(a)
Introductio
n
to
Anatomy
Anatomical
Position
e anatomical position is a
■
■
standardized method of
obse ing or imaging the body
that allows precise and
consistent anatomical
references.
When in the anatomical
position, the subject stands .
standing upright
facing the obse er, head
level
◻
◻
2
Reclining Position
■
■
If the body is lying face down, it is in the
prone position.
If the body is lying face up, it is in the
supine position.
3
Regional Terms
■
Gross Anatomy
◻
◻
e anatomical position
(see right)
Directional and regional
Anterior
Supe icial
terms
Posterior
Deep
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
◻
◻
◻
Cephalic
Ve ebral
oracic
Appendicular
Brachial
Lumbar
Body planes and sections
Anatomical variability
e human body plan
Terms of Direction
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Medial = closer to median plane
Lateral = fu her from median plane
Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
Superior (cephalic) = towards head
Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
Supe icial = towards su ace of body, pa
Deep = towards center of body, pa
Proximal = closer to origin or attachment
Distal = fu her from origin or attachment
Reference Planes of the Body
Cardinal Reference Planes:
ese are three planes that divide body as right/left;
upper/lower & front/back; cross each other over the
center of gravity (COG)
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane – Coronal plane
Transvers Plane – Horizontal plane
Anatomical Planes
■
■
■
Median = ve ical, front to back in midline
Frontal (coronal) = ver tical, perpendicular to
median
Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to f loor,
perpendicular to median, coronal
Planes and Sections
■
■
■
Planes are imagina at su aces that
are used to divide the body or organs
into de nite areas
Principal planes include:
◻ midsagittal (medial) and parasagittal
◻ frontal (coronal)
◻ transverse (cross-sectional or
horizontal)
◻ oblique
Sections
◻ at su aces resulting from cuts
through body structures, named
according to the plane on which the
cut is made (transverse, frontal, and
■
A sagittal plane of
the human body is
an imagina plane
that travels
ve ically from the
top to the bottom
of the body along
the Y axis, dividing
it into left and right
po ions.
Sagittal Plane
■
Sagittal plane
divides the body or an organ
into left and right sides
■ Midsagittal plane
◻ produces equal halves
■ Parasagittal plane
◻ produces unequal halves
◻
14
■
e transverse plane
(also called the
horizontal plane, axial
plane, or transaxial
plane) is an imagina
plane that divides the
body into superior
and inferior pa s. It is
perpendicular to the
coronal and sagittal
planes.
■
■
A coronal plane (also
known as the frontal
plane) is any ve ical
plane that divides the
body into anterior and
posterior (belly and back)
sections.
It is one of the planes of
the body used to
describe the location of
body pa s in relation to
each other.
Other Planes and Sections
■
Frontal or coronal plane
◻
■
divides the body or an organ
into front (anterior) and back
(posterior) po ions
Transverse(cross-sectional) or
horizontal plane
divides the body or an organ
into upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) po ions
■ Oblique plane
◻ some combination of 2 other
planes
◻
17
e cardinal planes of the body.
1- e cardinal sagittal plane, Which is
ve ical plane dividing the body into
equal right and left halves.
Movement in sagittal plane takes place
about a frontal axis.
18
2- e cardinal frontal (coronal) plane,
which is the ve ical plane dividing the
body into equal front and back halves
Movement in a frontal plane takes place
about a sagittal axis
19
■
■
3- e cardinal transverse (horizantal)
plane, which divides the body into equal
upper and lower halves.
Movement in transverse plane takes
place about ve ical axis.
20
Median
plane
Of
body
Of
hand
Of
foot
Sagittal
plane
Transvers
e
plane
Coronal
plane
Coron
al
plane
1.Movement in a sagittal plane about a
frontal
axis
Flexion, in which the angle between the
su aces of two segments decreases as the joint
■
bent.
Extension,
in
which
the
angle
between
the
segments
increases.
It
is
the
opposition
movement to exion
Dorsi
exion,
where
the
foot
is
pulled
up
towards the leg
Plantar
exion,
in
which
the
foot
moves
downwards from the leg.
23
2. Movements in a frontal plane about sagittal axis. Abduction,
in
which
the
segment
moves
away
from
midline
of
the
body
Adduction,
in
which
of
the
body
segment
moves towards the midline of the body.
ulnar
deviation,
in
which
the
hand
moves
in
the direction of the little nger the at the wrist.
radial
deviation,
in
which
the
hand
moves
in
the direction of the thumb at wrist.
24
3- Movements in a horizontal plane about a ve ical
axis.
Medial
(
internal
)
rotation,
in
which
the
anterior
su
ace
of
the
segment
turns
inwards
–
towards
the
midline.
Lateral
(
external)
rotation,
in
which
the
anterior
su
ace
of
the
segment
turns
outwardaway
from
midline.
Rotation to the left or right of the ve ical column
Supination,
in
which
the
hand
is
in
the
anatomical
position with reference to the forearm.
Pronation,
in
which
the
palm
of
the
hand
is
turned
away
from
the
anatomical
position
so
it
now
faces
posteriorly.
25
Circumduction: in which a
combination of the movements, exion,
abduction, extension and adduction is
pe ormed in sequence.
26
Cardinal Reference Planes
PLANE
Sagittal
Axis
Frontal
Movement
Flexion
Extension
FrontalSagittal Abduction
coronal
Adduction
Eversion
inversion
Transvers- Ve ical İnt-Ext rotation
horizonantal
pronation
supination
circumduction
27
Anatomical Planes of Motion and eir Corresponding
Axes of Motion
Plane
Axis
Sagittal
Frontal
FrontalCoronal
Sagittal
Motion
Flexion-Extension
Hyperextension
Plantal Flex.-Dorsi Flex.
Abduction-adduction
Radial deviation (radial
Flex.)
Ulnar deviation (ulnar ex.)
Inversion-eversion
Elevation- depression
Lateral exion to R & L
Anatomical Planes of Motion and eir
Corresponding Axes of Motion (cnt.)
Plane
Axis
Motion
TransversHorizontal
Ve ical
Internal (inward/medial)
External (outward/lateral)
Pronation-supination
Horiz. Abd.(Horiz.extension)
Horiz. Add.(Horiz. Flexion)
Rotation to L &R
All planes
All axes
Cicumduction (all of the
Diagonal P Diagonal axes motion)
Movemet
(front &
(trans.-frontal) (Longitudinal-Ant Diagonal
above)
-pos
■
■
■
Flexion
Bending
movement
that
decreases
the
angle
between two pa s.
Bending.
When
sitting
down,
the
knees
are
exed.
Flexion
of
the
hip
or
shoulder
moves
the
limb
forward
(towards
the
anterior
side
of
the
body).
■
■
■
■
Extension
e
opposite
of
exion;
a
straightening
movement
that
increases
the
angle
between body pa s.
In
a
conventional
handshake,
the
ngers
are fully extended.
When
standing
up,
the
knees are extended.
30
■
■
■
When standing up, the
knees are extended.
Abduction - A motion
that pulls a structure or
pa away from the
midline of the body
Abduction of the wrist is
called radial deviation.
■
■
Adduction - A
motion that pulls a
structure or pa
towards the midline
of the body, or
towards the midline
of a limb.
Adduction of the
wrist is called ulnar
deviation
31
■
■
Internal rotation (or
medial rotation) of the
shoulder or hip would
the exed forearm
inwards (towards the
midline).
External rotation (or
lateral rotation) is the
opposite of the internal
rotation. It would turn
the exed forearm
■
■
■
Elevation Movement in a
superior direction.
Depression Movement in an
inferior direction, the
opposite of elevation.
32
■
■
Special motions of the
hands and feet
e adjective volar, used
mainly in o hopaedics,
is synonymous with
palmar and plantar
■
e dorsum (back) of
the hand
corresponds to the
dorsum (top) of the
foot.
33
■
■
Pronation
A
rotation
of
the
forearm
that
moves
the
palm
from
an
anterior-facing
position
to
a
posterior-facing
position,
or
palm
facing down.
is
is
not
medial
rotation
as
this
must
be
pe
ormed
when
the arm is half exed.
■
■
■
Supination - e
opposite of pronation,
the rotation of the
forearm so that the
palm faces anteriorly,
or palm facing up.
e hand is supine
(facing anteriorly) in
the anatomical
position.
34
■
■
Dorsi exion - Flexion
of the entire foot
superiorly, as if
taking one's foot o
an automobile pedal.
Planta lexion Flexion of the entire
foot inferiorly, as if
pressing an
automobile pedal.
Occurs at ankle.
■
■
Eversion - the
movement of the
sole of the foot away
from the median
plane.
Inversion - the
movement of the
sole towards the
median plane (same
as when an ankle is
35
twisted).
Other special motions motion within body (such
as in blood vessels or thedigestive system)
■
■
■
■
■
Protrusion - e anterior movement of an object.
is term is often applied to the jaw.
Retrusion
e
opposite
of
protrusion,
moving
a
pa posteriorly.
Protraction
Anterior
movement
of
the
arms
at
the shoulders.
Retraction
Posterior
movement
of
the
arms
at
the shoulders
36
Rotation - A motion that occurs when a pa turns on
its axis.
e head rotates on the neck, as in shaking the head
'no'.
Circumduction - e circular (or, more precisely, conical)
movement of a body pa , such as a ball-and-socket
joint.
It consists of a combination of exion, extension,
adduction, and abduction. “rotating the hand from the
wrist are examples of circumductive movement.
Opposition - A motion involving a “grasping motion” of
the thumb and ngers.
37
Reposition - To release an object by spreading the
Body planes and sections
- cut into sections along a at su ace called a plane
(also called coronal)
(also called XS – cross section)
Head
(skull)
e skull consists
of 28 bones (22 not counting the 6 ear bones). All
of the bones are joined by sutures causing them to be rigid
allowing for ve little movement, except for the mandible. At
bi h humans have 45 bones in the skull and many fuse together.
We will only be learning 4 of these bones for sta ers.
Frontal
lobe
Nasal
bone
Maxill
a
Mandibl
e
Chest
e chest area consist of the shoulder girdle and the spine and ribs.
e spine is made of 26 ve ebrae. ere are 24 ribs.
Clavicle
Scapula
Ribs
Sternu
m
Ve ebra
e
Rear view
Humerus bone connects to the scapula of the
shoulder girdle and is above your elbow. e
ulna and radius are below elbow. e elbow is
the end of the ulna and radius
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Arm
Hand
Radius
Ulna
e hand consists of 27
bones. 8 wrist bones
called carpals, 5 hand
bones called metacarpals,
and 14 nger bones
called phalanges.
Carpals
Metacarpal
s
Phalanges
Leg
Pelvis
Femur
Patell
a
Tibia
Fibula
e lower po ion of the
body consists of the
pelvis and leg and feet
bones. e femur is the
biggest bone in the
human body. e
patella is the kneecap.
To remember which
bone is the tibia and
bula I say that the
bula bs, or fools, you
into thinking it’s the
bigger bone by having
the longer name, but it
is not it is the smaller if
the two.
Feet
Phalanges
Metatarsal
s
Tarsal
Calcaneus
Your feet take a great
amount of pressure
from suppo ing up
your entire body.
ere are 26 bones in
each foot. Just like in
the hands the feet
have 6, not 8 like the
hand, ankle bones
called the tarsal, 5 foot
bones called
metatarsals, and 14
toe bones once again
called phalanges. e
calcaneus is your heel
bone.
Joint Movements
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Flexion/Extension: elbow, knee
Hyperextension: hand at wrist
Dorsi exion/Plantar exion: foot at ankle
Abduction/adduction:
limbs
away
and
toward
trunk
midline
Rotation:
moving
a
pa
around
an
axis,
maximally
at
90o
o circle that is
Circumduction:
moving
a
pa
in
a
360
anchored in a ball-and-socket joint
Supination/Pronation:
“thumbs up” so that palm
faces
anterioly;
“thumbs down” so that palm faces
posteriorly
Eversion/Inversion:
sole
faces
laterally
outward
and
periphally v. sole faces laterally inward and medially
■
■
Joint Movements
Flexion:
bending
at
a
joint
decreasing
the
angle,
Ex:
bending
the
lower
leg
at
the
knee
Extension:
straightening
a
joint
increasing
the
angle,
Ex:
straightening
the
leg
at
the
knee
Joint Movements
■
■
Hyperextension:
excess
extension
beyond
anatomical
position
Ex: bending
the head
back
Joint Movements
■
■
Dorsi exion:
bending the
foot upward
at the ankle
Plantar
exion:
bending the
foot
downward
at the ankle
Joint Movements
■
■
Abduction:
moving a pa
away from
midline, Ex:
lifting the arm
at the
shoulder
Adduction:
moving a pa
toward
midline, Ex:
lowering the
arm at the
■
■
Joint
Movements
Rotation:
moving a pa
around an axis,
ex: twisting the
head from side
to side
Circumduction:
moving a pa
so the end
moves in a
circular path,
ex: moving the
nger in a
circle without
Joint Movements
■
■
Supinatio
n: turning
the palm
upward
Pronation:
turning
the palm
downward
■
■
■
Joint
Movements
Eversion:
turning the
foot so the
sole faces
laterally
Inversion:
turning the
foot so the
sole faces
medially
Protraction:
moving a pa
forward
Latin
and
Greek
Pre
xes
and
Su
xes
(http://www.technion.ac.il/~medicine/Students/latin&Greekpre xes.html )
Acroextremity.
Acrophobia
is
a
fear
of
heights.
Adenogland.
Adenoid
is
a
lymph
gland
found
in
the
nasopha
nx.
Albawhite.
Albinsm
is
the
white
appearance
of
skin
lacking
melanin.
Algiapain.
Neuroalgia
is
a
pain
following
the
course
of
a
ne
e.
Angivessel.
Angioplasty
is
the
repair
of
a
blood
vessel.
AAutohro-self.
joint.Autolysis
A hritisis isthethedestruction
in ammation
of
skeletal
joints.
of body cells by bodily enzymes.
Bioliving.
Biology
is
the
study
of
living
organisms.
Blastgerm,
bud.
Osteoblast
is
the
germ
of
a
bone
cell.
Blephareyelid.
A
blepharoplasty
is
eyelid
surge
.
Brachiarm.
e
brachialis
muscle
moves
the
arm.
Bronchotrachea,
windpipe.
Bronchitis
is
the
in
ammation
of
the
respirato
system.
Bucc- cheek. e buccinator muscle is in the cheek.
Capithead.
De-capitate
means
"O
With
the
Head!"
Carcincancer.
A
carcinogen
is
a
substance
which
triggers
cancer
formation.
Cardiahea
.
Cardiologist
is
a
hea
specialist.
Cephalhead.
Cephalon
is
another
term
for
the
brain.
(see
capit-)
Cerebrobrain.
Cerebrospinal
uid
(CSF)
is
uid
circulating
within
the
brain
and
spinal
cord.
Cholebile,
gall.
Cholecestectomy
is
removal
of
the
gallbladder.
Chondroca
ilage.
A
chondrocyte
is
a
ca
ilage
cell.
Chromacolor.
Chromosomes
are
so
named
because
they
took
color
easily
when
dye
is
added
t
aCilicell.eyelash.
Supercilia
are
eyebrows
-the
hairs
above
the
eyelashes.
Corpusbody.
Corpus
albicans
is
the
white
body
inside
an
ova
.
Corona
Crown.
Corona
a
eries
supply
blood
to
the
hea
muscle
run
along
the
hea
,
encirclin
itcoronal
like a crown.
e
corona
ligaments
of
the
liver
(which
encircle
the
liver
like
a
crown),
the
suture
and
the
corona
of
the
glans
penis,
all
structures
which
encircle
something
(like
a
crown).
Costrib.
Costal
ca
ilages
attach
ribs
to
the
sternum.
Cut- skin. Cutaneous tissue is skin tissue. Cystisac,
bladder.
Cyto- cell. Cytology is the study of cells.
Dactyldigits.
Polydactylism
is
the
presence
of
more
ngers
than
is
normal.
Dermaskin.
Dermatologists
are
skin
specialists.
(see
cut-)
Dura- tough, hard. Dura mater is the tough covering around the brain and spinal cord.
Enterointestine.
Enteritis
is
in
ammation
of
the
intestines.
E thro- red. E throcytes are red blood cells.
Galactomilk.Galactose-Milk
Sugur;
Galactosemia
is
the
lack
of
ability
to
digest
one
of
milk'
s
sugars.
Gastrostomach,
belly.
Gastric
juices
are
produced
in
the
stomach.
Glossotongue.
Hypoglossal
means
"below
the
tongue".
Glyco- sugar. Glycosuria is sugar in the urine.
Hemablood.
Hemaglobin
is
a
large
molecule
of
the
red
blood
cell.
Hepatoliver.
e
hepatic
vein
drains
blood
away
from
the
liver.
Hyster- uterus. Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.
Ileoileum.
Pa
of
the
small
intestine.
Ilio- ilium. Pa of the hip bone.
Lach
tears.
Lacrimal
glands
secrete
tears.
Leukowhite.
Leukocytes
are
white
cells
of
the
blood.
(see
alba-)
Linguatongue.
Sublingual
glands
are
beneath
the
tongue.
(see
glosso-)
Lipofat.
Liposuction
is
the
removal
of
fat
by
suction
tube.
Lithstone.
Shock
wave
lithotripsy
is
a
treatment
for
breaking
up
kidney
stones.
Lumbo- lower back. Lumbar ve ebrae are located in the lower back.
Maculspot,
blotch.
e
macula
lutea
is
a
spot
on
the
retina
of
an
eyeball.
Mammbreast.
Mammogram
is
a
picture
of
a
breast,
usually
a
female
breast.
Mastbreast.
Aren'
t
we
showing
our
obsession
with
breasts?
Meningomembrane.
Meninges
are
the
coverings
of
the
brain
and
spinal
cord.
Metrouterus.
Endometrium
is
the
inner
lining
of
the
uterus.
(see
hystero-)
Morphoshape.
Endomorphs
are
people
whose
physical
shape
extends
to
the
limits
of
human
dimension.
Myelo- spinal cord. Poliomyelitis is in ammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Myo- muscle. Myo-cardiac infarction is a problem with the hea muscle.
Necrodeath.
Necrosis
is
death
of
cell
tissue.
Nephrokidney.
Nephrons
are
the
functional
units
of
a
kidney.
Neuro- ne e. Neurons are individual ne e cells.
Oculoeye.
An
oculist
supplies
eyeglasses.
Odonttooth.
Othodontics
refers
to
repair
of
teeth.
Oncotumour.
Oncology
is
not
doctors
wearing
pagers;
it
is
the
study
of
cancerous
tumours.
Ophthalmeye.
Ophthalmology
is
the
study
of
eye
and
its
diseases.
Oromouth.
e
oral
cavity
is
the
other
name
for
the
mouth.
Orchidotesticle.
Orchidectomy
is
removal
of
a
testicle.
Osse-,
Osteobone.
Osteoporosis
is
porosity
of
bone.
Oto- ear. Otosclerosis is the formation of bone in the ear.Otomycosis-fungal infection in ear
Pathodisease.
Pathogens
are
agents
which
cause
disease.
Pepsdigestion.
Pepsin
is
an
enzyme
found
in
the
digestive
system.
Phagoeat.
Phagocytes
are
cells
(cyto-)
which
eat
foreign
material.
Philolove,
to
have
an
a
nity
for.
Hydrophilic
molecules
are
attracted
to
water
(hydro-)
Phlebvein.
Phlebitis
is
in
ammation
of
the
veins.
Phrendiaphragm.
Phrenic
refers
to
a
diaphragm.
Pneumolung.
Pneumonia
is
a
disease
of
the
lungs.
Pulmolung.
Are
lungs
related
to
breasts?
Pyo- pus. Pyruria is pus in the urine.
Renkidney.
Renal
a
e
supplies
blood
to
the
kidney.
Rhin- nose. Rhinoplasty is a nose job
Sclerhard.
Atherosclerosis
is
hardening
of
the
a
eries.
(see
dura-)
Stasis- stand still. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining constant conditions within the bo
rombclot,
lump.
rombosis
refers
to
a
clot
in
the
hea
or
blood
vessel.
Trich- hair. Trichosis is a disease of the hair.
Vasvessel,
duct.
Vas
deferens
is
the
vessel
which
carries
sperm
from
the
epididymus.
Viscer- organ. Visceral refers to organs.
Zoo- animal. Zoology refers to the study of animals.