PMI – Project Quality Management
JP, Hemant, Vipin, Madhav, Mansi, Madhurima
People. Processes. Technology. Results.
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Before we begin…
Ground Rules
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Please switch off your mobile.
We are NOT the experts and we shall LEARN TOGETHER.
Please treat PMBOK as Bible or Gita during this session.
We shall NOT be able to answer ALL your questions, we shall try to get the answers
for you
Please do NOT compare PMBOK suggested processes with PS processes
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Project Quality Management
Project Quality Management
Quality management includes creating and following policies
and procedures to ensure that a project meets the defined
needs that it was intended to meet.
This can also mean the same thing as completing the project
with no deviations from the project requirements.
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Project Quality Management
Definition of Quality
The degree to which the project fulfills requirements. It
means that the project must produce what it said it would
produce.
The Philosophy is that quality is doing what you said you were
going to do and prevention over inspection.
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Project Quality Management
Definitions
Gold Plating: refers to giving the customer extras (e.g. extra
functionality, higher quality components, extra scope, or better
performance).
This practice is not recommended, as gold plating adds no
value to the project.
Grade: Quality and Grade are not the same thing. Grade is a
category assigned to products or services that have same
functional use but different technical characteristics.
Low quality is always a problem, low grade may not be.
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Project Quality Management
Project Quality Management Recognizes the
importance of the following:
Customer Satisfaction
Prevention over Inspection
Management Responsibility
Continuous Improvement
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Project Quality Management - Overview
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Project Quality Management - Overview
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Quality Planning
People. Processes. Technology. Results.
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Quality Planning
• Quality Planning involves which quality
standards are relevant to the project and
determine how to satisfy them.
• It is one of the key processes in the Planning
Process Group and during development of the
Project Management Plan.
• Quality Planning should be performed in parallel
with other project planning processes.
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Quality Planning
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Quality Planning- Inputs
•
Enterprise Environmental Factors
– Governmental agency regulations, rules, standards, and
guidelines specific to the application area may affect the project.
•
Organizational Process Assets
– Organizational quality policies
– Procedures and guidelines
– Historical databases
– Lessons-learned knowledge base
•
Project Scope Statement (key input) contains
– Project Deliverables
– Project objectives (that are used to define requirements)
– Acceptance criteria
– Thresholds – cost, time or resources
•
Project Management Plan
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Quality Planning - Tools &
Techniques
•
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Consider Cost-Benefit tradeoffs.
– Primary Benefits to consider – less rework, higher productivity, lower costs,
increased customer satisfaction.
– Primary Costs to consider – expense associated with Project Quality
Management Activities.
•
Benchmarking
Comparing with other projects to
– Generate ideas of improvement
– Provides basis to measure performance
•
Design of Experiments
– Statistical method (e.g., try various combinations of suspension and tires to
determine which combination provides most desirable ride)
– Helps in optimization of product and processes
•
Cost of Quality is the cost incurred in
– Defect prevention
– Audits
– Rework
•
Additional Quality Planning Tools
– Like brainstorming, flow charts
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Quality Planning - Outputs
•
Quality Management Plan is a subsidiary plan of the project management
plan.
– Formal or informal. Highly detailed or broadly framed
– Describes how the project management team will implement the
performing organization’s quality processes.
– Must address
Quality control – QC
Quality Assurance – QA
Continuous process improvement
•
Quality metrics includes
– Defect density
– Failure rate
– Availability
– Reliability
– Test coverage
•
Quality Checklists
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Quality Planning - Outputs
•
Process Improvement Plan
– Is a subsidiary of the project management plan.
– Facilitates identification of waste and non-value added activities thus
increasing customer value.
•
Quality Baseline
– Records the quality objectives of the project.
– Is the basis for measuring and reporting quality performance as part of
the performance measurement baseline.
•
Project Management Plan (updates)
– Subsidiary quality management plan
– Process improvement plan
– Requested changes to project management plan
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Project Quality Assurance
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Definition
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Project Quality Assurance
Project Quality Assurance :
An Umbrella for Continuous Process Improvement.
• Provides intensive means to improve the Quality of all the Processes.
• Reduces waste and non value added activities allowing the processes to
operate at increased level of efficiency
• Involves identification and review of organizational business processes
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Inputs to Project Quality Assurance
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Inputs to Project Quality Assurance
Quality Management Plan
The quality management plan describes how QA will be performed
within the project.
Quality Metrics
A metric is an operational definition that describes, in very specific
terms, what something is and how the quality control process
measures it.
Quality metrics are used in the QA and QC processes. Some
examples of quality metrics include defect density, review
effectiveness, productivity and test coverage etc.
Process Improvement Plan
The process improvement plan is a subsidiary of the project
management plan. The process improvement plan details the steps
for analyzing processes that will facilitate the identification of waste
and non-value added activity.
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Inputs to Project Quality Assurance
Work Performance Information
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Inputs to Project Quality Assurance
Approved Change Requests
Approved change requests can include modifications to work
methods, product requirements, quality requirements, scope and
schedule. Approved changes need to be analyzed for any effects
upon the quality management plan, quality metrics or quality check
lists. All changes should be formally documented in writing and any
verbally discussed, but undocumented, changes should not be
processed or implemented.
Quality Control Measurements
Quality control measurements are the results of quality control
activities that are fed back to the QA process for use in reevaluating and analyzing the quality standards and process of the
performing organization.
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Inputs to Project Quality Assurance
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Tool & Techniques for Project Quality Assurance
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Tool & Techniques for Project Quality Assurance
Quality Planning Tools and Techniques
Quality planning tools are often used to help better define the
situation and help plan effective quality management activities.
These includes cost-benefit analysis, benchmarking, cost of quality,
brainstorming, flowcharts etc.
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Tool & Techniques for Project Quality Assurance
Objective of Quality Audit
• Identify inefficient and ineffective policies, processes and procedures
used within a project
• Reduce Cost of Quality
• Increased Customer Acceptance & Satisfaction
• Confirm the implementation of approved change request, correct
actions, defect repairs and preventive actions.
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Tool & Techniques for Project Quality Assurance
Process Analysis
Process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process
improvement plan to identify needed improvements from an
organizational and technical standpoint.
Quality Control Tools and Techniques
There are seven basic tools for quality control:
1. Cause and effect diagrams, also called Ishikawa diagram or
fishbone diagrams, illustrate how various factors might be
linked to potential problems or effect.
2. Control Charts, A control chart’s purpose is to determine
whether or not a process is stable or has predictable
performance.
3. Flowcharting, Flowcharting helps to analyze how problems
occur.
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Tool & Techniques for Project Quality Assurance
4. Histogram is bar chart showing a distribution of the variables.
5. Pareto Chart is a specific type of histogram, ordered by
frequency of occurrence, which shows how many defects were
generated by type or category of identified cause.
6. Run Chart shows the history and pattern of variations.
7. Scatter Diagram shows the pattern of relationship between two
variables.
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Outputs to Project Quality Assurance
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Outputs to Project Quality
Assurance
• Requested Changes
If the recommended corrective or preventive action require a change
to the project, a change request should be initiated in accordance with
the defined integrated change control process.
• Recommendation of Corrective Actions
Corrective action involves actions taken as a result of a QC
measurement that indicates that the manufacturing or development
process exceeds established parameters
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Outputs to Project Quality
Assurance
• Organizational Process Assets (Updates)
Completed checklists: When check lists are used, the completed
checklist should become part of the project’s records.
Lessons learned documentations: The cause of variances, the
reasoning behind the corrective action chosen, and other types of
lesson learned from quality control should be documented so that they
become part of historical database for both this project and performing
organization.
• Project management Plan (Updates)
The project management plan is updated to reflect changes to the
quality management plan that results from changes in performing the
QC process. Requested changes (addition, modification or deletions)
to the project management plan or to its subsidiary plans are
processed by review and disposition through the integrated change
control process.
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Quality Control
People. Processes. Technology. Results.
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Quality Control
Objectives
• Monitoring specific project results to determine
compliance with relevant quality standards
• Identifying the ways to eliminate the causes of
unsatisfactory results
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Quality Control
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Quality Control - Inputs
•
Quality Management Plan
– Discussed under Quality Planning output
•
Organizational Process Assets
– Formal and Informal planning related
− Policies
− Procedures
− Guidelines
– Lessons-learned knowledge base
•
Quality Metrics
– Discussed under Quality Planning Output
•
Quality Checklists
– Discussed under Quality Planning Output
•
Work Performance Information
– Information on the status of the project activities is routinely
collected as part of the project management plan execution
(discussed earlier in QA Inputs).
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Quality Control - Inputs
•
Approved Change Requests
– Approved change requests can include modifications to scope,
requirement, schedule.
– Approved changes need to be analyzed for any effect upon quality
management plan, metrics.
•
Deliverables
– Unique and verifiable product, result or capability to perform a
service.
– Identified in a project management planning documentation and
must be produced and provided to complete the project.
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Quality Control - Tools & Techniques
•
Cause and Effect Diagram
– Cause and Effect diagrams, also called as Ishikawa diagrams or
Fishbone diagrams.
– Illustrate the relation of variables to the quality problem or defect.
•
Control Charts
– Helps in determining whether or not a process is stable or has a
predictable performance.
– Control chart also illustrates how a process behaves over time.
•
Flowcharting
– Flowcharting is a graphical representation of a process.
– Helps to analyze how problems occur.
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Quality Control - Tools & Techniques
•
Pareto Chart
– A Pareto chart is a bar chart, ordered by frequency of
occurrence, which shows how many defects were generated by
type or category of identified cause.
– Based on Pareto’s law (commonly known as 80/20 rule) : 80
percent of the problems come from 20 percent of the issues.
•
Scatter Diagram
– This tool allows the team to study and identify the possible
relationship between changes observed in two variables.
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Quality Control - Tools & Techniques
•
Defect Repair Review
– Action taken to ensure that the product defects are repaired and
brought into compliance with the requirements.
•
Statistical Sampling
– Process of choosing a percentage of results at random for
inspection.
– Appropriate sampling can reduce the cost of quality control.
•
Inspection
– Examination of a work product to determine whether it conforms
to standards.
– Reviews, peer reviews, audits and walkthroughs.
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Quality Control - Tools & Techniques
•
Trend Analysis using Run Chart
– A run chart shows the history and pattern of variation.
– Run chart shows trends in a process over time declines or
improvements in a process over time.
– Trend analysis is performed using run chart to monitor:
− Technical performance
− Cost and schedule performance
•
Histogram
– Histogram is a bar chart showing the distribution of variables.
– Helps to identify the cause of problems in process by shape and
width of distribution.
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Quality Control - Outputs
•
Quality Control Measurement
– Represents the results of QC activities that are fed back to QA to
reevaluate and analyze the quality standards and processes.
•
Validated Defect Repair
– The repaired defects are re-inspected and will be either accepted or
rejected.
– Rejected items may require further defect repair.
•
Quality Baseline (Updates)
– Quality objective of the project.
– Quality baseline is the basis for measuring the quality performance.
•
Recommended corrective actions
– Recommended corrective actions to bring expected future project
performance.
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Quality Control - Outputs
•
Recommended prevented actions
– Recommended preventive actions that reduce the probability of negative
consequences.
•
Requested changes
– Changes required by recommended corrective/preventive actions to the
project.
•
Recommended defect repair
– Defects are identified and recommended for repair.
– A defect log can be used to collect the set of recommended repairs.
•
Organization process assets (Updates)
– Completed checklists
– Lessons learned documentation
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Quality Control - Outputs
•
Validated Deliverables
– The results of the execution of quality control processes are validated
deliverables.
•
Project Management Plan (Updates)
– Updated Project management plan to reflect the changes made to
quality management plan as a result of QC process.
– Requested changes to the project management plan and its subsidiary
plans are processed through the Integrated Control process.
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Thank you
People. Processes. Technology. Results.
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