Func – crime is inevitable as poor socialisation of norms. Crime gives scope to
change
Inter – act is only deviant if labelled as crime. Not all crime is labelled as its
selectively enforced against some groups. Label lead to master status
Marx- crime encourage poverty and greed. r/c enforce law in own interests so only
w/c acts are crimes
Right real – crime is biolo and social. Focus on deter offenders e.g. cctv
Left real – crime from relative deprivation and subcultures. Focus on reduce
inequality
Men commit more crime than women. Cjs treat women leniently Pollak chivalry. Or
women are socialised to do less crime. Or men commit crime to be masculine
Black more likely to be arrest, due to more likely to offend from poor education and
family and racism.
Media over show violent crimes and amplify moral panics
Globalisation allows transnational organised crime like drug/slave/arms trades. Also
green crime via exploit health safety laws
Control & punishment – cctv, situational crime prevent eg asbo in area,
environment crime prevent.
functionalist
Durkeim - crime inevitable if fail to socialise – crime is postivive when boundary
maintenance punishes criminals to teach others not to push norms and values
strengthening values to prevent further crime. Davis say prostitute let men express
sexy frustration without threaten nuke fam. Some crime cause adaptation and
change to norms and values
Merton strain – response to American dream – conform, innovate, ritualism,
retreatism, rebellion. (mean is method to achieve e.g. good job or crime) Conform is
accept goal and legit mean Innovate is use crime to get goal. Ritualism is reject goal
but conform to means. Retreatism is reject dream and do crime. Rebellion is replace
goal and means with own.
Cohen status frustration w/c boy fail in m/c environment and form subcultures
violating m/c norms and values. Create success within hierarchy of own subculture
e.g. top drilla vs lvl 1 runner.
Interactionist
Becker – a deviant or their behaviour is labelled as deviant (on gender class
ethnicity)
Cicourel – police stereotypes crime e.g. patrol w/c areas for muggings
Lemert – primary deviance not labelled, secondar deviance is labelled.
Douglas – reject official stats of suicide as it says no reason why people suicided
Class power crime
Marx – crime is criminogenic as crime is only way for w/c to survive. Utilitarian crime
of theft happens when advertised goods they cant afford. Alienation lead to frustrate
lead to non utilatiran like violence and vandalism.
Ideolog func of false class conscious by selective enforcement. Crime looks like a
w/c thing causing w/c to blame each other for doing crime instead of C A P I T A L I
S M.
Reiman and Leighton – the more a crime is committed by higher class the less likely
it is treated as an offense.