloodsflow,scardiacsoutputs(usingsvariable
ssothersthansthosesabove),smeansarterialspressure,sandsorgansbloodsflow.sProvidesthesequationssforsthe
sabovesvariablessandsbrieflysdiscussstheirsrelevance.
Answer:s Bloodsflows=spressuresgradient/resistance.sThesflowsofsbloodsthroughsvesselssissdrivensbys
pressure.sInsparticular,stheresmustsbesasgradientsofspressurestosdrivesblood.sHowever,sthesflowsofsblo
odsthroughsasvesselsisshinderedsbysthesresistancesofsthesvesselsthroughswhichsthesbloodsissflowing.sT
hissequationscansbesusedstosdescribesbloodsflowsthoughsasspecificsvessel,sbloodsflowsthroughsansorga
n,sorsthesflowsthroughsthesentirescardiovascularssystems(cardiacsoutput).sAtstheslevelsofsthesindividua
lsvessel,sresistancesissdeterminedsbysvesselsradius,svesselslength,sviscositys ofsthesfluid,sandsnaturesofs
thesvelocitysprofilesofsthesfluids(Rs=s8Lη/πr4).sBloodsflowsthroughsansorgansissdescribedsbysthissequa
tion:sorgansbloodsflows=smeansarterialspressure/organsresistance.sSincescentralsvenousspressuresissne
arszero,sthespressuresgradientsacrosssansorganswouldsbesequalstosmeansarterialspressure.sThus,sanysch
angesinsmeansarterialspressureswillsaltersbloodsflowstoseverysorgan.sHowever,sthesrelativesdistributio
nsofscardiacsoutputsissdeterminedsbysthesresistancesofseachsorgan'ssvascularsbed.sIfsoneswerestoslooksa
tsthesentiresvascularsbedsassonesresistance,scardiacsoutputs=smeansarterialspressure/totalsperipheralsre
sistance.sTotalsperipheralsresistancesissinfluencedsbysthesresistancesofseachsvascularsbed.sInseachsofst
hescalculationssabove,smeansarterialspressuresissthesdrivingsforcesforsbloodsflow.sThescardiacsoutputs
equationsabovescansbesrearrangedstosreflectsmeansarterialspressure:smeansarterialspressures=scardiacs
outputs×stotalsperipheralsresistance.sHowever,ssincescardiacsoutputs=sheartsrates×sstrokesvolume,sthis
scansreplacescardiacsoutputsinsthatsequationstosproducesthissequation:smeansarterialspressures=sheartsr
ates×sstrokesvolumes×stotalsperipheralsresistance.sThus,sanyschangesinsthesesthreesvariablesswillsaffec
tsmeansarterialspressure.sSympatheticsnervoussactivityscansaffectsallsthreesofsthesesvariables.sAssflow
sincreasesswithsnoschangesinsresistance,spressuresisselevatedsassbloodsmovessintosthesaortasandsitsexpa
nds.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
3) Whilesthesbasicsconstituentssofsbloodsvesselssaressimilarsacrosssallsvesselstypes,sthesproportionsofs
eachsconstituentsissquitesdifferent.sDescribesthesstructuresofseachsclasssofsbloodsvessel,sincludingsthe
sfunctionalssignificancesofsthatsstructure.
Answer:s Theslumensofsallsbloodsvesselssisslinedsbysendothelialscells,sasthinsmonolayersofsepithelialsc
ellssinscontactswithsblood.sInsarteriessandsveins,sthosesendothelialscellssareswrappedslongitudinallysb
yssmoothsmusclescellss(SMC).sThesnumbersandsdensitysofsthosesSMCssissquitesdifferentsbetweensart
eriessandsveinss(arteriesshavesasthickersSMCslayersforsasgivensdiametersvesselsthansveins).sThesthick
nesssofsthesSMCslayersissrelatedstosthatsvessel'ssabilitystosresistsvascularspressure.sInsadditionstosSMC
s,sthesstrengthsofsthesbloodsvesselswallsissdeterminedsbysthesamountssofselastinsandscollagenspresent.s
ThosesextracellularsmatrixsproteinssanchorsSMCs.
Elastin,sassitssnamessuggests,sprovidesstheselasticspropertiessofsbloodsvesselss(compliance).sThus,sm
orescompliantsvessels,ssuchsassthesaortasandsveinssthatsexpandsasstheysfillswithsblood,shavesasgreaterse
lastinscontent.sCollagensisswhatsgivessbloodsvesselsstheirstensilesstrength.sSmallsarteriessandsarteriol
essthatsaresnotsexpandedsbysthesentrysofsbloodsarescomposedsofsmorescollagensthanselastin.sThus,sthes
extracellularsmatrixscompositionsissreflectivesofsthesvessel'ssfunction.sSinceslargesarteriessaresquitese
lastic,stheysaresablestosactsasspressuresreservoirssbysexpandingsasstheysaresfilledswithsblood.sWhensthe
sheartsejectssbloodsintosthesaortasagainststhatsarteriolarsresistance,sbloodsaccumulatessinsthesaorta,sca
usingsitstosbesstretched.sThissstretchingsissessentialsforsthescontinuoussdeliverysofsbloodstosthessystem
icscirculation.sThesenergysstoredsinsthesstretchedsaortascontinuesstosdrivesbloodsthroughsthessystemic
svasculaturesduringsdiastole,swhensthesheartsissnotsgeneratingsforce.sVeinssactsassvolumesreservoirssd
uestostheirshighscompliance.sCompliancesrefersstosasvessel'ssabilitystosincreasesitssvolumes(expand)sw
ithssmallschangessinspressure.sNearlys60%sofsbloodsvolumesisslocatedswithinssystemicsveinssandsven
ules.sThesesvesselsscansactsassstoragesforsbloodsagainstsaspossibleslosssofsbloodsthroughsinjurysorshe
morrhage,sallowingsrecruitmentsofsthatsstoredsvolumesbeforessubstantialsnegativeschangessinscardio
vascularsfunctionsoccur.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.8
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
4) Thessmallersbloodsvessels,swhichsincludesarterioles,scapillaries,sandsvenules,shavesuniquesfu
nctions.sIdentifysthesfunctionssofseachsofsthessmallersbloodsvessels.
Answer:s Arteriolessaresansintegralspartsofsthesmicrocirculations(whichsincludesscapillariessandsvenu
les)sthatsisstermedsthesresistancesvasculaturesbecausestheysprovidesthesresistancesthatsdeterminessthes
distributionsofscardiacsoutput.sAnyschangesinscontractilesactivitysofsarteriolarssmoothsmusclescellssw
illsaltersresistances(relaxationsinducessasdilationsthatsdecreasessresistance,swhereassconstrictionsincre
asessresistance).sCapillariessaresthessmallestsandsmostsnumeroussofsthesbloodsvessels.sThesesvesselssa
rescomposedsofsasthinsendothelialslayerswithsnossmoothsmusclescells.sThus,stheshighssurfacesareasinsc
ontactswithsbloodsandsthesthinnesssofsthesendothelialscellslayersprovidesthesperfectspathwaysforsthesex
changesofssubstrates.sTheresarestwostypessofscapillariessthatsdiffersinstheirspermeability.sContinuouss
capillariessarescomposedsofstightlyscoupledsendothelialscellssthatsallowssmallsionsstospasssbetweensc
ellssandslipidssolublesionsstosmoveseasilysacrosssthem,swhilesrestrictingsthesmovementsofslargersionssl
ikesproteins.sSomesproteinssaresablestosusesenergystosmovesdirectlysacrosssthesendothelialscellsbystran
scytosis.
Fenestratedscapillariesshaveslargersgapssbetweensendothelialscells,swhichsallowsbothslargesandssmalls
ionsstospasssbetweensthescells.sVenulesscontainsassparsesdistributionsofssmoothsmusclescellssand,sther
efore,salsosfunctionsinsthesexchangesofsmolecules.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 14.6
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
5) Thesregulationsofsmeansarterialspressuresinvolvessthesinteractionsbetweensextrinsicsandsintrinsics
mechanisms.sWhilesthesintrinsicsmechanismsscansaffectsmeansarterialspressure,stheysalsosplaysansim
portantsrolesinsthesdistributionsofscardiacsoutputstosindividualsorgans.sDiscusssthesrolesofsthesintrinsic
smechanismssinsthescontrolsofsorgansresistance.
Answer:s Intrinsicscontrolsrefersstosthesconceptsthatsarteriolesswithinsansorgansrespondstosthesprevaili
ngslocalsenvironmentsinsasmannersthatsdeterminessorgansresistances(autoregulation).sSmoothsmuscl
escellssofsarteriolessdilatesandsconstrictsinsresponsestosspecificschangesswithinsansorgan.sTheslocalsfac
torssthatsmodulatesarteriolarstonesincludesmetabolicsactivitysofsthesorgan,sbloodsflow,sperfusionspres
sure,sandslocallyssecretedschemicalsmessengers.sThesmetabolicsactivitysofsansorganscansinduceschan
gessinsasnumbersofschemicalssincludingsoxygen,scarbonsdioxide,spotassium,sandshydrogensions.sOfst
hese,soxygensissthesonlysionsthatsdecreasesswithsincreasessinstissuesmetabolicsactivity.sIschemias(red
ucedstissuesoxygen)sresultssfromsasmismatchsbetweensthesdeliverysandsconsumptionsofsoxygen.sSinc
esoxygenscausessarteriolesstosconstrict,sischemias dilatessarterioles.sThissdilationsinsresponsestosincre
asedsmetabolicsactivitysisstermedsactiveshyperemia.sInsaddition,sincreasessinsmetabolicsbyproductssli
kescarbonsdioxide,shydrogensions,sandspotassiumsthatsoccursinsactivestissuescausesarteriolesstosdilate
.sThesconcentrationsofsthesesmetabolitessdependssuponsbloodsflow:sgreatersflowsremovessmoresofsthe
sbyproductssfromstissues.sIncreasesinsbloodsflowsfollowingsasreductionsinsbloodsflowsisstermedsreacti
veshyperemia.
Arteriolessalsosrespondstoschangessinsperfusionspressure.sAnsincreasesinsperfusionspressuresstretches
sthessmoothsmusclescellssofsthesarteriole,scausingsthatsvesselstosconstrict.sOncesthesvesselsconstricts,sb
loodsflowsissreduced,swhichseventuallysstimulatessansincreasesinsbloodsflowsassasconsequencesofsansi
ncreasedsgenerationsofsmetabolicsbyproduct.sThissinteractionsbetweensflowsandsperfusionspressurest
hatstendsstoskeepsbloodsflowswithinsansorgansconstantsissreferredstosassflowsautoregulation.sThesendo
thelialscellssplaysansimportantsrolesinsmodifyingsarteriolarstonesthroughsthesreleasesofschemicalsmess
engers.sExamplessofstheseschemicalsmessengerssthatsinducesasdilationsaresnitricsoxidesandsprostacyc
lin,swhereassendothelinsinducessasconstriction.sInsaddition,sotherschemicalssthatsmodifystonescansbesr
eleased.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.4
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
6) Thesprocessessofsfiltrationsandsabsorptionsacrosssthesendothelialscellssofscapillariessissdrivensbys
Starling'ssforces.sListsthescomponentssofsStarling'ssforcessandsdescribeshowsthosesforcessdetermin
esthesabsorptionsofswatersacrossscapillaries,sincludingsasdiscussionsofshowsthosesforcessaresaltereds
bysstandingsandstissuesinjury.
Answer:s Thesmovementsofsfluidsacrosssthesendothelialscellsmonolayersinscapillariessissdeterminedsb
ysthesbalancesbetweenshydrostaticsandsosmoticspressuresgradients.sTheshydrostaticspressuresgradien
tsacrosssthescapillarysisshighersinsidesthescapillary,smeaningsthatstheshydrostaticspressuresgradientste
ndsstosmoveswatersoutsofsthescapillary.sHowever,sosmoticspressuresisshighersinsidesthescapillary.sTh
us,sthesosmoticspressuresgradientstendsstosmoveswatersbacksintosthescapillary.sThissosmoticspressures
gradientsissdrivensalmostsexclusivelysbysdifferencessinsproteinsconcentrationsacrosssthescapillary.sBl
oodsandsinterstitialsfluidsaresessentiallysisoosmoticswithsthesexceptionsofsproteins,swhichsareshighersinsthesblood,screatingsashighersoncoticspress
ureswithinsthesblood.sThespresencesofsmoresosmoticallysactivesionssinsthesbloodstendsstospullswatersb
acksintos thescapillary.sInsnormalscapillaries,sthesbalancesofsthesesforcess(netsfiltrationspressure)sissdir
ectedsoutward.sThisswouldsleadstosexcesssinterstitialsfluidsifsitsweresnotsforstheslymphaticssystem.sThe
resaresseveralsconditionssthatscansaltersthesbalancesbetweensStarling'ssforces.sInstheslimbs,swhenswess
tand,sthescolumnsofswatersinsthesveinsscreatessashydrostaticscolumnsthatsincreasessvenousspressure.sT
hissincreasesshydrostaticspressureswithinsthescapillary,scausingsmoreswaterstosmovesoutsofsthescapill
ary.sInsaddition,swhenswesaresinjured,scapillariessaresdamagedsandsproteinsmovessintosthesinterstitials
space.sAtsthessamestime,shistaminesissreleased,swhichsfurthersincreasessinterstitialsosmoticspressures
bysallowingsproteinsstosmovesintosthesinterstitialsspace.sAssasconsequence,slesssfluidsissmovedsbacksi
ntosthesbloodsandsthesinjuredsregionsofstissuesswellssassasconsequencesofsthesoutwardsmovementsofsfl
uid.sAlternatively,sifsthesliversissdamagedssuchsthatsproteinssynthesississreduced,sthesdecreasesinscapi
llarysosmoticspressuresresultssinsincreasedsmovementsofsfluidsintosthesinterstitialsspace.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Meansarterialspressuresissregulatedsbysasnegativesfeedbackssystemsthatsinvolvessthescentralsne
rvousssystem.sDiscusssthesafferentslimb,sthesefferentslimb,sandsthesintegratorsofsthesbaroreceptor
sreflex.
Answer:s Meansarterialspressuresissdetectedsbysarterialsbaroreceptorsslocatedswithinsthesbloodsvessel
swallsofsthescarotidssinussandsthesaorticsarch.sThesesreceptorssaresstimulatedsbysthesextentsofsstretchso
fsthatswall,swhichsissalteredsbyschangessinspressure.sAssmeansarterialspressuresincreases,sthesvesselsw
allsissfurthersstretched,scausingsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialssfromsthesbaroreceptorsstosincrease.
sThisssignalsterminatesswithinsthesmedullaswheresitsissintegratedsandsasresponsesinitiated.sOthersaffer
entsreceptorssthatsaresnotsdirectlysmeasuringsmeansarterialspressuresbutswhosesactivationscansaffects
meansarterialspressuresincludeslowpressuresbaroreceptors,schemoreceptors,sproprioceptors,sandsothersinternalsreceptors.sDuestostheirsl
ocationsonsthesmorescompliantssidesofsthesvasculatures(heart,slargessystemicsveins,sandspulmonarysv
essels),slowspressuresbaroreceptorssrespondstoschangessinscentralsvenousspressures(venoussvolume).
Chemoreceptorsslocatedswithinsthescarotidsarteriessandsaortasaresinvolvedsinsdetectingschangessinsbl
oodsgasessthatsincludesoxygen,scarbonsdioxide,sorshydrogensions.sProprioceptorssprovidesinformati
onsonsthesactivitysofsskeletalsmusclessandsjointsstosthescentralsnervousssystem.sInternalsreceptors,swh
ichsincludeschemoreceptors,sareslocatedswithinsmusclessandsrespondstosthesincreasesinsmetabolitesst
hatsoccurssduringsexercise.sAtsthessamestimesthatsthesmedullasreceivessinformationsfromsthesesrecept
ors,sitsalsosreceivessinputssfromsothersbrainscenters.sThesescenterssincludestheshypothalamuss(thesfig
ht-orflightsresponse)sandsthescerebralscortexs(insresponsestospainsandsemotions).sThesefferentsportionsofst
hesbaroreceptorsreflexsinvolvessthesautonomicsnervousssystem.sParasympatheticsnervoussactivityssti
mulatessthessinoatrialsnodestosdecreasesheartsrate.sSympatheticsnervoussactivityscansaffectsmeansarte
rialspressuresthroughsseveralspathwayssthatsincludesthessinoatrialsnodes(increasesheartsrate),sventricl
ess(increasesventriculars contractility),sarterioless(increasestotalsperipheralsresistance),sandsveinss(de
creasesvenousscompliance).
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.8
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
8) Thesbaroreceptorssaresresponsiblesforsdetectingsandsrespondingstoschangessinsmeansarterialspr
essure.sFollowsthesshort-termsandslongtermsresponsessofsthesbaroreceptorsreflexstosansacutesandschronicsincreasesinsmeansarterialspressu
re.
Answer:s Ansacutesincreasesinsmeansarterialspressureswouldscausesansincreasesinsthesstretchsofsthesba
roreceptor,scausingsansincreasesinsthesfrequencysofsactionspotentialsssentstosthesmedulla.sThesmedull
asrespondsstosthatsstimulussinsthesshortstermsinsasmannersthatsrapidlysdecreasessmeansarterialspressur
e.sThatsresponsesincludessbothslimbssofsthesautonomicsnervousssystem:sparasympatheticsactivitysinc
reasessasssympatheticsactivitysdecreases.sThisscausessasdecreasesinsheartsrate.sAtsthessamestime,sthesr
eductionsinssympatheticsactivitysdecreasessstrokesvolumes(ventricularscontractilitysdecreases),sredu
cessvenomotorstones(assveinssrelaxsasstheysbecomes morescompliant),sandsdecreasesstotalsperipherals
resistances(arteriolessdilate).sArteriolesdilationswillsalsosresultsfromsasdecreasesinsangiotensinsIIsands
vasopressinslevelsswithinsthesblood.sThesreductionsinsangiotensinsIIsoccurssassasconsequencesofsasde
creasesinsthesreleasesofsreninsfromstheskidneys,swhichsissrequiredsforstheseventualsconversionsofsangi
otensinogenstosangiotensinsIsandsthereaftersangiotensinsII.sAnyschangessinsthesreleasesofsvasopressin
susuallysresultssfromschanges sinsthesstimulationsofstheshypothalamus,swhichsdeterminessthesreleaseso
fsvasopressinsfromsthesposteriorspituitary.sHowever,sanyschangessinsangiotensinsIIsandsvasopressinsa
lsoshavesmoreslongstermsconsequences.sAngiotensinsIIsstimulatessthesreleasesofsaldosteronesfromsthesadrenalscortex.sAl
dosteronesandsvasopressinsstimulatesthesexpansionsofsbloodsvolumesbysdecreasingsurinesoutput.sTh
us,sasdecreasesinstheseshormonesswillsdecreasesbloodsvolumesbysincreasingsurinesoutputs(diuresis).
LearningsOutcome:s 14.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.8
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
9) Assmeansarterialspressureschanges,sbothsshort-sandslongtermschangessaresinitiatedsthatscansinteractswithsonesanother.sDescribeshowsaschronicshypotensiv
esstatescouldsbecomeslifesthreatening.
Answer:s Hypotension,sasdecreasesinsmeansarterialspressure,sstimulatessthessympatheticsnervousssys
temstosincreasesheartsrate,sstrokesvolumes(ventricularscontractility),svenousstones(decreasingscompli
ance),sandstotalsperipheralsresistances(arteriolesconstriction).sAtsthessamestime,sincreasessinsreninsele
vatesaldosteronesconcentrationsand,sthereby,sbloodsvolumesinsansattemptstosprovidesaslongtermssolutionstostheshypotension.sHowever,sthesincreasesinstotalsperipheralsresistancesdoessnotsaffect
severysvascularsbedsequally. sWhilesansincreasesinstotalsperipheralsresistancesdecreasessbloodsflowstos
mostsorgans,sthississnotsthescasesforsthesheartsandsthesbrain.sEachsofsthesesvascularsbedssisspoorlysinfl
uencedsbyssympatheticsactivitysand,sthus,sresistancesinsthesesorganssremainssunaffectedsbyssympath
eticsactivity.sThissmaintenancesofsbloodsflowstosthesbrainsandsheartsaresindicativesofsthesimportances
ofsoxygensdeliverystosthesestissuessforssurvival.sIfshypotensionsissmaintainedsforsmoresthansanshourso
rstwosduestosansinadequatesexpansionsofsbloodsvolumes(orscontinuedshemorrhaging),sthesreductionsi
nsbloodsflowstosthesremaindersofsthesorganssofsthesbodysbeginsstosreverse;sthesreducedsbloodsflowscau
sessthestissuestosbecomesischemic,stherebysinducingsaslocalsreflexsvasodilationsofsthesarteriolesswithi
nsthosestissuessandsincreasingsbloodsflow.sThissfurthersdecreasesstotalsperipheralsresistancesandsmea
nsarterialspressuresuntilsthesvasculaturescollapsess(asdilatedsstate).sThississknownsasscirculatorysshoc
k.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.9
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
10) Bothsshort-sandslongtermsregulationsofsmeansarterialspressuresissmediatedsthroughsthesreleasesofshormones.sDescrib
estheshormonessdiscussedsinsChapters14sthatsaresinvolvedsinsthesregulationsofsmeansarterialspress
uresandshowstheysaresablestosstimulatesansincreasesinsmeansarterialspressure.
Answer:s Theresaresthreeshormonessthatsplaysansimportantsrolesinsthesregulationsofsmeansarterialspres
sure:sepinephrine,sangiotensinsII,sandsvasopressins(antidiureticshormone).sInsthesshortsterm,seachsofst
heseshormonesswillsaffectsarteriolarsdiameter.sAngiotensinsIIsandsvasopressinsincreasesarteriolarsres
istancesbysinducingsarteriolarsvasoconstriction.sResponsesstosepinephrinesaresmorescomplex,sandsar
esdeterminedsbysthesdistributionsofsadrenergicsreceptorssonsthessmoothsmusclescells:sbindingstosbetas
receptorssstimulatessasvasodilationswhilesbindingstosalphasreceptorssstimulatessasvasoconstriction.sT
hesdistributionsofsthesesreceptorssvariessbysvascularsbedswithscardiacsandsskeletalsmuscleshavingsaspr
edominancesofsbetasreceptorssthatscausesstheirsarteriolesstosdilatesinsresponsestosepinephrine.sChang
essinsvasopressinsandsangiotensinsIIsconcentrationssalsoshaveslongtermseffectssthatsincludesincreasingsbloodsvolumesthroughsdecreasessinsurinesoutput.sAngiotensinsIIs
alterssurinesoutputsbysstimulatingsthesreleasesofsaldosteronesfromsthesadrenalscortexswhilesvasopressi
nsdirectlysaffectssurinesoutput.sIncreasessinsbloodsvolumesenhancescentralsvenousspressuresandscause
sansincreasesinsend-diastolicsvolume.sAnysincreasesinsendsdiastolicsvolumesenhancessthescontractilitysofsthesheartsandsstimulatessansincreasesinsstrokesvolume,s
therebysincreasingsmeansarterialspressure.sVasopressinsissstimulatedsbystheslowpressuresbaroreceptorsswhereassreninsrelease,swhichsultimatelysincreasessangiotensinsII,sissstimulate
dsbysarterialsbaroreceptorssandsthesdirectseffectsofsarterialspressuresonstheskidneys.
LearningsOutcome:s 14.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s SynthesissChapt
ersSection:s 14.8
14.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Contractionsofssmoothsmusclescellssinsarteriolesscausess(vasoconstrictions/svasodilation).sA
nswer:s vasoconstriction
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.4
2) Arteriessares(elastics/scompliant).s
Answer:s elastic
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.3
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3) Arteriessfunctionsassas(pressures/svolume)sreservoir.s
Answer:s pressure
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.3
4) Fenestrationssinscapillariessofsthes(kidneys/sliver)saresnecessarystosallowsnewlyssynthesizedspr
oteinsstosentersthesplasma.
Answer:s liver
LearningsOutcome:s 14.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 14.5
5) Increasessinscapillaryshydrostaticspressureswillsleadstosa(n)s(increases/sdecrease)sinsthesamountsofs
fluidsfilteredsbysthescapillaries.
Answer:s increasesLearnin
gsOutcome:s 14.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
6) Increasessinscapillarysosmoticspressureswillsleadstosa(n)s(increases/sdecrease)sinsthesamountsofsflu
idsfilteredsbysthescapillaries.
Answer:s decreasesLearni
ngsOutcome:s 14.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 14.5
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)sCh
apters15s ThesCardiovascularsSystem:sBlood
15.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) Theschangingscolorsofsasbruisesisscausedsbysthesbreakdownsproductssofshemoglobin.sHemoglobins
issbrokensdownsintos
,swhichsissasgreensmolecule.s
issasyellowishsbrownsmolecule,sagainsasbreakdownsproductsofshemoglobin.
A) biliverdins:sBilirubin
B) bilirubins:sBiliverdin
C) biles:sAmmonia
D) ammonia:sBile
E) basophils:sPlasmas
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s Introduction
2) Whatsissashematocritsmeasuring?
A) thesamountsofshemoglobinsinsblood
B) thespercentagesofsbloodsthatsisscomprisedsofsredsbloodscellssonly
C) thespercentagesofsbloodsthatsisscomprisedsofsredsandswhitesbloodscells
D) thespercentagesofsbloodsthatsisscomprisedsofsplasma
E) thesamountsofsoxygensthatscansbestransportedsbysbloodsA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
3) Asnormalshematocritsissapproximatelyswhatsvalue?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 75
E) 90
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
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4) Polycythemiasissbestsdefinedsassa
A) highersthansnormalsconcentrationsofserythrocytes.
B) lowersthansnormalsconcentrationsofserythrocytes.
C) highersthansnormalsconcentrationsofsleukocytes.
D) lowersthansnormalsconcentrationsofsleukocytes.
E) highersthansnormalsconcentrationsofsproteinsinsthesplasma.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
5) Whatsissthesmostsabundantsplasmasprotein?
A) albumin
B) hemoglobin
C) fibrinogen
D) globulins
E) carbonicsanhydrases
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
6) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofsalbumins?
A) Theysprimarilysaffectsthesmovementsofsfluidsintoscapillariessbyscreatingsansosmoticsgradient.
B) Theysaidsinsthesstructuralsformsofstheserythrocyte.
C) Theysprovidesthesnutrientssneededstosreplicateserythrocytes.
D) Theystransportslipids,splayingsasrolesinsclottingsandsdefendingsthesbodysagainstsforeignssu
bstances.
E) Theysarestheskeyssubstancesinsthesformationsofsbloodsclots.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
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7) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofsglobulins?
A) Theystransportslipids,splayingsasrolesinsclottingsandsdefendingsthesbodysagainstsforeignssu
bstances.
B) Theysprimarilysaffectsthesmovementsofsfluidsintoscapillariessbyscreatingsansosmoticsgradient.
C) Theysprovidesthesnutrientssneededstosreplicateserythrocytes.
D) Theysarestheskeyssubstancesinsthesformationsofsbloodsclots.
E) Theysaidsinsthesstructuralsformsofstheserythrocyte.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
8) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesfunctionsofsfibrinogen?
A) Itstransportsslipids,splayingsasrolesinsclottingsandsdefendingsthesbodysagainstsforeignssu
bstances.
B) Itsprimarilysaffectssthesmovementsofsfluidsintoscapillariessbyscreatingsansosmoticsgradient.
C) Itsprovidessthesnutrientssneededstosreplicateserythrocytes.
D) Itsisstheskeyssubstancesinsthesformationsofsbloodsclots.
E) Itsaidssinsthesstructuralsformsofstheserythrocyte.sA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
9) Asmajoritysofsthesproteinspresentswithinsbloodsisssynthesizedswithinswhatsorgan?
A) skeletalsmuscles
B) liver
C) centralsnervousssystem
D) kidneys
E) lungssA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
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10) WhichsofsthesfollowingsstatementssissNOTsaccurateswithsrespectstoserythrocytes?
A) Theyslacksnuclei.
B) Theyslacksmitochondria.
C) Theyscontainslargesamountssofshemoglobin.
D) Theysmigratesintosinfectedsregionssofstissue.
E) Theystransportsoxygensandscarbonsdioxide.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
11) Whichsstatementsbestsdescribessthesimportancesofsthesbiconcavesshapesofserythrocytes?
A) Itsprovidessaslargessurfacesaresforsthesexchangesofsgases.
B) Itsmakesstheserythrocytessmallsandsflexible.
C) Itsconformsstosthesmolecularsshapesofshemoglobin.
D) Itsallowssforsthesmovementsofserythrocytessoutsofsthescapillaries.
E) Itsallowssforsphagocytosissofsforeignsparticles.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
12) Thesiron-containingsringsinshemoglobinsisscalleds
A) hemes:scarbonsdioxide
B) spectrins:scarbonsdioxide
C) hemes:soxygen
D) globins:soxygen
E) hemes:scarbonsdioxidesorsoxygens
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
andsitsbindss
.
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13) Whatsenzymescatalyzessthesconversionsofscarbonsdioxidesandswaterstoscarbonicsacid,sandsw
heresissthissenzymeslocated?
A) carbonicsanhydrase,sinsplasma
B) carbonicsdehydrogenase,sinsplasma
C) carbonicsanhydrase,sinshemoglobin
D) carbonicsdehydrogenase,sinshemoglobin
E) carbonicsanhydrase,sinserythrocytess
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
14) Carbonicsacidsreversiblysdissociatesstosformswhatstwosproducts,swithoutsthesneedsofsansen
zyme?
A) watersandscarbonsdioxide
B) watersandsbicarbonate
C) carbonsdioxidesandsbicarbonate
D) bicarbonatesandshydrogension
E) watersandshydrogensions
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.3
15) Erythrocytessaressynthesizedsinswhatsorgansandsundersthescontrolsofswhatschemical?
A) liver,sunderscontrolsofsbilirubin
B) bonesmarrow,sunderscontrolsofserythropoietin
C) kidney,sunderscontrolsofstransferrin
D) liver,sunderscontrolsofserythropoietin
E) bonesmarrow,sunderscontrolsofsbilirubins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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16) Whatshematopoieticsgrowthsfactorscontrolssredsbloodscellssynthesis,sandswhatsorgansreleasessit?
A) oxytocin,sreleasedsbysposteriorspituitary
B) calcitonin,sreleasedsbyskidney
C) parathyroidshormone,sreleasedsbysparathyroidsglands
D) erythropoietin,sreleasedsbyskidney
E) transferrin,sreleasedsbysbonesmarrows
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
17) Whatstriggersserythropoietinsrelease?
A) increasedsbloodscarbonsdioxideslevels
B) decreasedsbloodsoxygenslevels
C) infectionsinsthestissues
D) infectionsinsthesblood
E) damagestosasbloodsvesselswallsandssubsequentsexposuresofscollagensA
nswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
18) Labsresultssforsyourspatientshavesjustsbeenssentsfromstheslabsandstheslabstechshassflaggedsthesreti
culocytescountsasshighersthansnormal.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysyousshouldsbesconcern
edsaboutsashighersthansnormalsrecticulocytescount?
A) Thissmaysindicatesassevereshemorrhage.
B) Thissmaysbesansindicationsofsleukemia.
C) Thissmaysbesevidencesofsasmyocardialsinfarction.
D) Itsissascommonssideseffectsofsiron-deficiencysanemia.
E) Itsmaysbesasresultsofspolycythemia.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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19) Pernicioussanemiasissassociatedswithswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) abnormalshemoglobin
B) inadequatesbilirubinslevels
C) bleeding
D) damagestosthesbonesmarrow
E) insufficientsvitaminsB12s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
20) Oldsredsbloodscellssaresremovedsfromsthesbloodsbysmacrophagessinswhatsorgan?
A) bonesmarrow
B) spleen
C) kidney
D) thymus
E) pancreas
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
21) OlympicsathletesstrainsinsColoradosSprings,sColoradosbecausesthisslocationsissatshighsaltitudesan
dsnearsthes14,000sfootsPikessPeak.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribesswhysthisslocationswasschosen?
A) Oxygenslevelssareslowsand,stherefore,smoresredsbloodscellssaresproduced,sgivingsthesathletessans
advantageswhenscompetingsatslowersaltitudes.
B) Thesconcentrationsdifferencesforsgettingsairsintostheslungssissgreatersatshighsaltitudes.
C) Thesthinnersairscausessitstosbeseasierstosmovesintosandsoutsofstheslungs,swhichsleadsstoshighersoxy
genstransport.
D) Thesthinsairsallowssforslesssresistanceswhensbikingsorsrunningsand,stherefore,sthesathletesscansrun
sandsbikesfaster,swhichsbuildssupstheirsendurancesforsfuturesraces
E) Oxygenslevelssareslowsandsthereforesfewersredsbloodscellssaresavailable,swhichsputssmoresph
ysiologicalsstresssonsthesbody.sThissleadsstosasgreatersefficiencysofsgettingsoxygenstosthestissues
.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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22) Somesathletes,sinsorderstosgainsansadvantagesoverstheirscompetitors,sparticipatesinsbloodsdoping.s
Thissprocesssincreasessthesnumbersofsredsbloodscellssinstheirscardiovascularssystemssandsinsturnsdeliv
erssmoresoxygenstostheirsmetabolicallysactivestissues.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribesshowsathletes'sb
loodsdopesandsthesdangerssassociatedswithsbloodsdoping?
A) Erythropoietinsissinjectedsstimulatingsmoresredsbloodscellsproduction.sAnsincreasesinsredsbl
oodscellssincreasesstheshematocritswhichscansincreasesbloodspressuresandsweakensvesselssmaki
ngstheschancessofsstrokesincrease.
B) Athletessreceivesbloodstransfusionsstosincreasesthesnumbersofsredsbloodscellssandsbysdoingssosinc
reasestheirschancessofsdevelopingsaidssorshepatitissC.
C) Hemoglobinsissinjected,sincreasingsthesoxygenscarryingscapacitysofsredsbloodscells.sHowever,sto
osmuchshemoglobinscanscauseshemolysis.
D) Leukocytessaresinjectedsbecausestheysareslargersthansredsbloodscells.sHowever,stheysmakesthesbo
dysmoressusceptiblestosinfection.
E) Colonystimulatingsfactorssaresinjectedstosincreasesthesnumbersofsredsbloodscells.sToosmany,showever,scans
clogsarteries,scausingsasheartsattack.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
23) Duringshemoglobinsmetabolism,swhatsissthesyellowspigmentedssubstancesproducedsbysthesre
movalsofsthesironsgroupscalled?
A) ferritin
B) transferrin
C) bile
D) bilirubin
E) myoglobin
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
24) Whatsisstheslifesspansofsanserythrocyte?
A) 1sday
B) 10sdays
C) 30sdays
D) 120sdays
E) Theyslastsforsasslongsassyouslive.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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25) Whichsmetabolitesofshemoglobinsimpartssthesyellowishstingesfoundsinsplasmasandsinsthesco
nditionsofsjaundice?
A) bilirubin
B) biliverdin
C) bile
D) transferring
E) ferritins
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
26) You'reslookingsatsyourspatient'sscompletesbloodscounts(CBC)sandsnoticesthatsheshassasnormalshe
matocritsbutslowshemoglobin.sWhatsissthesmostslikelyscausesforsthissresult?
A) iron-deficiencysanemia
B) aplasticsanemia
C) renalsanemia
D) hemolyticsanemia
E) hemorrhagicsanemias
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
27) Anselevatedsleukocytescountsissindicativesofsinfection.sWhatsprocedureswouldsgivesasph
ysiciansasbettersguesssatswhatstypesofsinfection?
A) asdifferentialswhitesbloodscellscount
B) asCBC
C) ashemoglobinsA1Cstest
D) asbleedingstimestest
E) asplateletscounts
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.4
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28) Yourspatientshassbeensadmittedsforsansasthmasattack.sInswhatstypesofswhitesbloodscellswouldsyo
usexpectstosseesanselevatedscount?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
29) Yousnoticesonsyourspatient'sscompletesbloodscounts(CBC)sthatssheshassasveryslowsbasophilsco
unt.sWhichsstatementsbestsdescribessthissabnormalsresult?
A) Thissmaysbesduestosansacutesallergicsreaction.
B) Thississascommonssideseffectsofsrheumatoidsarthritis.
C) Thesbasophilssmayshavesbeenskilledsbysasflusvirus.
D) Itscansbesansindicationsofsasmicrobialsinfection.
E) Sicklescellsanemiasmayshavesinhibitedsbasophilsproduction.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
30) Yourspatientsissanselderlyswomanswhoshassbeenstreatedswithsprednisones(assteroid)sforsyearsstost
reatshersrheumatoidsarthritis.sInswhatstypesofswhitesbloodscellswouldsyousexpectstosseesanselevatedsc
ount?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
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31) Whatsissthesmostsabundantsclasssofswhitesbloodscells?
A) neutrophils
B) basophils
C) eosinophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
32) Whichsofsthesfollowingsleukocytesshasscytoplasmicsgranules?
A) neutrophilssonly
B) basophilssonly
C) eosinophilssonly
D) bothsbasophilssandseosinophils
E) basophils,seosinophils,sandsneutrophilss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
33) Whichsofsthesfollowingsleukocytessissasphagocyte?
A) neutrophilssonly
B) basophilssonly
C) monocytessonly
D) bothsneutrophilssandsbasophils
E) bothsneutrophilssandsmonocytess
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
34) Whatstypesofsleukocytesdefendssagainstsparasiticsinfections?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) erythrocytes
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
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35) Whatstypesofsleukocytessecretessheparin?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
36) BscellssandsTscellssfallsunderswhatscategorysofsleukocytes?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
37) Whatstypesofsleukocytesdifferentiatessintosmacrophagessinsthestissues?
A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
38) Whatstypesofscellsissthesprecursorsforsplatelets?
A) neutrophils
B) erythrocytes
C) megakaryocytes
D) nullscells
E) macrophages
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.4
39) Whatsissthesstoppagesofsbleedingscalled?
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A) hemostasis
B) homeostasis
C) erythrostasis
D) fibrinostasis
E) vasculostasis
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
40) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissthesfirstsstepsofshemostasis?
A) formationsofsasplateletsplug
B) formationsofsasbloodsclot
C) formationsofsasfibrinsclot
D) vascularsspasm
E) secretionsofshistamines
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
41) Formationsofsasplateletsplugsissinitiatedsbys
A) thrombins:splatelets
B) arachidonicsacids:scollagen
C) fibrins:serythrocytes
D) ADPs:splatelets
E) vonsWillebrandsfactors:scollagens
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
bindingstos
.
42) Plateletssbecomesstickyswhensexposedstoswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) vonsWillebrandsfactor
B) prostacyclin
C) fibrin
D) thrombin
E) serotonin
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
43) Whichsofsthesfollowingschemicalssinvolvedsinsthesdevelopmentsofsasplateletsplugsisssecreted
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bysactivatedsplateletssinsresponsestosADP?
A) arachidonicsacid
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) prostacyclin
E) thromboxanesA2
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
44) Inshealthysendothelialscells,sarachidonicsacidsissconvertedstos
sformationsofsbloodsclots.
A) thromboxanesA2s:sinhibits
B) thromboxanesA2s:sstimulates
C) prostacyclins:sinhibits
D) prostacyclins:sstimulates
E) nitricsoxides:sinhibitss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.5
45) Insactivatedsplatelets,sarachidonicsacidsissconvertedstos
formationsofsbloodsclots.
A) thromboxanesA2s:sinhibits
B) thromboxanesA2s:sstimulates
C) prostacyclins:sinhibits
D) prostacyclins:sstimulates
E) nitricsoxides:sinhibitss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.5
,swhichs
,swhichs
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46) Whatsconvertssfibrinogenstosfibrin?
A) prostacyclin
B) thrombin
C) vonsWillebrandsfactor
D) arachidonicsacid
E) plasmins
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
47) Whatschemicalsdissolvessbloodsclots?
A) plasmin
B) heparin
C) fibrin
D) proteinsC
E) thromboxanesA2
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
48) Hemophiliasissasgeneticsclottingsdisordersusuallyscharacterizedsbysthesabsencesofswhatscl
ottingsfactor?
A) vonsWillebrandsfactor
B) factorsX
C) factorsXIII
D) thrombin
E) factorsVIII
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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49) Lowsdosagessofsaspirinsinhibitsclottingsbysblockingsthesformationsofswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) vitaminsK
B) thromboxanesA2
C) factorsX
D) thrombin
E) factorsVIII
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.5
50) Highsdosessofsaspirinscansstimulatesclottingsbysinhibitingsthessynthesissof
A) prostacyclin.
B) proteinsC.
C) thrombomodulin.
D) tissuesplasminogensactivator.
E) plasmin.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.5
51) Mostscoagulationsfactorssaressynthesizedsbyswhatsorgan?
A) bonesmarrow
B) kidney
C) liver
D) thymus
E) heartsAn
swer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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52) Whichsstatementsbelowsbestsdescribesswhysdiabeticssarestwostimessmoreslikelystosdevelopsca
rdiovascularsdiseasesthansnon-diabetics?
A) Diabetessleadsstoshighscholesterolslevelssand,stherefore,satherosclerosis.
B) Diabeticssmuststakesinsulinsand,stherefore,stheirsbloodsglucoseslevelssfluctuatescausingstr
emendoussstresssonsallssystemssofstheirsbodies.
C) Diabetesspromotessbacterialsinfectionsswhichswillseventuallysdestroysthesheart.
D) Diabeticsstendstosbesobesesand,stherefore,scannotsgetsenoughsaerobicsexercise.
E) Diabetessleadsstosheartsdiseasesbecausesofsthessideseffectssofsinsulinsonsthescardiovascularssy
stem.
Answer:s A
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.6
53) Whichswhitesbloodscellsissasphagocytesthatsalsosreleasesstoxinssfromsitsscytoplasmicsgr
anules?
A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
54) Whichswhitesbloodscellsissthesmostsabundantsphagocytesinsthesblood?
A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
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55) Whichswhitesbloodscellsissasnon-phagocyticsgranulocyte?
A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
56) Whichswhitesbloodscellsdifferentiatessintosmacrophagessinsthestissue?
A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
57) WhichstypesofswhitesbloodscellsincludessBsandsTscells?
A) monocyte
B) neutrophil
C) basophil
D) eosinophil
E) lymphocyte
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
58) Whichschemicalsformssthesmeshworksofsthesbloodsclot?
A) fibrin
B) thrombin
C) thromboxanesA2
D) vonsWillebrandsfactor
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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59) Whichschemicalsformedsfromsarachidonicsacidsfacilitatessplateletsplugsformation?
A) fibrin
B) thrombin
C) thromboxanesA2
D) vonsWillebrandsfactor
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
60) Thrombinsplayssasdirectsrolesin
A) activatingsfactorsX.
B) thesproductionsofsprothrombin.
C) thesconversionsofsfibrinogenstosfibrin.
D) causingsvasoconstrictionsofsbloodsvessels.
E) stimulatingsnitricsoxidesrelease.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
61) Whichschemical,sformedsfromsarachidonicsacid,sinhibitssplateletsplugsformation?
A) fibrin
B) thrombin
C) thromboxanesA2
D) prostacyclin
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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62) Whatssubstancesbindsstoscollagensandsactivatessplatelets?
A) fibrin
B) thrombin
C) thromboxanesA2
D) vonsWillebrandsfactor
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
63) Whatssubstancesinhibitssbothsthesintrinsicsandsextrinsicsclottingspathways?
A) fibrin
B) proteinsC
C) thromboxanesA2
D) vonsWillebrandsfactor
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
64) Whatschemicalsissreleasedsfromsaggregatedsplateletssandsstimulatessthesplateletsstosproducesth
romboxanesA2?
A) prostacyclin
B) proteinsC
C) thromboxanesA2
D) ADP
E) arachidonicsacids
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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65) Whatssubstancesissasprecursorsforsprostacyclin?
A) fibrin
B) thrombin
C) thromboxanesA2
D) vonsWillebrandsfactor
E) arachidonicsacid
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.5
66) Whatsissplasmasfromswhichsclottingsfactorsshavesbeensremovedscalled?
A) buffyswhitescoat
B) thrombocytes
C) serum
D) colony-stimulatingsfactors
E) platelets
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.2
67) Whatscytosolicsproteinsgivessthesmembranesofserythrocytessitssflexibility?
A) spectrin
B) fibrin
C) globin
D) hemesgroup
E) fibrinogen
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
68) Thesenzymes
catalyzessthesreversiblesreactionswherebyscarbonsdioxidesandswatersaresconvertedstos
A) carbonicsanhydrases:scarbonicsacid
B) prostacyclins:sproteinsC
C) carboxypeptidases:sacidicsacid
D) hydrolases:scarbonase
E) carboxypeptidases:scarbonicsacids
Answer:s A
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
.
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69) Synthesissofsredsbloodscellssisscalleds
A) erythropoiesiss:sbonesmarrow
B) hemostasiss:skidney
C) erythropoiesiss:skidney
D) erythropoiesiss:sspleen
E) hemostasiss:sbonesmarrows
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
andsoccurssinsthes
.
70) Whatscellstypesisstheslastsstagesofserythrocytesproductionspriorstosdevelopmentsofsasmaturesery
throcyte?
A) myeloidsstemscell
B) monocyte
C) megakaryocyte
D) lymphoidsstemscell
E) reticulocyte
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
71) Whatsissdefinedsassasdecreasesinsthesoxygen-carryingscapacitysofsblood?
A) hematocrit
B) hemolysis
C) hypoxia
D) anemia
E) polycythemia
sAnswer:s D
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
72) Ansincreasesinsplasmaslevelssofs
causessasyellowishsappearancesofsthesskinsandstheswhitessofstheseyes.sThissconditionsisscalleds
.
A) bilirubins:shemostasis
B) biles:spernicioussanemia
C) bilirubins:sjaundice
D) biliverdins:sjaundice
E) bilirubins:srenalsanemias
Answer:s C
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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73) Whichsofsthesfollowingswhitesbloodscellssaresgranulocytes?
A) neutrophils,seosinophils,sandsmonocytes
B) neutrophils,seosinophils,sandsbasophils
C) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsmacrophages
D) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsreticulocytes
E) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsmegakaryocytess
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
74) Whichsofsthesfollowingsleukocytessaresphagocytes?
A) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsreticulocytes
B) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsmegakaryocytes
C) monocytes,slymphocytes,sandsmacrophages
D) neutrophils,seosinophils,sandsbasophils
E) neutrophils,seosinophils,sandsmonocytess
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
75) Bothsthesintrinsicsandsextrinsicspathwayssconvergesonsactivationsofswhatsfactor,swhichsthensac
tivatessprothrombin?
A) calcium
B) factorsX
C) plateletsfactor
D) factorsIV
E) tissuesfactor
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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15.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Followingscentrifugingsofsblood,sthesmiddleslayerscontainssplateletssandsleukocytes,sandsissca
lledsthesbuffyscoat.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 15.1sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
2) Mostsofsthesbloodsvolumesconsistssofserythrocytes.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
3) Glucosesisstransportedsinsbloodsdissolvedsinsplasma.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
4) Polycythemiasissasdecreasesinsthesoxygencarryingscapacitysofsblood.sAnswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
5) Hemoglobinstransportssbothsoxygensandscarbonsdioxide.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.3
6) Carbonicsanhydrasesissansenzymesinserythrocytessessentialsforsthestransportsofscarbonsdioxidesass
bicarbonatesions.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 15.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
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7) Ironscansbesstoredsinsthesliversandsspleensboundstosferritin.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
8) Jaundicesisscausedsbysansexcesssofsironsinsthesblood.sA
nswer:s FALSE
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
9) Anemiasisscausedsbysaslowshematocrit.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.4
10) Thesbreakdownsofsbilirubinsimpartssthescolorsinsbothsfecessandsurine.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
11) ReleasesofsADPsbysplateletssisspartsofsaspositivesfeedbacksloopsforsplateletsaggregation.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
12) Inshealthysendothelialscells,sarachidonicsacidsissconvertedstosthromboxanesA2.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sBloom's
sTaxonomy:s KnowledgesChapters
Section:s 15.5
13) ThrombinsissactivatedsbysfactorsX.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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14) CollagensactivatessfactorsX.s
Answer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
15) Asfibrinsclotscansoccursinsthesabsencesofsplateletsaggregation.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
16) Coagulationsfactorsscontinuouslyscirculatesinsthesbloodsinstheirsinactivesform.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
17) Calciumsissrequiredsforsformationsofsasbloodsclot.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
18) VitaminsKsissnecessarysforsbloodsclotsformationsbecausesitsactivatessthesextrinsicspathway.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
19) ProteinsCsinhibitssbothsthesintrinsicsandsextrinsicsclottingspathways.sA
nswer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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20) Thrombinsnotsonlyspromotessclottingsatsinjuryssites,sbutsalsosindirectlysinhibitssclottingsinshe
althystissue.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 15.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-3|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.5
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15.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Bloodsisscomposedsofsfluidscomponentssandsformedselementss(cells).sDescribesthespropertiessofs
thesfluidsandscellularscomponentssofsblood.
Answer:s Bloodsisscomposedsofsbothsfluidsandscellularsconstituentssthatscansbesseparatedsbyscentrifu
gation.sThesfluidsportionsofsbloodsisstermedsplasma.sPlasmasissansaqueousssolutionsthatscontainssprot
eins,ssmallsnutrients,smetabolicswastesproducts,sgases,sandselectrolytes.sWithsrespectstosthessmallssol
utess(othersthansproteins),splasmasisssimilarstosinterstitialsfluidsinsitsscomposition;sitsissthesamountsofs
proteinsthatsseparatessplasmasfromsinterstitialsfluid.sThosesplasmasproteinsscansbesorganizedsintosthr
eesgroups:salbumin,sglobulinssandsfibrinogen.sAlbuminsisssynthesizedsbysthesliversandsconstitutess60
%sofsthestotalsproteinscontentsofsthesblood.sGlobulinssaresasclasssofs proteinsthatscomprisess36%sofspl
asmasproteinss(theysfunctionsinslipidstransport,sasssteroidshormones,sandsinsbloodsclotting).sFibrinog
ensissanothersproteinssynthesizedsinsthesliver,sandsissessentialstosformationsofsbloodsclots.
Withsrespectstositsscellularsconstituents,sthesproportionsofsbloodsvolumesthatsisscomposedsofserythro
cytessisstermedstheshematocrit.sThescellularsconstituentssofsthesbloodsaresproducedswithinsbonesmarr
ow.sThesmostsabundantscellstypesisstheserythrocytess(45%sofsbloodsvolume).sThesesredsbloodscellssc
ontainslargesquantitiessofshemoglobin.sHemoglobinsissessentialsforstransportsofsoxygensandscarbonsd
ioxidesinsthesblood.sThesescellssnoslongersfunctionslikesotherscellsssincestheyslacksnuclei,smitochondr
ia,sandsribosomes.sTheyshavesasrelativelysshortslifespans(120sdays)sandsaresstimulatedstosproliferates
byserythropoietin.sThesremaindersofsthescellularscomponentssofsbloodsincludessleukocytessandsplate
lets.sLeukocytessfunctionstosdefendsthesbodysagainstsmicroorganismssandsothersforeignsmaterials.sU
nlikesredsbloodscells,sthesescellssaresnotsrestrictedstosthescirculationsandscansbesfoundsinsmoststissues.s
Plateletssaresimportantsinsbloodsclots.sTheysaresderivedsasscellularsfragmentssfromsmegakaryocytes.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.1
2) Oxygensandscarbonsdioxidesarespoorlyssolublesinsplasmassostheysrequireserythrocytessforstheirstra
nsportsinsblood.sDescribeshowserythrocytesstransportsthesesgases.
Answer:s Erythrocytesscontainstwosproteinssnecessarysforsthestransportsofsoxygensandscarbonsdioxid
e:shemoglobinsandscarbonicsanhydrase.sHemoglobinsissasproteinsthatscontainssfourssubunits,seachsofs
whichshassashemesgroupsthatscansbindsoxygensreversibly.sThus,shemoglobinscanstransportsupstosfours
oxygensmolecules.sHemoglobinscansalsostransportscarbonsdioxide,sbutsthescarbonsdioxidesbindssrev
ersiblystosaminosacidsswithinsthespolypeptideschains,snotstostheshemesgroup.sCarbonicsanhydrasesissa
nsenzymesthatscatalyzessthesreversiblesreactionsconvertingscarbonsdioxidesandswaterstoscarbonicsaci
d.sThescarbonicsacidscansthensdissociatesintosashydrogensions andsbicarbonatesion.sMostsofsthescarbo
nsdioxidestransportedsinsbloodsisstransportedsassbicarbonatesion.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
3) Erythrocytesshavesnosnucleussorsorganelles.sTherefore,stheslifespansissshort.sDescribesthe
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lifecyclesofserythrocytes.
Answer:s Erythrocytessaresproducedsbysthesbonesmarrowsatsasratesofsapproximatelys200sbillionspersd
ay.sThessynthesissofserythrocytessissunderscontrolsofserythropoietin,sashematopoieticsgrowthsfactorsr
eleasedsfromstheskidneysinsresponsestoslowsoxygenslevels.sErythrocytessdifferentiatesfromshematopo
ieticsstemscells.sTheirssynthesissrequiressiron,swhichsissprovidedsfromsdietarysintakesorslimitedsironss
toressinsthesliver,sgastrointestinalstract,sorsspleen.sIronsissstoredsinsthesesorganssboundstosasproteinscal
ledsferritin.sForserythrocytessynthesis,sironsisstransportedsinsthesbloodsboundstosanothersproteinscalle
dstransferrin.sThestransferrinsreleasessthesironstoscellssinsthesbonesmarrow.sInsadditionstosiron,serythr
ocytesproductionsrequiressfolicsacidsandsvitaminsB12.sAsserythrocytessage,stheyslosestheirsstructurals
integrity.sOldserythrocytessaresphagocytosedsbysmacrophagessinsthesspleen,sandstosaslessersextentsins
thesliver.sAsstheserythrocytessaresbrokensdown,shemoglobinsissreleasedsandsmetabolizedstosbilirubin
.sThesbilirubinsenterssthesbloodstreamsandstravelsstosthesliver,swheresitsissfurthersmetabolizedsandsthes
by-productssaressecretedsinsbilestosthessmallsintestinestosbeseliminatedsinsthesfeces.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.3
4) Leukocytessaresnecessarystosprotectsthesbodysagainstsforeignssubstances,sincludingsbacteriasan
dsviruses.sDescribesthesdifferentsclassessofsleukocytessandstheirsmajorsfunctions.
Answer:s Theresaresfivestypessofsleukocytes:sneutrophils,seosinophils,sbasophils,smonocytes,sandsly
mphocytes.sNeutrophilssaresthesmostsabundantsofsthesleukocytessandsdefendsthesbodysagainstsbacteri
asandsforeignsparticlessbysphagocytosis.sEosinophilssaresalsosphagocytes,sbutstheystendstosfunctions
moresinsdefensesagainstsparasites.sEosinophilssreleasestoxinssthatsattacksparasites.
Basophilssmaysalsosdefendsagainstsparasitessbysreleasingstoxicsmolecules.sBasophilssalsosreleaseshis
tamine,swhichscontributesstosallergicsreactions,sandsheparin,sansanticoagulant.sMonocytessaresphago
cytessthatsdifferentiatesintosmacrophagessinsthestissues.sThesmacrophagessthensphagocytosesmicroor
ganismssandsforeignssubstancessinsthestissues.sLymphocytessaresthesprimaryscellstypesfoundsinsinters
titialsfluid.sLymphocytessincludesBslymphocytess(Bscells),sTslymphocytess(Tscells),sandsnullscells.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 15.4
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5) Thesabilitystospreventsbloodslosssfromsvesselssthatshavesbeensdamagedsissansimportantshemostati
csfunction.sDescribesinsdetailsthesthreesstepssinsthesprocesssofshemostasissincludingsthescompoundssi
nvolvedsinsthosesprocesses.
Answer:s Damagesofsthessubendotheliumsinitiatessansintrinsicsmechanismswithinsthesbloodsvesselsth
atscausessvasoconstrictions(vascularsspasm).sThissintrinsicsvasoconstriction,scoupledswithsactivatio
nsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystem,sreducessbloodsflowstosthesregionsofsdamagestosimmediatelysde
creasesbloodsloss.sThesnextsstepsissthesformationsofsthesplateletsplug.sPlateletssaresfragmentssofsmega
karyocytessthatscirculateswithinsthesblood.sWhenstissuessaresdamaged,svonsWillebrandsfactorsbindsst
osthesexposedssubendothelium,swhichsstimulatessplateletsadhesionstosthesvesselswall.sWhensplateletss
contactsvonsWillebrandsfactor,stheysaresactivated,swhichsmakessthemsmoressticky.sOncesactivated,sp
lateletssreleasesseveralscompoundssthatsincludesserotonin,sepinephrine,sADP,sandsthromboxanesA2.s
Serotoninsandsepinephrinesstimulatesfurthersvasoconstrictionsofsthesvessels.sADPscausessplateletssto
saggregate.sThissaggregationsstimulatessfurthersreleasesofsADPsfromsthesplateletssandsthesreleasesofst
hromboxanesA2swhichsplayssmultiplesroles.sThromboxanesA2sstimulatessplateletsaggregation,sADP
ssecretion,sandsvasoconstriction.sThesdevelopmentsofsthissplateletsplugsstimulatessthesformationsofsas
clot.sClotsformationsrequiressthesinteractionsbetweenscoagulationsfactorssthatsarespresentswithinsthes
blood.sThesmostsimportantscoagulationsfactorsissthrombin.sThrombinsstimulatessthesconversionsofsfi
brinogenstosfibrin,swhichsformssasmeshworksthatsissstabilizedsbysfactorsXIII.sProthrombinsissconvert
edsintosthrombinsbysfactorsX,swhichsissactivatedsbystwosindependentspathways:sintrinsicsandsextrinsi
c.sThesintrinsicspathwaysinvolvessactivatingsascirculatingsfactorsXIIsbysexposurestosthessubendotheli
um,swhichsultimatelysactivatessfactorsX.sAtsthessamestime,sthesextrinsicspathwaysissinitiatedsbysdama
gedstissuesreleasesofstissuesfactors(factorsIII).sThissfactorscomplexesswithsfactorsVIIstosactivatesfactor
sX.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.5
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6) Thesformationsofsplateletsplugssandsbloodsclotssissansimportantshemostatics(definedsbystheselimin
ationsofsbleeding)sfunctionsofsthesblood.sHowever,stheresaresmechanismsswithinsvesselswallssthatsin
hibitsclotsformationsandsdissolvesthosesclotssthatshavesformed.sDescribesthesmechanismssthatsinhibit
sclotsformationsandsdissolvesclots,sincludingsthesrelevantscompounds.sAnswer:s Thesformationsofsth
esplateletsplugsinvolvessADPstimulatedssynthesissofsthromboxanesA2sfromsplatelets.sArachidonicsacidsissthesprecursorsforsthrom
boxanesA2.sInshealthysendothelialscells,sthessamesprecursorsissactivated,sbutsprostacyclinsissproduce
dsrathersthansthromboxanesA2.sInscontraststosthromboxanesA2,sprostacyclinsinhibitssplateletsaggreg
ation.sAtsthessamestime,sthesnitricsoxidessyntheticspathwaysissalsosstimulated,swhichsfurthersinhibitss
plateletsaggregation.sWithsrespectstosthesinhibitionsofsclotsformation,sthesinitialsphasesofsclottingscau
sessastissuesfactorspathwaysinhibitorstosbessecretedsfromshealthysendothelialscells.sThissinhibitssthese
xtrinsicspathwaysofsthrombinsactivation.sAtsthessamestime,sthrombomodulinsissreleasedsfromshealth
ysendothelialscells,swhichscomplexesswithinsthrombinsand,srathersthansactingsonsfibrinogen,sactivat
essproteinsC.sProteinsCsinhibitssbothsthesintrinsicsandsextrinsicspathwayssofsthrombinsactivation.sOn
cesformed,sclotssaresdissolvedsbysplasmins(whichsenzymaticallysdegradessfibrin),sasproteinsderivedsf
romsasplasminogensprecursor.sPlasminogensactivatorssaressecretedsbysasnumbersofscellsstosactivates
plasminsandsinitiatedsclotsdissolution.sOnesofsthesescompoundssisstissuesplasminogensactivators(AT
Psthatsissreleasedsfromsendothelialscellssbysthespresencesofsfibrin.sClinically,saspirinsactssassansantico
agulantsatslowsdosessbysinhibitingsthessynthesissofsthromboxanesA2.
LearningsOutcome:s 15.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 15.5
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PrinciplessofsHumansPhysiology,s6es(Stanfield)
Chapters16s s ThesRespiratorysSystem:sPulmonarysVentilation
16.1 MultiplesChoicesQuestions
1) WhichsofsthesfollowingsprocessessissNOTsaspartsofsexternalsrespiration?
A) thesmovementsofsairsintosandsoutsofstheslungssbysbulksflow
B) thesexchangesofsoxygensandscarbonsdioxidesbetweenstheslungssandsbloodsbysdiffusion
C) thestransportationsofsoxygensandscarbonsdioxidesbetweenstheslungssandsbodystissuessbysthesblo
od
D) thesexchangesofsoxygensandscarbonsdioxidesbetweensthesbloodsandstissuessbysdiffusion
E) thesusesofsoxygensandsgenerationsofscarbonsdioxidesbysthesmitochondriasduringsenergysm
etabolism
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.1
2) Whichsofsthesfollowingsspecificallysdescribessthesmovementsofsairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs?
A) secondarysventilation
B) pulmonarysventilation
C) internalsrespiration
D) respiration
E) expiration
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.1
3) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsasfunctionsofsthesrespiratoryssystem?
A) vocalization
B) electrolytesbalancesofsblood
C) acid-basesbalancesofsblood
D) enhancingsvenoussreturn
E) heatsloss
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.1
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
4) Whatsissthesprimarysanatomicalsdifferencesthatsmarkssthesdividingslinesbetweensthesconductingszo
nesandsthesrespiratoryszonesofsthesrespiratorystract?
A) thesthicknesssofstheswallsssurroundingsthesairsspaces
B) thesabsencesofsgobletscells
C) thesabsencesofscartilage
D) thespresencesofsmacrophages
E) thespresencesofssmoothsmusclesandsthesabsencesofscartilagesA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
5) Whatsissthessignificancesofsthesrespiratorysmembranestosfacilitatesgassexchange?
A) Epithelialsandsendothelialscellsssharesascommonsbasementsmembrane.
B) Itsisscoveredswithssurfactantstosacceleratesgassexchange.
C) Allsthreessurfacessareskeptsmoiststhroughsinterstitialsfluidsexchange.
D) Thessurfacesareasissincreasedswithsthissmembrane.
E) Itssthicknesssprohibitssthesalveolisfromspullingsawaysfromsthescapillary.sA
nswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
6) Whysaresalveolisarrangedsinssmallsgrape-likesclusters?
A) maximizessurfacesareasandsminimizesthickness
B) maximizesdensitysandsvolume
C) increaseschestsvolumesandselasticitys(resilience)
D) increasestidalsvolume
E) maximizessurfacesareas
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
7) Whatsaresthessmallests(andsmostsdistal)sstructuressthatsremainsascomponentsofsthesconductingszo
nesinsthesrespiratorystract?
A) bronchi
B) secondarysbronchi
C) tertiarysbronchioles
D) terminalsbronchioles
E) respiratorysbronchioles
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
8) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsciliatedscellssinsthesconductingszone?
A) providesthesrigidssupportsthatskeepssthesconductingszonesopen
B) producesasviscousssolutionscalledsmucus
C) engulfsforeignsmaterialsthatshassbeenstrappedswithinsthesmucus
D) propelsmucusscontainingstrappedsparticlesstowardsthesglottis
E) movesmacrophagessdownsthesconductingszonestowardsthesrespiratoryszonesA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
9) Whichsofsthesfollowingsbecomessmoresabundantsdeepersintosthesconductingszones(fromsbr
onchistosbronchioles)?
A) cartilage
B) typesIsalveolarscells
C) cilia
D) gobletscells
E) smoothsmuscles
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
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10) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissmostsabundantsinsthestracheasandsbronchi,sbecomingsmuchslesssde
nses(andseventuallysabsent)sinsthesbronchioles?
A) smoothsmusclescells
B) cartilage
C) gobletscells
D) macrophages
E) typesIIsalveolarscellss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
11) Thestransitionsfromsthesconductingstosthesrespiratoryszonesinstheslungssoccurssatsthe
A) alveoli.
B) alveolarsducts.
C) tertiarysbronchi.
D) terminalsbronchioles.
E) respiratorysbronchioles.
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
12) Whatsissthesfunctionsofsalveolarspores?
A) equalizespressuresinstheslungs
B) speedsthesratesofsdiffusion
C) allowsforsexhalationsofsH2Osformedsduringscellularsrespiration
D) allowsforsnutrientsstosreachsthesalveolarscells
E) asportalsforsdiapedesiss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
695 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
13) Whatsaresthesmostscommonscellssthatslinesthessurfacesofsthesalveolisandsaresthereforesass
ociatedswithsthesexchangesofsgasesswithinstheslungs?
A) macrophages
B) gobletscells
C) typesIsalveolarscells
D) typesIIsalveolarscells
E) typesIIIsalveolarscellss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
14) Whatsissthesthinsbarriers(0.2sμm)sthatsallowssforsthesefficientsexchangesofsgasessbetweenstheslun
gssandsthesbloodscalled?
A) endothelialscell
B) typesIsalveolarscell
C) typesIIsalveolarscell
D) alveolarsmacrophage
E) respiratorysmembrane
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
15) Whatshappensstosasdustsparticlesthatsisstooslargestosstaysairbornesandslandsinsthesalveoli?
A) Itslandssinsthesrespiratorysbronchiole,swheresitsisscoughedsout.
B) Itslandssinsthesbronchi,swheresitsissabsorbed.
C) Itslandssinsthesmucociliarysladder,swherestypesIIsmacrophagessphagocytizesthem.
D) Itslandssinsthesmucociliarysladdersandsmovesstosthespharynxstosbesswallowed.
E) Itslandssinsthesmucociliarysladder,swheresitsissmovedstosthestracheastosbesexhaled.sAn
swer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.2
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
16) Whatshappensstosasdustsparticlesthatsisstoossmallstosfallsfromsthesinspiredsairsandslandsinsthesalve
oli?
A) Itslandssinsthesmucociliarysladder,swherestypesIIsmacrophagessphagocytizesit.
B) Itslandssinsthesmucociliarysladder,swheresitsissmovedstosthestracheastosbesexhaled.
C) Itslandssinsthesrespiratorysbronchiole,swheresitsisscoughedsout
D) Itslandssinsthesbronchi,swheresitsissabsorbed.
E) Itsissinhaledsandsthensexhaled.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.2
17) Mycoplasmastuberculosis,sthescausativesagentsinstuberculosis,sprimarilysinfectssthesalveolarsm
acrophagessandsissthereforesverysfortunatesinsitsssize.sWhysissthissstatementstrue?
A) Itsissjustslargesenoughstoslandsinsthesmucociliarysladder,swherestypesIIsmacrophagessph
agocytizesthem.
B) Itsissjustslargesenoughstoslandsinsthesrespiratorysbronchiole,swheresitsmigratesstosthesalveoli.
C) Itsissjustssmallsenoughstoslandsinsthesbronchi,swheresitsissabsorbedsbysalveolarsmacrophages.
D) Itsisstoossmallstosbescaughtsinsthesmucociliarysladdersandstooslargestosbesimmediatelysexhaled,sther
ebyslandingsitsinsthesalveoli.
E) Itsissjustssmallsenoughstoslandsinsthesmucociliarysladder,swheresitsissmovedstosthesalveolistosinfe
ctsmacrophages.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.2
18) Ansexsmokerswithsemphysemashassaspulmonaryserosionsintoshissintrapleuralsspace.sWhatslifethreateningsconditionsisshesatsimminentsrisksofsdeveloping?
A) acutesrespiratorysdistressssyndromes(ARDS)
B) pneumothoraxs(airsleakingsintosthesintrapleuralsspace)
C) adhesionsstosthesparietalspleura
D) pulmonarysfibrosis
E) bacterialspneumonias
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.3
697 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
19) Whatskeepssthesvisceralspleurasinsclosesproximitystosthesparietalspleura?
A) thesmesotheliasaresonesandsthessame
B) surfacestensionsofsthesintrapleuralsfluid
C) trans-alveolarspressure
D) spidersweb-likesprocessessextendingsfromsthesouterscovering
E) positivespressuresinsthesintrapleuralsspaces
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
20) ThesCOPDscalledsemphysemasforcessthesafflictedstosexhalesthroughspursedslipsstosmaintainsint
rabronchialsbackpressure,stherebyspreventing
A) thesusesofssecondarysbreathingsmuscles.
B) mixingsofsoxygenated/deoxygenatedsblood.
C) airwayscollapse.
D) surfacestensionsdecrease.
E) decreasedstraction.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
21) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissaschronicsinflammatoryspulmonarysdisorderscharacterizedsbysre
versiblesobstructionsofsthesairways?
A) asthma
B) chronicsobstructivespulmonarysdiseases(COPD)
C) tuberculosis
D) pulmonarysfibrosis
E) pulmonarysedemas
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
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22) Whensairsissnoslongersmovingsthroughsthesrespiratorystractsandsthesairwaysissopenstosthesenv
ironment,sthespressureswithinstheslungsissequalsto
A) systolicsbloodspressure.
B) transpulmonaryspressure.
C) intrapleuralspressure.
D) atmosphericspressure.
E) enddiastolicspressure.sAnswe
r:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
23) Thesdifferencesbetweenswhatstwospressuressdrivessairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs?
A) pulmonarysvenoussandsatmospheric
B) centralsvenoussandsintracoronary
C) intrapleuralsandsintra-alveolar
D) atmosphericsandsintra-alveolar
E) atmosphericsandsintrapleurals
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.3
24) Whichsofsthesfollowingsoccursswhensintra-alveolarspressuresexceedssatmosphericspressure?
A) Airsmovessintostheslung.
B) Airsmovessoutsofstheslung.
C) Theslungscollapses.
D) Theslungsmustsbesexpanding.
E) Intrapleuralspressuresissgreatersthansintraalveolarspressure.sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
25) Whichsofsthesfollowingsvariessrhythmicallyswithsrespiration?
A) atmosphericspressuresonly
B) intrapleuralspressuresonly
C) intra-alveolarspressuresonly
D) bothsintrapleuralspressuresandsintra-alveolarspressure
E) bothsatmosphericspressuresandsintrapleuralspressures
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
26) Thesdifferencesbetweensintrapleuralspressuresandsintra-alveolarspressuresis
A) thesdrivingsforcesforsairsflowsintosandsoutsofstheslungs.
B) atmosphericspressure.
C) transpulmonaryspressure.
D) approximatelys100smmsHg.
E) zero.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
27) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissasmeasuresofsthesdistendingsforcesacrossstheslungs?
A) intrapleuralspressure
B) intra-alveolarspressure
C) transpulmonaryspressure
D) atmosphericspressure
E) differencesbetweensintraalveolarspressuresandsatmosphericspressuresAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
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28) Equilibrationsofspressuresbetweensthesintrapleuralsspacesandsthesalveoliswillsleadstoswhichsofsthe
sfollowing?
A) airsmovingsoutsofstheslungs
B) airsmovingsintostheslungs
C) aspneumothoraxs(theslungswillscollapse)
D) chronicsobstructivespulmonarysdisease
E) restrictivespulmonarysdiseases
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
29) Whatsissthesvolumesofsairspresentsinstheslungsswhenstheslungssaresatsrests(insbetweensbre
aths)?
A) zero
B) functionalsresidualscapacity
C) residualsvolume
D) totalslungscapacity
E) tidalsvolumes
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
30) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissTRUEswhenstheslungsvolumesissequalstosthesfunctionalsresidualsca
pacity?
A) Theselasticsrecoilsofstheslungssissbalancedsbystheselasticsrecoilsofstheschestswall.
B) Intra-alveolarspressuresissgreatersthansatmosphericspressure.
C) Intra-alveolarspressuresisslesssthansatmosphericspressure.
D) Intra-alveolarspressuresisslesssthansintrapleuralspressure.
E) Intrapleuralspressuresisszero.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
31) Asstheslungssexpand,sintra-alveolarspressures
A) increasess:soutsof
B) increasess:sinto
C) decreasess:soutsof
D) decreasess:sinto
E) doessnotschanges:sneithersintosnorsoutsofsA
nswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
andsairsmovess
theslungs.
32) Assthesvolumesofstheslungsincreases,satmosphericspressure
A) willsnotschange.
B) increases.
C) decreases.
D) willsfollowsStarling'sslaw.
E) willsfollowsthesidealsgasslaw.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
33) Whatsdoesscontractionsofsthesdiaphragmscause?
A) decreasesinsthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysand,stherefore,sasdecreasesinsatmosphericspr
essure
B) decreasesinsthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysand,stherefore,sasdecreasesinsintraalveolarspressure
C) increasesinsthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysand,stherefore,sasdecreasesinsintraalveolarspressure
D) decreasesinsthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysand,stherefore,sansincreasesinsintraalveolarspressure
E) increasesinsthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysand,stherefore,sansincreasesinsintraalveolarspressure
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
34) Whatsaresthesprimarysinspiratorysmuscles?
A) externalsandsinternalsintercostals
B) diaphragmsandsexternalsintercostals
C) diaphragmsandsinternalsintercostals
D) diaphragmsandsthesexternalsandsinternalsintercostals
E) diaphragmsandsabdominalsmuscless
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.3
35) Thesmusclessofsrespirationsare
A) skeletalsmuscle,sinnervatedsbysthessomaticsnervousssystem.
B) skeletalsmuscle,sinnervatedsbysthesautonomicsnervousssystem.
C) smoothsmuscle,sinnervatedsbysthessomaticsnervousssystem.
D) smoothsmuscle,sinnervatedsbysthesautonomicsnervousssystem.
E) smoothsmuscle,swithoutsinnervation.s
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2|5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
36) Assthesvolumesofstheschestswallsincreases,sthesconcomitantsexpansionsofstheslungssissduestosa(n
)
A) increasesinsatmosphericspressure.
B) decreasesinsintra-alveolarspressure.
C) increasesinsintrapleuralspressure.
D) decreasesinstranspulmonaryspressure.
E) increasesinstranspulmonaryspressure.s
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
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Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
37) Atsrest,sexpirationsissa(n)s
processsthatsinvolvess
A) actives:sthescontractionsofsthesdiaphragm
B) passives:srelaxationsofsthesdiaphragmsandsexternalsintercostals
C) actives:scontractionsofsthesinternalsintercostals
D) passives:srelaxationsofsthesinternalsintercostals
E) actives:srelaxationsofsthesdiaphragms
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-3
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
.
38) Whichsofsthesfollowingspressuressisslowersduringsinspirationsthansduringsexpiration?
A) intra-alveolarspressuresonly
B) transpulmonaryspressuresonly
C) intrapleuralspressuresonly
D) bothsintra-alveolarsandstranspulmonaryspressures
E) bothsintraalveolarsandsintrapleuralspressuressAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sBloom
'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 16.3
39) Thescompliancesofstheslungsscansbesdeterminedsbysmeasuringstheschangesins
forsasgivenschangesins .
A) lungsvolumes:sintra-alveolarspressure
B) lungsvolumes:stranspulmonaryspressure
C) intra-alveolarspressures:slungsvolume
D) airwaysresistances:slungsvolume
E) lungsvolumes:sairwaysresistances
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
40) Thescompliancesofstheslungsissdeterminedsbystheselasticitysofstheslungsand
A) volume.
B) transpulmonaryspressure.
C) airwaysresistance.
D) surfacestension.
E) intra-alveolarspressure.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
704 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
41) Thessurfacestensionsofsthesalveolussissreducedsbyssurfactantssproducedsbyswhatstypesofscells?
A) ciliated
B) goblet
C) typesIsalveolar
D) typesIIsalveolar
E) typesIIIsalveolars
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.5sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
42) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTsinvolvedsinsalteringsthesresistancesofsthesairwaystosairsmo
vement?
A) transpulmonaryspressure
B) contractilesactivitysofsbronchiolarssmoothsmusclescells
C) secretionsofsmucussintosthesairway
D) pulmonaryssurfactantsconcentration
E) tractivesforcessexertedsonsthesairwaysbyssurroundingstissues
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sBloom
'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapters
Section:s 16.4
43) Howsdostractivesforcessaffectsthesairwayssduringsinspiration?
A) increasesinscompliance
B) decreasesinscompliance
C) increasesinsairwaysresistance
D) decreasesinsairwaysresistance
E) bronchodilation
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
705 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
44) Whichsofsthesfollowingsissresponsiblesforschangessinsairwaysresistancesthatsoccursinsassinglesbre
ath?
A) surroundingsatmosphericspressure
B) autonomicsnervousssystem
C) passivesforcessexertedsonsthesairways
D) contractilitysofssmoothsmusclescells
E) sensitivitysofssmoothsmusclescellsstosallergenss
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
45) WhichsofsthesfollowingschemicalsswillsNOTsresultsinsasdecreasesinsairwaysresistance?
A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) carbonsdioxide
D) bronchodilators
E) histamine
sAnswer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
46) WhichsofsthesfollowingsissNOTspartsofsthesresponsesofsansairwaystosspecificsallergenssthatsinit
iatesansasthmaticsresponse?
A) increasedsairwaysresistance
B) increasedsinflammatorysresponse
C) increasedshistaminesrelease
D) increasedssecretionsofsmucus
E) increasedsreleasesofscorticosteroidss
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
706 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
47) Whatsbenefitsarescorticosteroidssinsthestreatmentsofsasthma?
A) Theysinducesbronchodilation.
B) Theysinducesbronchoconstriction.
C) Theysreducesinflammationsofsthesairways.
D) Theysincreasesbloodsflowstosthesairways.
E) Theysdecreasesmucusssecretionsintosthesairways.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
48) A(n)s
issusedsclinicallystosmeasureslungsvolumessandsratessofsairsflow.
A) spirometer
B) electrocardiograph
C) ratiometer
D) electroencephalogram
E) XraysAnswer
:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
49) Whatsissthesvolumesofsairsmovedsintosandsoutsofstheslungssinsassinglesbreathsduringsunforcedsbre
athingscalled?
A) totalslungscapacity
B) functionalsresidualscapacity
C) tidalsvolume
D) vitalscapacity
E) minutesventilations
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
707 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
50) Thespresencesofsasnegativesintrapleuralspressuresatsmaximumsexpirationsissresponsiblesforsw
hichsofsthesfollowing?
A) residualsvolume
B) functionalsresidualsvolume
C) tidalsvolume
D) vitalscapacity
E) functionalsresidualscapacitys
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
51) Thestidalsvolumesandsinspiratorysreservesvolumestogethersmakesupswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) residualsvolume
B) functionalsresidualscapacity
C) totalslungscapacity
D) inspiratoryscapacity
E) vitalscapacitys
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
52) Functionalsresidualscapacitysisscomprisedsofswhichsofsthesfollowing?
A) vitalscapacitysandsexpiratorysreservesvolumesonly
B) tidalsvolumesandsinspiratorysreservesvolumesonly
C) tidalsvolumesandsexpiratorysreservesvolumesonly
D) tidalsvolume,sinspiratorysreservesvolume,sandsexpiratorysreservesvolume
E) residualsvolumesandsexpiratorysreservesvolumesonlys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
708 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
53) Whichsofsthesfollowingsmeasurementsscannotsbesdeterminedsbysasspirometer?
A) vitalscapacity
B) tidalsvolume
C) residualsvolume
D) inspiratoryscapacity
E) inspiratorysreservesvolumes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
54) Asnormalstidalsvolumesatsrestsissapproximatelys
A) 100
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 5000
E) 10,000
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
55) Asnormalsvitalscapacitysissapproximatelys
A) 100
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 4500
E) 9000
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
mL.
mL.
709 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
56) Ashealthyspersonscansnormallysexhaleswhatspercentagesofshissorshersvitalscapacitysinsonessec
ond?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 50
D) 80
E) 100
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
57) Insansobstructivesdisease,stheslungsscansbecomesoverinflatedsbecausesthesdifficultysin
tendsstos
.
A) expirations:sincreasesvitalscapacity
B) expirations:sdecreasestotalslungscapacitysandsvitalscapacity
C) expirations:sincreasesresidualsvolumesandstotalslungscapacity
D) inspirations:sdecreasestotalslungscapacitysandsvitalscapacity
E) inspirations:sincreasestotalslungscapacitysandsvitalscapacitys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.5
58) Asdecreasesins
issindicativesofsasrestrictivespulmonarysdisease.
A) minutesventilation
B) tidalsvolume
C) forcedsexpiratorysvolume
D) residualsvolume
E) vitalscapacitys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.5
710 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
59) Asdecreasesins
issindicativesofsansobstructivespulmonarysdisease.
A) minutesventilation
B) tidalsvolume
C) forcedsexpiratorysvolume
D) residualsvolume
E) forcedsvitalscapacitys
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-6|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.5
60) Whatsissthestermsforsthesvolumesofsairsmovedsintostheslungsseverysminute?
A) alveolarsventilation
B) tidalsvolume
C) totalslungscapacity
D) minutesventilation
E) pulmonarysventilations
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
61) Whatsissthestermsforsthesvolumesofsairsthatsreachessthesrespiratoryszoneseachsminute?
A) alveolarsventilation
B) tidalsvolume
C) totalslungscapacity
D) minutesventilation
E) pulmonarysventilation
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
711 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
62) WhatsissthesvolumesofsthesrespiratoryspathwaysthatsissNOTsablestosexchangesgasess(c
onductingspathway)scalled?
A) deadsvolume
B) functionalsdeadsspace
C) anatomicalsdeadsspace
D) residualsvolume
E) functionalsresidualsvolumes
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
63) Whatshappensstosthesinnersdiametersofstheswallssofsthesrespiratorystractsassitsmovessdownsfro
msthesuppersconductingszonestostheslowersrespiratoryszone?
A) decreases
B) thins
C) thickens
D) increases
E) noschange
sAnswer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
64) Whatshappensstosthesamountsofscartilagesinstheswallssofsthesrespiratorystractsassitsmovessdo
wnsfromsthesuppersconductingszonestostheslowersrespiratoryszone?
A) hypertrophies
B) increases
C) decreases
D) noschange
E) thickens
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
712 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
65) Whatshappensstosthesamountsofsciliasliningsthesinnerswallssofsthesrespiratorystractsassitsmovessdo
wnsfromsthesuppersconductingszonestostheslowersrespiratoryszone?
A) noschange
B) increases
C) decreases
D) thickens
E) atrophies
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
66) Whatshappensstosthesnumbersofsgobletscellssfoundsinstheswallssofsthesrespiratorystractsassitsmo
vessdownsfromsthesuppersconductingszonestostheslowersrespiratoryszone?
A) thickens
B) decreases
C) changesstosciliatedspseudostratifiedsepithelium
D) increases
E) noschange
sAnswer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
67) Whatshappensstosthesamountsofssmoothsmusclesfoundsinstheswallssofsthesrespiratorystractsassitsmo
vessdownsfromsthesuppersconductingszonestostheslowersrespiratoryszone?
A) increases
B) thins
C) noschange
D) decreases
E) Itsissnotsfoundsinsthesconductingszone.s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.5
713 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
68) Whichscellsssecretessurfactant?
A) typesIsalveolarscells
B) alveolarsmacrophages
C) typesIIsalveolarscells
D) ciliatedscells
E) gobletscells
sAnswer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
69) Whichscellsssecretesmucus?
A) gobletscells
B) ciliatedscells
C) alveolarsmacrophages
D) typesIsalveolarscells
E) typesIIsalveolarscellss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
70) Whichscellssformsthesmucussescalator?
A) typesIIsalveolarscells
B) alveolarsmacrophages
C) typesIsalveolarscells
D) ciliatedscells
E) gobletscells
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
71) Whichscellssengulfsforeignsparticlessthatsreachstheslungs?
A) alveolarsmacrophages
B) ciliatedscells
C) typesIsalveolarscells
D) gobletscells
E) typesIIsalveolarscellss
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
714 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
72) Whichscellssformstheslungstissuescomponentsofsthesrespiratorysmembrane?
A) gobletscells
B) typesIsalveolarscells
C) alveolarsmacrophages
D) typesIIsalveolarscells
E) ciliatedscellss
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.3sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
73) Whichspressuresisscreatedsbystheselasticsrecoilsofstheslungssandschestswall?
A) atmosphericspressure
B) exhalationspressure
C) intrapleuralspressure
D) intra-alveolarspressure
E) transpulmonaryspressures
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
74) Whichspressuresissconstantsduringsthesrespiratoryscycle?
A) transpulmonaryspressure
B) intrapleuralspressure
C) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)
D) intra-alveolarspressure
E) atmosphericspressures
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
715 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
75) Whichspressuresissthesdistendingsforcesonstheslungs?
A) intrapleuralspressure
B) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)
C) intra-alveolarspressure
D) atmosphericspressure
E) transpulmonaryspressures
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
76) Whichsofsthesfollowingshassthesdifferencesbetweensitsspressuresandsatmosphericspressuresdr
ivingsthesairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs?
A) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)
B) intra-alveolarspressure
C) transpulmonaryspressure
D) atmosphericspressure
E) intrapleuralspressures
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
77) Whichspressureschangesswithsthesphasessofsrespirationsbutsissalwayssnegative?
A) atmosphericspressure
B) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)
C) intrapleuralspressure
D) intra-alveolarspressure
E) transpulmonaryspressures
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
716 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
78) Whichspressuresequalssatmosphericspressuresduringsaspneumothorax,scausingstheslungsstosco
llapse?
A) atmosphericspressure
B) intrapleuralspressure
C) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)
D) transpulmonaryspressure
E) intraalveolarspressuresAnswer
:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
79) Whichspressureschangesswithsthesphasessofsrespirationsfromsasnegativesvaluesduringsin
spirationsandsaspositivesvaluesduringsexpiration?
A) transpulmonaryspressure
B) atmosphericspressure
C) intrapleuralspressure
D) intra-alveolarspressure
E) reboundspressures(elasticsrecoil)s
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
80) Thesvolumesofsairsremainingsinstheslungssfollowingsasmaximumsexpirationsisscalled
A) inspiratoryscapacity.
B) vitalscapacity.
C) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
D) residualsvolume.
E) tidalsvolume.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
717 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
81) Thesvolumesofsairsexchangedswithsthesenvironmentsduringsansunforcedsbreathsisscalled
A) tidalsvolume.
B) inspiratoryscapacity.
C) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
D) expiratorysreservesvolume.
E) vitalscapacity.
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
82) Thesmaximumsvolumesofsairsthatscansbesinspiredsfollowingsasrestingsinspirationsisscalled
A) vitalscapacity.
B) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
C) tidalsvolume.
D) inspiratoryscapacity.
E) expiratorysreservesvolume.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
83) Thesmaximumsvolumesofsairsthatscansbesinspiredsfollowingsasrestingsexpirationsisscalled
A) tidalsvolume.
B) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
C) inspiratoryscapacity.
D) functionalsresidualscapacity.
E) vitalscapacity.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
84) Thesmaximumsvolumesofsairsthatscansbesexpiredsfollowingsasmaximumsinspirationsisscalled
A) inspiratoryscapacity.
B) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
C) vitalscapacity.
D) tidalsvolume.
E) expiratorysreservesvolume.s
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
718 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
85) Thesmaximumsvolumesofsairsthatscansbesexpiredsfollowingsasrestingsexpirationsisscalled
A) tidalsvolume.
B) expiratorysreservesvolume.
C) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
D) vitalscapacity.
E) inspiratoryscapacity.
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
86) Thesvolumesofsairsinstheslungssfollowingsasmaximumsinspirationsisscalled
A) vitalscapacity.
B) inspiratoryscapacity.
C) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
D) totalslungscapacity.
E) tidalsvolume.
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
87) Thesvolumesofsairsinstheslungssatsrest,sbetweensbreaths,sisscalled
A) vitalscapacity.
B) functionalsresidualscapacity.
C) tidalsvolume.
D) inspiratoryscapacity.
E) inspiratorysreservesvolume.s
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
719 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
88) Tidalsvolumes+sinspiratorysreservesvolumesisscalled
A) functionalsresidualscapacity.
B) inspiratorysreservesvolume.
C) inspiratoryscapacity.
D) tidalsvolume.
E) vitalscapacity.
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
89) Whatsissthesresidualsvolumes+sexpiratorysreservesvolumescalled?
A) functionalsresidualscapacity
B) inspiratoryscapacity
C) vitalscapacity
D) inspiratorysreservesvolume
E) tidalsvolumes
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
90) Whatsissthestidalsvolumes+sinspiratorysreservesvolumes+sexpiratorysreservesvolumescalled?
A) tidalsvolume
B) vitalscapacity
C) inspiratoryscapacity
D) inspiratorysreservesvolume
E) functionalsresidualscapacitys
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
720 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
91) Whatsissthestidalsvolumes+sinspiratorysreservesvolumes+sexpiratorysreservesvolumes+sresidualsvo
lumescalled?
A) inspiratoryscapacity
B) inspiratorysreservesvolume
C) vitalscapacity
D) tidalsvolume
E) totalslungscapacitys
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1|7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
721 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
Figures16.1
92) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthestidalsvolume?
A) 1300
B) 2800
C) 2200
D) 600
E) 1700
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
722 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
93) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesinspiratorysreservesvolume?
A) 2800
B) 600
C) 1700
D) 1300
E) 2200
Answer:s E
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
94) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesexpiratorysreservesvolume?
A) 1700
B) 1300
C) 600
D) 2800
E) 2200
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
95) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesresidualsvolume?
A) 2800
B) 1700
C) 2200
D) 600
E) 1300
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
96) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesinspiratoryscapacity?
A) 1300
B) 1700
C) 2800
D) 2200
E) 600
Answer:s C
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
723 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
97) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesvitalscapacity?
A) 4100
B) 1300
C) 2800
D) 2200
E) 1700
Answer:s A
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
98) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthesfunctionalsresidualscapacity?
A) 2800
B) 3000
C) 2200
D) 1300
E) 1700
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
99) InsFigures16.1,showsmanysmLsissthestotalslungscapacity?
A) 2800
B) 5800
C) 1700
D) 1300
E) 2200
Answer:s B
LearningsOutcome:s 16.8sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-8
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.5
100) Thesintra-alveolarspressuresissdeterminedsbyswhatstwosfactors?
A) deadsairsspacesandsatmosphericspressure
B) functionalsresidualscapacitysandselasticsrecoil
C) elasticsrecoilsandsintrapulmonaryspressure
D) quantitysofsairsinsthesalveolussandsvolumesofsthesalveoli
E) perfusionspressuresandselasticsrecoils
Answer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
724 | P a g e
Test Bank - Principles of Human Physiology, 6e (Stanfield, 2016)
101) Whatsissthesprimarysdeterminantsofsairwaysresistance?
A) tractionscompetency
B) presencesofsmucous
C) ratesofsairsexchange
D) airwaysradius
E) compliance
sAnswer:s D
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
16.2 True-FalsesQuestions
1) Internalsrespirationsrefersstosthesusesofsoxygensandsproductionsofscarbonsdioxidesbyscells.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.1sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.1
2) Thesuppersairwaysrefersstosthespassagewaysforsairsthatsisslocatedswithinsthesheadsandsneck.sAn
swer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
3) Thesbronchussdivergessintostwoslobes,sthesleftsandsrightslungs.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
4) Thestracheasrhythmicallyscollapsessandsexpandssduringsthesrespiratoryscycle.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
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5) Thesconductingszonesadjustssthestemperaturesandshumiditysofsthesairsenteringsthesrespiratorystra
ct.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.2sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
6) Thesmucussescalatorsinvolvessciliascausingsmovementsofsmucusswithsitsstrappedsparticlessto
wardsthesalveoliswheresthesparticlesscansbesengulfedsbysalveolarsmacrophages.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.4sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
7) Airsflowssbetweensalveolisthroughspores.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.4sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
8) Alveolarsmacrophagessfunctionstosengulfspathogenssandsforeignsparticlessthatshavesbeensin
haledsintostheslungs.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
9) Intrapleuralsfluidsissincompressible,swhichsmeanssthatsitssvolumesdoessnotschangesevensassthesch
estswallsexpandssandscontractssassonesbreathes.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
10) Theselasticitysofstheslungssfacilitatessexpansionsduringsinspiration.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
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11) Thesforcesthatsmovessairsintosandsoutsofstheslungssissthesdifferencesinspressuresbetweensthesatm
ospheresandsalveolus.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
12) Thesdistendingspressuresacrossstheslungssissthesintrapleuralspressure.sA
nswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
13) Duringsexpiration,sthesintraalveolarspressuresdecreases,scausingsairstosmovesoutsofstheslungs.sAnswer:s FALSE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
14) Transpulmonaryspressuresissthesdifferencesbetweensintraalveolarspressuresandsintrapleuralspressure.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-1
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
15) Theslungsissexpandedsduringsinspirationsbysthestranspulmonaryspressuresthatspullssonstheslu
ngsasstheschestswallsexpands.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
16) Thesdecreasesinstranspulmonaryspressuresduringsexpirationsreducessthesdistendingsforcessonsth
esairways.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
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17) Residualsvolumescansbesmeasuredsbecausestheslungssaresablestoscollapsesundersexperimentalsco
nditions.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.8sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
18) Obstructivespulmonarysdisorderssarescharacterizedsbysansinterferenceswithsthesexpansionsofsth
eslungs.
Answer:s FALSEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.6sHAPSsL
O:s HAPS-6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
19) Activationsofsthessympatheticsnervousssystemscausessbronchodilation.s
Answer:s TRUE
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-5
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
20) Itsissmoresefficientstosincreasesalveolarsventilationsbysincreasingstidalsvolumesthansbysin
creasingsrespirationsrate.
Answer:s TRUEsLearnin
gsOutcome:s 16.8sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-7
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
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16.3 EssaysQuestions
1) Onesofsthesbasicstenetssofsphysiologysissthatsfunctionsofsassystemsfollowssitssstructure.sDes
cribesthesanatomysofsthesconductingszonesofsthesrespiratorystract,sincludingshowsthosesstruct
uresscontributestosthesfunctionsofstheslungs.
Answer:s Thesconductingspathwaysbeginsswithstheslarynx,sfollowedsbysthestrachea.sThestracheasissco
mposedsofscartilaginoussringssthatsprovidesasrigidsstructuresthatspreventssitsfromscollapsingswhenspre
ssuresdecreasesswithinstheslungsasswesinspire.sThestracheasbifurcatessintosbronchisthatsleadstosthesrig
htsandsleftslungs.sThesbronchisfurthersdividesintossecondarysbronchi,swithsthreesonsthesrightssidesandst
wosonsthesleftsside,sthatsenterstheslobessofstheslungs.sThesamountsofscartilageswithinsthesesstructuressd
ecreasessfromsthestracheastosbronchistossecondarysbronchi.sThereafter,seachssecondarysbronchussfurt
hersdividessintostertiarysbronchis(assthesesbronchisdivide,stheyshavessuccessivelyssmallersradii).sOnc
esthesestubessreachs~1smmsinsradius,stheysarescalledsbronchioles.sThesbronchiolessnoslongerscontains
cartilagesbutsaresstillsresistantstoscollapsesduestostheirselasticsfiberscomposition.sThesesbronchiolessdi
videsfurthersintosterminalsbronchioles,swhichsaresthessmallestscomponentsofsthesconductingszone.sTh
esconductingszonesfunctionssprimarilysassaspassagewaysforsthesmovementsofsairstosthesrespiratoryszo
neswheresgasesscansbesexchanged.sNosgassexchangesoccursswithinsthesconductingszone.sThesrigidsstr
ucturesofsthestrachea,sandsultimatelysthesthicknesssofsthesbronchioles,spreventssgasstransfer.sAirsisshe
atedsandshumidifiedsassitsmovessthroughsthesconductingszone.sThisszonesisslinedsbysepithelialscellssth
atsincludesthes gobletscellssandsthesciliatedscells.sThesgobletscellssproducesthesmucussthatsissmovedsups
andsoutsofstheslungssbysciliasonsthesciliatedscells.sThissmucussescalatorsmovessforeignsparticlesstrapp
edsinsthesmucusstowardsthesglottisswheresitsenterssthesesophagus.sAtsthessamestime,sthessmoothsmuscl
escells,swhichsaresabsentsfromsthestrachea,sprogressivelysincreasesinsdensitysfurthersintosthesconducti
ngszone.sThessmoothsmusclescellssprovidesthesairwayswithsthesabilitystoschangesradiussandstherebysre
sistance.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
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2) Onesofsthesbasicstenetssofsphysiologysissthatsfunctionsofsassystemsfollowssitssstructure.sDescribesth
esanatomysofsthesrespiratoryszonesofsthesrespiratorystract,sincludingshowsthatsstructurescontributesstos
function.
Answer:s Thesrespiratorystractstransitionssfromsconductingszonestosrespiratoryszonesatsthesinterfacesb
etweensthesterminalsbronchiolessandsthesrespiratorysbronchioles.sThesprimarysdifferencesbetweensth
esestwosstructuressissthesthicknesssofstheirsmembranes.sThesrespiratoryszonesissdefinedsbysitssabilityst
osfacilitatesthesexchangesofsgases.sThus,stheswallsofsthesesstructuressmustsbesquitesthinstosallowsgasess
tosdiffusestosandsfromsthesbloodsofsthespulmonaryscapillaries.sThesrespiratorysbronchiolessterminates
insalveolarsducts,swhichsleadstosthesalveoli,sthesprimarysstructuressforsgassexchange.sMostsalveolisoc
cursinsclusterssthatslookslikesgrapes,sbutssomesbranchsoffsfromsthesrespiratorysbronchioles.sAnsalveol
ussisslinedsbysseveralstypessofsepithelialscellssthatsincludestypesIsandstypesIIsalveolarscells.sEachsofsthe
sescellssissthinsandsthereforesfunctionssinsthesexchangesofsgases.sHowever,sthesmajoritysofsgasesswills
crosssthestypesIsalveolarscellsstosmovesintosthespulmonaryscapillariessbecausestheysaresthesmostsnume
rousscellstypeswithinsthesalveolus.sThesentiresdistancesthatsgasessmustscrossstosentersthesbloodsissterm
edsthesrespiratorysmembrane,swhichsincludessthesalveolarscellssandscapillarysendothelialscellssthatsar
es0.2sμmsinsthickness.sThestypesIIsalveolarscellsssynthesizesthessurfactantssthatsaresinvolvedsinsreduci
ngsthessurfacestensionswithinstheslung.sThesdiffusionsofsgasessissfacilitatedsbysthessurfacesareasofsthesl
ung.sAtsthessamestime,sotherscellsscalledsthesalveolarsmacrophagessremovesforeignsparticlessandspat
hogenssthatsmightshavesenteredstheslungs.sThesescellssgetscaughtsbysthesmucussofsthesconductingszon
esands aresultimatelysmovedsbysthesmucussescalatorsintosthesdigestivestractsforsdegradation.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.2
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3) Pressuresissthesdrivingsforcesforsthesmovementsofsairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs.sDescribesthesstru
cturesofsthesthoracicscavitysandshowsthatsstructuresissinvolvedsinscreatingsthespressuressthatsaresim
portantsforsthesmovementsofsairsintostheslungs.
Answer:s Thesthoracicscavitysisscomposedsofsasnumbersofsstructuressthatsprotectstheslungs,sincludings
thesribscage,sthessternum,sthesthoracicsvertebrae,sandsasseriessofsmuscles.sThesmostsimportantsofsthes
esmusclessaresthesdiaphragm,swhichsseparatessthesthoracicscavitysfromsthesabdominalscavity,sandsthe
sintercostalss(internalsandsexternal).sOthersmusclessthatscansbesinvolvedsinsventilationsincludesthesste
rnocleidomastoids,sthesscalenes,sandsthespectoralissminor.sThesinsidesofstheschestswallsandsthesoutsid
esofstheslungsareslinedsbysansepithelialsmembranescalledsthespleura.sThesviscerals(lung)sandsparietalsp
leuras(chestswall)saresinscontactswithsonesanother,swithsassmallsgapsbetween,scalledsthesintrapleuralss
pace,sinswhichsthesintrapleuralsfluidsisslocated.sThesestwosmembranessaresheldsclosestosonesanothersa
ssasconsequencesofssurfacestension.sThus,sthespressureswithinsthesintrapleuralsspaces(intrapleuralspre
ssure)sissalwayssnegatives(becausesthestwosmembranessarespullingsawaysfromsonesanothersduesespec
iallystostheselasticitysofstheslung).sThesothersimportantspressuressincludesatmosphericspressure,sintra
alveolarspressure,sandstranspulmonaryspressure.sItsissthesdifferencesbetweensatmosphericspressuresa
ndsintraalveolarspressuresthatsmovessairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs.sAsslungsvolumesincreases,stranspulmonar
yspressuresincreasess(duestosthesdecreasesinsintrapleuralspressuresasstheschestswallspullssoutwardsfro
mstheslung).sThissincreasesinstranspulmonaryspressureswillscausestheslungstosexpandsandsintrasalveolarspressurestosdecrease.sItsissthesdecreasesinsintraalveolarspressuresthatsmovessairsintostheslungs.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.4
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4) ThesgenerationsofsthespressuresresponsiblesforsthesmovementsofsairsfollowssBoyle'ssLaw.sDescrib
eshowsBoyle'ssLawsrelatesstospressuresdevelopmentsinstheslungs,sandshowsthatsdeterminessinspiration
sandsexpiration.
Answer:s Boyle'sslawsstatessthat,sforsasgivensquantitysofsasgassinsascontainer,sthespressuresissinversely
srelatedstosthesvolumesofsthescontainer.sThissmeanssthatsassascontainer'ssvolumesincreases,sthespressu
reswithinsthescontainersdecreasessand,sifsthescontainersissopenstosthesatmosphere,smoleculessofsairswi
llsmovesintosthescontainer,scausingspressurestosprogressivelysincreasesuntilsitsequilibratessagainswith
satmosphericspressure.sInsthescasesofstheslung,sthescontainersissthesthoracicscavity.sDuringsinspiration
,sthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysincreasesscausingsintrapleuralspressurestosdecrease.sThissdecreas
esinsintrapleuralspressurescausesstranspulmonaryspressurestosincreasessincestranspulmonaryspressur
es=sintra-alveolarspressures-sintrapleuralspressure.sThisscausesstheslungsitselfstosexpandsandsintraalveolarspressurestosdecrease.sItsissthissdecreasesinsintraalveolarspressuresthatscausessairstosmovesintostheslungs.
Duringsexpiration,sthesvolumesofsthesthoracicscavitysdecreasesscausingsintrapleuralspressurestosincre
ase.sThissincreasesinsintrapleuralspressurescausesstranspulmonaryspressurestosdecreases(intrasalveolarspressuressintrapleuralspressure),swhichscausesstheslungsitselfstosretractsandsdecreasesvolumesduestositsselasticsn
ature,stherebysincreasingsintra-alveolarspressure.sItsissthissincreasesinsintraalveolarspressuresthatscausessairstosmovesoutsofstheslungs.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.4
5) Pressuresissthesdrivingsforcesforsthesmovementsofsairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs.sHowever,sthesdev
elopmentsofspressuresandsthesmovementsofsairsissmodifiedsbysthescompliancesofstheslungs.sDescri
beshowslungscompliancescansaltersthesmovementsofsairsintostheslungs.
Answer:s Thesconceptsofslungscompliancesissthessamesassthesconceptsofscompliancesinsthesvascularss
ystem.sLungscompliancesissasmeasuresofsthesextentsofschangesinslungsvolumesperschangesinstranspul
monaryspressure.sThesgreatersthescompliancesofstheslung,stheslowerstheschangesinstranspulmonaryspr
essuresrequiredstosmovesairsintostheslungs(i.e.,slessswork).sThescompliancesofsaslungsissdependentsupo
nstwosvariables:stheselasticitysofstheslungsitselfsandsitsssurfacestension.sElasticitysofstheslungsissrelate
dstostheselasticsfiberssthatsarespartsofsthesconnectivestissuesthatsconstitutestheslung.sAsstheysaresstretch
ed,sthesfibersstendstosrecoil.sThessurfacestensionsofsasliquidsissasmeasuresofsthesworksrequiredstosincre
asesitsssurfacesarea.sThesgreatersthessurfacestensionsofstheswatersbetweensthessheetssofsalveolarscellss
withinstheslung,sthesgreatersthesforcesrequiredstosspreadsthatsfluidsoutsasswellsasstheslungsitself.sThus,s
surfacestensionsactsstosdecreaseslungscompliance.sAsstheslungsexpands,sworksissrequiredsnotsonlystos
stretchstheselasticstissuesbutsalsostosincreasesthessurfacesareasofstheswater.sThessurfacestensionsofsthesl
ungswouldsbesmuchshighersifsitsweresonlyswatersthatscontributedstositsssurfacestension.sHowever,sthes
typesIIsalveolarscellsssecretesassurfactantsthatsreducessthessurfacestensionsofswater.sThisssurfactantsiss
notsfoundswithinsthesintrapleuralsspace,swhichsisswhysthessurfacestensionsremainsshighswithinsthesint
rapleuralsspace.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s ApplicationsCha
ptersSection:s 16.4
6) Pressuresissthesdrivingsforcesforsthesmovementsofsairsintosandsoutsofstheslungs.sHowever,sthe
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developmentsofspressuresandsthesmovementsofsairsaresmodifiedsbysthesresistancesofsthesairways.sDes
cribeshowsairwaysresistancescansaltersthesmovementsofsairsintostheslungs,sincludingsasthmasinsthesdisc
ussion.
Answer:s Insthesrespiratoryssystem,sasswithsthesvascularssystem,sthespressuresgeneratedsbystheshearts(
andstheschangesinsvolumesofstheslung)smustsworksagainststhesresistancesofsthestubess(vesselssorsairwa
ys)sinsorderstosmovesair.sThesradiussofsansairwaysdeterminessitssresistance.sThessmoothsmusclescellsst
hatsaresfoundsinsthessmallersbronchiolessallowstheirsresistancestosbesaltered.sThesradiussofsthesestubess
issrelativelyslarge,smeaningsthatstheirsairwaysprovidesslittlesresistancestosthesmovementsofsairsthrough
stheslungs.sThesresistancesofsthesconductingszonesissquiteslowsduestosthesairway'sslargesradiisandsrapid
sbranching.sThesdifferencesbetweensatmosphericsandsintrasalveolarspressuresneedsonlysbes2smmsHgstosmovesairsintostheslungs.sHowever,sthissresistancesissalter
edsbysasnumbersofsvariablessthatsincludespassivesforcessexertedsonsthesairways,scontractilesactivitysof
sthessmoothsmusclescells,sandsthessecretionsofsmucussintosthesairways.sThespassivesforcessarestermeds
thestractivesforces,swhichsaresexertedsonsthesairwayssbysthessurroundingstissuespullingsonsthem.sThus
,sasswesinspire,sthestractivesforcessincrease,stherebysincreasingsthesradiussofsthesairwayssandsdecreasi
ngstheirsresistances.sExpirationshassthesoppositeseffect,swherebysasdecreasesinspullingsonsthesairways
scausessthemstosretractsandsdecreasestheirsradii,stherebysincreasingsresistance.sInsthesbronchioles,sthes
smoothsmusclescellslayersisssuchsthatsitscansaltersthesradiussofsthesairway.sThesesairwayssrespondstose
xtrinsics(neuralsandshormonal)sandsintrinsics(localschemical)scontrol.sThesautonomicsnervousssyste
mshassquitesasdifferentseffectsonsairwayssthansbloodsvessels:ssympatheticsnervoussactivitysinducessas
bronchodilationsandsparasympatheticsnervoussactivitysinducessasbronchoconstriction.sHistamine,se
pinephrine,sandslowscarbonsdioxidesconcentrationsallsinducesconstriction.sAtsthessamestime,shistami
nesincreasessthessecretionsofsmucus,swhichscansbuildsupsinsthesairwaysandsincreasesresistances(throu
ghsblockage).sThississthescaseswithsasthma,swheresairwaysresistancesincreasessbecausesofsthreesfacto
rs:scontractionsofssmoothsmusclescells,sincreasedsmucusssecretion,sandsinflammationsofsthesbronchi
oles.sItsappearssthatsashypersensitivitysofsairwayssmoothsmusclescellsstosallergenssinitiatessthesrespon
se.
LearningsOutcome:s 16.7sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s AnalysissChapte
rsSection:s 16.4
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16.4 ShortsAnswersQuestions
1) Thes(epiglottiss/sglottis)sissasflapsofstissuesthatspreventssfoodsfromsenteringstheslarynx.sAn
swer:s epiglottis
LearningsOutcome:s 16.2sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
2) Thescartilagesaroundsthestracheasaresarrangedsins(ringss/sCsshapes),swhereassthatsaroundsthespri
marysbronchisaresarrangedsins(ringss/sCsshapes).
Answer:s Csshapess:sringss
LearningsOutcome:s16.2s
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
3) (Ciliatedscellss/sGobletscells)saresinhibitedsbyssmoking,swhichsleadsstosthesfamiliars"smoker'ssco
ugh."
Answer:s CiliatedscellssLear
ningsOutcome:s 16.4sHAPSs
LO:s HAPS-2|6
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s KnowledgesCha
ptersSection:s 16.2
4) Assthesvolumesofstheslungssincreases,sintraalveolarspressures(increasess/sdecreases).sAnswer:s decreases
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.3
5) Thesmusclessinvolvedsinsrestingsinspirationsincludesthesdiaphragmsandsthes(externalsin
tercostalss/sinternalsintercostals),swhilesforcedsinspirationsaddssthesscalenes,s(sternocleid
omastoidss/sdigastrics)sandspectoralissminor.
Answer:s externalsintercostalss:ssternocleidomastoidssLearning
sOutcome:s 16.2|16.6
HAPSsLO:s HAPS-2
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
6) Undersnormalsconditions,sexpirationsissa(n)s(actives/spassive)sprocess.sA
nswer:s passive
LearningsOutcome:s 16.6sH
APSsLO:s HAPS-4
Bloom'ssTaxonomy:s Comprehensions
ChaptersSection:s 16.2
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