Visual Inspection of Welding
Based on AWS B.1.11M/B1.11:2015
Safety
BCP
Environment
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Quality
Quality of Buildings
•
Use of renewable energy
laws and regulations
(Compliance with Laws
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Efforts to reduce CO2
Management in Global
•
Risk-Assessment
and Regulations)
emissions
Quality with DX
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Pre-construction
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Compliance with safety
•
•
Meeting
•
Safety Patrol
•
Adequate design of
•
CO2 emissions monitoring
structural
•
Prevention of pollutant
Countermeasures
leakage
against strong winds and •
Reduction in garbage
•
Monitoring Document
Quality control of concrete
typhoons
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After Welding
Following welding, action items requiring attention by the visual examiner should
include the following:
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Examine Weld Surface Quality
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Verify Weld Dimensions
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Verify Dimensional Accuracy
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Review Subsequent Requirements
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Weld Surface Quality
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Porosity
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Incomplete Fusion
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Incomplete Joint Penetration
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Undercut
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Underfill
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Overlap
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Cracks
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Weld Surface Quality
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Porosity
Porosity is a cavity-type discontinuity formed by gas entrapment during solidification or in a thermal-spray deposit.
Generally spherical and may be elongated. Two common causes of porosity are contamination and insufficient
shielding during welding
a) Scattered Porosity
Porosity widely distributed in a single weld bead or in several beads of a
multiples pass weld.
b) Cluster Porosity
Localized array of porosity having a random geometric distribution
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Weld Surface Quality
c) Piping / Wormhole Porosity
Porosity having a length greater than its width that lies approximately
perpendicular to the weld face.
d) Aligned or Linear Porosity
Localized array of porosity oriented in a line.
e) Elongated Porosity
Porosity having a length greater than its width that lies approximately
parallel to the weld face.
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Weld Surface Quality
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Incomplete Fusion
Weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads.
Incomplete Fusion
Incomplete Fusion
Various Locations of Incomplete Fusion
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Weld Surface Quality
Note: View of the weld from the root side of an open root groove weld showing
complete joint penetration with incomplete fusion. There is a “keyhole” toward
the left side of the photograph.
Incomplete Fusion at the Groove Face
Incomplete Fusion Between Weld Beads
Incomplete Fusion Between the Weld and Base Metal
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Weld Surface Quality
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Incomplete Joint Penetration
Joint root condition in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness
Incomplete Joint Penetration
Incomplete Joint Penetration
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Weld Surface Quality
Incomplete Joint Penetration with Consumable Insert
Incomplete Joint Penetration
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Weld Surface Quality
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Undercut
A depression on the weld face or root surface extending below the adjacent surface of the base metal. Underfill is
usually defined as a condition where the total thickness through a weld is less than the thickness of the adjacent
base metal.
Undercut
Undercut
Undercut
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Weld Surface Quality
Undercut at Fillet Weld Toe
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Weld Surface Quality
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Underfill
Condition in which the weld face or root surface of a groove weld extends below the adjacent surface of the base
metal. It results from the failure of the welder to completely fill the weld joint.
Underfill
Underfill
Underfill
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Weld Surface Quality
Underfill in a Grove Weld
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Weld Surface Quality
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Overlap
Protrusion of unfused weld metal beyond the weld toe or weld root. Overlap is a surface discontinuity that forms a
mechanical notch and is nearly always considered rejectable.
Overlap
Overlap
Overlap
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Weld Surface Quality
Overlap
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Weld Surface Quality
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Crack
Cracks are defined as fractured-type discontinuities characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and/or
width to thickness. If a crack is found during welding, it should be completely removed prior ro additional welding.
Welding over a crack rarely eliminates the crack.
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Weld Surface Quality
Longitudinal Crack and Aligned Porosity
Transverse Crack
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Weld Dimensions
Evaluating a Convex Fillet Weld
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