1. Allegory: A story, poem, or picture
that can be interpreted to reveal a
hidden meaning, typically a moral or
political one Example: "Animal
Farm" by George Orwell, where
farm animals symbolize political
figures and events
2.
3.
Alliteration: Repetition of the
same initial consonant sound in
neighboring words Example: "Sally
sells seashells by the seashore "
Allusion: A brief and indirect
reference to a person, place, thing,
or idea of historical, cultural,
literary, or political significance
Example: "He's a real Romeo with
the ladies "
4.
Antagonist: A character or force
that opposes the protagonist
Example: Darth Vader in Star Wars
5.
Archetype: A recurring symbol,
character, or theme in literature, art,
or mythology that represents a
universal pattern of human nature
Example: The Hero's Journey, seen
in stories like "The Odyssey "
6.
7.
Assonance: Repetition of vowel
sounds within nearby words
Example: "The rain in Spain falls
mainly on the plain "
Atmosphere: The mood or
feeling created in a literary work
Example: The eerie atmosphere in
Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale
Heart "
8.
Audience: The intended
readership for a piece of writing
Example: A children's book targets a
young audience
9.
Blank Verse: Unrhymed lines of
iambic pentameter, commonly used
in Shakespearean plays Example:
"To be or not to be, that is the
question "
10. Characterization: The process of
developing and portraying a
character Example: Describing a
character's traits, actions, and
thoughts in a novel
11.
Climax: The turning point in a
narrative, usually the highest point
of tension Example: The final battle
in "Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hallows "
12. Conflict: A struggle between
opposing forces, driving the plot
Example: Man vs Nature in "The
Old Man and the Sea "
13. Consonance: Repetition of
consonant sounds, not just at the
beginning of words Example: "The
ship has sailed to the far-off shores
"
14.
Contrast: Highlighting the
differences between two things
Example: Contrasting light and dark
imagery in a poem
15.
Couplets: Two consecutive lines
of poetry that rhyme Example:
"Shall I compare thee to a summer's
day? Thou art more lovely and more
temperate "
famous "To be or not to be"
soliloquy
23.
Elegy: A poem or song
expressing sorrow or lamentation,
often for someone who has died
Example: Thomas Gray's "Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard "
16.
Denouement: The resolution or
conclusion of a story Example: The
explanation of mysteries at the end
of a detective novel
17.
Diction: The choice and use of
words and phrases in speech or
writing Example: Using formal
diction in a business presentation
24.
Epic: A long narrative poem,
typically centered around heroic
deeds and adventures Example:
Homer's "The Iliad "
18.
Denotation: The literal or
primary meaning of a word, without
emotional or cultural associations
Example: The denotation of "home"
is a place where one lives
25.
Fables: Short stories featuring
animals or inanimate objects with
human qualities, conveying moral
lessons Example: Aesop's fables
like "The Tortoise and the Hare "
19.
Connotation: The emotional or
cultural associations attached to a
word, beyond its literal definition
Example: "Home" might have
connotations of warmth and
comfort
20.
Claim: A statement or assertion
that one believes to be true
Example: The claim that regular
exercise improves overall health
21.
Counterclaim/Argument: A claim
made to rebut a previous claim
Example: In a debate, presenting a
counterclaim to challenge an
opponent's argument
22.
Monologue: An extended
speech delivered by one speaker in
a conversation Example: Hamlet's
26. Foreshadowing: A literary device
hinting at events to come in a story
Example: A character's ominous
dream foreshadowing future
challenges
27.
Genre: A category or type of
literature, art, or music
characterized by a specific form,
style, or content Example: Mystery
is a genre with a focus on solving
crimes
28.
Hyperbole: Exaggerated
statements or claims not meant to
be taken literally Example: "I'm so
hungry I could eat a horse "
29.
Imagery: The use of vivid
language that appeals to the senses
to create mental images Example:
"The sun set, painting the sky with
hues of orange and pink "
Example: "Weird Al" Yankovic's
song parodies
30.
Irony: A literary device
where there is a discrepancy
between expectation and reality
Example: The irony of a fire station
burning down
38.
Parallelism: Repetition of
grammatical structure for balance
and emphasis Example: "Like
father, like son "
31.
32.
Metaphor: A figure of speech
comparing two unlike things
without using "like" or "as "
Example: "Time is a thief "
Mood: The emotional
atmosphere created by a work of
literature Example: The eerie mood
in a horror story
39.
Personification: Giving
human characteristics to non-human
entities Example: "The wind
whispered through the trees "
40.
Plot: The sequence of
events in a story Example: The
rising action, climax, and resolution
in a mystery novel
41.
33.
Motif: A recurring theme,
subject, or idea in literature
Example: The motif of revenge in
Shakespeare's plays
34.
Myth: A traditional story
explaining cultural beliefs or natural
phenomena Example: Greek myths
like the tale of Hercules
35.
Onomatopoeia: Words that
imitate the sound they describe
Example: "Buzz" or "Boom "
36.
Paradox: A statement that
appears contradictory but holds
some truth Example: "Less is more
"
37.
Parody: Imitation of a style or
work for humorous or satirical effect
POV (Point of View): The
perspective from which a story is
told Example: First-person POV
narrates from a character's
standpoint
42. Prose: Ordinary language without
metrical structure, as opposed to
poetry Example: Most novels and
essays are written in prose
43.
Voice: The distinctive style or
tone of a writer Example: J K
Rowling's voice in the Harry Potter
series
44.
Protagonist: The main
character in a story Example: Harry
Potter is the protagonist of the
series
45.
Rhetoric: The art of persuasive
language and communication
Example: Using rhetorical devices in
a speech to sway opinions
54.
46.
Sarcasm: Mocking or
ironic remarks, often with a sharp
edge Example: "Nice job," said with
a tone of disbelief
Theme: Central idea or message
in a work of literature Example: The
theme of love and sacrifice in
"Romeo and Juliet "
55.
Time: The chronological setting
or duration of events in a story
Example: A story spanning decades
explores the theme of time
47.
Satire: Using humor, irony, or
ridicule to criticize or mock people
or society Example: "Animal Farm"
satirizes political systems
48.
Simple: Clear and
uncomplicated language or ideas
Example: Simple instructions for
assembling furniture
49.
Soliloquy: A character
speaking their thoughts aloud when
alone Example: Hamlet's famous
soliloquy, "To be or not to be "
56.
Pun: A play on words with
a double meaning Example: "Time
flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a
banana "
Seven Principles for Teaching All Children to
Read in a Global Society
1. Teach with a comprehensive and
balanced approach to reading and
writing.
50.
Sonnet: A -line poem
with a specific rhyme scheme
Example: Shakespearean sonnets
like "Sonnet " ("Shall I compare
thee to a summer's day?")
2. Foster opportunities for readers to learn
from texts:
51.
4. Use assessment judiciously and
strategically to inform instruction.
52.
53.
Stanza: A group of lines in a
poem, separated by a space
Example: A quatrain is a four-line
stanza
Subplot: A secondary plot in a
story that runs parallel to the main
plot Example: Romantic subplot in
an adventure novel
Symbolism: The use of symbols
to represent ideas or qualities
Example: A dove symbolizing peace
3. Build on children’s home, community,
and cultural experiences and knowledge.
5. Create opportunities for language
development
6. Design a whole-child approach to literacy
across environments
7. Develop and support excellent teachers.
Contextual Learning Strategies in
Practice
Why use a contextual learning
approach?
1. Design with the most Relevant
Approach in mind: Choose the best
way to teach based on what needs
to be learned, like facts or skills
1. Pedagogical theory:
Contextual learning activities are
aligned with the mainstream
pedagogical body of knowledge,
including Motivation Theories, Social
Learning Theories, Problem-centered
Learning and modern psychological
and physiological research around how
human brains learn
2. Design for Effectiveness:
Teach not just the basics but how to
use them in real situations
3. Design for Transference: Help
people use what they know in new
places, not just one specific
situation
4. Design with Social Conciousness:
Respect everyone's background
when teaching to fit different
cultures and beliefs
5. Design Iteratively ( Step-by-Step
Learning): Teach big tasks first,
then break them into smaller steps
Repeat for better understanding
6. Design for Groups (Team Learning):
Learn together as a group, like in
real life, where everyone helps each
other
7. Design assessments appropriately:
Show What You Know: Test based
on real-world tasks, not just
remembering things, so people can
use what they learned at work
2. “Real world” application: Rather
than teach for the abstract or
theoretical world, using contextual
learning strategies helps companies
prepare their employees to take on
real-world challenges that their staff
faces in the workplace
3. Specificity: Because the contextual
learning approach to training a
workforce relies on “context”,
trainers can offer content built to
deal with company-specific context
in mind
4. Speed: By focusing on the “big
picture first” (more on this later),
this training approach trains
employees much quicker than the
traditional
“crawl…toddle…walk…run”
approach