AS 1100.201—1992
Australian StandardR
Technical drawing
Accessed by THIESS PTY LTD on 16 Jun 2011
Part 201: Mechanical engineering
drawing
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/72, Technical Drawing. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 25 August 1992 and published
on 16 November 1992.
The following interests are represented on Committee ME/72:
Association of Consulting Engineers Australia
Australian Chamber of Commerce
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Confederation of Australian Industry
Department of Administrative Services
Department of Defence
Department of Employment and Technical and Further Education, South Australia
Institute of Draftsmen, Australia
Institute of Industrial Arts
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Master Builders—Construction and Housing Association Australia
N.S.W Technical and Further Education Commission
Public Works Department, N.S.W.
University of New South Wales
University of Queensland
Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
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University of Technology, Sydney
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up–to–date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue
of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which
subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of
withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay
in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 90109.
AS 1100.201—1992
Australian StandardR
Technical drawing
Accessed by THIESS PTY LTD on 16 Jun 2011
Part 201: Mechanical engineering
drawing
For history before 1992, see Preface.
Second edition AS 1100.201—1992.
Incorporating Amdt 1-1992
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 7805 X
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Technical
Drawing to supersede AS 1100.201–1984. AS 1100.201 was a revision and amalgamation of AS 1100 Parts 9 to 11 all published in 1974 and AS 1100 Part 12 published in 1979.
AS 1100 Parts 9 to 12 ran concurrently with AS CZ1.1 of 1976 which was withdrawn
in 1982. AS CZ1.1 was a revision of AS CZ1 which was first published in 1941 with
further editions published in 1944, 1946, 1951, 1966 and 1973. The 1966 edition
also superseded AS Z8 of 1956 (endorsement of BS 308.2—1953 without amendment).
The AS CZ1 Standards were endorsements of The Institution of Engineers, Australia
publications entitled, Engineering Drawing Practice. The document from which these
publications originated, was published by the Institution under the title, Recommended Engineering Drawing Practice but this was not endorsed by this Association.
This Standard is one of a series dealing with technical drawing, the other Standards
in the series being as follows:
General principles
Part 101:
Part 301:
Architectural drawing
Part 401:
Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing
Part 501:
Structural engineering drawing
In the preparation of this Standard, the committee took account of changes in Australian technical drawing practice and recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization. Also considered were the equivalent British and American Standards.
In its preparation, many changes in the layout of the text and figures have taken
place resulting in greater consistency and improved ease of use of the document.
New material introduced in this edition includes the simplified representation of pipelines, centre holes, seals and a guide to general tolerancing of castings.
The section on dimensioning and tolerancing which previously was in this part of the
Standard is now contained in Part 101. Reference to Part 101 is required for the
source and definition of some of the contents of this part.
This Standard is in agreement with the following International Standards:
ISO
128
1302
2162
2203
2768
2768–1
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2768–2
6410
6411
6412
6412–1
6412–2
6413
8062
8826
8826–1
9222
9222–1
9222–2
Technical drawings — General principles of presentation
Technical drawings — Method of indicating surface texture on drawings
Technical drawings — Representation of springs
Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears
General tolerances
Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without
individual tolerance indications
Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual
tolerance indications
Technical drawings — Conventional representation of threaded parts
Technical drawings — Simplified representation of centre holes
Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines
Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation
Part 2: Isometric projection
Technical drawings — Representation of splines and serrations
Castings — System of dimensional tolerances
Technical drawings — Rolling bearings
Part 1: General simplified representation
Technical drawings — Seals for dynamic application
Part 1: General simplified representation
Part 2: Detailed simplified representation
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
DRAWING SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
INDICATION ON DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SECTION 4 WELDING
4.1
WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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SECTION 6 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SECTION 7 SPRINGS
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
TYPES OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
SECTION 8 GEARS
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
TYPES OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Page
SECTION 9 SPLINES
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
TRUE REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
SECTION 11 SEALS
11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
OF SEALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
11.4 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
SECTION 12 KNURLING
12.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
APPENDICES
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A
B
C
D
GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS . 65
GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . 69
GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY
MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . 75
E Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
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Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or
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5
AS 1100.201—1992
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Technical drawing
Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing
SECTION 1
SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements and recommendations for mechanical engineering
drawing practice. It is complementary to AS 1100.101.
The Standard provides information on surface texture and welding, and the simplified representation of
pipelines. Details are also provided on various mechanical features and parts used on mechanical
drawings.
Appendices provide guidance on the tolerancing of machined components and castings.
1.2 APPLICATION The principles given in this Standard are intended for adoption by engineers,
draftspersons, and workshop personnel in the preparation and interpretationof mechanical engineering
drawings.
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1100
Technical drawing
1100.101 Part 101: General principles
1100.301 Part 301: Architectural drawing
1100.401 Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing
1100.501 Part 501: Structural engineering drawing
1101
Graphical symbols for general engineering
1101.1
Part 1: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems
1101.2
Part 2: Ventilation systems in ships
1101.3
Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination
1101.4
Part 4: Machine elements
1101.5
Part 5: Piping, ducting and mechanical services for buildings
1913
Centre drills
2075
Glossary of terms and notations for gears
2536
Surface texture
ISO
6412
Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines
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1.4
TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this Standard, the terminology given in AS 1100.101 applies.
1.5 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations for all technical drawings are given in AS 1100.101. Those
related only to mechanical engineering drawing are given in Table 1.1 and are decoded in Table 1.2.
Abbreviations should be used only where brevity and conservation of space make it necessary and then
only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader. WHEN IN DOUBT SPELL
IT OUT.
NOTES:
1 An abbreviation may or may not be recognized internationally.
2 The abbreviations given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are not exhaustive. Other abbreviati ons and other meanings for those given
may be used, provided that —
(a) their common usage in parti cular fi elds is clear;
(b) the meaning is clarif ied on the drawing; or
(c) the meaning is clarif ied in a reference document.
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AS 1100.201—1992
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TABLE 1.1
ABBREVIATIONS
Term
Abbreviati on
AF
ANL
BV
BP
BWU
BOP
CH
COMP R
CBORE
XTAL
DED
DP
ECM
EDM
FP
FIM
PCD
PA
RFS
RMS
Ra
across flats
annealed
balancing valve
boiling point
boiling water unit
bott om of pipe
case harden
compression ratio
counterbore
crystal
dedendum
diametri cal pit ch
electr ochemical machining
electr odischarge machining
fr eezing point
full indicator movement
pitch cir cle diameter
pressure angle
regardless of feature size
root mean square
roughness value
(arit hmetic mean deviati on)
specif ic heat
specif ic volume
spot face
unless noted otherwise
SP HT
SP VOL
SF
UNO
TABLE 1.2
ABBREVIATIONS DECODING
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Abbreviati on
AF
ANL
BOP
BP
BV
BWU
CBORE
CH
COMP R
DED
DP
ECM
EDM
FIM
FP
PA
PCD
Ra
RFS
RMS
SF
SP HT
SP VOL
UNO
XTAL
Term
across flats
annealed
bott om of pipe
boiling point
balancing valve
boiling water unit
counterbore
case harden
compression ratio
dedendum
diametri cal pit ch
electr ochemical machining
electr odischarge machining
full indicator movement
fr eezing point
pressure angle
pitch cir cle diameter
roughness value
(ari thmeti c mean deviation)
regardless of feature size
root mean square
spot face
specif ic heat
specif ic volume
unless noted otherwise
crystal
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SECTION 2
AS 1100.201—1992
GENERAL APPLICATIONS
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2.1 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
2.1.1 General The units and methods used in the dimensioning and tolerancing of drawings shall be
in accordance with AS 1100.101.
A guide to the general tolerancing of machined components is given in Appendix A and a guide to the
general tolerancing of castings is given in Appendix B.
2.1.2 General tolerancing examples All features on components always have a size and geometric
shape. The tolerancing should be complete to ensure that the deviations of size and geometry for all
features are controlled. The use of general tolerances simplifies this task by obviating the need to
tolerance individually the size and geometry for all features.
An example of the application of general tolerances for length, angle and geometry for features not
explicitly toleranced is shown in Figure 2.1. The interpretation of the general tolerances in Figure 2.1 is
given in Appendix A which also lists the permissible variations for grades of accuracy.
2.1.3 Geometry tolerancing Typical examples of geometry tolerancing applied to mechanical
engineering components are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Figure 2.2 shows the drawing of a simple
component using the tolerance frame method. Figure 2.3 shows the drawing of a complicated component
using the tolerance tabular method.
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AS 1100.201—1992
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2.1.4 Dimensioning of keyways Keyways should be dimensioned by one of the methods shown in
Figures 2.4 and 2.5.
2.2 LINES
2.2.1 Type of line A type of line appropriate for each application should be selected from and used
in accordance with AS 1100.101.
2.2.2 Line thickness Line thicknesses should be selected in accordance with AS 1100.101.
2.2.3 Application of lines Typical application of lines in mechanical drawings are shown on Figure 2.6.
The letters refer to the various line types given in AS 1100.101.
2.3 SYMBOLS The symbols given in AS 1100.101 and AS 1101.1, AS 1101.2, AS 1101.3, AS 1101.4
and AS 1101.5 should be used to indicate relevant features or requirements on drawings.
The use of dimensioning and tolerancing symbols is shown on Figures 2.2 and 2.3.
Welding symbols and their application are given in AS 1101.3.
Symbols for surface texture are given in Section 3, for centre holes in Section 5, and for splines in
Section 9.
2.4 DRAWING SCALES Drawing scales shall comply with the requirements of AS 1100.101. Different
scales on one sheet should be kept to a minimum, with all scales clearly indicated.
2.5 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Conventional representation is a simplified drafting
technique for depicting a component or repetitive feature to obviate unnecessary detailing. A
conventional representation drawing, is drawn to scale and to the line types specified in AS 1100.101.
Dimensions and other details may be applied directly to this drawing or by means of tabulated data or
other suitable methods.
The conventional representation of springs, gears, splines, rolling element bearings, seals, and knurling
is given in this Standard.
For general and particular discipline conventions, reference should be made to AS 1100.101, AS
1100.301, AS 1100.401 and AS 1100.501.
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AS 1100.201—1992
10
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AS 1100.201—1992
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SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE
3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides information on the indication of surface texture on
mechanical engineeringdrawingsand similar applications.For a more complete understandingof surface
texture, reference should be made to AS 2536.
3.2 SYMBOLS
3.2.1 Basic symbol The basic symbol is shown in Figure 3.1. The dimensions of surface texture
symbols are shown in Figure 3.2. Sloping lines in the symbol are at 60° to the horizontal.
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FIGURE 3.1 BA SIC SY MBOL
*
h
1.4h
2h
2.8h
2.5
3.5
5.0
7.0
10
14
20
3.5
5.0*
7.0
10 *
14
20 *
28
5.0
7.0
10
14
20
28
40
7.0
10 *
14
20 *
28
40 *
56
These figures are rounded upwards.
NOTE: h = character height
FIGU RE 3.2 SH AP E AN D SIZE OF SUR FACE TEX TURE SY MBOLS
3.2.2 Modification to basic symbol The following modifications may be made to the basic symbol:
(a)
The symbol to be used where machining is mandatory shall be the basic symbol with a bar
added, as shown in Figure 3.3.
This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a surface is to be machined without defining
either the surface texture or the process to be used.
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(b)
AS 1100.201—1992
The symbol to be used when the removal of material is not permitted shall be the basic symbol
with a circle added, as shown in Figure 3.4. This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a
surface is to be left in the state resulting from a preceding manufacturing process.
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3.2.3
Extension of symbols When special surface characteristics are to be indicated (see Clause
3.4), the symbols shown in Figures 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 may be extended by adding a line of appropriate
length to the long leg, as shown in Figure 3.5.
3.3 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
3.3.1 General The principle parameter used for describing and quantifying surface roughness is the
arithmetic mean deviation (Ra ). When specifying this parameter, the value should be selected from those
given in Table 3.1.
The R a value should be shown on the drawing by inscribing the R a value in micrometres (see Column
1, Table 3.1).
NOTES:
1
The ‘ari thmeti c mean deviation’ (R a) was previously known as the ‘centr e-line average value’ (CLA).
2
The corr esponding R a value in microinches is shown for comparison in Column 2, Table 3.1.
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TABLE 3.1
PREFERRED R a VALUES
1
2
Roughness values
Ra
µm
µin
50
25
12.5
6.3
3.2
1.6
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.025
2000
1000
500
250
125
63
32
16
8
4
2
1
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3.3.2 Method of indication The R a values shall be placed above the appropriate symbol to indicate
the degree of surface roughness required, as follows:
(a) One value only Where only one value is specified, it represents the maximum permissible value of
surface roughness (see Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method.
Figure 3.6(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining.
Figure 3.6(c)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining.
(b) Two values If it is necessary to impose maximum and minimum limits on the principal criterion of
surface roughness, both values shall be shown with the maximum limit placed above the minimum
limit (see Figure 3.7).
Figure 3.7(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method.
Figure 3.7(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining.
Figure 3.7(c)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining.
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AS 1100.201—1992
3.4 INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
3.4.1 General It may be necessary to specify additional requirements associated with surface texture.
Such requirements shall be indicated as shown in Figure 3.8 and Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.6.
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3.4.2 Production processes If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular
method, this method shall be indicated in plain language above the extension of the symbol, as
illustrated in Figure 3.9.
If the material requires a final treatment such as plating or chemical processing, the R a roughness value
applies after such treatment, unless otherwise indicated. If it is necessary to specify surface texture both
before and after treatment, this should be indicated either in a special note or as in the example shown
in Figure 3.10 where two symbols are used, one to a line to indicate the untreated surface and the other
to a Type J line to represent the surface after treatment.
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3.4.3
Cut-off (sampling length) Where the cut-off is to be other than 0.8 mm, the selected value
shall be indicated below the extension of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.11. Cut-off shall be
selected from the following preferred series:
0.08; 0.25; 0.8; 2.5; and 8
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3.4.4 Lay If it is necessary, for functional reasons, to specify the direction of lay, it shall be indicated
by adding to the symbol the appropriate lay symbol selected from those given in Column 1, Table 3.2.
Column 2 shows the method of indication of drawings and Column 3 gives the interpretation.
Should it be necessary to specify a lay not clearly defined in Table 3.2, then it shall be indicated by a
suitable note on the drawing.
3.4.5 Machining allowance Where it is necessary to specify the value of the machining allowance, this
shall be indicated on the left of the symbol (see example shown in Figure 3.12).
3.4.6 Waviness Where necessary, the value of the maximum waviness height selected from Table 3.3
shall be indicated above the extension of the symbol followed by the waviness spacing where required
(see Figure 3.13). The indicationof waviness requirements shall follow productionprocess requirements.
3.5 INDICATION ON DRAWINGS
3.5.1 General principles Symbols and their inscriptions shall be orientated so that they can be read
from the bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing.
If necessary, the symbol may be connected to the surface by a leader terminating in an arrow.
The symbol or the arrow shall point from outside the surface either to the line representing the surface
or to a projection line from it. Figure 3.14 shows typical examples of the placement of symbols in
drawings.
In accordance with the general principles of dimensioning, the symbol shall be used once only for a
given surface and, if possible, on the view which carries the dimension defining the size or position of
the surface. An example is shown in Figure 3.15.
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TABLE 3.3
PREFERRED MAXIMUM WAVINESS HEIGHT VALUE
mil li metres
Waviness height (maximum)
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.008
0.012
0.02
0.12
0.2
0.3
0.0020
0.003
0.005
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.50
0.80
FIGU RE 3.13 EX AM PLE OF IND ICATION OF MAX IMUM WAVINE SS HEIGHT AN D SPA CING
NOTE: Roughness values not shown.
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FIGU RE 3.14 PLAC EMEN T OF SYMBO LS
FIGU RE 3.15 RE LATION SH IP BE TWEE N SU RFAC E ROUGHNE SS SYMBO LS AND DIMEN SIONS
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3.5.2 Simplified procedures If one or more textures are required on a number of surfaces of a part,
a simplified procedure may be adopted.
The procedure involves either using a symbol which is qualified if necessary, or introducing a substitute
symbol which is clearly defined. Such symbols should be placed near a view of the part, near the title
block or in the space devoted to general notes.
Details and examples are given in (a) to (d) below:
(a) Where a single surface texture specification applies to all surfaces — the symbol may be qualified
thus:
(b) Where a single surface texture specification applies to the majority of surfaces — the symbol may
be qualified thus:
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Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the
corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols.
(c) Where a single surface texture specification applies to a large number of surfaces — use basic
symbol, Figure 3.1, as a substitute symbol on the appropriate surfaces and clearly define the
meaning of the substitute symbol. See Figure 3.16.
This procedure is recommended particularly where the surface specification is complicated and
where space is limited.
Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on
the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols.
(d) Where each of two or more surface texture specifications applies to a number of surfaces, use
simplified symbols as substitute symbols on appropriate surfaces as illustrated in Figure 3.16. The
meaning of each substitute symbol shall be clearly defined on the drawing.
This procedure is recommended particularlywhere the surface texture specifications are complicated
and where space is limited.
Surface texture specifications which are not covered by the above simplified symbols shall be
indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols.
3.6
GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES Appendices C and D indicate the appearance and
application of various surface roughness R a values and the production process by which each is
generally achieved.
3.7
APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS The application of surface texture symbols
to indicate the principal criterion of roughness R a is given in Table 3.4.
The applicationand placement of additional indications with the surface texture symbols is given in Table
3.5.
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NOTES:
1
‘a 1’, ‘a2’ and ‘a3’ represent values selected from Table 3.1, Column 1.
2
‘b’ and ‘d’ represent a production method and lay respectively.
3
‘y’ and ‘z’ represent two selected lett er characters.
FIGU RE 3.16 EX AM PLE OF THE USE OF SU BS TITUTE SYMBO LS
TABLE 3.4
SYMBOLS WITH INDICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE CRITERION OF ROUGHNESS, R a
Symbol
Meaning
Symoval of material by machine is
opti onal
Obli gatory
prohibit ed
A surface wit h a maximum surf ace
roughness value R a of 3.2µm
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A surface wit h a maximum surf ace
roughness value of R a of 6.3 µm and a
minimum of 1.6 µm
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TABLE 3.5
SYMBOLS WITH ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS
Symbol
Meaning of addit ional indicati on
Producti on method - mill ed
Cut- off— 2.5 mm
Direction of lay—perpendicular to the plan of projection of the view
Mechining all owance—2 mm
Indicati on (i n brackets) of a crit erion of roughness other than that used for Ra,
for example Rz = 0.4 µm
Maximum waviness height 0.01 mm and maximum wavelength of 5mm
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NOTE: Symbols may be used singly, in combinati on, or combined with an appropriate symbol from Table 3.4.
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SECTION 4
WELDING
4.1 WELDING Symbols for depicting complete welding information on drawings shall comply with AS
1101.3. The typical application of weld symbols on a mechanical drawing is shown on Figure 4.1.
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FIGU RE 4.1 US E OF WELD SY MBOLS
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AS 1100.201—1992
SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES
5.1 GENERAL The symbolic representation of centre holes may be used where it is not necessary to
show the exact form and size or where the designation of standard centre holes is sufficient for
information.
5.2 SYMBOLS Symbols for centre holes are given in Figure 5.1.
*
h
0.1h *
3.5
5
7
0.35
0.5
0.7
10
14
20
1.0
1.4
2.0
Line thickness for symbol and lett ering
FIGU RE 5.1 SY MBOLS FOR CEN TRE HOLES
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5.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The symbolic representation of centre holes and their application
are shown in Figure 5.2. If the centre hole may remain on the finished part, no symbol is required.
5.4 DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES The designation of centre holes consists of —
(a) a reference to AS 1913;
(b) the letter for the drill type (A, B, or R);
(c) the pilot diameter (d ); and
(d) the outside countersink centre hole diameter (D ).
The two values are separated by a slash.
Drill types A, B, and R and the diameters d and D are defined in AS 1913.
Figure 5.3 shows examples of the designation of centre holes.
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SECTION 6
AS 1100.201—1992
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES
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6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section specifies rules and conventions for the preparation of
simplified drawings for the representation of pipelines made of various materials including both rigid and
flexible. The single line method is presented. Both orthogonal and isometric methods of projection are
given.
6.2 SYMBOLS Symbols representing pipes, crossings, connections, and equipment are given in AS
1101.5. See AS 1100.101 for the information on shape and size of symbols.
6.3 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD
6.3.1 Representationof pipes The simplified representationof a pipe, irrespective of its diameter,shall
be by means of a Type A line coinciding with the centre-line of the pipe.
Bends may be simplified by extending the straight length of the pipe to the vertex (see Figure 6.1(a)).
However, bends may be shown for sake of clarity in the form illustrated in Figure 6.1(b). In this case,
if projections of bends would otherwise have been elliptical, these projectionsmay be simplified by using
circular arcs.
6.3.2 Dimensioning In general, dimensions shall be in accordance with AS 1100.101. Nominal
diameters may be indicated by the short designation ‘DN’ (see Figure 6.1(a)). The nominal diameter and
wall thickness may be indicated on the line representing the pipe (see Figure 6.1(b)). The lengths should
start from the outer faces of the pipe ends, flanges, or centre of the joint, whichever is appropriate.
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Pipes with bends should be generally dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipes (see
Figure 6.1(a) and (b)).
If it is necessary to specify the dimension from vertex to vertex of the bent pipe, the dimension may be
specified by the arrows heading to short type B lines parallel to the projection lines in order to indicate
the outer or inner vertex of the bent pipe (see Figure 6.2).
The dimensions from outer vertex to outer vertex, from inner to inner and from inner to outer are shown
in Figure 6.2(a), (b), and (c), respectively.
Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.3. The functional angle shall be
indicated; angles of 90° shall not be indicated.
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Levels refer generally to the centre of the pipe above (+) or below (-) the datum levels (see Figure
6.4(a)). If, in special cases, it is necessary to specify the level to the bottom of a pipe this shall be
indicated by the reference arrow pointing to short thin (type B) strokes. A similar rule shall be applied
to indicate levels to the top of the pipe (see Figure 6.4(b)).
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The direction of slope shall be indicated by a right-angled triangle above the flow line pointing from the
higher down to the lower level (see Figure 6.5).
The amount of slope shall be indicated in accordance with the methods shown in Figure 6.6.
6.3.3 Crossings and connections Crossings without connections shall normally be depicted without
interrupting the line representing the hidden pipe (see Figure 6.7(a)). If it is absolutely necessary to
indicate that one pipe has to pass behind the other, the line representing the hidden pipe shall be
interrupted (see Figure 6.7(b)).
Permanent junctions shall be marked by a prominent dot (see Figure 6.8). The diameter of the dot shall
be five times the thickness of the line.
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NOTE: Clause 6.3.3 agrees wit h ISO 6412. AS 1101.5—1984 does not conform to Clause 6.3.3.
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6.3.4 Adjoining apparatus If needed, adjoining apparatussuch as tanks and machinery, not belonging
to the piping itself, may be represented by their outlines using Type K lines, as shown in Figure 6.9.
6.3.5 Direction of flow The direction of flow shall be indicated by an arrow on the piping or near a
graphical symbol representing a valve (see Figure 6.10).
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6.3.6 Flanges Flanges shall be represented, using Type A lines (see Figures 6.11 and 6.24),
irrespective of their type and sizes, by —
(a) two concentric circles for the front view,
(b) one circle for the rear view,
(c) a stroke for the side view of a single flange, and
(d) two strokes for the side view of a pair of flanges.
A simplified representation of the flange holes may be shown by the appropriate number of crosses at
their centre-lines (see Figure 6.11).
6.3.7 Example An example of orthogonal projection is given in Figure 6.11.
6.4 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD
6.4.1 General Isometric projections have been introduced to a great extent for tender, manufacturing,
and erection drawings in pipeline construction as well as in machine construction and the building
industry.
6.4.2 Coordinates Where it is necessary to use cartesian coordinates, for instance for calculations or
numerical control of machine tools, the coordinate axes shall comply with Figure 6.12.
In all cases, the coordinates of individual pipes or pipe assemblies should comply with those adopted
for the complete installation and should be indicated on the drawing or in an associated document.
6.4.3 Deviations from the direction of coordinate axes Pipes, or parts of pipes, running parallel to
the coordinate axes shall be drawn parallel to the relevant axis without further indication.
Deviations from the directions of the coordinate axes should be indicated by means of auxiliary hatched
projection planes, as shown in Figure 6.13.
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NOTES:
1 Points at which the pipe changes direction and connections are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the reference
numbers are identical wit h those in the isometri c representati on illustr ated in Figure 6.23.
2 Reference numbers for points hidden behind other points are shown in brackets.
FIGU RE 6.11 EX AMPLE OF ORTHOGONA L PR OJEC TION
Pipes, or parts of pipes, situated in a vertical plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on
a horizontal plane (see Figure 6.14(a)).
Pipes, or parts of pipes, situated in a horizontal plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on
a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(b)).
Pipes, or parts of pipes, not running parallel to any coordinate plane shall be indicated by showing both
their projections on a horizontal and on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(c)).
Auxiliary projection planes may be emphasized by hatchings, parallel to the x or y axis for horizontal
auxiliary planes, and vertical for all other auxiliary planes.
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If such hatching is not convenient, it may be omitted; in that case, the rectangle (see Figure 6.15(a)) or
the rectangular prism (see Figure 6.15(b)), of which a diagonal coincides with the pipe, should be shown,
using type B lines.
6.4.4 Dimensioning Special rules for dimensioning isometric projection for pipelines are specified
below.
Pipes with bends should be dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipelines or from
centre-line to the end of pipe (see Figure 6.16).
Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.17.
If required, the auxiliary hatched projection planes can be dimensioned (see Figure 6.18). If it is
necessary to indicate double dimensions for manufacturing or technical purposes one of the dimensions
should be indicated in parentheses (see Figure 6.18).
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6.4.5 Position of the end of pipes If necessary, the positions of the ends of the piping may be
specified by indicating the coordinates referring to the centres of the end faces.
For adjacent drawings, a reference note should be given. For example — ‘continued on drawing x’.
6.4.6 Graphical symbols All graphical symbols shall be drawn using the isometric projection method
(see example in Figure 6.19).
Valve actuators should be shown only if it is necessary to define their position or type (e.g. spindle,
piston). If shown, an actuator with a position parallel to one of the coordinate axes need not be
dimensioned. Deviations from such positions should be indicated (see Figure 6.20).
Transformation pieces (cones) should be depicted as shown in Figure 6.21. The relevant nominal sizes
should be indicated above the graphical symbols.
Examples of flanges depicted in isometric projection are shown in Figure 6.22.
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6.4.6
Crossings and connections Crossings and connections shall be in accordance with
Clause 6.3.3.
6.4.7
Examples Examples of isometric projection are shown in Figures 6.23 and 6.24.
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NOTE:
Points at which the pipe changes dir ecti on and connecti ons are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the
reference numbers are identical to those in the ort hogonal representati on illustrated in Figure 6.11.
FIGU RE 6.23 EX AM PLE OF ISO METRIC PROJECTION — WITH REFER EN CE NU MBER S
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FIGU RE 6.24 EX AM PLE OF ISO METRIC PROJECTION — WITH SYMBO LS
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SECTION 7
AS 1100.201—1992
SPRINGS
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7.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependent upon the
purpose for which the drawing is made. The following examples represent information that may be stated
on the drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example the essential data for leaf springs is indicated
in Clause 7.3.1.
7.2 DRAWINGS Springs are normally drawn in conventional representation, as shown in Table 7.1.
7.3 TYPES OF SPRINGS
7.3.1 Leaf springs Leaf springs are shown in Figure 7.1. The following particulars should be specified,
as appropriate:
(a) Number of leaves.
(b) Dimensions — free centres, width and length of each leaf.
(c) Load/deflection requirements.
(d) Material specification.
(e) Test required.
(f) Manufacturing process.
(g) Accuracy, including squareness.
(h) Finish.
(i) Identification.
FIGURE 7.1 LEAF SP RINGS
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7.3.2 Helical springs Helical springs may be in compression, tension or torsion. They may be wound
from material of round, square, rectangular, or trapezoidal cross-section. They may also be wound in
cylindrical, conical or double conical (hour-glass or barrel) form. Helical springs are shown in Figure 7.2.
The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate:
(a) Number of active (full section) coils plus coiling at each end.
(b) Dimensions — free length, diameter (outside, mean or inside), shape of cross-section (and
orientation if, for example, of rectangular or trapezoidal section) and end details.
(c) Load/deflection requirements.
(d) Material specification.
(e) Direction of coiling, i.e. right-hand or left-hand.
(f) Tests required.
(g) Manufacturing process.
(h) Accuracy, including squareness of ends.
(i) Finish.
(j) Identification.
NOTE: These views are also drawn to a ’conventi on’ as the projecti on of a helix is not a str aight line.
FIGU RE 7.2 HE LICA L SPR INGS
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AS 1100.201—1992
7.3.3 Cup springs (also known as ‘coned disc springs’) Cup springs are a special type of
compression spring. They are shown in Figure 7.3. The following particulars should be specified, as
appropriate:
(a) Number of cup springs used together and their orientation.
(b) Dimensions — free height, internal and external diameters, and material thickness.
(c) Load/deflection requirements.
(d) Material specification.
(e) Tests required.
(f) Manufacturing process.
(g) Accuracy.
(h) Finish.
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FIGURE 7.3 CU P SP RINGS
7.3.4 Spiral springs Spiral springs are a special type of torsion spring. They are shown in Figure 7.4.
The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate:
(a) Number of coils.
(b) Dimensions — free diameter, material cross-section, length of material, and end details.
(c) Load/deflection requirements.
(d) Material specification.
(e) Tests required.
(f) Manufacturing process.
(g) Accuracy.
(h) Finish.
(i) Identification.
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7.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS A spring may be represented as shown in
Table 7.1. This table shows a range of typical springs and the principles used may be extended to other
variations of form, e.g. a helical compression spring using wire of square section.
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SECTION 8
GEARS
8.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependent upon the
purpose for which the drawing is made. The following examples represent information that may be stated
on the drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example, the essential tooth data for spur gears are
indicated in Figure 8.1. All terms and notation for toothed gearing should be in accordance with AS 2075.
8.2 DRAWINGS Gears are normally drawn in conventional representation, e.g. gear teeth are not
normally drawn. The drawings of gears given in Clause 8.3 use the conventional representation method
shown in Clause 8.4.
8.3 TYPES OF GEARS
8.3.1 Spur gears The gear teeth are of constant section throughout their length and are parallel to the
axis. Typical methods of drawing spur gears are shown with gear tooth data in Figure 8.1.
*
*
*
*
*
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*
*
*
GEAR TOOTH DATA
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. xxx - .xxx
Whole depth, minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Tooth alignment error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Measurement over rollers and roller diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
Items marked thus are essential gear tooth data.
FIGURE 8.1 SP UR GEA RS
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8.3.2 Helical gears The gear teeth are of constant section throughout their length and oblique to the
axis. The tooth traces are helices. The axes of mating gears may be either parallel or inclined. Where
axes are inclined, the gears are termed ‘crossed helical gears’ (previously known as ‘spiral gears’).
In conventional representation, helical gears are drawn in the same manner as spur gears. Typical gear
tooth data for helical gears are as follows:
HELICAL GEAR TOOTH DATA
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Lead (right-hand or left-hand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RH (or LH)
Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Helix angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Transverse circular pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Normal pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Normal arc thickness at pitch line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx
Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx
Measuring ball diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Measurement over balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx - x.xxx
Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Maximum lead error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Maximum pitch circle diameter runout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx FIM
relative to X
Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Normal chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
8.3.3 Straight bevel gears These are gears of conical form designed to operate on intersecting axes.
Figure 8.2 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data.
8.3.4 Spiral bevel gears These are bevel gears having tooth lines that are other than straight line
generators of the reference cone. Figure 8.3 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data.
8.3.5 Hypoid gears These are similar to spiral bevel gears, however the pinion is offset. The gear
tooth data for the hypoid gear is the same as that for the spiral bevel gear with the additional information
of the pinion offset distance above or below the centre-line.
Details of the hypoid pinion are shown in Figure 8.4.
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8.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Conventional representations for gears are
shown in Table 8.1.
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GEAR TOOTH DATA
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Root angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxxxxxx
Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xx
Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx
Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Tooth caliper settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
FIGU RE 8.2 STRA IGHT BEV EL GEA RS
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GEAR TOOTH DATA
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x.xxx
Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx°xx’
Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RH (or LH)
Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.xxx
Part number of mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxxxxxx
Number of teeth in mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xx
Backlash with mating pinion on specified mounting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx
Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
xxxxxxx
Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which should be identified by an assigned
number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter
specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and
pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle.
FIGU RE 8.3 SP IRAL BE VE L GE AR
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HYPOID PINION TOOTH DATA
Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spiral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Offset above or below centre-line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
xx
xx
xx°xx’
xx°xx’
RH (or LH)
x.xxx
xxxxxxx
xx
.xxx - .xxx
x
xxxxxxx
Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which should be identified by an assigned
number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter
specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and
pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle.
FIGU RE 8.4 HY PO ID PINION
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TABLE 8.1 GEARS
(continued)
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TABLE 8.1 (continued)
(continued)
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TABLE 8.1 (continued)
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SECTION 9
SPLINES
9.1 SYMBOLS The symbols for the straight-sided and involute splines are shown along with their
dimensions in Figure 9.1.
h
0.1h *
3.5
5
7
10
14
20
0.35
0.5
0.7
1
1.4
2
0.3h
0.9h
1.6h
1.0
1.5
2.1
3.0
4.2
6.0
3.2
4.5
6.3
9.0
12.6
18.0
6
8
11
16
22
32
*Line thickness for symbol and letteri ng.
FIGU RE 9.1 SY MBOLS FOR SPLINES
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9.2 DESIGNATION The representation by designation of a spline on a drawing should consist of the
symbol for the spline type and its designation. The designation should be indicated near the feature but
always connected to the contour of the spline by a leader line (see Figure 9.2). In assembly drawings,
the designation of both parts (hub and shaft) may be combined.
FIGU RE 9.2 DE SIGNATION OF SPLINES
9.3 TRUE REPRESENTATION A complete and true representation of splines showing all details with
their true dimensions is generally not necessary in technical drawing and should be avoided. Where a
true representation of a spline is drawn, the designation of the spline may be added if desired. Figures
9.3 and 9.4 show the true representation of splines.
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FIGU RE 9.4 TRU E RE PR ES EN TATION OF INV OLUTE SP LINE S
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9.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES The conventional representation of a splined
shaft or a splined hole shall be as shown in Table 9.1.
For straight-sided splines, the root surface (minor diameter of external spline, major diameter of internal
spline) shall be drawn with a type B line.
In the axial section of a splined shaft or hub, however, the root surface shall be drawn with a type A line.
The pitch surface (pitch diameter) shall be drawn with a type G line for involute splines.
Usually only the usable length of a spline is drawn. If necessary, the tool runout may be represented by
an oblique line or a radius with the same line as used for the root surface (see Figure 9.5).
If it is essential to indicate the position of the gear teeth in relation to a given axial plane, one or two
gear teeth may be drawn with a type A line (see Figure 9.6).
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TABLE 9.1
SPLINES
NOTE: If necessary, the designation of the spline in accordance with Clause 9.2 may be added.
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FIGU RE 9.6 PO SITION OF TEE TH
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SECTION 10
ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS
10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Ball and roller bearings may be represented in two different
ways, depending on the degree of detailed information required.
Method A in Table 10.1 shows the general method of representing a bearing where it is not necessary
to show the basic function of the bearing.
Method B in Table 10.1 shows the methods of representing various types of bearing where it is
necessary to show the basic function of the bearing.
All features of the conventional representation shall be drawn in type A lines.
If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a rolling bearing, it should be represented by the true
outline of its cross section, with the upright cross in a central position (see Figure 10.1).
FIGU RE 10.1 BE AR ING CONTOUR
TABLE 10.1
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
Description
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METHOD A
Component or feature
Conventi onal
representati on
See Clause 10.1
Requirements and
remarks
Type A lines
METHOD B
Radial force tr ansmission
Type A lines parallel to
shaft axis
Axial force transmission
(t hrust)
Type A lines normal to
shaft axis
Angular force
tr ansmission
Type A lines normal to
general dir ecti on of force
applied to elements
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SECTION 11
AS 1100.201—1992
SEALS
11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION For general purposes (without specified lip
configuration where it is not necessary to show the exact contour), the seal shall be represented by a
square and a freestanding diagonal cross centred in the square (see Figure 11.1). The cross shall not
touch the outlines.
The representation shown in Figure 11.1 shall be used only when the sealing direction is unimportant.
If it is necessary to show the sealing direction, an arrowhead may be added to the diagonal cross (see
Figure 11.2).
FIGU RE 11.1 GEN ER AL PU RP OS E
RE PR ES EN TATION
FIGURE 11.2
SEA LING DIRE CTION
SH OWN
If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a sealing composition, it should be represented by the true outline of
its cross-section, with the diagonal cross in a central position (see Figure 11.3). The cross shall not touch the
outlines.
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FIGU RE 11.3
CONTOUR OF SE AL SHOWN
11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS The elements of
the detailed conventional representation of seals are given in Table 11.1.
11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION The detailed conventional representations of
seals are given in Tables 11.2 to 11.4.
11.4 EXAMPLES Examples showing the conventional representation of seals are given in Figures 11.4
to 11.8.
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TABLE 11.1
ELEMENTS OF THE DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR SEALS
* An arr owhead may be added to show the sealing dir ecti on.
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TABLE 11.2
DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION
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TABLE 11.3
DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF U-CUPS, PACKING SETS AND V-RINGS
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TABLE 11.4
DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LABYRINTH SEALS
(IRRESPECTIVE OF THE NUMBER OF LABYRINTHS)
FIGU RE 11.4 RO TARY SHA FT LIP TYPE SEA L (SE ALING AGA INST FLUIDS )
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FIGU RE 11.8 LABY RINTH SEA L
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SECTION 12
KNURLING
12.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING Knurling on a cylindrical feature shall be
represented by a few type B lines as shown in Table 12.1.
Generally, the diameterof the feature represents the dimension before knurling.Dependent on functional
requirements, the diameter of the teeth over the knurling and the pitch or type and grade of knurl may
also need to be specified.
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TABLE 12.1
KNURLING
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AS 1100.201—1992
APPENDIX A
GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS
(Informative)
A1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix provides a guide for specifying permissible machining variation to the size
and geometry of features that have no explicit tolerance indication.
It is the responsibilityof the designer to determine in the best way, but as far as possible in accordance with the
guidelines given below, the value of the permissible deviations to be shown in the general note for dimensions
and geometry without explicit tolerance indication.
A2 LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS The general note should preferably prescribe the following:
(a) Standard tolerances should be indicated by an accuracy grade selected from Tables A1 and A2 for linear
dimensions and Table A3 for angular dimensions.
(b) For linear dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in millimetres.
(c) For angular dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in degrees and minutes, decimal degrees, or a
percentage such as the number of millimetres per 100 millimetres.
A3 GEOMETRY The general note should preferably prescribe the following:
(a) The geometry characteristics as listed in Table A4. Standard tolerances should be indicated by a grade of
accuracy from the various characteristics selected from Tables A5, A6 and A7.
For perpendicularity tolerances, the longer of the two sides forming the right angle shall be taken as the
datum; if the sides are of equal nominal length, either may be taken as the datum (see Figure A1).
(b) A single value in millimetres, whatever the geometric characteristic.
Figure A2 shows an example application and the interpretationof the use of general tolerances.
TABLE A1
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS
millimetres
Accuracy grade
Designation
*
Permissible deviations for basic size range
Description
≥ 0.5*
and
≤ 3*
>3
and
≤6
>6
and
≤ 30
> 30
and
≤120
>120
and
≤400
> 400
and
≤1000
>1000
and
≤2000
>2000
and
≤4000
f
fine
±0.05
±0.05
±0.1
±0.15
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
—
m
medium
±0.1
±0.1
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
±0.8
±1.2
±2
c
coarse
±0.2
±0.3
±0.5
±0.8
±1.2
±2
±3
±4
v
very coarse
—
±0.5
±1
±1.5
±2.5
±4
±6
±8
For basic sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations should be indicated adjacent to the relevant basic size.
TABLE A2
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR BROKEN EDGES
(external radii and chamfer heights)
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Accuracy grade
Designation
*
Description
f
fine
m
medium
c
coarse
v
very coarse
millimetres
Permissible deviations for basic size range
≥ 0.5* and ≤ 3
> 3 and ≤ 6
>6
±0.2
±0.5
±1
±0.4
±1
±2
For basic sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations should be indicated adjacent to the relevant basic size.
A4 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS General tolerances for angular dimensions apply, irrespective of the linear
tolerances applied to the elements forming the angle. The upper and lower deviations of the angulardimension
do not limit the form deviations of the lines or faces forming an angle. To define the measuring planes for an
angle on a workpiece with surface form deviations, the angle is measured along the direction of the
superimposed planes (contacting surface of ideal geometrical form). The maximum distance between the
superimposed plane and the actual surface should be the least possible value (see AS 1100.101).
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TABLE A3
PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS OF ANGULAR DIMENSIONS
degrees
Accuracy grade
Designation
f
m
c
v
Description
fine
medium
coarse
very coarse
Permissible angular deviations for the length, in millimetres,of the shorter side of
the angle concerned
> 10
> 50
> 120
≤10
and
and
and
>400
≤ 50
≤120
≤ 400
±1°
±0°30’
±0°20’
±0°10’
±0°5’
±1°30’
±3°
±1°
±2°
±0°30’
±1°
±0°15’
±0°30’
±0°10’
±0°20’
TABLE A4
GENERAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
Characteristic
Relevant table
Straightness
Table A5
Flatness
Table A5
Parallelism
Size tolerance or Table A5*
Perpendicularity
Table A7
Table A6
Runout
Total indicated
runout
Table A6
Requires individual indication
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* Whichever is the greater
TABLE A5
GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES ON STRAIGHTNESS, FLATNESS, AND PARALLELISM
millimetres
Grade of
accuracy
General geometry tolerances for straightness, flatness,squareness and parallelism for nominal
size range
≤10
> 10
and
≤ 30
> 30
and
≤100
> 100
and
≤ 300
> 300
and
≤1000
>1000
and
≤3000
H
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
K
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
L
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6
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TABLEA6
GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT AND
TOTAL RUNOUT
millimetres
Tolerance class
Runout tolerance
H
0.1
K
0.2
L
0.5
TABLE A7
GENERAL TOLERANCES OF SQUARENESS
millimetres
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Tolerance
class
Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal
lengths of the shorter side
≤ 100
> 100
and
≤300
> 300
and
≤1000
≤1000
and
≤3000
H
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
K
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
L
0.6
1
1.5
2
FIGURE A1 DATUM FOR SQUARENESSTOLERANCE
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FIGURE A2 EXAMPLE OF APPLYING GENERAL TOLERANCES
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AS 1100.201—1992
APPENDIX B
GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS
(Informative)
B1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING A casting drawing should show the following:
(a) Name and part number.
(b) Actual or estimated mass.
(c) Important dimensions.
(d) Dimensional tolerances.
(e) Surfaces to be machined and machining allowances.
(f) Special requirements, such as finish, testing, gauging, special tolerances, disc or special grinding, drilling,
tapping, machining locations, and hardness determination locations.
(g) Special location for symbol or pattern numbers or trademarks, and type of symbols or numbers preferred
(raised or sunken).
B2 PRODUCTION METHODS The tolerance specified for a casting may determine the method of casting. It
is therefore recommended, before the design or the order is finalized, for the customer to liaise with the foundry
to discuss —
(a) the proposed casting design and accuracy required;
(b) method of casting;
(c) the number of castings to be manufactured; and
(d) the casting equipment involved.
Becausethe dimensional accuracyof a casting is relatedto productionfactors, tolerances which can be achieved
for various methods and metals are described in Paragraph B10 for —
(i) long series and mass production, where development, adjustment and maintenance of casting equipment
make it possible to achieve close tolerances; and
(ii) short series and single production.
The tolerancesshown are suitable for castings produced by sand moulding, gravity die casting, low pressure die
casting, high pressure die casting, and investment casting.
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B3 BASIC DIMENSIONS The basic dimensionsgiven refer to the dimensionsof a raw casting before machining
(see Figure B1). The necessary machining allowances are therefore included (see Figure B2).
FIGURE B1 DRAWING INDICATIONS
B4 TOLERANCES There are 14 tolerance grades, designated CT3 to CT16 (see Table B1 and Figure B3).
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NOTE: Any mismatch shall lie within the limits of size shown (see Paragraphs B3, B4, and B6).
FIGURE B3 TOLERANCE LIMITS
B5 POSITION OF TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerance zone, unless otherwise stated, is to be symmetrically
disposed with respect to a basic dimension, i.e. with one half on the positive side and one half on the negative
side (see Figure B3). However, when agreed by both manufacturer and purchaser for specific reasons, the
tolerance zone may be asymmetric, i.e. on either the positive side or negative side.
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AS 1100.201—1992
B6 MISMATCH Mismatch shall lie within the tolerance given in Table B1. When it is importantto restrict further
the value of mismatch, it shall be stated on the drawing (see Paragraph B7), and shall lie within the tolerances
given in Table B1 or Table B2 whichever is smaller (see Figure B4). This value shall not be added to that given
in Table B1.
FIGURE B4 EXAMPLES OF MISMATCH
B7 INDICATION OF CASTING TOLERANCES ON DRAWINGS Dimensions for which general tolerancesare
not suitable shall be allocated individual tolerances. These may be finer or coarser than the general tolerances
which would normally be applied to the basic dimensions, but the particular values should be chosen from
Table B1.
TABLE B1
CASTING TOLERANCES
millimetres
Raw casting basic
dimension
≤
>
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Total casting tolerance (see Note) casting tolerance grade CT
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
—
10
10
16
0.18
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.36
0.38
0.52
0.54
0.74
0.78
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.8
3.0
4.2
4.4
-
-
-
-
16
25
40
25
40
63
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.58
0.64
0.70
0.82
0.90
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.6
5.0
5.6
6
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
14
16
63
100
160
100
160
250
0.28
0.30
0.34
0.40
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.70
0.78
0.88
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
5.0
5.6
6
7
8
9
10
11
11
12
14
14
16
18
18
20
22
250
400
630
400
630
1 000
0.40
—
—
0.56
0.64
—
0.78
0.90
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
5
6
6.2
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
16
18
20
20
22
25
25
28
32
1 000
1 600
2 500
1 600
2 500
4 000
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.6
—
—
2.2
2.6
—
3.2
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.4
6.2
7
8
9
9
10
12
13
15
17
18
21
24
23
26
30
29
33
38
37
42
49
4 000
6 300
6 300
10 000
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7.0
—
10
11
14
16
20
23
28
32
35
40
44
50
56
64
NOTE: See Paragraph B4.
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AS 1100.201—1992
72
TABLE B2
MISMATCH
Tolerance
grade
CT
Mismatch (see Note)
mm
3 and 4
5
6
7 and 8
9 and 10
11 to 13
14 to 16
Within tolerance in Table B1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.5
NOTE: These values shall not be added to those given in Table B1.
B8 WALL THICKNESS The tolerance for wall thickness must be specified to suit the type of casting required.
Tolerance grading should not be applied.
B9 TOLERANCES ON TAPERED FEATURES Where a design requires a tapered feature, the toleranceshall
be applied symmetrically along the surface (see Figure B5).
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FIGURE B5 TAPERED FEATURE
B10 TOLERANCES FOR LONG AND SHORT SERIES PRODUCTION PROCESSES Table B3 shows
tolerances which can normally be expected in casting processes. As indicated in Paragraph B2, the accuracy
of a casting process is dependen t upon many factors including the following:
(a) Complexity of the design.
(b) Type of pattern equipment or dies.
(c) Metal or alloy concerned.
(d) Condition of patterns or dies.
(e) Foundry working methods.
For long series of repetitionwork it may be possible to make adjustments and to control core positionscarefully
to achieve closer tolerances than those indicated in Table B3.
For short production series and for single castings, it is generally impractical and uneconomic to use metal
patterns and to develop equipment and casting procedures resulting in close tolerances. The wider tolerances
for this class of manufacture are shown in Table B4.
Many dimensions of a casting are affected by the presence of a mould joint or a core requiring increased
dimensionaltolerance.Since the designer will not necessarily be aware of the mould and core layout to be used,
increases have already been included in Table B1.
COPYRIGHT
73
AS 1100.201—1992
TABLE B3
TOLERANCES FOR LONG SERIES PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS
Tolerance grade CT
Method
Malleabl
eiron
Coppera
lloys
Zinc
alloys
Light
metal
alloys
Nickelbased
alloys
Cobalt
-based
alloys
11 to 13
11 to 13
10 to 12
—
9 to 11
—
—
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
8 to 10
—
7 to 9
—
—
—
7 to 9
7 to 9
7 to9
7 to 9
7 to 9
6 to 8
—
—
—
—
—
—
6 to 8
4 to 6
5 to 7
—
—
4 to 6
4 to 6
4 to 6
—
4 to 6
—
4 to 6
4 to 6
4 to 6
Steel
Grey
iron
S.G.
iron
Sand cast,
hand-moulded
11 to 13
11 to 13
Sand cast,
machine-moulded
and shell moulding
8 to 10
Metallic permanent
mould (gravity and
low pressure)
Pressure die
casting
Investment casting
NOTE: The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for castings produced in long series and when production factors
influencing the dimensional accuracy of the casting have been fully developed.
TABLE B4
TOLERANCES FOR SHORT SERIES OR SINGLE PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS
Tolerance grade CT
Moulding
material
Steel
Grey iron
Spheroidal
graphite iron
Malleable iron
Copper alloys
Light metal alloys
Green sand
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
13 to 15
11 to 13
Self-setting
materials
12 to 14
11 to 13
11 to 13
11 to 13
10 to 12
10 to 12
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NOTES:
1 The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for sand castings produced in short series or as single castings.
2 The values in this table apply generally to basic sizes greater than25 mm. For smaller sizes, finer tolerances can normally be economically
and practically held as follows:
(a) Basic size up to 100 mm: three grades finer.
(b) Basic size 10 to 16 mm: two grades finer.
(c) Basic size 16 to 25 mm: one grade finer.
COPYRIGHT
AS 1100.201—1992
74
APPENDIX C
GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES
(Informative)
Table C1 indicatesthe appearanceand applications of various surface roughness(Ra) values and the production
processes by which each is generallyachieved.
TABLE C1
GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES
Ra values
General application of R a values
R a values
General application of Ra values
25
Very rough, low grade surface resulting from
sand casting, torch or saw cutting, chipping or
rough forgings. Machine operations are not
required as appearance is not objectionable.
This finish, rarely specified, is suitable for
unmachined clearance areas on machinery,jigs,
and other rough construction items
0.8
12.5
Very rough, low grade surfaces, where
smoothness is of no object, resulting from heavy
cuts and coarse feeds in milling, turning,
shaping, boring, and from veryroughfiling, rough
disc grinding and snagging. This surface is
suitable for clearance areas on machinery, jigs,
and fixtures. This surface roughness may be
obtained by the processes of sand casting or
rough forging.
A high-grade machine finish requiring close control
when produced by lathes, shapers, milling
machines, etc, but relatively easy to produce by
centreless, cylindrical or surface grinders. This
surface may be specified in parts where stress
concentration is present. This surface roughness
is satisfactory for bearing surfaces when motion is
not continuous and loads are light. When finer
finishes than this are specified, production costs
rise rapidly, therefore such finishes must be
analysed carefully by the engineer or designer.
Also processes such as extruding, rolling or die
casting may produce a comparable surface
roughness when such processes are rigidly
controlled.
0.4
A high quality surface produced by fine cylindrical
grinding, emergy buffing, coarse honing or lapping.
A surface of this value is specified where
smoothness is of primary importance for proper
functioning of the part, such as rapidly rotating
shaft bearings, heavily loaded bearings, and
extreme tension members.
0.2
Very fine surfaces produced by special finishing
operations such as honing, lapping, or buffing.
Surfaces refined to this degree are specified where
packings and rings must slide across the direction
of the surface grain, maintaining or withstanding
pressures; the interior honed surfaces of hydraulic
cylinders are an example. Finishes of this value
may also be required in precision gauges and
instrument work, on sensitive value surfaces, or on
rapidly rotation shafts and on bearings where
lubrication is not dependable.
0.1
Refined surfaces produced by special finishing
operations such as honing, lapping, andbuffing.
This surface roughness value should be specified
only when the requirements of design make it
mandatory as the cost of manufacturing is
extremely high. Surfaces refined to this degree are
required in instrument work, gauge work and
where packings and rings must slide across the
direction of surface grain, such as on chrome
plated piston rods, etc, where lubrication is not
dependable.
0.05
Very refined surfaces, produced only by the finest
of modern honing, lapping, buffing, and
superfinishing equipment. These surfaces may
have a satin or highly polished appearance
depending on the finishing operation and material.
Finishes of this type are only specified when
design requirements make it mandatory as the
cost of manufacturing is extremely high. Surfaces
refined to this degree are specified on fine or very
sensitive instrument parts or other laboratory
items, and certain gauge surfaces, such as on
precision gauge blocks.
6.3
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3.2
1.6
Coarse production surfaces, for unimportant
clearanceand cleanupoperations,resulting from
very coarse surface grind, rough file, disc grind,
and from rapid feeds in turning, milling, shaping,
drilling, boring, grinding, etc, where definite tool
marks are not objectionable. This roughness
may also be produced on the natural surfaces of
forgings, permanent mould castings, extrusions
androlled surfaces. Surfaceswith this roughness
value can be produced very economically and
are used to a great extent on parts where stress
requirements, appearance, and conditions of
operation and design permit.
This is the roughest surface recommended for
parts subject to loads, vibration, and high stress.
This surface roughness is also permitted for
bearing surfaces when the motion is slow and
the loads are light or infrequent, but not to be
specified for fast rotation shafts, axles, and parts
subject to severe vibration or extreme tension.
This surface is a medium, commercial machine
finish in which relatively high speeds and fine
feeds are used in taking light cuts with wellsharpened tools, and may be economically
produced on lathes, milling machines, shapers,
grinders, etc. The surface roughness may also
be obtained on permanent mould castings, die
castings, extrusions, and rolled surfaces.
A good machinefinish produced undercontrolled
production procedures using relatively high
speeds and fine feeds in taking light cuts with
well-sharpened cutters. This surface value may
be specified where close fits are required and
may be used for all stressed parts, except for
fast rotating shafts, axles, and parts subject to
severe vibration or extreme tension. Thissurface
roughness is satisfactory for bearing surfaces
when the motion is slow and the loads are light
or infrequent. This surface roughness may also
be obtained on extrusions, rolled surfaces, die
castings, and permanent mould castings when
rigidly controlled.
COPYRIGHT
0.025
75
AS 1100.201—1992
APPENDIX D
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TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY
MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES
(1) With this casting method, Ra values up to 125 µm occur for castings of unit mass up to 250 kg.
COPYRIGHT
AS 1100.201—1992
76
INDEX
Clause 1.5, Table 1.1,
Table 1.2
See also AS1100.101
Clause A2, A4,
Table A3
Rack gears
Rolling element bearings
Roughness values
Bearings
Conventional representaiton
Bevel gears
Broken edges - Deviations
Section 10
Table 10.1
Clause 8.3, Table 8.1
Clause A2, Table A2
Seals
Double - acting piston rod seals
Elements
Labyrinth seals
Packing sets
Casting tolerances
Centre holes
Conventional representation
Bearings
Gears
Knurling
Seals
Table B1
Section 5
Clause 2.5
Table 10.1
Table 8.1
Table 12.1
Clause 11.1, Table 11.1
11.2, 11.3, 11.4
Table 9.1
Table 7.1
Clause 6.3.3
Clause 7.3.3
Clause 3.4.3
Abbreviations
Angular dimensions - Deviations
Splines
Springs
Crossings and connections
Cup springs (coned disc springs)
Cut - off (sampling length)
Pipelines
Tolerances - Castings
Tolerances - Machining
Direction of Flow
See also AS1100.101
Clause 2.1.4,
Figure 2.4, 2.5
Clause 6.3.2, 6.4.4
Clause B3
Clause A2, A3, A4
Clause 6.3.5
Flanges - Pipes
Flatness - Tolerances
Clause 6.3.6
Table A5
Gear pairs
Gears
Conventional representation
Helical gears
Hypoid gears
Spiral bevel gears
Spur gears
Straight bevel gears
Geometry tolerancing
(see also Tolerances)
Examples
Geometry - Tolerances
Table 8.1
Section 8
Table 8.1
Clause 8.3.2
Clause 8.3.5
Clause 8.3.4
Clause 8.3.1
Clause 8.3.3
Appendix A,B
See also AS 1100.101
Clause 2.1.3
Clause A3, Table A4
Helical gears
Helical springs
Clause 8.3.2, Table 8.1
Clause 7.3.2
Knurling
Section 12
Lay
Leaf springs
Linear dimensions - Deviations
Lines
Clause 3.4.4
Clause 7.3.1
Clause A2, Table A1
Clause 2.2
See also AS1100.101
Clause 2.2.3
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Dimensioning
Keyways
Applications
Long series production castings Tolerances
Clause B10, Table B3
Machining allowance
Mismatch
Clause 3.4.5
Clause B6, Table B2
Parallelism - Tolerances
Pipelines - Simplified
representation
Isometric projection
Table A5
Orthogonal projection
Symbols
Production processing
Section 6
Clause 6.4, Figure 6.23,
6.24
Clause 6.3, Figure 6.11
See AS1101.5,
AS1100.101
Clause 3.4.2
Runout, Total runout-Tolerances
Table 11.2
Rotary shaft lip type
U - cups
V - rings
Short series or single production
castings - Tolerances
Single length (cut-off)
Spiral springs
Splines
Conventional representation
True representation
Springs
Conventional representation
Spur, cylindrical gear
Squareness - Tolerances
Straightness - Tolerances
Surface roughness
Surface texture
Symbols
Centre holes
Flow - Pipelines
Lay - Surface texture
Pipelines - Isometric
Slope
Splines
Surface texture
Tolerance
Welding
Table 8.1
Section 10
Clause 3.3, Table 3.4,
Appendix C,D
Table A6
Section 11
Table 11.2
Table 11.1
Table 11.4, Figure 11.8
Table 11.3, Figure 11.6
Piston rod seals
Table 11.2, Figure 11.4, 11.5
Table 11.3
Table 11.3, Figure 11.7
Clause B10, Table B4
Clause 3.4.3
Clause 7.3.4
Section 9, Figure 9.5
Table 9.1
Clause 9.3
Section 7
Table 7.1
Table 8.1
Table A7, Figure A1
Table A5
Clause 3.3
Section 3
Clause 2.3,
See also AS1100.101
Section 5
Clause 6.3.5
Table 3.2
Clause 6.4.6
Figure 6.5, 6.6
Clause 9.1
Clause 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7
Table A4
See AS1101.03
Tapered features - Tolerances
Tolerances
Angular dimensions
Castings
Examples
Examples of application
Flatness
Geometry
Guide - Castings
Guide - Machined components
Linear dimensions
Long seriees production castings
Mismatch
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Runout, Total runout
Short series or single production
castings
Squareness
Straightness
Tapered features
Wall thickness
Zone
Clause B9
See also AS1100.101
Clause A2, A4, Table A3
Clause B4, Table B1
Clause 2.1.2
Figure 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, A2
Table A5
Clause A3, Table A4
Appendix B
Appendix A
Clause A2, Table A1
Clause B10, Table B3
Clause B6, Table B2
Table A5
Clause A3
Table A6
Wall thickness - Tolerances
Waviness
Welding
Worm gears
Clause B8
Clause 3.4.6
Clause 4.1
Table 8.1
COPYRIGHT
Clause B10, Table B4
Table A7
Table A5
Clause B9
Clause B8
Clause B5
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