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Penalties for Crimes Against Property in the Philippines
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PENALTIES Title 10: Crimes Against Property CHAPTER ONE: Robbery in General Robbery with Violence Against or Intimidation of Persons (Article 294) 1. Reclusión perpetua to death – If homicide is committed during the robbery. 2. Reclusión temporal (medium) to reclusión perpetua – If the robbery includes rape, intentional mutilation, or serious physical injuries (Article 263, subdivision 1). 3. Reclusión temporal – If less serious physical injuries (Article 263, subdivision 2) occur during the robbery. 4. Prisión mayor (medium) to reclusión temporal (medium) – If unnecessary violence or intimidation is used, or if physical injuries (Article 263, subdivisions 3 and 4) are inflicted. 5. Prisión correccional to prisión mayor (medium) – In other cases. Aggravated Robbery (Articles 295-298) ● Maximum period of prescribed penalties – If robbery with injuries (Articles 294(3), 294(4), 294(5)) is committed in an uninhabited place, by a band, or against a moving vehicle. ● Higher penalty for the leader of a robbery band. ● Reclusión temporal (maximum) to reclusión perpetua – If homicide occurs during an attempted or frustrated robbery. ● Penalties of robbery apply – If a person is forced to sign a document through violence or intimidation. SECTION TWO: Robbery by Use of Force on Things Robbery in an Inhabited House or Public Building (Article 299) ● Prisión mayor (medium) to reclusión temporal (minimum) – If the property value exceeds 250 pesos and entry was made through: ○ Openings not intended for entrance. ○ Breaking walls, roofs, floors, doors, or windows. ○ Use of false keys, picklocks, or deception. ● Lower penalties apply if the offenders are unarmed or if the value of the stolen property is below 250 pesos. Robbery in an Uninhabited Place or Private Building (Article 302) ● Prisión correccional (medium and maximum) – If the value exceeds 250 pesos and entry was made forcefully (e.g., breaking doors, using false keys). ● Lower penalties apply if the value is below 250 pesos. Other Property-Related Offenses ● Higher penalties apply – If the stolen property is large cattle. ● Lower penalties apply – If the stolen items are cereals, fruits, or firewood. ● Possession of picklocks – Arresto mayor (maximum) to prisión correccional (minimum). ● Manufacturing picklocks (if a locksmith) – Prisión correccional (medium and maximum). CHAPTER TWO: Brigandage Formation of a Band of Brigands (Article 306) ● Prisión mayor (medium) to reclusión temporal (minimum) – If committing robbery on highways or kidnapping for ransom. Aiding Brigands (Article 307) ● Prisión correccional (medium) to prisión mayor (minimum) – If a person aids, abets, or protects brigands. CHAPTER THREE: Theft (Article 308-311) Theft Penalties (Article 309) 1. Prisión mayor (minimum and medium) – If stolen property is worth ₱12,000 to ₱22,000. 2. Prisión correccional (medium and maximum) – If stolen property is worth ₱6,000 to ₱12,000. 3. Prisión correccional (minimum and medium) – If stolen property is worth ₱200 to ₱6,000. 4. Arresto mayor (medium) to prisión correccional (minimum) – If stolen property is worth ₱50 to ₱200. 5. Arresto mayor (full) – If stolen property is worth ₱5 to ₱50. 6. Arresto mayor (minimum and medium) – If stolen property is worth below ₱5. 7. Arresto menor or fine not exceeding ₱200 – If theft occurs in prohibited places and property value is below ₱5. 8. Lower penalties if committed due to hunger or poverty. Qualified Theft (Article 310) ● Higher penalties than regular theft – If committed by a domestic servant, with abuse of confidence, or if stolen property includes large cattle, coconuts, or fish. Special Theft Penalty (Article 311) ● Arresto mayor or fine ₱200-₱500 – If theft involves property of the National Library or National Museum. CHAPTER FOUR: Usurpation ● Fines of 50-100% of the gain (minimum ₱75) – If a person forcibly takes real property (Article 312). ● Arresto menor or fine up to ₱100 – If a person alters land boundaries (Article 313). CHAPTER FIVE: Culpable Insolvency ● Prisión mayor – If a merchant absconds with property to defraud creditors. ● Prisión correccional (maximum) to prisión mayor (medium) – If a non-merchant does the same (Article 314). Chapter Six: Swindling and Other Deceits Article 315 – Swindling (Estafa) Penalties based on the amount of fraud: 1. Prisión correccional (max) to prisión mayor (min) (over ₱12,000 up to ₱22,000). ○ If over ₱22,000, penalty increases by 1 year per additional ₱10,000, but not exceeding 20 years. 2. Prisión correccional (min & med) (over ₱6,000 up to ₱12,000). 3. Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (min) (over ₱200 up to ₱6,000). 4. Arresto mayor (med & max) (up to ₱200). Article 316 – Other Forms of Swindling ● Arresto mayor (min & med) + fine (not less than the damage caused, max 3x the value). Article 317 – Swindling a Minor ● Arresto mayor + fine (10–50% of the obligation’s value). Article 318 – Other Deceits ● Arresto mayor + fine (min: damage caused, max: 2x the damage). ● Fortune-telling for profit: Arresto menor or fine up to ₱200. Chapter Seven: Chattel Mortgage Article 319 – Removal, Sale, or Pledge of Mortgaged Property ● Arresto mayor or fine (2x the property’s value). Chapter Eight: Arson and Other Crimes Involving Destruction Article 320 – Destructive Arson ● Reclusión temporal (max) to reclusión perpetua. Article 321 – Other Forms of Arson ● Reclusión temporal or reclusión perpetua (if knowingly burning an occupied building, farmhouse, warehouse, vessel, etc.). ● Reclusión temporal (if a public building or dwelling is burned, causing over ₱6,000 in damage). ● Prisión mayor (if damage is under ₱6,000 or property includes farms, mills, or plantations). ● Prisión correccional to prisión mayor (depending on property type and damage amount). ● Arresto menor + fine (50–100% of damage) (if affecting fields, pastures, or forests). Article 322 – Cases of Arson Not Included in Preceding Articles ● Arresto mayor (med & max) (if damage ≤ ₱50). ● Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (min) (damage over ₱50 but ≤ ₱200). ● Prisión correccional (min & med) (damage over ₱200 but ≤ ₱1,000). ● Prisión correccional (med & max) (damage over ₱1,000). Article 323 – Arson of Property of Small Value ● Punished under Chapter Nine (Malicious Mischief) based on damage amount. Article 324 – Crimes Involving Destruction ● Reclusión temporal (if public safety is endangered). ● Prisión mayor (if no public safety threat). Article 325 – Burning One’s Own Property to Commit Arson ● Same penalties as arson if used to destroy another’s property. Article 326 – Setting Fire to Own Property for Fraud or Damage ● Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (min). Chapter Nine: Malicious Mischief Article 328 – Special Cases of Malicious Mischief ● Prisión correccional (min & med) (if damage > ₱1,000). ● Arresto mayor (if damage between ₱200–₱1,000). ● Arresto menor (if damage ≤ ₱200). Article 329 – Other Mischiefs ● Arresto mayor (med & max) (if damage > ₱1,000). ● Arresto mayor (min & med) (if damage ₱200–₱1,000). ● Arresto menor or fine (not less than the damage caused, max 3x the value). Article 330 – Damaging Means of Communication ● Prisión correccional (med & max). ● Prisión mayor (if damage causes train derailment or accidents). Article 331 – Destroying/Damaging Public Monuments or Paintings ● Arresto mayor (med) to prisión correccional (min) (statues/monuments). ● Arresto menor or fine (max ₱200). Chapter Ten: Exemption from Criminal Liability in Crimes Against Property Article 332 – Exemptions from Criminal Liability ● No criminal liability for theft, swindling, or malicious mischief among: 1. Spouses, ascendants, descendants, or relatives by affinity in the same line. 2. Widow and deceased spouse’s property (before transfer). 3. Siblings and in-laws (if living together). ● Exception: Strangers who participate are still criminally liable. TITLE SIX: CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS CHAPTER ONE – Gambling and Betting 1. Illegal Gambling (Article 195) ○ Penalty: ■ First offense: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) ■ Recidivism: Arresto mayor or fine (200 – 6,000 pesos) ○ Applies to: ■ Anyone participating in prohibited gambling ■ Those permitting gambling in their property ■ Possession of gambling paraphernalia (e.g., jueteng lists) 2. Importation, Sale, and Possession of Lottery Tickets (Article 196) ○ Penalty: ■ Importer/seller/distributor: Arresto mayor (max) – prisión correccional (min) or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) ■ Possessor (without connivance): Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) ○ Note: Possession is prima facie evidence of intent to sell/distribute. 3. Betting in Sports Contests (Article 197) ○ Penalty: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) or both. 4. Illegal Betting on Horse Races (Article 198) ○ Penalty: ■ Illegal betting: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) ■ Operating illegal betting schemes: Arresto mayor or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) ■ Corporations: Officers deemed principals if they consent or tolerate. ■ Each race day is a separate offense. 5. Illegal Cockfighting (Article 199) ○ Penalty: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) or both. ○ Applies to: ■ Betting outside permitted cockfight days ■ Cockfighting outside licensed arenas CHAPTER TWO – Offenses Against Decency and Good Customs 6. Grave Scandal (Article 200) ○ Penalty: Arresto mayor and public censure. ○ Applies to: Any highly scandalous act offensive to decency/morals. 7. Immoral Doctrines, Obscene Publications, and Exhibitions (Article 201) ○ Penalty: Prisión correccional (min) or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) or both. ○ Applies to: ■ Advocating doctrines contrary to morality ■ Publishing/distributing obscene literature ■ Publicly exhibiting obscene shows/acts ■ Selling or displaying obscene materials 8. Vagrants and Prostitutes (Article 202) ○ Who are vagrants? ■ Unemployed individuals with no visible means of support ■ Loiterers in public/semi-public places ■ Habitual lodgers in houses of ill-fame ■ Pimps and ruffians ■ Prostitutes (habitual paid sexual activity) ○ Penalty: ■ First offense: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) ■ Recidivism: Arresto mayor (med) – prisión correccional (min) or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) or both. TITLE THIRTEEN Crimes Against Honor CHAPTER ONE – Libel SECTION ONE – Definitions, Forms, and Punishment 1. Libel (Article 353) ○ Definition: A public and malicious imputation of a crime, vice, defect, or any act that causes dishonor, discredit, or contempt against a person or entity. 2. Requirement for Publicity (Article 354) ○ Presumption of Malice: Defamatory imputations are presumed malicious unless: ■ Made in the performance of a legal, moral, or social duty ■ A fair and true report of official proceedings 3. Libel by Writing or Similar Means (Article 355) ○ Penalty: ■ Prisión correccional (minimum to medium periods) ■ Fine (200 – 6,000 pesos) ■ Both imprisonment and fine may apply ■ Civil action may also be filed by the offended party 4. Threatening to Publish a Libel or Preventing Publication for Compensation (Article 356) ○ Penalty: Arresto mayor or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) or both 5. Prohibited Publication of Private Acts in Official Proceedings (Article 357) ○ Penalty: Arresto mayor or fine (200 – 2,000 pesos) or both ○ Applies to: Editors, reporters, and managers of newspapers/magazines who publish private facts offensive to a person's honor 6. Slander – Oral Defamation (Article 358) ○ Penalty: ■ Serious and insulting nature: Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (min) ■ Otherwise: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) 7. Slander by Deed (Article 359) ○ Penalty: ■ Serious nature: Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (min) or fine (200 – 1,000 pesos) ■ Otherwise: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) SECTION TWO – General Provisions 8. Persons Responsible (Article 360) ○ Liable persons: ■ Anyone who publishes, exhibits, or causes the publication of defamatory material ■ Authors, editors, business managers of newspapers/magazines/books ○ Court Jurisdiction: Cases may be filed in the province where libel was published ○ Special rule: If libel imputes a crime that is not prosecutable de officio, it must be filed by the offended party 9. Proof of Truth (Article 361) ○ Allowed in defense if: ■ The imputation is true ■ Published with good motives and justifiable ends ■ If against a government employee, it must relate to their official duties 10.Libelous Remarks (Article 362) ● Liability remains if malice is present, even in privileged communications (Article 354 cases). CHAPTER TWO – Incriminatory Machinations 11.Incriminating an Innocent Person (Article 363) ● Penalty: Arresto mayor ● Applies when: ○ A person falsely implicates another in a crime through acts not constituting perjury 12.Intriguing Against Honor (Article 364) ● Penalty: Arresto menor or fine (≤ 200 pesos) ● Definition: Spreading intrigue with the intent to damage a person’s honor/reputation TITLE FOURTEEN Quasi Offenses SOLE CHAPTER – Criminal Negligence 1. Reckless Imprudence (Article 365, Paragraph 1) ● Penalty: ○ If the act would have been a grave felony if intentional → Arresto mayor (max) to prisión correccional (medium) ○ If the act would have been a less grave felony if intentional → Arresto mayor (min and medium) 2. Simple Imprudence or Negligence (Article 365, Paragraph 2) ● Penalty: ○ If the act would have been a grave felony if intentional → Arresto mayor (medium and max) ○ If the act would have been a less serious felony if intentional → Arresto mayor (min) 3. Damage to Property Only (Article 365, Paragraph 3) ● Penalty: ○ Fine ranging from value of damages to three times such value ○ Minimum fine: 25 pesos 4. Light Felony by Simple Imprudence or Negligence (Article 365, Paragraph 4) ● Penalty: ○ Fine not exceeding 200 pesos ○ Censure 5. Special Provisions (Article 365, Paragraph 5-6) ● Exceptions: ○ If the penalty for the offense is equal to or lower than those stated above → The court imposes the next lower penalty in degree ○ If death is caused due to reckless imprudence violating the Automobile Law → Prisión correccional (medium and max) 6. Definitions ● Reckless Imprudence: ○ Voluntarily doing or failing to do an act without malice ○ Causes material damage due to inexcusable lack of precaution ○ Factors considered: Employment, intelligence, physical condition, time, and place ● Simple Imprudence: ○ Lack of precaution where the impending damage is not immediate or danger is not clearly manifest TITLE EIGHT Crimes Against Persons CHAPTER ONE – Destruction of Life SECTION ONE – Parricide, Murder, and Homicide 1. Parricide (Article 246) ○ Penalty: Reclusión perpetua to death ○ Applies to: Killing of a father, mother, child (legitimate or illegitimate), ascendant, descendant, or spouse. 2. Death or Physical Injuries Under Exceptional Circumstances (Article 247) ○ Penalty: Destierro (exile) if: ■ A legally married person kills or inflicts serious injuries on their spouse caught in the act of sexual intercourse with another. ■ A parent does the same to their daughter (<18 years old) and her seducer, while she lives with them. ○ No penalty for inflicting minor physical injuries. ○ Exception: No benefit if the spouse promoted/facilitated the prostitution or consented to the infidelity. 3. Murder (Article 248) ○ Penalty: Reclusión temporal (max) to death ○ Applies to: Killing committed with any of the following aggravating circumstances: ■ Treachery, superior strength, armed men, means to weaken defense, or ensuring impunity. ■ Murder-for-hire (in consideration of a price, reward, or promise). ■ By means of great destruction (fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, derailment, motor vehicle, etc.). ■ During public calamities (earthquakes, typhoons, epidemics, etc.). ■ Evident premeditation. ■ Cruelty (deliberately increasing suffering or insulting the victim). 4. Homicide (Article 249) ○ Penalty: Reclusión temporal ○ Applies to: Killing without the aggravating circumstances that qualify it as murder. 5. Frustrated or Attempted Parricide, Murder, or Homicide (Article 250) ○ Penalty: ■ Frustrated crime: One degree lower than the prescribed penalty (per Article 50). ■ Attempted crime: One degree lower than prescribed for an attempt (per Article 51). 6. Death in a Tumultuous Affray (Article 251) ○ Penalty: ■ If the killer cannot be identified, but the person(s) who inflicted serious injuries can be → Prisión mayor. ■ If no serious injuries are linked to an individual → Prisión correccional (medium & max) for all who used violence. 7. Physical Injuries in a Tumultuous Affray (Article 252) ○ Penalty: ■ If serious injuries were inflicted and the culprit cannot be identified, all violent participants receive the next lower penalty. ■ If only less serious injuries were inflicted → Arresto (5–15 days) for those who used violence. 8. Assisting Suicide (Article 253) ○ Penalty: ■ Prisión mayor – For assisting in suicide. ■ Reclusión temporal – If the assister actually performs the killing. ■ Arresto mayor (medium & max) – If suicide fails. 9. Discharge of Firearms (Article 254) ○ Penalty: Prisión correccional (min & med) ○ Exception: If the act qualifies as attempted/frustrated parricide, murder, homicide, or another crime with a higher penalty, then the higher penalty applies.
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