Library
Harvard Citation and Referencing Style
The guide aims at standardising referencing and citation in the Faculty of Science. Its objectives are:
i.
To promote consistency and standardisation of citation and referencing at the University of Zimbabwe;
ii.
To support scholarly arguments by referring the reader to accurate academic sources that confirm what is communicated;
iii.
To give credit to authors whose works have been quoted, or have been referred to;
iv.
To avoid cases of plagiarism
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Harvard citation style elements
1. In-text Referencing: involves citing references within the text of your work where you have used ideas or material from other sources. The in-text
citation has two aspects: Parenthetical and Narrative
Parenthetical in-text citation
Narrative text citation
•
Both author and date in parenthesis
•
Author goes in the narrative
•
Use a comma before the year
•
date follows in the parenthesis
example: (Chirisa, 2021)
example: Chirisa (2021)
2. End-text referencing (also known as your Reference List): includes all materials used in your document. It provides the full information of
reference sources necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve them. The following table provides examples of reference entries for various
information sources.
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Resource
In text Referencing
Journal Article
According to Mafuta; Mukwembi and Mafuta, P., Mukwembi, S. and Munyira, S. (2019). Spanning paths in graphs.
Munyira, (2019) The determination
Reference List
Discrete Applied Mathematics, 255, pp.278-282.
of the leaf number is known to be
NP-hard...”
(Mafuta; Mukwembi and Munyira,
2019)
eJournal article
“The determination of the leaf
Mafuta, P., Mukwembi, S. and Munyira, S. (2019). Spanning paths in graphs.
number is known to be NP-
Discrete Applied Mathematics, 255, pp.278-282. [online] Available at:
hard...”(Mafuta; Mukwembi and
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X18304104
Munyira, 2019)
(Accessed 12 May 2023).
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Conference
“Human Face expression
Paper (print and Recognition is one of the most
online)
powerful …” (Chengeta and Viriri,
Chengeta, K. and Viriri, S. (2019). A review of local, holistic and deep learning
approaches in facial expressions recognition. In 2019 Conference on
Information Communications Technology and Society (ICTAS) (pp. 1-7).
2019).
Chengeta, K. and Viriri, S. (2019). A review of local, holistic and deep learning
approaches in facial expressions recognition. In 2019 Conference on
Information Communications Technology and Society (ICTAS) (pp. 1-7).
[online]Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8703521
(Accessed 12 May 2023).
Conference
According to Waddington (2003),
Waddington, S.R. (2003). Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility
proceeding
“grain legumes...
in Southern Africa: Taking Stock of Progress: Proceedings of a Conference
(print and
Held 8-11 October 2002 at the Leopard Rock Hotel, Vumba, Zimbabwe.
online)
CIMMYT.
Waddington, S.R. (2003). Grain Legumes and Green Manures for Soil Fertility
4
in Southern Africa: Taking Stock of Progress: Proceedings of a Conference
Held 8-11 October 2002 at the Leopard Rock Hotel, Vumba, Zimbabwe.
CIMMYT. [online] Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258294272_Grain_Legumes_and_G
reen_Manures_for_Soil_Fertility_in_Southern_Africa_Taking_Stock_of_Progr
ess (Accessed 14 May 2023).
Newspaper
Gore (2019) explained that the
Gore, T. (2019). ‘Zimuto releases new video’, The Herald, 05 May, p.6.
article (print and video...
Gore, T. (2019). ‘Zimuto releases new video’, The Herald, 05 May, [online]
online)
p.6. Available at: https://www.herald.co.zw/zimuto-releases-new-video/
(Accessed 11 May 2023).
Magazine (print
“... is the worst case in history”
Lumunu, I. (2019). “Education system in Uganda failing the reading culture”.
and online)
(Lumunu, 2019).
Leadership for Christian leaders.p4
5
Lumunu, I. (2019). “Education system in Uganda failing the reading culture”.
Leadership for Christian leaders. [online] Available at:
http://leadershipmagazine.org/?p=17698 (Accessed 14 May 2023).
Website
“Your display is a huge drain on
TechZim (2019). How To Make Your Laptop Battery Last Longer. [Online].
your laptop’s battery life...”
Available at: http://envisat.esa.int/ (Accessed 3 May 2022).
(TechZim, 2019).
Print book
eBook
“The future in autoCAD systems…..”
Nyemba, W.R. (2022). Computer Aided Design: Engineering Design and
(Nyemba, 2022)
Modeling Using AutoCAD. CRC Press.
“Public innovation and digitalization
Väyrynen, H., Helander, N., and Jalonen, H. (2023). Public Innovation and
are reshaping organizations and
Digital Transformation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge (Routledge Studies in
society in various ways and within
Innovation, Organizations and Technology). Available at:
multiple fields……”
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=3347603
&site=ehost-live&scope=site (Accessed: 7 June 2023).
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Book Chapter
“The issue of community
Jopela, A. et al. (2012). Tradition and modernity: the inclusion and exclusion
participation has taken a centre
of traditional voices and other local actors in archaeological heritage
stage….” (Jopela et al., 2012)
management in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. One World, Many Knowledges:
Regional experiences and cross-regional links in higher education. Cape
Town: African Minds, pp.175-92.
7
Average coverage during the 5
Midzi, N. et al., (2020). Coverage of deworming of school-age children in
years programme for Manicaland
Zimbabwe by province and by year. Available from:
was 60% (Midzi, et al., 2020)
https://plos.figshare.com/articles/dataset/Coverage_of_deworming_of_school-
Dataset
age_children_in_Zimbabwe_by_province_and_by_year_/13138149/1
(Accessed 7 Jun 2023).
Source: University of Zimbabwe
Focal Point Photographic (2021). University of Zimbabwe New Collaborative
Collaborative Centre, 2021.
Centre. Available at: http://digitalcollections.uz.ac.zw/handle/123456789/4158
Photograph
(Accessed 7 June 2023).
Video
“You can improve the precision of
University of Zimbabwe Library (2022). Introduction to e-resources. 15th
your search by using advanced
July. YouTube. [Online Video]. Available from: https://youtu.be/7eabz4V-tvU.
search feature…” (University of
(Accessed: 12 July 2022).
Zimbabwe Library, 2022)
Radio
Karizamimba (2023) on the
Karizamimba, T. (6 June 2023). “Domestic Issues. [Radio program], Morning
showindicated that the role of men
Galaxy, Star FM, Harare.
Programme
8
in the family is underestimated.
Lecture notes
“One has to authenticate and
Mushowani, M. (2023). 'Evaluation of information and its sources' [Lecture],
validate information and its sources
IDEA101: Information and Digital Skills. University of Zimbabwe. 11 May
before using it for academic
2023.
purposes” (Mushowani, 2023)
Television
‘The problem is that you think
show
education is the key to success…’
Blue roof, Episode 1. (2020) ZBC TV, 10 October, 21.00.
(Blue roof, 2020)
Blog post
Makhani (2023) proposed that the
Makhani, L.S.K. (2023) 'From technology news, views and reviews about
use of laptops increased…..
products and services in Zimbabwe and the surrounding region', TechZim, 15
May. Available at: https://www.techzim.co.zw/2023/06/apple-laptopspecifically-for-zim-18-hour-battery-more-from-wwdc-2023/ (Accessed 23
May 2023).
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Email
In an email response, Kusekwa
Kusekwa, L. (2023) Email to Abigail Mazhude, 5 June.
(2023)....
Interviews
Hove (2021) emphasised that
Benhura, Regina. (2021) 'Interview with Jason Hove on In Text citations’, 24
citations in the text should be
February, Harare.
consistent.
Press release
The University reminded graduands
University of Zimbabwe. (2023). Reminder to all graduands and guests: 2019
of the change of time for the
University of Zimbabwe Graduation Ceremony. [Press release].
ceremony (University of Zimbabwe,
2023)
Report
Loban, (1976)
Loban, W. (1976).Language Development: Kindergarten through Grade
Twelve. Washington, DC: Office of Education.
Patent
Apparatus for making three-
Stratasys, Inc., (1989). Apparatus and Method for Creating Three-dimensional
dimensional physical objects of a
Objects. US5121329.
predetermined shape…. (Stratasys,
10
Inc., 1989)
Bible
The words in Psalms 23:6 “...
Bible.(1989). Life application Bible. King James version. Wheaton, IL:
goodness and mercy shall follow
Tyndale.
me” (Bible, 1989) are translated in
the New international version (Bible,
Bible. (1995). The Holy Bible. New international version. Cape Town: Bible
1995) with: “... goodness and love
Society of South Africa.
will follow me.”
Translated book Mutswairo (1979) postulates....
“......” (Kafka, 1979).
Mutswairo, S. M. (1979). Zimbabwe: Prose and Poetry. Translated by D.
Herdeck. Three Continents Press.
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