● Cottage Industry/”putting out” system
○ Proletarization: social progress
from being an employer to being
employed by an employer.
Producing goods on a smaller scale
causing difficulty to supervise rural
workers. Solved this through
factories.
● The Industrial Revolution
○ The period of new advanced
technologies that were introduced
in the workforce. It has two
phases. Factories and better
transportation led to stronger
markets. Built largely off of child
labor. Strongest in Britain. Widened
the gap between poor and rich.
● Britain’s early advantages
○ Geographically they had lots of
resources: sea coal, Iron, Cotten.
They had political stability with no
revolutions. Aristocrats invested in
the industry.
● Factory system
○ Organized system of production
that brings workers and machines
together under the control of a
manager. Mostly children worked
in factories for long hours doing
hard labor.
● bourgeoisie/middle class
○ Divisions of labor develop selfconscious classes which were the
bourgeoisie. Ran the factories and
made most of the money.
● Proletariat/working class
○ Large gap between the proletariat
and bourgeoisie.
● trade unions
○ The trade unions act was passed in
1879 which gave trade unions legal
recognition.
● cult of domesticity
○ The idea of where women were
expected to stay at home and only
take care of the children. Which
was popular during the Napoleon
rule.
● Urbanization
○ The sociology effect of people
moving into cities. It was the
biggest population transfer in
human history.
● companionate marriage
○ Mutual affection was considered
necessary for a successful union.
● Karl Marx/Marxism
○ Complete abolishment of private
property, state controls economic
production, based on the theory of
dialectical materialism, wanted to
address: class struggle, theory of
surplus value and violent rev.
● The Revolutions of 1848
○ Spread of revolutions across
Europe that were mainly
influenced by nationalism,
romanticism,and liberalism. Strong
ideological changes after the
Congress of Vienna.
● The Crimean War
○ The war was fought with Russia,
Ottoman empire, Austria, France,
and Britain. First modern war to
use trench warfare and modern
medical care. Russia wanted to
invade the Ottoman empire and
Britain and France believed Russia
had too much power so they
joined the Ottomans.
● Camilo Cavour
○ The prime minister of Piedmont
who was a nationalist but had
conservative beliefs. Helped defeat
Austria which led to Italy's
unification and eventually added
Naples and Sicily. He believed that
free trade, railways construction,
and expansion was what unified
Italy.
● Guiseppe Garibaldi
○ A friend of Guiseppe Mazzini in the
romantic republican society. Went
to Naples and Scicily to unify them
which eventually joined the Italian
peninsula with Cavour.
● Otto Von Bismarck
○
Was a Prussian representative who
became prime minister. He was an
opponent of Austria which made him
utilize nationalism to attract support to
conservatism. He was willing to use
nationalism, military strength, and
strategy to rid Austria. Fought in three
wars to rid Austria.
● Louis Napoleon
○ In the revolutions of France in 1848
Louis Napoleon the nephew of
Bonaparte won a landslide victory
and became president. Ruled until
defeat in Franco- Prussian war.
● Realpolitik
○
realistic politics based on the needs of
the state. Bismark used this for
unifying Germany not with moral
intent but to justify means.
● Nationalism
○ Emphasized self identity,
consolidation of nationalities under
a common government.
Nationalism was used in Austrian
revolutions, German and Italian
unification.
● Lenin
○
A socialist planning to achieve the
revolution abroad. Founded the
Communist Party in Russia and set up
the world's first Communist Party
dictatorship.
● The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of
1851
○
● Banks
○
Pre 1848 there was a financial crisis,
banks failed as people tried to pull out
their money.
● Flying shuttle
○ An invention from the industrial
revolution that increased the
speed of weavers.
● Spinning Jenny
○ Mechanized the spinning wheel so
that 8 spools of thread could be
spun simultaneously, but still
turned by hand.
● Water frame
○ Produced yarn fast and used water
power.
● Power Loom
○ Meant weavers could keep up with
spinners.
● Cotton Gin
○ Cleaned and removed the seeds
from raw cotton.
● steam engine
○ Originally used to pump water out
of coal minds. Replaced water in
mills. 90% of english cotton mills
were used with steam. To power
machines in factories.
● Thomas Malthus
○ His theory was called the
“Malthuasian trap” focusing on the
principles of population. He
identified the problems even after
the agricultural revolution.
● David Ricardo
○ “Iron law of wages” Real wages
tend toward the minimum wage
necessary to sustain the life of the
worker. Believed Higher wages led
to unemployment because of
population.
● Factory conditions
○ Often brutal and unsafe. It was
predominantly based on child
labor. Worked long hours with no
breaks and were poorly taken care
of. The machines were often
dangerous leading to many
casualties.
● child and female labor
○ The working conditions were very
brutal and had very low wages.
Often worked together in the
mines and cotton mills.
● Reform Bill of 1932
○
an Act of Parliament of the United
Kingdom that introduced wide-ranging
changes to the electoral system of
England
● Factory Act of 1833
○ Applied to the textile industry.
Made it 8hr for children 9-13 and
14-18 hrs for ages 12-18. Children's
employment declined and
destroyed families working
together.
● FActory Act of 1878
○
-factory code applied to all trades-no
children under 10 were to be
employed-women were to work no
more than 56 hours per week
● Mines Act of 1842
○ English law prohibiting
underground work for all women
and girls as well as for boys under
ten.
● Ten Hours Act of 1847
○ limited the workday to 10 hours for
women and children who worked
in factories
● Canals
○ Britain got ahead in the industrial
revolution because of them
building roads and canals helping
with trade.
● Railroads
○ Important in industrialization
because it created more urban
areas by easier transportation. Was
a major cultural shift because of
the overwhelming new technology.
● steamships
○
ships powered by steam engines used
to replaced sailing ships in the
mid-19th century when refined
high-efficiency engines were invented
● Zollverein
○ The name of the free trade zone
and unified tariff against outside
goods that German states created
by Friedrich list.
● Friedrich List’s National System
○ Created the zollverein which was
designed to protect German
industry.
● The “Hungry ’40s”
○ In Europe where there was a
strong food shortage after the
potato famine. Period of economic
depression.
● Irish potato famine
○ Period of mass starvation and
disease in Ireland. It started as a
disease in the potatoes killing
many in Ireland putting it in an
economic crisis.
● Alexander I
○
Very autocratic, considered the hero of
Europe because he fought Napoleon
and was the architect of the Congress
of Vienna.
● Decrembrist Revolution
○
The First revolt against the autocratic
system in Russia. Wanted to prevent
Nicholas I assumption to the throne.
Nicholas eventually suppressed the
revolt.
● Russian serfdom
○
Alexander II sought to abolish serfdom
because serfdom was causing bad
agriculture. The emancipation act
abolished serfdom but agriculture
continued to be bad.
● Chartists
○
During the revolutions of 1848 it was
the only protest in Britain. Reformers
who wanted changes like universal
male suffrage
● Henri de Saint-Simon
○
Utopian socialist who wanted a society
led by intellectuals providing for the
welfare of the lowest classes
● Charles Fourier
○
An early thinker on socialism that
planned socialist communities. He
created the socialist utopias. Believed
one of the major flaws of industrial life
was the division of labor.
● Robert Owen
○ British cotton manufacturers
believed that humans would reveal
their true natural goodness if they
lived in a cooperative environment.
● Friedrich Engels
○
Worked with Karl Marx to develop marxism.
He believed that socialism was non realistic
Wanted to overthrow society in an extreme
manner. Believed the poverty that was
produced by industrial capitalism was a new
kind of poverty.
● Alexander II
○
Increasingly conservative who became
an autocratic later in life. Assassinated
by anarchist terrorist.
● Emancipation Act of 1861
○
abolished serfdom in Russia, peasants
no longer dependent on the lord, free
to move and change occupations.
Landlords benefited because they
picked the land that was taken.
● Sergei Witte
○
A tough finance minister who thought
that Russia's industrial backwardness
was threatening Russia's
power.Courted western industrials.
● Peter Stolypin
○
Prime minister of Russia from
1906-1911. He was very involved in
fighting radical groups and he also took
upon himself various agrarian reforms
● Alexander III
○ Took rule after his brother
Alexander II. He undid most of the
reforms from his brother. Created a
new prison associated with those with
his fathers murder.
● Nicholas II
○ Last of the Romanovs who
continued to work to catch up to
the west, wanted to do it through
war. Ended up going into the
Russo-Japanese war putting Russia
heavily in debt.
● Russo-Japanese War
○ War between Russia and Japan
over imperial possessions. Japan
emerges victorious.
● “Bloody Sunday”/REvolution of 1905
○
Protest in Russia because of the poor
economies and strains of wars on
peasants. It started with a massive
strike in St. Petersburg where 200,000
marched peacefully to the winter
palace asking for reforms and arms
opened fire on the crowd.
● Duma
○ In Russia they created an elected
body that would advise the king in
1906. They first passed freedom of
speech, press, assembly, and full
civil rights guaranteed.
● Victor Emmanuel II
○
King during the unification of Italy,
when it shifted from SardinaPiedmont. Constitution with
parliament.
● Prussian Danish War
○ Germany & Austria defeated
Denmark and took control of the
provinces of Schleswig and
Holstein. A part of Bismarck's idea
to overtake Austria.
● Austro-Prussian War
○ Bishmark, after gaining
international support, claimed war
on Austria where he eventually
defeated Austria.
● Franco-Prussian War
○
● Ausgleich (or Compromise) of 1867
○ created the dual monarchy of
Austria-Hungary
● Second French Empire
○ Legislator, strong executive power,
universal male suffrage.
Established by Louis- NapoleonBonaparte
● Saddler Commission
○ investigated working conditions
helped initiate legislation to
improve conditions in factories.
● Giuseppe Mazzini
○
Mazzinni was a leader of the romantic
republics who gained popular support
for nationalism. He eventually formed
the Young Italy Society which helped
drive Austria away from the Italian
peninsula. He gained more popularity
on nationalism and to form an Italian
republic.
● Vincenzo Gioberti
○ A catholic priest who called for a
federation of existing states under
the presidency of a progressive
pope in Italy
● grossdeutch plan
○ Favored unifying all German states
under one state.
● kleindeutch plan
○ Wanted to unify only the northern
German states and not include
Austria.
● William I of Prussia
○ Prussian king who became
emperor of Germany after the
Franco-Prussian War., tried to
enlarge the Prussian army
appointed Otto von Bismarck
● gap theory
○ There was a gap in Prussia's
constitution.
● “Blood and Iron”
○ policy of German unification put
forth by Bismarck; belief that
industry and war would unify
Germany
● Battle of Sedan
○ September 2, 1870. France was
defeated. Napoleon surrendered
and was taken prisoner. On
September 4 there was an
insurrection in Paris and the Third
Republic was proclaimed.
● Treaty of Frankfurt
○ The end of the Franco-Prussian
War, which ceded territories to
Germany.
● Second French Republic
○ Constitution, legislator, strong
executive power. Louis Napoleon
was elected for president.
● Zemstovs
○
District or village assemblies that
administered local areas.
● “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification”
○
Common belief in Russian rules
especially Alexander III. The Orthodox
church was held very highly.
Russification was going back to the
strict original Russian rule.
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