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What is a culture?Collection of microbes growing together
Is a biofilm an example of  mixed culture or pure culture?mixed culture
How do Bacteria reproduce?Bianry Fission 
What is doubling time?the time it takes the population to double in size
What is the microbial growth curve?A graph used to determine the growwth rate of a bacterial species?
what is the microbial growth curve affected by?Temp<br>Oxygen<br>pH<br>Osmolarity<br>Nutrition
What is a Psychrophile?&nbsp;Bacteria that thrive at low temperature
What is a Hyperthermophile?Bacteria that thrive at high temperature
What is an Obligate Aerobe?Bacteria that requires oxygen
What is an obligate anaerobe?Bacteria that is intolerant to oxygen
What is a faculative anaerobe?bacteria that grow in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
what are microaerophiles?bacteria that can only grow in spaces with 2-10% of oxygen present
What are Aerotolerant anaerobesBacteria indifferent to oxygen
How does bacteria use SOD and Catalase?it allows microbes to detoxify the toxic derivatives of metabolic processe that involve O2
How does highly acidic/alkaline environments affect bacteria?inhibits growth
What are halotolerant bacteria?tolerants to higher concentrations of salt
What are Halophilic bacteria?require high concentrations of salt to thrive
What are the required elements for Bacterial growth?Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Sodium and Potassium (CHONKPS)
What is special about nitrogen and bacteria?they are the only organisms that can use atmosphere nitrogen as a source
Why are growth factors important?Microbes that cannot synthesize all amino acids, or vitamins need growth factors (outside sources)
What are Microbes that need growth factors referred to as?Fastidious
What bacteria is this?<br><br>- Abdominal pain &amp; tenderness<br>- Microaerophile<br>- Short, gram-negative<br>- Multiple polar flagellaHelicobacter pylori gastritis
What condition does Helicobacter pylori gastritis cause?stomach ulcers
How does H.pylori affect the stomach?Makes the microenvironment into a neutral pH
Heterotroph vs autotroph&nbsp;Het: use carbon made by living things<br>Auto: use inorganic carbon has a role in carbon fixation
What is a photoautotroph?Energy: light<br>Carbon: inorganic<br><br>i.e. plants, cyanobacteria
WHat is a PhotoheterotrophsEnergy: light<br>Carbon: Organic<br><br>i.e. Non-sulfur bacteria
What is a Chemolithoautotroph?Energy: Inorganic chemicals (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, iron)<br>Carbon: inorganic<br><br>i.e Nitrogen fixing bacteria
What are ChemoorganoheterotrophsEnergy: organic chemicals (carbs, proteins)<br>Carbon: organic<br><br>i.e. Animals, fungi, bacteria
Are all fungi and protozoa Chemotrophs?true
Are all bacteria chemotrophs?false
What do blood agar plates contain?Nutrient media + 5% sheep blood cells
What kind of bacteria is blood agar plates used for?hemolytic bacteria
What does penicilin target in bacteria?The peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
What are the trait genes that a plasmid would code for?- Virulence factor<br>- Resistance to disinfection<br>- Pilus synthesis<br>- Antibiotic Resistance
What is a trait that a gene on a plasmid would NOT code for?essential metabolic enzymes (this is an essential trait. Plasmids do not carry essential genes)
<div>Which type of gener transfer mechanism was determined to have occured in Griffith's experiment?</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>Transformation
<div>The transfer of DNA, such as a plasmid, from a bacterial cell to another cell of the same generation is referred to as&nbsp;</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>Horizontal gene transfer
<div>Frederick Griffith infected mice with a combination of dead encapsulated and live nonencapsulated bacteria. Why did the mice die?&nbsp;</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>the non-capsule bacteria gained the gene from the capsule bacteria via transformation
What are the benefits of mutagenesis assays?- Less extensive and costly than animal testing<br>- able to mesure mutagenic potential of chemicals<br>- simple to carry out
What are the three features of plasmids?- replicate independently/asexually<br>- carries resistance genes<br>- Double stranded DNA
<div>If the results of the Ames assay showed a large number of colonies growing on the final test plate, what would you conclude?</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>The chemical being tested is a mutagen
What happens to the DNA during a mutation?Misincorporation of a nucleotide by a DNA polymerase
What is a spontaneous mutation?A mutation that results in errors during DNA replication. It is rare
What is an induced mutation?a mutation promoted by external factors&nbsp;
What are the 3 factors that may increase the frequency of induced mutations?- Carcinogens<br>- Radiation<br>- Chemical Mutagenesis (mutagens)
What is the rule about carcinogens and mutagens?all carcinogens are mutagens but not all mutagens are carcinogens
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? What is it controlled by?Flow of genetic information<br><br>DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; Protein<br><br>1. Replication<br>2. Transcription<br>3. Translation
What does Ceasing DNA replication do to bacteria?Kills it
What happens in Replication? (DNA-&gt;DNA)DNA polymerase, an enzyme, helps DNA to make a copy of itself
What happens in Transcription? (DNA-&gt;RNA)RNA polymerase catalyzes RNA synthesis based off a segment of DNA
What happens in translation? (RNA -&gt; protein)mRNA (segment of copied DNA) is decoded to synthesize a specific protein
Define PhenotypeObservable characters / expressed parts of the genotype
Define GenotypeGenetic makeup of organisms
What happens during Gene regulation/expression?Genes switch on/off in response to the environment, this usually occurs when the cell only needs to make certain proteins
What are two examples of Genotypic changes in bacteria?1. Mutations: changes in DNA sequence by inheritances<br>2. Gene transfer: donor genes are introduced into another cell
What is vertical gene transfer?Generation -&gt; Generation
What is horizontal gene transfer?genes given from other cells of same generation
What are special about Transposons, Integrons, Gene cassettes and DNA elements?They aren't apart of the chromosome and aren't plasmids, but they still have active genes
What is an R-plasmid?&nbsp;Resistance plasmids, a type of plasmid that carries resistance genes to antibiotics or instructions to toxic substances.
What is the difference in host range between plasmids and R-plasmids?Plasmids have narrow host ranges while R-plasmids have broad host ranges
What is special about R100 plasmidscarries genes conferring resistance to mercury
Mutant vs Wild typeMutated cells = mutants<br>Non-mutated cells = wild type
Do mutations occur in horizontal transfer or vertical transfer?Vertical transfer only
Mutated Cells have DNA repair mechanisms, True or false?True
What do plasmids need to be transferrable?- a gene coding for the origin of transfer ( capability of conjugation )&nbsp;<br>- Tra genes: genes that code for the pilus
What is Transformation in gene transfer?Cell takes DNA from environment and stays as a plasmid or becomes part of the genome
What is Transduction in gene transfer?Bacteriophage injects host + viral DNA into cell
What is conjugation in gene transfer?DNA transferred between cells through pili
What are the 3 mechanisms of Gene transfer in bacteria?Transformation<br>Transduction<br>Conjugation
What did Frederick Griffith do?- Transforming principle<br>- non viral genes can be transformed into viral genes through gene transfer from DNA from either the chromosome or plasmid
What is Generalized transduction?Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria where bacteriophage randomally packages and transfers random bacterial DNA into host
What is Specialized Transduction?Horizontal gene transfer where bacteriophage transfers specific genes to a host cell
How are pathogenic strains of V.Cholerae made?result from horizontal gene transfer -- transduction.&nbsp;
Why weren't the antibiotics that effective in the MRSA case?The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus created too much bacterial toxins that limited blood flow, which affected the effectiveness of the antibiotics.
How is Pathogenicity passed in the MRSA case study?Virulence factors between strains of S.aureus were transferred through induction of prophage (transduction)
What is the MacConkey agar plate used for?Selects for gram negative bacteria that differentiates on which bacteria can ferment Lactose.
How does a spectrophotometer count how many cells are in a sample?the cloudiness/turbidity of the sample is measured. the more cloudy/turbid a sample is, the more microbes it contains
What is the lag phase of the growth curve?bacteria are introduced to new environment and do not reproduce
What is the log phase?exponential growth of bacteria after the lag phase
What temperature to Psychrophile bacteria like?Extremely cold&nbsp;
What temperatures do Hyperthermophile bacteria like?extremely hot
Where would an obligate Aerobe grow in a tube?only at the top
Where would a faculatative anaerobe grow in a tube?All throughout but more on the top
Where would an Aerotolerant Anaerobe grow in a tube?evenly thoughout
Where would an obligate Anaerobe grow in a tube?only at the bottom
Where would a microaerophile grow in a tube?Just below the top but not at the surface
<div><div>High salt is an effective preservative for food since most food spoilage bacteria do not survive in this environment. These bacteria would be killed due to what process?</div></div>Plasmolysis: shrinking of the cytoplasm due to being in a hypertonic solution
<div><div>How does&nbsp;<em>Helicobacter pylori&nbsp;</em>survive in the stomach and cause symptoms even though the stomach environment is extremely acidic?&nbsp;</div></div>H. pylori breaks down urea, changes the pH around itself to more neutral
<div><div>Which of the following is a method for determining the concentration of bacterial cells in culture (Cells/ml) that involves using a microscope to manually count cells?</div></div>Hemacytometer
"<div class=""question_text user_content enhanced"" id=""question_12752167_question_text"" style=""position: relative; min-height: 5px; overflow: unset; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; color: rgb(45, 59, 69); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);""><p style=""margin: 12px 0px;"">Which group includes bacteria which do NOT produce&nbsp; SOD and catalase</p></div>"Obligate anaerobes
<div><div>A bacterial species that grows well at a pH of 7.0 and with or without oxygen would be what?</div></div>Neutrophilic and a faculative anaerobe
<div><div>A patient with a severe diabetic foot ulcer and gas gangrene caused by&nbsp;<em>Colstridium perfringens</em>&nbsp;would be treated with surgery to remove dead tissue and a course of antibiotics. What other therapy would also be helpful to promote healing?</div></div>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy.&nbsp;
"<span style=""background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"">What kind of information can be derived from a growth curve?</span>"- Maximum growth rate<br>- population stability<br>- death rate<br>- adaptation time
What bacterial counting method would you use for a quick estimate of total cell count?Hemocytometer
What bacterial counting method would you use to count only viable cells?Serial dilution
What bacterial counting method would you use to determine Growth monitoring?Spectrophotometer
What is the catalase test used for? How is a positive result achieved?test used to detect the presence of the enzyme catalase in bacteria.&nbsp;<br><br>Hydrogen Peroxide is added to a bacteria sample. If the bacteria has the enzyme catalase, the bacteria will create water and oxygen. (bubbles)
What pH range is considered acidic?0-6.9
What pH range is considered neutral?7
What pH range is considered basic?7.1-14
What occurs during DNA Replication?&nbsp;A daughter cells gets paired with a mismatched base pair creating two different DNA molecules
Spontaneous vs Induced MutationSpontaneous is rare and random<br>Induced is influenced by externail factors
What are the 3 factors that increase Induced mutation frequencys?Chemical mutagenesis<br>Radiation<br>Carcinogens
What is a bacterial mutagenesis assay?&nbsp;screening technique that uses bacteria to identify potential carcinogens
What is the Ames assay?a kind of bacterial mutagenesis test, a test to detect whether a substance can cause mutagens.&nbsp;
How does the ames assay work?A strain of S. typhimurium or e.coli is unable to grow histidine on its own. If the added substance is a mutagen, the strains will be able to mutate to grow without histidine
What is a biofilm an example of?mixed culture
How do bacteria reproduce?Binary fission.&nbsp;
What are psychrophiles?Bacteria that thrive at low temperatures
What are Hyperthermophiles?Bacteria that thrive at high temperature
Obligate aerobe vs Obligate anaerobeAerobe: requires oxygen<br>Anaerobe: requires no oxygen
What is the Alcohol host range? how do they work?They kill only bacteria and fungi on the skin<br><br>denatures proteins and disrupts membranes
True or false, the antiseptic alcohol inactivates SARS-COV-2?True
What is the host range for the antiseptic Aldehyde? How does it work?Kills everything, inactivates enzymes and nucleic acids at low temperatures.&nbsp;
What is the most common aldehyde antiseptic to use?&nbsp;2% alkaline gluteraldehyde, used to sterilize heat sensitive items
What is ethylene oxide?&nbsp;Gas sterilizing agent
What is Bisbiquanides?An antiseptic used before surgery.&nbsp;
What are three halogen antiseptics? How are they used?Chlorine - disinfect waste liquid<br>Bleach - kills bacteria and viruses<br>Chlorine Dioxide- gas version of chlorine
How are heavy metals used as antiseptics? (physiologically)they kill microbes by binding to a protein, stopping enzymatic activity
How are Phenolics used in antiseptics? (Physiologically)It disrupts membrane, denatures proteins to inhibit microbial growth
What is the host range of Alcohols? How are they used as antiseptics?- only kills bacteria and Fungi<br>- Denatures proteins and disrupts membranes
True or false -- Alcohol antiseptics inactivates SARS- CoV-2?- True
What is the host range of aldehydes? How are they used as antiseptics?- Everything<br>- Inactivates enzymes and nucleic acids at low temperatures
What is a common aldehyde antiseptic?2% alkaline glutaraldehyde: used to sterilize heat sensitive items
How is Ethylene Oxide used as an antiseptic? what is the advantage?- Gas sterilizing agent, highly penetrating
Where is Bisbiquanide used as an antiseptic?&nbsp;- antiseptic used before surgery
What are the three most common Halogen antiseptics? How are they used?- Chlorine : disinfect waste liquid<br>- Bleach : kills bacteria and viruses<br>- Chlorine Dioxide : gas version of chlorine
How do heavy metals act as antiseptics?- the kill microbes by binding to proteins and inhibiting enzymatic activity, causing a build up of metal ions in the bacteria
How do Phenolics act as an antiseptic? what is the advantage?- Disrupts membranes, denatures proteins to inhibit growth<br>- less toxic than phenol
what are two of the most common phenolics? what is special about them?&nbsp;pHisoHex : effective against staph &amp; strep and used for handwashing in hospitals<br>Triclosan : ineffective, banned by FDA
What are the three different media plates utilized in the lab when cultivating bacteria?- Complex Media : exact amount of nutrients needed to grow bacteria<br>- Selective Media : Inhibits growth of certain bacteria<br>- Differential media : encourages the growth of bacteria with certain traits
What are two examples of differential media plates?Blood agar: encourages growth of bacteria that can lyse Red blood cells<br>- MacConkey agar : encourages growth of bacteria that can ferment lactose
Antibiotics vs Antimicrobials- substances that control microbial growth inside the body during infection<br>- substances that kill or inhibit microbial growth
How do antibiotics work? what is their major flaw?<br>- binds to cellular component or enzyme, stops essential process<br>- it is ineffective against viruses
What is important about prescribing antiviral medication?<br>- it must be introduced early
What is the source of antibiotics?- Obtained from fungi or bacteria in the stationery phase&nbsp;
who is paul elrich?- discovered different chemicals to treat microbes<br>- created compound 606 got syphilis
Who is fleming?- Discovered the first natural antibiotic, penicillin <br>- labeled the father of discovering antibiotics
What did Florey and Chain contribute to antibiotics?- purified penicillin for human consumption
What did Dorothy Hodgkins contribute to antibiotics?- studied penicillin's structure and made the first semisynthetic antibiotic
what is Sulfanilamide?- the first synthetic antimicrobial created
What is Protonsil? What does it treat?- The first Sulfanilamide drug<br>- used to treat streptococcal &amp; staphylococcal infections
Bacteriostatic vs bactericidalBacteristatic: a substance that stops bacteria growth without killing it<br>Bactericidal: kills bacteria directly
Broad spectrum vs Narrow spectrumBroad: wide host range, important for life threatening disease if cause is unknown, but is very disruptive to host microbiota<br>Narrow: for specific infections, but less disruptive
why is it important to take note of metabolism and excretion when targeting bacteria with antimicrobials?- The drug should be adjusted to not metabolize too fast or too slow<br>- The drug should be adjusted to fit rate of excretion to avoid toxic buildup in system
What are five targets aimed for in bacteria?- Peptidoglycan cell wall<br>- proteins<br>- nucleic acids<br>- metabolic pathways (enzymes)<br>- cell membranes
what three chemicals are used to inhibit cell wall synthesis? how does it do it?- B-lactam rings : chemical ring structure in antibiotics that inhibits PBP/penicillin binding protein (keeps crosslinks from forming in glycan chain)<br>- Glycopeptide antibiotics : stops materials from entering the cell wall<br>- Bacitracin
<br>What are two examples of antibiotics that contain B-lactam rings?- penicillin<br>- cephalosporin
what is a downside to B-lactam ring medication?- it only works against actively growing bacterial cells
What is a bacteria's resistance to B-lactam called? how does it work? (2 answers)<br>- Penicillinase : resistance specifically to penicillin<br>- b-lactamase : enzyme that breaks open B-lactam ring
Describe the 4 different classes of Penicillin?- Penicillin G : natural, kills gram +<br>- Penicillin V : semisynthetic, acid resistant<br>- Ampicillin : kills gram -<br>- Methicillin : kills penicillin resistant bacteria
what is Augmentin?- a combination antibiotic used for when bacteria are immune to amoxicillin<br>- inhibits b-lactamase (Bacterial resistance to B-lactam)
What is the benefits of B-lactam drug Cephalosporins? How do they work?-effective against MRSA, most effective in its 5th generation<br>- stop formation of bacterial walls in gram + &amp; -
What is the benefits of B-lactam drug Vancomycin? What are the disadvantages?- Glycopeptide antibiotic (targets cell wall)<br>- they are resistant to beta-lactamase (bacteria resistance)<br>- broad ; last resort
What is the benefits of B-lactam drug Carbapenems? What are the disadvantages?<br>- they are resistant to beta-lactamase (bacteria resistance)<br>- broad ; last resort
What do Bacteriostatic drugs target in bacteria?- ribsome differences, prokaryotic (70S), Eukaryotic (80S)
what is Azithromycin? What is it used to treat? What is it's benefit?- Class of Bacteriostatic (z-pack)<br>- used to treated atypical pneumonia<br>- good for those allergic to penicillin
what is Aminoglycoside?- the class of Bacteriostatic that bactericidal is under
How do Nucleic acid inhibitors work?- They target bacterial DNA replication or RNA transcription leading to cell death
What are the three classes of Nucleic acid inhibitors?- Fluoroquinolones<br>- Rifamycins<br>- Folate acid inhibitors
how does the nucleic acid inhibitor Fluoroquinolones work?- it inhibits DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase synthesis, killing the bacteria
What is the benefit of using the nucleic acid inhibitor Rifamycins? how does it work?- treats tuberculosis<br>- blocks start of transcription
What is the benefits of using the nucleic acid inhibitor Folate acid?- Inhibits the synthesis of folate, used for preventing nucleotide biosynthesis&nbsp;
What does the drug polymyxin B do?- it interferes with the cell membrane integrity by binding to the lipopolysaccharide layer, changing its permeability
What does the drug Isoniazid do?- Disrupts enzymes in fatty acids synthetase pathway used to build mycolic acid (an integral part of hard to kill mycobacteria)
What are the two different kinds of antimicrobial Susceptibility testing? (AST)- Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion test : determines if a bacterial strain is weak or resistant to antibiotics<br>- E - Test : combination of Kirby and diffusion, measures concentration of resistance
explain Kirby Bauer's zone of inhibition.- Clear zone = bacteria is weak/killed by antibiotics<br>- Small/no clear zone = bacteria is resistant to antibiotic and can grow
Minimum inhibitory concentration vs Minimum bactericidal concentration- MBC: the lowest concentration of antibiotic needed to prevent bacterial growth<br>- MIC: the lowest concentration of antibiotic needed to kill 99.9% of the bacteria population
Naive vs Intrinsic bacteria- Naive : never been exposed to antibiotics, resistance comes naturally<br>- Intrinsic : resistance is influenced by exchange of R plasmids
What are the three ways humans influence resistance to antibiotics?- Overuse<br>- pt non-compliance<br>- subtherapeutic dosing
How do bacteria go about drug elimination?- bacteria efflux pumps drag the drug out of the cell preventing accumulation
What is Enterococcus? What is significant about it?- bacteria that is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections<br>- risk of Vancomycin resistance to be encoded in plasmids (bacterial resistance to vancomycin)
What is Staphylococcus aureus? what is significant about it?-&nbsp; bacteria that is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections<br>- resistant to penicillin and methicillin
What is a multidrug-resistant microbe? (MDR)- superbug resistant to multiple antibiotics
What is significant about the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?- requires combination therapy and long treatment
Infection vs Infectious disease- Infection : colonization of micro-organisms in the host<br>- Infectious Disease : normal structure or function of the body is damaged by an infectious agent
What are the 5 types of infectious diseases?- Communicable : person to person<br>- Latrogenic : from medical procedure<br>- Nosocomial : improper sterilization<br>- Zoonotic : animal to human<br>- non- communicable : not spread from person to person
<div>When food is stored in the refrigerator are bacteria killed?</div>no, but their metabolic activity is slowed
<div>Alcohols, like ethanol and isopropanol, are useful as _______________.</div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>disinfectants or antiseptics</div>
<div>Which of the the following methods physically removes microbes from a liquid sample rather than actually killing or inhibiting their growth?</div>Filtration
<div>The commercial canning industry is most concerned with getting rid of&nbsp;</div>Clostrisium Botulinum endospore
<div>Salt is very effective at preserving foods because in a high salt environment, bacteria will</div><div><div><div><div><div><br><div>undergo plasmolysis</div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br></div>
<div>Sterilization results in&nbsp;</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>Complete removal of all forms of life except prions</div><div><br></div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div><br></div>
<div>Which of the following represents a chemical correctly paired with its use for control of microbial growth?</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>Alcohol; disinfecting skin</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div><br></div>
<div>Silver has been used as an antimicrobial in</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div>some topical treatments, bandages and catheters</div>
<div>A phenolic that was used in antimicrobial soaps but later banned from use is&nbsp;</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>"<span style=""color: rgb(45, 59, 69); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">triclosan</span>"
<div>Which of the following antimicrobial chemicals is a bisguanide often found as an ingredient in skin creams, disinfectants and oral rinses?</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div>"<span style=""color: rgb(45, 59, 69); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"">chlorhexidine</span>"
<div>Heat sensitive liquids should be sterilized by which of the following methods?</div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>Membrane filtration</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div><div><br></div>
<div><div>Which of the following is true regarding antibiotics?</div></div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>Antibiotics target unique targets in bacterial cells.</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div><div><br></div>
<div><div>Why don't protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics harm human cells?</div></div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>The drugs target bacterial ribosomes, which have a different structure than ribosomes in eukaryotic cells</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div><div><br></div>
<div><div>Why is it important that a patient complete the entire prescribed course of antibiotics?</div></div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>To ensure all disease-causing bacteria are killed and no resistant bacteria remain</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div><br></div>
<div><div>Aminoglycosides target what structure in bacterial cells?</div></div><div><div><div><br></div></div></div><div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<div>70S ribosomes</div>&nbsp;<div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div><div><br></div>
What do Superantigens do?Cause an increase in the immune response
What are the two different kinds of membrane disrupting toxins?Phospholipases: breaks down phospholipid bilayer<br>Hemolysins: makes holes in the members
How does shiga toxin and cholera toxin affect the body?it elicits the immune response
How does the vaccination for tetanus work?The vaccination includes an inactivated toxin of tetanus for hte body to identify
How does botulinum and tetanus toxicity affect the body?it inhibits aCh presynaptic neurons, inhibiting muscle contraction
How do AB toxins work?B: Bypasses cell defenses<br>A: attacks cell
what are the 3 different classes of exotoxins?Neurotoxins<br>Enterotoxins<br>Cytotoxins
What are the 2 properties of exotoxin?1) inhibits metabolic functions<br>2) they are specific
Endotoxin vs ExotoxinEndo: made by lipopolysaccharides and results from gram negative bacteria<br>Exo: made by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
What is Streptococcus pyogene?strep throat, Protein F binds to respiratory cells
What is Cysteine protease?an enzyme that allows for bacteria to have deeper penetration by breaking down proteins
What is Necrotizing fasciitis?an acute flesh eating disease caused by strep pyogenes
What does collagenase do?Helps bacteria spread more by breaking down collagen
What does Hyaluronidase do?Breaks down stuff that holds cells together, and allows deeper pentration of bacteria
How are adhesion molecules important in the establishment of infectious disease?they allow microbes to bind to the host
What are the four steps of pathogenesis?Exposure<br>Attachment<br>Invasion<br>Infection
explain acute, chronic and latent&nbsp;Acute: short term<br>Chronic: long term<br>Latent: is dormant but is still present
What is genetic variation?Changes in DNA
If the bacteria in a MacConkey plate is pink, what does that say?the bacteria is gram negative and ferments lactose
explain the biosafety levels 1-41: not known to cause disease<br>2: moderate risk, microbes can cause disease of varied severity<br>3: microbes are exotic and can cause lethal disease/airborne<br>4: microbes are dangeraours and are highly fatal/airborne
what are the 7 methods of control?Disinfection<br>Pasteurization<br>Decontamination<br>Sanitation<br>Degerming<br>Antiseptics<br>Preservation
Define disinfectioninactivates MOST microbes on fomite surfaces
Define Pasteurizationreduces amount of bacteria or pathogens that cause spoilage&nbsp;
Define DecontaminationReduction of pathogen to a 'safe level'
Define Sanitationreduce microbial population to levels acceptable for public health
Define Degerminghandwashing, reduces microbial numbers but does not inactivate them
Define antisepticsantimicrobial chemicals safe for skin
Define preservationslows or inhibits growth of micorbes in food
What is sepsis?a systemic inflammatory response to an infection that results in fever or shock
How is the autoclave used?pressurized steam machine that sterilizes 15 psi in 15 minutes
How is pasteurization used?&nbsp;Hight-temp, short time (72 C, 15 seconds) or Ultra high temp and shorter time (138C, 2+ seconds)
What bacteria is this?&nbsp;<br><br>- Gram positive<br>- Rods<br>- bacteria is present in cerebrospinal?B.anthracis
How is a direct plate count performed?Bacteria culture is diluted until a countable isolates form
what is a fomite?an inanimate object used by humans that can transmit microbes
At what temperature does freezing stop microbial growth?-2 degrees
What is the most difficult microbe to eliminate?Bacterial endospores that are resistant to heat, drying and multiple chemicals
What are the three levels of germicidal chemicals and how are they used?<br>1) high level<br>- treat semi-critical instruments<br>2) Intermediate level<br>- disinfects non-critical instruments<br>3) Low level<br>- disinfects floors and walls
What does it mean when an antibiotic is a natural product?it means the antibiotic is produced during a stationary phaseof either a fungi or bacteria
What are the natural sources of antibiotics from bacteria?- Streptomyces &amp; Bacillus
What are the natural sources of antibiotics in mold?Cephalospporium and penicillin
What 4 drugs contain Beta lactam rings?<br>Penicillin<br>Cephalosporin<br>Vancomycin<br>Bacitracin
How do Beta Lactam drugs and glycopeptide antibiotics differ?Beta lactam breaks down cross links between glycan chains<br>glycopeptide keeps materials for building the cell wall from entering the cell
What is the benefits of B-lactam-glycopeptide drug Bacitracin? where does it originate from?Bacillus subtillis<br>inhibts transport of peptidoglycan&nbsp;
What kind of antiseptic is a Aminoglycoside?Bactericidal
What are the two limitations of Koch's postualtes?1) for any infectious agent, not all agents presents the same signs and symptoms<br>2) people differ in their immune systems
Pathogenicity vs virulencepath: the ability of a microorganism to causee disease<br>viru: degree of pathogenicity
What is the course of infectious disease?Incubation period: pathogen enters host and multiplies<br>Prodromal: pathogen continues to multiple, symptoms arise and immune system starts<br>Illness: most severe symptoms arise<br>Decline: immune system regulates attack but is vulnerable to secondary infection<br>Convalescence: recovery of body
Define infectious dose"the # of microbes needed for an infection"