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The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of Manila, Philippines: Current
Status, Management and Future Recovery
Article · September 2010
DOI: 10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173
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Environ. Eng. Res. 2010 September,15(3) : 173-179
Research Paper
DOI:10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173
pISSN 1225-1025 eISSN 2005-968X
The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of
Manila, Philippines: Current Status, Management and
Future Recovery
Joan B. Gorme, Marla C. Maniquiz, Pum Song, Lee-Hyung Kim†
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 331-717, Korea
Abstract
Pasig River is an important river in the Metro Manila, Philippines, since it provides food, livelihood and transport to its residents, and
connects two major water bodies; Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay. However, it is now considered to be the toilet bowl of Metro Manila
due to the large amount of wastes dumped into the river. Even with the efforts of the government to revive the quality of the Pasig River
and its tributaries, it continues to deteriorate over time. This paper provides an overview of the current condition of the Pasig River.
The existing water management policies were reviewed, and the issues and challenges hindering the improvement of its water quality
identified. Moreover, the water qualities of the rivers in Metro Manila were compared to those of the major rivers in South Korea. The
current watershed management system practiced by South Korea has been discussed to serve as a guideline for future recovery of the
water quality of the rivers in the Philippines.
Keywords: Pasig River, Water quality, Management, Pollution, Policies
1. Introduction
Malabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan (NMTT) River, Parañaque River,
Marikina River and San Juan River. Apart from water lilies and
janitor fish, hardly any life forms are able to survive its murky
waters. Many of its tributaries are clogged by household garbage
from Metro Manila. A steady horde of migration to the metropolis had resulted in over congestion and exploitation of land and
its river. Increasing poverty in the rural areas has driven rural
people to migrate to Metro Manila to seek better income opportunities. The river banks are the most logical areas for new
settlements because many of the other squatter colonies in the
metropolis are already overpopulated. From being a recreation
venue and a source of food and livelihood, the river has become
the dumping ground of informal settlers living along the banks
of the river and its tributaries, as well as by almost all surrounding establishments [3]. The river is also the catchment basin of
floodwaters from several tributaries from upstream areas of
Metro Manila. Before pollution destroyed the aquatic ecosystem, Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay served as the habitat for 25
varieties of fish and 13 other different types of aquatic creature.
However, only 6 species of fish and 2 types of plants that can
tolerate the polluted water are currently left [3].
The Philippines is a country of almost 92 million people, with
around 12 million people residing in Metro Manila [1]. Metro
Manila, the National Capital Region (NCR), is the country’s
main hub of all socioeconomic, industrial, cultural and political activities. Its economic zone produced a total gross domestic
product (GDP) of 4.6% in 2008 and urbanization has increased
by more than 50% over the past 20 years [2, 3]. While the NCR
has the smallest area of the regions in the Philippines, it has the
highest numbers of households (28% of the total) and manufacturing industries (46%). Metro Manila has the highest population density, at 16,497 person/km2, and most of its land area is
limited for developmental expansion, with little or no area for
agriculture [4].
1.1. Background
Massive population growth, infrastructure development and
increased economic activities after the World War II in 1940s led
to the deterioration of the water bodies in Metro Manila. In 1990,
ecologists had already pronounced the Pasig River as dead and
incapable of sustaining marine life. As of 2003, four more rivers
were formally declared by the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) as biologically dead; the Navotas-
1.2. The Pasig River System
The Pasig River is an important river system since it conReceived June 18, 2010 Accepted August 24, 2010
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
©Copyright The Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
†
Corresponding Author
E-mail: leehyung@kongju.ac.kr
Tel: +82-41-521-9312 Fax: +82-41-568-0287
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Joan B. Gorme, Marla C. Maniquiz, Pum Song, Lee-Hyung Kim
pollution in the Pasig River, with the rest originating from industrial wastes (33%), such as tanneries, textile mills, food processing plants, distilleries, chemical and metal plants, as well as
from solid waste (7%) dumped into the rivers. At present, Metro
Manila is reportedly producing as much as 7,000 tons of trash
per day [7]. Due to the continuous dumping of wastes, the river
bed has become more and more silted with organic matter and
non biodegradable garbage. This has resulted in serious flooding along the river, affecting nearby communities and carrying
polluted water to the households close to the river.
nects two large water bodies in Metro Manila: Laguna de Bay
(the largest fresh water lake in the country) and Manila Bay (the
country’s main port of maritime trade and travel). The flow of
the Pasig River through the urban areas comes from its upstream
portion located in Laguna de Bay, then moves through the Napindan Channel and joins the Marikina River at the boundary
of Pasig and Taguig. It links further with San Juan River and finally flows out into Manila Bay. It is approximately 27 km long,
with an average width of 91 m, and depths ranging from 0.5-5.5
m. A stretch of the Pasig River has an average depth of 1.3 m.
The deepest portions (4.5 m) are located between Guadalupe
Bridge (GB) and C6 Bridge (CB), while the shallowest portion is
at the mouth of Manila Bay. The annual average volume of water
flowing into Manila Bay is 6.6 million m3. During low flow, from
March to May, the discharge volume is 12 m3/sec, while high
flow during October to November reaches 275 m3/sec [5]. The
Pasig River is classified by the DENR as Class C, which is primarily intended for fishery, recreation and supply for manufacturing
processes [6].
The strategic location of the Pasig River has made it and its
tributaries, the San Juan River, Taguig-Pateros River and Marikina River, integral in the economic activity of the metropolis, providing the major means of transport, water sources for domestic
and industrial uses, and a place for recreation and shelter to a
large variety of fish and other aquatic life. As such, it is a vital
ecosystem and an irreplaceable natural resource.
Currently, all of the waterways of Metro Manila are heavily
polluted. Domestic waste accounts for about 60% of the total
1.3. Government Intervention
Efforts to revive the Pasig River started in 1973, via the creation of the Pasig River Development Council (PRDC) and implementation of the Pasig River Development Program (PRDP)
[8]. These were mainly concerned with the relocation of informal families and dredging of the silted portions of the river, relocation of two large sewers in Manila Bay and the construction of
concrete railings along its banks. However, the PRDC and PRDP
were abolished in 1987 due to lack of support. In 1993, an Environmental Partnership Program was created to encourage the
industrial and business sectors to engage in environmental improvement activities, and advance self-monitoring and mandatory compliance with environmental standards [9].
In 1999, Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) was
created to supervise, monitor plans, programs, projects and activities, and enforce rules and regulations towards the rehabilita-
Fig. 1. Map of the Pasig River Unified Monitoring Stations (PRUMS).
DOI:10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173
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The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of Manila, Philippines: Current Status, Management and Future Recovery
tion of the river. Activities to improve the water quality included:
mandatory localized sewage treatment, setting up of communal sanitation projects for secondary sewage households, provision of credit support for the establishment of waste treatment
plants, implementation of appropriate industrial relocation
plan, expansion of community based solid waste management,
garbage river-based collection through loading stations, and immense educational and training campaigns for the communities
and industries near Pasig River. The control of domestic and industrial wastes was made possible through the World Bank-financed Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP). This project will
increase treatment coverage to 30% in 2010, with an additional
capacity for waste water treatment of more than 200 million L/d.
MTSP will showcase the use of the Combined Sewer-Drainage
System for the collection of wastewater from households [10].
In compliance with the continuing mandamus of the Supreme Court to conduct and collect consolidated information
or data on the existing condition of the water quality of the Pasig River, several government agencies, such as the PRRC, Environmental Management Bureau Central Office and National
Capital Region, and Laguna Lake Development Authority, were
tasked to conduct monitoring, sampling and analyses to serve as
a basis for any appropriate actions required in saving the water
quality of the Pasig River. In 2009, initiatives were undertaken to
discuss the integration for a monitoring program for the Pasig
River. These agencies agreed to monitor 13 sampling stations,
named the Pasig River Unified Monitoring Stations (PRUMS).
These stations, shown in Fig. 1, are located in GB, CB, Marikina
Bridge (MrB), Vargas Bridge (VB), Bambang Bridge (BaB), Lambingan Bridge (LB), Sevilla Bridge (SB), Jones Bridge (JB), Manila
Bay-Baseco (MB), Havana Bridge (HB), Guadalupe Viejo Creek
(GVC), Guadalupe Nuevo Creek (GNC) and Buwayang Bato (BB).
to the laboratory, where they were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, oil and grease, total suspended
solids (TSS), total coliforms and heavy metals, according to the
standards in the DENR Water Quality Monitoring Manual.
Measurements of the physical attributes of the river and the
pollution levels were taken at regular intervals. The data gathered were processed by the Mike 11 system model, which simulates the river and its flow based on mathematical equations,
from which the experts may be able to predict high water levels
in the river or simulate the flow of a large volume of water from
one end of the river to the other, together with the levels of pollution in the river under the simulated conditions [3].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Quality Characteristics and Pollution Sources
1.4. Research Objectives
Fig. 2. Water quality of the Pasig River from 1999 to 2009. DO: dissolved oxygen, BOD: biochemical oxygen demand.
Despite the efforts of the government to control the pollution
in the Pasig River, the water pollution continues to worsen. This
paper provides an overview of the current condition of the Pasig
River. The existing water management policies were reviewed,
and the issues and challenges hindering the improvement to its
water quality identified. Moreover, the water qualities of the rivers of Metro Manila were compared to those of the major rivers in South Korea. The current watershed management system
practiced by South Korea has also been discussed to serve as a
guideline for future recovery of the water quality of the rivers in
the Philippines.
Fig. 2 shows the water quality of the Pasig River from 1999
to 2009. The figure clearly shows that the Pasig River was very
polluted, as it failed to meet the DENR standard levels of 5 and
7 mg/L for DO and BOD, respectively. In 1990, 295 tons per day
of BOD was discharged via domestic (44%), industrial (45%) and
solid (11%) wastes. From the time when the PRRC was established, the water quality has improved. In 2000, the total BOD
loading was reduced to 240 metric tons per day, but the trend
continued to deteriorate over the subsequent years. The highest BOD loading recorded for the Pasig River was in 2009. Fig.
3 presents the water quality characteristics of the PRUMS for
the 1st (February and March), 2nd (April to June), 3rd (July to
September) and 4th quarters (October to December) of 2009.
Parameters, such as DO, BOD, TSS, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N),
phosphate (PO4-P), and oil and grease failed to meet the standards of the DAO 90-34 water quality criteria for Class C waters
in almost all quarters of 2009.
Low DO levels are the result of the high discharge of domestic
and industrial wastes in the area [11]. In 2003, 58% (192,000 t)
of the BOD loading in Metro Manila was generated by domestic
waste, while the remaining 42% (138,000 t) was from industries
[4]. It is estimated that 148 t of BOD per day are added to the
river purely from the sewage outlets scattered along its banks
[3]. It is apparent in Fig. 3 that the DO and BOD concentrations
2. Data Collection
The data used for the evaluation of the water quality of the
Pasig River was obtained from the PRRC. The 13 monitoring stations selected by the agencies under PRUMS are shown in Fig.
1. The stations were selected based on three factors: (a) commonalities of the different stations to each agencies, (b) area of
the most affected section of the river and (c) consideration of
the population and numbers of significant commercial and industrial discharges. The samples for the monitoring program for
2009 were collected on the 11th and 24th days of February and
March, and the 1st Wednesday from April to December. The dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature were measured in the
field with portable meters. The water samples were transported
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Joan B. Gorme, Marla C. Maniquiz, Pum Song, Lee-Hyung Kim
a
DO
b BOD
c
TSS
d NO3-N
e
PO4-P
f
g pH
h Temperature
Fig. 3. Water quality of the Pasig River Unified Monitoring Stations (PRUMS) in 2009.
DOI:10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173
Oil and Grease
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The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of Manila, Philippines: Current Status, Management and Future Recovery
were at their maxima during the 1st quarter, with the highest
value obtained at HB during the 1st quarter. During the rainy
months; June to December each year, fish from Laguna de Bay
are carried by the floodwaters to the Pasig River. The flushing effect of the increased water levels in Laguna de Bay increases the
DO content of the river to a level that increases its potential for
some aquaculture activities. Unfortunately, during the dry summer months; March to May, the river is virtually dead due to the
water becoming stagnant with the much reduced flow [3].
TSS levels were noticeably high in SB during the first quarter of 2009. A lot of solid particles were found in water, such as
silt, decaying plants, animal matter, and domestic and industrial
wastes. The majority of the sampling stations reasonably met
the NO3-N criterion, while the PO4-P and oil and grease levels
were markedly high. According to the records, the textile and
food manufacturing industries are the greatest water polluters from the industrial sector. There are approximately 4.4 million people living in the Pasig River catchment area, with only
0.6 million (12%) serviced by the sewerage system that treats
domestic wastewaters before their discharge. Untreated wastewaters from the remaining 88% of the population flow through
canals into viaducts leading into the river. Having a tropical
setting, the water temperature in the sampling stations varied
from 27-29oC throughout the year. Aside from domestic and industrial wastes, solid wastes have contributed to the increase of
pollutants in the Pasig River. Although very little, about 30 t of
BOD per day, solid wastes block the penetration of sunlight to
underwater plant life, the solid waste that sinks to the river bed
suffocates the existing aquatic life.
It is important to mention that the Pasig River is a very poor
and degraded water body that is unable to cope with and balance the rapid urban growth. The water is stagnant, black and
stinking, and the bed seems to be devoid of any slope. The lack of
a sewage system and the overflow of sewage caused by frequent
heavy rain introduce a large amount of sewage in the whole river. The drainage system in river tributaries has been choked due
to high siltation and the dumping of garbage, including nonbiodegradable wastes. Slums are concentrated along the banks
of the river, with wastes from the dwellers aggravating the pollution problems of both the canals and river environment.
Fig. 4. Comparison of the BOD loadings of South Korea and Metro
Manila.
a problem in South Korea. In 1998, the Total Water Pollution Load
Management System (TWPLMS) was implemented as a comprehensive measure to control the quantitative increase of the
pollution load. The TWPLMS set standard for the total amount
of pollutant emissions from business establishments to achieve
a target water quality and secures sustainability in environmental protection, without sacrificing its economic development
[12]. Other watershed management practices were also implemented, such as the designation of buffer zones, a land purchase
system and a water use charge system. A Riparian Buffer Zone
and Land Purchase System were formed by buying, through the
consent and agreement with residents, the lands adjacent to
the watersheds. Following the designation of an area, the discharges from pollutant sources must only be allowed after they
have been processed to attain BOD and SS levels below 10 mg/L.
To raise money to support the water management practices, a
Water Use Charge system was implemented, where the end user
of purified water or water that has been directly collected from
public water must pay a charge for the total amount of water
used. The country strongly focuses on pollution source management, concentrating on industrial wastewater management
and the management of non-point pollution sources. Also, the
country concentrates on preserving and restoring the water ecosystem via ecological stream restoration, as well as lake, estuary
and lagoon water quality management.
The success of its policy making and implementation has allowed the MOE to achieve its goal on restoring the water quality
of its rivers. For Metro Manila, the incessant deterioration of the
water quality of its rivers is an effect of its failure to adopt an
integrated and holistic approach in addressing the inherently
interrelated issues for the development and management planning, implementation and operation of water pollution control,
as well as watershed and groundwater protection. The major
constraints and challenges will be discussed further in the next
section.
3.2. Comparison with South Korea
Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the water qualities of the four
major rivers of South Korea (Han River, Nakdong River, Geum
River and Youngsan River) and the five rivers of Metro Manila
(Marikina River, NMTT River, San Juan River, Parañaque River
and Pasig River) in 2008. The water sources of the four major rivers had BOD levels of 1-2 mg/L, while the Metro Manila Rivers
had average BOD concentrations ranging from 18-45 mg/L. The
rivers of South Korea have passed the Ministry of Environment’s
(MOE) water quality criteria at the level IB grade, classifying its
water ecosystem as being in good condition, with high DO levels and few pollutants, and fit for residential use after a general
purification process. Efforts are still being made by the MOE to
attain the Level IA grade, in which ecosystems are in excellent
condition, with no pollutants and high concentrations of DO.
Conversely, the rivers of Metro Manila have failed to pass the
DENR criteria, being very polluted and incapable of sustaining
aquatic life forms.
The deterioration of water resources as a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth have been
3.3. Challenges of Current Water Management
Even with the management programs and strategies of the
Philippine government, the water quality in the rivers of Metro Manila, specifically the Pasig River, continue to deteriorate.
The problem lies with insufficient funding, which has resulted
in weak institutional implementation, outdated plans and in-
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Joan B. Gorme, Marla C. Maniquiz, Pum Song, Lee-Hyung Kim
vestigations, and the lack of water and sewage infrastructures.
Environmental degradation and water-related disasters have
also affected the water quality of the rivers. The Philippines is
a developing country, and the budget allocated for improving
the water quality of its aquatic ecosystem is insufficient. Support from investors and its residents is a huge factor. Over the
last two decades, capital expenditure on the water and sanitation sector has fluctuated around P3-4 billion a year, which has
been almost entirely allocated to water [13]. The unwillingness
of the users to pay for sanitation services has made it difficult for
the government to expand their investments. Sanitation services
are currently supported by a mandatory environmental charge,
equal to 10% of the water charge, paid by all water consumers.
A sewerage charge of 50% was levied when a household connected to a separate sewerage system. As households are unwilling to pay the additional 50% charge, concessionaires have
failed to meet the connection targets [14]. Because of this, a lot
of discharged wastes are not properly collected and treated. The
budget to construct more and advanced wastewater treatment
facilities has also been insufficient. The riverbanks have become
heavily congested with squatter communities. Efforts from the
government to relocate these illegal settlers have been unsuccessful due to the lack of cooperation and adequate relocation
sites. Many illegal settlers have complained that the relocation
sites were too far away and unable to provide them with a livelihood. Most of the watersheds in the Philippines are in a critical
condition, as manifested from recent and recurring calamities,
such as flashfloods, with the greater frequency of El Nino reducing the water levels in dams. The chronic shortage of water supply in Metro Manila and the countryside has placed increased
recognition of the adverse effects of man’s activities on the watersheds at the forefront, which has caused erosion and siltation
problems in the country’s rivers, lakes and reservoirs [15]. Furthermore, funding for vital research and studies for the creation
of additional water management policies has been insufficient.
without proper treatment. Another factor is the lack of support
from residents living in Metro Manila to cooperate with projects
and mandates. Aside from these factors, natural disasters, such
as floods and droughts, have constantly plagued the country.
The MOE of South Korea has improved the water quality of its
major rivers over the past few years by transforming its previous policies to a more innovative watershed management system by forming partnership with watershed members to finance
government supported projects with watershed management
funds. As a result, the government introduced effective policy
measures to achieve comprehensive watershed management the designation of buffer zones, the land purchase system, the
total pollution load management system, financial support for
the applicable residents, and the water use charge system. In the
Philippines, effective solutions to resolve the conditions of its
water quality management cannot be found without the participation and cooperation of its residents. The government must
be able to build real watershed communities through efforts of
both local government and its watershed members. The government needs to listen to its residents and reflect their opinions
on the government’s watershed management policies; whereas,
the residents should endeavor to resolve their own water resource problems. With that in mind, the residents of Metro Manila would be able to bring back the once pristine waters of the
Pasig River and many other water bodies.
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4. Conclusions
Water is a major constituent of every organism and; thus, the
most important resource to man. Rivers in Metro Manila are not
only a good source of water and food, but also provide access to
trade and transport. Metro Manila, being the Philippines capital
and home to many houses, business establishments and industries, is the most urbanized region in the Philippines. In 1990,
the government declared the Pasig River, the most important
river system in Metro Manila, biologically dead due to the rapid
industrialization and urbanization within the area, which poses
threats to Laguna Bay (the largest freshwater lake in the country) and Manila Bay (the country’s main port of maritime trade
and travel), since it serves as a two-way connector between
these two water bodies. Despite the efforts of the government to
control the water quality of the Pasig River, its condition continues to worsen. The data obtained from the Pasig River indicate
that the target water quality for Class C waters have not been
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quality problems is insufficient government funding. The lack of
monetary resources had resulted in the weak implementation
of government projects. The government has not been able to
provide enough wastewater facilities to treat huge discharges
coming from domestic, industrial and solid wastes, with the
majority of these wastes being discharged directly into the river
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The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of Manila, Philippines: Current Status, Management and Future Recovery
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