Pharmacology RNSG 1301 EPCC: EXAM
1 Questions And Answers
Biotechnology - Correct Answer-process that may involve manipulating
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and recombining genes into
hybrid molecules that can be inserted into living organisms (often Escherichia coli
bacteria) and repeatedly reproduced
Brand (trade) name - Correct Answer-manufacturer's chosen name for a drug, which is
protected by a patent
Controlled substances: - Correct Answer-drugs that are categorized by federal law
according to therapeutic usefulness and potential for abuse; also known as scheduled
drugs
Generic name - Correct Answer-chemical or official name of the drug that is
independent of the manufacturer and often indicates the drug group
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs - Correct Answer-medications available for purchase
without a prescription
Pharmacoeconomics - Correct Answer-costs of drug therapy, including costs of
purchasing, dispensing, storage, administration, and laboratory and other tests used to
monitor patient responses; also considers losses due to expiration
Pharmacogenomics (also known as pharmacogenetics) - Correct Answer-study of how
a person's genetic heritage leads to variable responses to drugs; more generally refers
to genetic polymorphisms that occur in a patient population, such as an ethnic group, as
opposed to an individual person
Pharmacotherapy - Correct Answer-use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs,
symptoms, and disease processes
Placebo - Correct Answer-inert substance containing no medication and given to
reinforce a person's expectation to improve
Prescription drugs - Correct Answer-medications that are ordered in writing by a
licensed health care provider
Prototype - Correct Answer-often the first drug of a particular drug class to be
developed; usually the standard against which newer, similar drugs are compared
Drug classification - Correct Answer-Drugs are classified according to their effects on
particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics. For
example, morphine can be classified as a central nervous system depressant and a
narcotic or opioid analgesic.
The nurse is caring for a woman who has strong beliefs about not putting anything
unnatural into her body. It is most accurate to say that most modern medications are Correct Answer-Synthetic products manufactured in laboratories
The nurse is taking care of a man who is confused about the different medications he is
prescribed. He notes that some of the drug names have changed over the course of
time he has been taking them. When counseling him, it is most important to keep the
following statement in mind - Correct Answer-A prototype drug is the standard by which
similar drugs are compared.
Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule I) - Correct Answer-Drugs that have no
accepted medical use, have lack of accepted safety, and have high abuse potentials:
heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine
(MDMA or ecstasy), mescaline, and peyote.
Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule II) - Correct Answer-Drugs that are
used medically and have high abuse potentials: opioid analgesics (e.g., codeine,
hydromorphone, methadone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone), central nervous
system (CNS) stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine), and barbiturate sedativehypnotics (e.g., pentobarbital).
Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule III) - Correct Answer-Drugs with less
potential for abuse than those in Schedules I and II, but abuse of which may lead to
psychological or physical dependence: androgens and anabolic steroids, some
depressants (e.g., ketamine, pentobarbital), some CNS stimulants (e.g.,
methylphenidate), and mixtures containing small amounts of controlled substances
(e.g., codeine, barbiturates not listed in other schedules). These drugs and substances
have an accepted medical use in the United States.
Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule IV) - Correct Answer-Drugs with an
accepted medical use in the United States but with some potential for abuse:
benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, lorazepam), other sedative-hypnotics (e.g.,
phenobarbital, chloral hydrate), and some prescription appetite suppressants (e.g.,
phentermine).
Categories of Controlled Substances (Schedule V) - Correct Answer-Products
containing moderate amounts of controlled substances. They may be dispensed by the
pharmacist 2without 2a 2physician's 2prescription 2but 2with 2some 2restrictions 2regarding
2amount, 2record 2keeping, 2and 2other 2safeguards. 2Included 2are 2cough 2suppressants
2containing 2small 2amounts 2of 2codeine 2and 2antidiarrheal 2drugs, 2such 2as 2diphenoxylate
2and 2atropine 2(Lomotil).
What 2does 2the 2DEA 2do? 2- 2Correct 2Answer-The 2Drug 2Enforcement 2Administration
2(DEA) 2enforces 2the 2Controlled 2Substances 2Act. 2Individual 2people 2and 2companies
2legally 2empowered 2to 2handle 2controlled 2substances 2must 2register 2with 2the 2DEA, 2keep
2accurate 2records 2of 2all 2transactions, 2and 2provide 2for 2secure 2storage. 2The 2DEA 2assigns
2prescribers 2a 2number, 2which 2they 2must 2include 2on 2all 2prescriptions 2they 2write 2for 2a
2controlled 2substance.
Medication-assisted 2treatment 2(MAT) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-An 2approach 2known 2as
2medication-assisted 2treatment 2(MAT) 2may 2be 2used 2in 2the 2management 2of 2substance
2abuse 2disorders. 2MAT 2involves 2the 2use 2of 2FDA-approved 2medications 2in 2combination
2with 2counseling 2and 2behavioral 2therapies.
FDA 2- 2Correct 2Answer-The 2FDA 2is 2responsible 2for 2ensuring 2that 2new 2drugs 2are 2safe
2and 2effective 2before 2approving 2the 2drugs 2and 2allowing 2them 2to 2be 2marketed. 2The 2FDA
2reviews 2research 2studies 2(usually 2conducted 2or 2sponsored 2by 2pharmaceutical
2companies) 2about 2proposed 2new 2drugs; 2the 2organization 2does 2not 2test 2the 2drugs.
Drug 2Testing 2Procedure 2- 2Correct 2Answer-In 2Phase 21, 2a 2few 2doses 2are 2given 2to 2a
2certain 2number 2of 2healthy 2volunteers 2to 2determine 2safe 2dosages, 2routes 2of
2administration, 2absorption, 2metabolism, 2excretion, 2and 2toxicity. 2In 2Phase 22, 2a 2few
2doses 2are 2given 2to 2a 2certain 2number 2of 2subjects 2with 2the 2disease 2or 2symptom 2for
2which 2the 2drug 2is 2being 2studied, 2and 2responses 2are 2compared 2with 2those 2of 2healthy
2subjects. 2In 2Phase 23, 2the 2drug 2is 2given 2to 2different 2populations 2and 2different 2dosages
2and 2by 2using 2the 2drug 2in 2combination 2with 2other 2drugs. 2In 2double-blind, 2placebocontrolled 2designs, 2half 2of 2the 2subjects 2receive 2the 2new 2drug 2and 2half 2receive 2a
2placebo 2(an 2inactive 2substance 2similar 2in 2appearance 2to 2the 2actual 2drug), 2with 2neither
2subjects 2nor 2researchers 2knowing 2who 2receives 2which 2formulation. 2In 2crossover
2studies, 2subjects 2serve 2as 2their 2own 2control; 2each 2subject 2receives 2the 2experimental
2drug 2during 2half 2of 2the 2study 2and 2a 2placebo 2during 2the 2other 2half. 2Other 2research
2methods 2include 2control 2studies 2in 2which 2some 2patients 2receive 2a 2known 2drug 2rather
2than 2a 2placebo; 2in 2subject 2matching, 2patients 2are 2paired 2with 2other 2individuals 2of
2similar 2characteristics. 2Phase 23 2studies 2help 2determine 2whether 2the 2potential 2benefits
2of 2the 2drug 2outweigh 2the 2risks. 2Testing 2may 2be 2stopped 2during 2any 2of 2the 2early
2phases 2if 2inadequate 2effectiveness 2or 2excessive 2toxicity 2becomes 2evident. 2In 2Phase 24,
2the 2FDA 2allows 2the 2drug 2to 2be 2marketed 2a
Approval 2of 2Prescription 2and 2Nonprescription 2Drugs 2- 2Correct 2Answer-The 2FDA's
2CDER 2approves 2many 2new 2prescription 2drugs 2annually, 2and 2it 2also 2approves 2drugs
2for 2OTC 2availability. 2With 2prescription 2drugs, 2a 2health 2care 2professional 2diagnoses 2the
2condition, 2often 2with 2the 2help 2of 2laboratory 2and 2other 2diagnostic 2tests, 2and 2determines
2a 2need 2for 2the 2drug. 2With 2OTC 2drugs, 2the 2consumer 2must 2make 2these 2decisions, 2with
or 2without 2consultation 2with 2a 2health 2care 2provider. 2The 2CDER 2handles 2the 2transfer 2of
2drugs 2from 2prescription 2to 2OTC 2status 2and 2may 2require 2additional 2clinical 2trials 2to
2determine 2the 2safety 2and 2effectiveness 2of 2OTC 2use.
2
In 2understanding 2the 2use 2of 2controlled 2substances 2for 2patients, 2it 2is 2important 2that 2the
2nurse 2knows 2that 2controlled 2drugs 2are 2- 2Correct 2Answer-scheduled 2according 2to
2medical 2use 2and 2potential 2for 2abuse
A 2patient 2is 2asking 2what 2the 2difference 2is 2between 2a 2prescription 2for 2800 2mg 2of 2a
2medication 2that 2can 2be 2purchased 2on 2an 2OTC 2basis 2as 2a 2200-mg 2tablet. 2To 2address
2this 2issue, 2it 2is 2important 2that 2the 2nurse 2knows 2that 2OTC 2drugs 2- 2Correct 2Answer-often
2differ 2in 2indications 2for 2use 2and 2recommended 2dosages 2from 2their 2prescription
2versions
Rights 2of 2Medication 2Administration 2(The 210 2rights 2of 2medication 2administration) 22Correct 2Answer-The 210 2rights 2of 2medication 2administration 2include 2the: 2right 2drug, 2
right 2dose, 2
right 2patient, 2
right 2route, 2
right 2time, 2
right 2reason,
2right 2documentation, 2
right 2patient 2education, 2
right 2evaluation, 2and 2right 2to 2refuse 2the 2medication. 2These 2rights 2are 2goals 2of 2the
2medication 2administration 2process, 2and 2discussion 2of 2the 2effort 2to 2reduce 2medication
2errors 2and 2harm 2has 2expanded 2over 2the 2years. 2However, 2the 2focus 2on 2rights 2has
2been 2on 2the 2nurse 2and 2not 2the 2system 2in 2which 2medication 2administration 2takes
2place.
Error-reduction 2strategies 2during 2medication 2administration 2include 2the 2following: 22Correct 2Answer--Having 2a 2"quiet 2zone" 2to 2prepare 2medications
-Placing 2"quiet 2zone" 2signs 2at 2the 2entrance 2to 2the 2medication 2room 2or 2above 2the
2automated 2medication-dispensing 2system
-Following 2protocols 2and 2checklist 2outlining 2medication 2administration
-Wearing 2a 2sash 2or 2vest 2to 2signal 2others 2to 2avoid 2interrupting 2the 2nurse 2during
2medication 2administration
-Educating 2staff 2to 2reduce 2interruptions 2of 2nurses 2administering 2medications
-Having 2a 2drug 2guide 2available 2during 2drug 2administration
The 2Quality 2and 2Safety 2Education 2for 2Nurses 2(QSEN) 2project 2Competencies 2and
2Definitions 2- 2Correct 2Answer-PATIENT-CENTERED 2CARE-Recognize 2the 2patient 2or
designee 2as 2the 2source 2of 2control 2and 2full 2partner 2in 2providing 2compassionate 2and
2coordinated 2care 2based 2on 2respect 2for 2patient's 2preferences, 2values, 2and 2needs.
2
TEAMWORK 2AND 2COLLABORATION-Function 2effectively 2within 2nursing 2and 2interprofessional 2teams, 2fostering 2open 2communication, 2mutual 2respect, 2and 2shared
2decision-making 2to 2achieve 2quality 2patient 2care.
EVIDENCE-BASED 2PRACTICE 2(EBP)-Integrate 2best 2current 2evidence 2with 2clinical
2expertise 2and 2patient/family 2preferences 2and 2values 2for 2delivery 2of 2optimal 2health
2care.
QUALITY 2IMPROVEMENT 2(QI)-Use 2data 2to 2monitor 2the 2outcomes 2of 2care 2processes
2and 2use 2improvement 2methods 2to 2design 2and 2test 2changes 2to 2continuously 2improve
2the 2quality 2and 2safety 2of 2health 2care 2systems.
SAFETY-Minimizes 2risk 2of 2harm 2to 2patients 2and 2providers 2through 2both 2system
2effectiveness 2and 2individual 2performance.
INFORMATICS-Use 2information 2and 2technology 2to 2communicate, 2manage 2knowledge,
2mitigate 2error, 2and 2support 2decision 2making.
A 2man 2is 2very 2upset 2with 2a 2drug 2recall 2of 2a 2medication 2he 2has 2been 2taking 2for 2a 2long
2time. 2He 2states 2that 2he 2feels 2like 2he 2can 2no 2longer 2trust 2anyone 2to 2protect 2him. 2In
2response 2to 2his 2questions 2about 2the 2process 2of 2drug 2development, 2it 2is 2important 2to
2know 2that 2with 2a 2new 2drug, 2the 2U.S. 2Food 2and 2Drug 2Administration 2(FDA) 2is
2responsible 2for? 2- 2Correct 2Answer-evaluating 2the 2drug 2for 2safety 2and 2effectiveness
SOURCES 2OF 2DRUG 2INFORMATION 2- 2Correct 2Answer-Sources 2of 2drug 2information
2include 2pharmacology 2and 2other 2textbooks, 2drug 2reference 2books, 2journal 2articles,
2point-of-care 2references, 2and 2Internet 2sites. 2Textbooks 2provide 2information 2regarding
2groups 2of 2drugs 2in 2relation 2to 2therapeutic 2uses. 2Drug 2reference 2books 2and 2point-ofcare 2referencing 2tools 2are 2most 2helpful 2concerning 2individual 2drugs. 2Two 2authoritative
2sources 2are 2(1) 2the 2American 2Hospital 2Formulary 2Service, 2published 2by 2the 2American
2Society 2of 2Health-System 2Pharmacists 2and 2updated 2periodically, 2and 2(2) 2Drug 2Facts
2and 2Comparisons, 2published 2by 2the 2Facts 2and 2Comparisons 2division 2of 2Wolters
2Kluwer/Lippincott 2Williams 2& 2Wilkins 2and 2updated 2monthly 2(loose-leaf 2edition) 2or
2annually 2(hardbound 2edition). 2A 2less 2authoritative 2source 2is 2the 2Physicians' 2Desk
2Reference, 2published 2yearly, 2which 2compiles 2manufacturers' 2package 2inserts 2for
2selected 2drugs.
Absorption 2- 2Correct 2Answer-process 2that 2occurs 2from 2the 2time 2a 2drug 2enters 2the 2body
2to 2the 2time 2it 2enters 2the 2bloodstream 2to 2be 2circulated
Agonist 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drug 2that 2produces 2effects 2similar 2to 2those 2produced 2by
2naturally 2occurring 2hormones, 2neurotransmitters, 2and 2other 2substances
Antagonist 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drug 2that 2inhibits 2cell 2function 2by 2occupying 2receptor 2sites
Antidote 2- 2Correct 2Answer-substance 2that 2relieves, 2prevents, 2or 2counteracts 2the 2effect
2of 2a 2poison
Bioavailability 2- 2Correct 2Answer-portion 2of 2a 2drug 2dose 2that 2reaches 2the 2systemic
2circulation 2and 2is 2available 2to 2act 2on 2body 2cells
Distribution 2- 2Correct 2Answer-transport 2of 2drug 2molecules 2within 2the 2body; 2after 2a 2drug
2is 2injected 2or 2absorbed 2into 2the 2bloodstream, 2it 2is 2carried 2by 2the 2blood 2and 2tissue
2fluids 2to 2its 2sites 2of 2action, 2metabolism, 2and 2excretion
Biotransformation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-when 2drugs 2are 2altered 2from 2their 2original 2form
2into 2a 2new 2form 2by 2the 2body; 2also 2referred 2to 2as 2metabolism
Enterohepatic 2recirculation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2or 2metabolites 2that 2are 2excreted 2in
2bile, 2reabsorbed 2from 2the 2small 2intestine, 2returned 2to 2the 2liver, 2metabolized, 2and
2eventually 2excreted 2in 2urine
Enzyme 2induction 2- 2Correct 2Answer-production 2of 2larger 2amounts 2of 2drug-metabolizing
2enzymes 2by 2liver 2cells; 2process 2accelerates 2drug 2metabolism 2because 2larger 2amounts
2of 2the 2enzymes 2(and 2more 2binding 2sites) 2allow 2larger 2amounts 2of 2a 2drug 2to 2be
2metabolized 2during 2a 2given 2time
Enzyme 2inhibition 2- 2Correct 2Answer-process 2in 2which 2a 2molecule 2binds 2to 2enzymes
2and 2inhibits 2their 2activity
Excretion 2- 2Correct 2Answer-elimination 2of 2a 2drug 2from 2the 2body; 2effective 2excretion
2requires 2adequate 2functioning 2of 2the 2circulatory 2system 2and 2of 2the 2organs 2of 2excretion
2(kidneys, 2bowel, 2lungs, 2and 2skin)
First-pass 2effect 2- 2Correct 2Answer-initial 2metabolism 2of 2some 2oral 2drugs 2as 2they 2are
2carried 2from 2the 2intestine 2to 2the 2liver 2by 2the 2portal 2circulatory 2system 2prior 2to 2reaching
2the 2systemic 2circulation 2for 2distribution 2to 2site 2of 2action
Hypersensitivity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-immune-mediated 2reaction 2to 2a 2drug
Loading 2dose 2- 2Correct 2Answer-dose 2larger 2than 2the 2regular 2prescribed 2daily 2dosage
2of 2a 2medication; 2used 2to 2attain 2a 2therapeutic 2blood 2level
Maintenance 2dose 2- 2Correct 2Answer-quantity 2of 2drug 2that 2is 2needed 2to 2keep 2blood
2levels 2and/or 2tissue 2levels 2at 2a 2steady 2state 2or 2constant 2level
Nephrotoxicity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-toxic 2or 2damaging 2effect 2of 2a 2substance 2on 2the
2kidney; 2potentially 2serious 2because 2renal 2damage 2interferes 2with 2drug 2excretion,
2causing 2drug 2accumulation 2and 2increased 2adverse 2effects
Pharmacodynamics 2- 2Correct 2Answer-reactions 2between 2living 2systems 2and 2drugs;
2drug 2actions 2on 2target 2cells 2and 2the 2resulting 2alterations 2in 2cellular 2biochemical
2reactions 2and 2functions
Pharmacogenomics 2(also 2known 2as 2pharmacogenetics) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-the 2study 2of
2how 2a 2person's 2genetic 2heritage 2leads 2to 2variable 2responses 2to 2drugs; 2more 2generally
2refers 2to 2genetic 2polymorphisms 2that 2occur 2in 2a 2patient 2population, 2such 2as 2an 2ethnic
2group, 2as 2opposed 2to 2an 2individual 2person
Cells 2common 2characteristics 2- 2Correct 2Answer--Exchange 2materials 2with 2their
2immediate 2environment
2
-Obtain 2energy 2from 2nutrients
-Synthesize 2hormones, 2neurotransmitters, 2enzymes, 2structural 2proteins, 2and 2other
2complex 2molecules
-Reproduce
-Communicate 2with 2one 2another 2via 2various 2biologic 2chemicals, 2such 2as
2neurotransmitters 2and 2hormones
Most 2are 2drugs 2are 2metabolized 2by 2what 2enzyme 2- 2Correct 2Answer-Cytochromes 2P450
Assessment 2- 2Correct 2Answer-collection 2of 2patient 2data 2that 2affects 2drug 2therapy
Controlled-release 2- 2Correct 2Answer-oral 2tablet 2or 2capsule 2formulations 2that 2maintain
2consistent 2serum 2drug 2levels
Dosage 2form 2- 2Correct 2Answer-form 2in 2which 2drugs 2are 2manufactured; 2includes 2elixirs,
2tablets, 2capsules, 2suppositories, 2parenteral 2drugs, 2and 2transdermal 2systems
Enteric-coated 2- 2Correct 2Answer-coating 2of 2a 2tablet 2or 2capsule 2that 2makes 2it 2insoluble
2in 2stomach 2acid
Evaluation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-determining 2a 2patient's 2status 2in 2relation 2to 2stated 2goals
2and 2expected 2outcomes
Evidence-based 2practice 2- 2Correct 2Answer-scientific 2evidence 2that 2yields 2the 2best
2practice 2in 2patient 2care
Interventions 2- 2Correct 2Answer-planned 2nursing 2activities 2performed 2on 2a 2patient's
2behalf, 2including 2assessment, 2promotion 2of 2adherence 2to 2drug 2therapy, 2and 2solving
2problems 2related 2to 2drug 2therapy
Medication 2history 2- 2Correct 2Answer-list 2of 2prescription 2medications, 2over-the-counter
2medications, 2herbal 2supplements, 2or 2illegal 2substances 2taken 2by 2the 2patient 2(both
2current 2and 2past)
Nursing 2diagnosis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-description 2of 2patient 2problems 2based 2on
2assessment 2data
Nursing 2process 2- 2Correct 2Answer-systematic 2way 2of 2gathering 2and 2using 2information
2to 2plan 2and 2provide 2individualized 2patient 2care
Parenteral 2- 2Correct 2Answer-injected 2administration; 2subcutaneous, 2intramuscular, 2or
2intravenous 2route
Planning/goals 2- 2Correct 2Answer-expected 2outcomes 2of 2prescribed 2drug 2therapy
Topical 2- 2Correct 2Answer-application 2of 2drugs 2(e.g., 2solutions, 2ointments, 2creams, 2or
2suppositories) 2to 2skin 2or 2mucous 2membranes
Transdermal 2- 2Correct 2Answer-adsorption 2of 2drugs 2(e.g., 2skin 2patches) 2through 2the
2skin
Blood-brain 2barrier 2- 2Correct 2Answer-barrier 2in 2the 2central 2nervous 2system 2composed
2of 2capillaries 2with 2tight 2bonds, 2which 2acts 2to 2prevent 2the 2passage 2of 2most 2ions 2and
2large-molecular-weight 2compounds, 2including 2some 2drugs, 2from 2the 2blood 2to 2the 2brain
Body 2surface 2area 2- 2Correct 2Answer-surface 2of 2a 2human 2body 2expressed 2in 2square
2meters
Child(ren) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-person(s) 2between 2birth 2and 218 2years 2of 2age
Total 2body 2water 2- 2Correct 2Answer-amount 2of 2water 2within 2the 2body 2(both 2intracellular
2and 2extracellular)
Adult 2- 2Correct 2Answer-person 2who 2ranges 2in 2age 2from 219 2to 264 2years
Age-related 2changes 2- 2Correct 2Answer-physiologic 2events 2due 2to 2increasing 2age,
2which 2affect 2drug 2responses
Older 2adult 2- 2Correct 2Answer-person 2who 2is 265 2years 2of 2age 2or 2older
Polypharmacy 2- 2Correct 2Answer-use 2of 2several 2drugs 2during 2the 2same 2period
Risk-to-benefit 2ratio 2- 2Correct 2Answer-poor 2outcome 2(adverse 2effects 2of 2medications)
2in 2relation 2to 2good 2outcome 2(desired 2medication 2effects); 2increases 2with 2increasing
2age
Abortifacients 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2used 2to 2terminate 2pregnancy
Uterotonics 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2to 2control 2postpartum 2bleeding
Eclampsia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-characterized 2by 2the 2onset 2of 2grand 2mal 2seizures; 2occurs
2in 2some 2women 2with 2preeclampsia
Galactagogues 2- 2Correct 2Answer-a 2category 2of 2herbs 2known 2to 2induce 2lactation 2or
2stimulate 2the 2production 2of 2breast 2milk 2in 2postpartal 2women
Organogenesis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-formation 2of 2organs 2during 2embryonic 2development
Oxytocics 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2that 2initiate 2uterine 2contractions, 2thus 2inducing
2childbirth
Preeclampsia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-pregnancy-associated 2hypertension 2with 2proteinuria
2and/or 2manifestations 2of 2end-organ 2failure
Preterm 2labor 2- 2Correct 2Answer-uterine 2contractions 2with 2cervical 2changes 2before 237
2weeks 2of 2gestation, 2resulting 2in 2birth
Prostaglandins 2- 2Correct 2Answer-chemical 2mediators, 2such 2as 2uterotonics, 2that 2help
2initiate 2uterine 2contractions
Tocolytics 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2used 2to 2stop 2preterm 2labor
Teratogenic 2- 2Correct 2Answer-causing 2abnormal 2embryonic 2or 2fetal 2development
Estrogen 2- 2Correct 2Answer-hormone 2produced 2primarily 2by 2the 2ovaries 2and
2secondarily 2by 2the 2adrenal 2cortex 2that 2promotes 2growth 2of 2specific 2body 2cells 2and
2development 2of 2most 2female 2secondary 2sexual 2characteristics
Menopause 2- 2Correct 2Answer-permanent 2end 2of 2menstrual 2periods, 2which 2usually
2occurs 2in 2women 248 2to 255 2years 2of 2age
Progesterone 2- 2Correct 2Answer-hormone 2produced 2in 2the 2ovaries 2and 2adrenal 2cortex
2that 2prepares 2the 2lining 2of 2the 2uterus 2for 2pregnancy
Progestin 2- 2Correct 2Answer-synthetic 2form 2of 2progesterone 2that 2is 2similar 2to 2the
2hormone 2produced 2naturally 2by 2the 2body 2most 2often 2used 2in 2combination 2with 2an
2estrogen 2in 2contraceptive 2products
Anabolic 2steroids 2- 2Correct 2Answer-synthetic 2drugs 2with 2increased 2anabolic 2activity
2and 2decreased 2androgenic 2activity 2compared 2with 2testosterone
Androgen 2- 2Correct 2Answer-male 2sex 2hormones, 2primarily 2testosterone, 2secreted 2by
2the 2testes 2in 2men, 2the 2ovaries 2in 2women, 2and 2the 2adrenal 2cortex 2in 2both 2men 2and
2women
Benign 2prostatic 2hypertrophy 2- 2Correct 2Answer-benign 2enlargement 2of 2the 2prostate
2gland; 2also 2known 2as 2benign 2prostatic 2hyperplasia
Corpora 2cavernosa 2- 2Correct 2Answer-major 2erectile 2tissue 2of 2the 2penis
Erectile 2dysfunction 2- 2Correct 2Answer-difficulty 2in 2initiating 2or 2maintaining 2penile
2erection 2that 2is 2satisfactory 2for 2sexual 2relations
Erectogenic 2- 2Correct 2Answer-capable 2of 2causing 2an 2erection
Ergogenic 2- 2Correct 2Answer-increase 2in 2muscular 2work 2capacity 2caused 2by 2drugs 2that
2enhance 2athletic 2performance
Leydig 2cells 2- 2Correct 2Answer-cells 2in 2the 2testes 2that 2control 2androgen 2secretion
Testosterone 2- 2Correct 2Answer-male 2sex 2hormone; 2secreted 2by 2the 2Leydig 2cells 2in 2the
2testes
Anticoagulants 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2that 2prevent 2formation 2of 2new 2clots 2and
2extension 2of 2clots 2already 2present; 2do 2not 2dissolve 2formed 2clots
Antiplatelet 2drugs 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2that 2prevent 2one 2or 2more 2steps 2in 2the
2prothrombotic 2activity 2of 2platelets
Embolus 2- 2Correct 2Answer-object 2that 2migrates 2through 2the 2circulation 2until 2it 2lodges 2in
2a 2blood 2vessel, 2causing 2occlusion; 2may 2be 2a 2thrombus, 2fat, 2air, 2amniotic 2fluid, 2a 2bit 2of
2tissue, 2or 2bacterial 2debris
Essential 2thrombocythemia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-chronic 2blood 2disorder 2characterized 2by
2the 2overproduction 2of 2platelets 2by 2megakaryocytes 2in 2the 2absence 2of 2another 2cause
Fibrinolysin 2- 2Correct 2Answer-enzyme 2that 2breaks 2down 2the 2fibrin 2meshwork 2that
2stabilizes 2blood 2clots; 2also 2referred 2to 2as 2plasmin
Hemostasis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-prevention 2or 2stoppage 2of 2blood 2loss 2from 2an 2injured
2blood 2vessel 2and 2is 2the 2process 2that 2maintains 2the 2integrity 2of 2the 2vascular
2compartment
Heparin-induced 2thrombocytopenia 2(HIT) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-immune-mediated 2adverse
2effect 2that 2leads 2to 2thrombogenesis 2resulting 2in 2a 2decrease 2in 2platelet 2count
2associated 2with 2heparin 2administration 2in 2patients 2with 2detectable 2HIT 2antibodies
Plasmin 2- 2Correct 2Answer-enzyme 2that 2breaks 2down 2the 2fibrin 2meshwork 2that
2stabilizes 2blood 2clots; 2also 2referred 2to 2as 2fibrinolysin
Plasminogen 2- 2Correct 2Answer-inactive 2protein 2found 2in 2many 2body 2tissues 2and 2fluids
Thrombogenesis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-formation 2of 2a 2blood 2clot
Thrombolysis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-breakdown 2or 2dissolution 2of 2blood 2clots
Thrombolytics 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2that 2dissolve 2blood 2clots
Thrombosis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-formation 2of 2a 2blood 2clot
Thrombus 2- 2Correct 2Answer-blood 2clot
Central 2adiposity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-accumulation 2of 2abdominal 2fat, 2resulting 2in 2an
2increased 2waist 2circumference
Cholesterol 2- 2Correct 2Answer-component 2of 2cell 2membrane 2that 2is 2produced 2and
2processed 2in 2the 2liver; 2a 2fat 2essential 2for 2the 2formation 2of 2steroid 2hormones 2that 2is
2produced 2in 2cells 2and 2taken 2in 2by 2dietary 2sources
Metabolic 2syndrome 2- 2Correct 2Answer-cluster 2of 2several 2cardiovascular 2risk 2factors
2linked 2with 2obesity: 2increased 2waist 2circumference, 2elevated 2triglycerides, 2reduced
2high-density 2lipoprotein 2cholesterol, 2elevated 2blood 2pressure, 2and 2elevated 2fasting
2glucose
Dyslipidemia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-abnormal 2lipid 2levels 2in 2the 2blood; 2associated 2with
2atherosclerosis 2and 2its 2many 2pathophysiologic 2effects 2(e.g., 2myocardial 2ischemia 2and
2infarction, 2stroke, 2peripheral 2arterial 2occlusive 2disease)
Lipoproteins 2- 2Correct 2Answer-specific 2proteins 2in 2plasma 2that 2transport 2blood 2lipids;
2contain 2cholesterol, 2phospholipid, 2and 2triglyceride 2bound 2to 2protein. 2They 2vary 2in
2density 2and 2amounts 2of 2lipid 2and 2protein
Biologic 2response 2modifiers 2- 2Correct 2Answer-intrinsic 2and 2extrinsic 2substances 2in 2the
2body 2that 2enhance 2the 2body's 2response 2to 2infection; 2for 2example, 2interferons,
2monoclonal 2antibodies, 2interleukin-2, 2and 2types 2of 2colony-stimulating 2factors
Cytokines 2- 2Correct 2Answer-small 2proteins 2released 2by 2cells 2that 2specifically 2affect
2cell-to-cell 2communication; 2these 2include 2colony-stimulating 2factors, 2interleukins, 2and
2interferons
Erythropoiesis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-production 2of 2red 2blood 2cells
Erythropoietin 2- 2Correct 2Answer-hormone 2secreted 2by 2the 2kidneys 2that 2stimulates 2bone
2marrow 2production 2of 2red 2blood 2cells
Hematopoiesis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-formation 2of 2blood 2cells
Immunocompetence 2- 2Correct 2Answer-normal 2immune 2system 2function
Immunodeficiency 2- 2Correct 2Answer-inadequate 2or 2impaired 2immune 2function
Immunostimulants 2- 2Correct 2Answer-drugs 2that 2stimulate 2immune 2function 2to 2fight
2infection 2and 2disease
Neutropenia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-low 2neutrophil 2count
Pegylation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-process 2of 2modifying 2a 2protein 2drug 2by 2treatment 2with
2polyethylene 2glycol
Active 2immunity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-antigenic 2immune 2response 2with 2antibody 2formation
2to 2an 2infection 2through 2administration 2of 2a 2vaccine 2or 2toxoid 2or 2through 2natural
2exposure 2to 2the 2disease
Antigenicity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-ability 2of 2an 2antigen 2to 2bind 2specifically 2with 2certain
2products 2to 2promote 2better 2antibody 2formation
Immunization 2- 2Correct 2Answer-bolstering 2a 2person's 2immune 2system 2by 2inducing
2antibody 2formation, 2thereby 2providing 2active 2protection 2against 2a 2specific 2infectious
2disease
Passive 2immunity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-temporary 2state 2of 2immunity 2produced 2in 2a 2person
2who 2is 2susceptible 2to 2an 2infectious 2organism 2by 2administering 2serum 2containing
2antibodies 2to 2the 2disease
Toxoids 2- 2Correct 2Answer-altered 2bacterial 2toxins 2that 2are 2administered 2to 2stimulate
2antitoxin 2production 2and 2protect 2against 2the 2harmful 2effects 2of 2the 2toxin
Vaccines 2- 2Correct 2Answer-microorganisms 2or 2components 2of 2microorganisms 2that 2are
2administered 2to 2stimulate 2antibody 2production 2against 2the 2microorganism 2prior 2to 2a
2natural 2infection
Autoantigens 2- 2Correct 2Answer-protein 2complexes 2on 2a 2person's 2own 2tissue 2that
2stimulate 2an 2abnormal 2immune 2reaction
Autoimmune 2disorder 2- 2Correct 2Answer-conditions 2associated 2with 2an 2abnormal
2immune 2response 2to 2self-antigens 2(autoantigens) 2on 2body 2tissue, 2resulting 2in 2ongoing
2inflammation 2and 2damage 2to 2body 2tissues
Checkpoint 2therapy 2- 2Correct 2Answer-immunologic 2checkpoint 2blockade 2that 2uses
2monoclonal 2antibodies 2to 2either 2activate 2or 2antagonize 2immunologic 2pathways
Cytotoxic 2- 2Correct 2Answer-causing 2cell 2death
Graft 2rejection 2reaction 2- 2Correct 2Answer-activated 2immunologic 2response 2by 2the
2recipient 2to 2graft 2donor 2organ 2cells 2resulting 2in 2graft 2tissue 2damage 2and 2loss 2of 2graft
2organ 2function
Graft 2versus 2host 2disease 2- 2Correct 2Answer-complication 2of 2bone 2marrow 2or 2stem 2cell
2transplantation 2where 2activated 2T 2cells 2in 2donor 2bone 2marrow 2attack 2host 2tissues
2producing 2inflammatory 2changes 2in 2the 2skin, 2liver, 2and 2gastrointestinal 2tract; 2also 2can
2occur 2infrequently 2with 2a 2blood 2transfusion
Immunosuppression 2- 2Correct 2Answer-suppression 2of 2the 2immune 2system
Monoclonal 2antibody 2- 2Correct 2Answer-immunoglobulin 2therapeutically 2replicated 2in
2laboratory 2cells 2to 2react 2with 2a 2specific 2cell 2antigen 2altering 2the 2immune 2response 2to
2that 2antigen
Murine 2antibodies 2- 2Correct 2Answer-immunoglobulins 2created 2in 2mouse 2cells 2for 2use
2as 2therapeutic 2treatment 2for 2human 2diseases
Polyclonal 2antibodies 2- 2Correct 2Answer-mixtures 2of 2antibodies 2(immunoglobulin 2A
2[IgA], 2plus 2IgD, 2IgE, 2IgG, 2and 2IgM) 2produced 2by 2several 2clones 2of 2B 2lymphocytes
Alopecia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-hair 2loss
Cell 2cycle 2- 2Correct 2Answer-series 2of 2intracellular 2events 2occurring 2from 2one 2cell
2division 2to 2the 2next.
Mucositis 2- 2Correct 2Answer-inflammation 2of 2mucous 2membranes
Mutation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-structural 2change 2in 2the 2genetic 2material 2of 2a 2cell
Myelosuppression 2- 2Correct 2Answer-bone 2marrow 2depression
Neutropenia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-low 2neutrophil 2count
Oncogenes 2- 2Correct 2Answer-genes 2that 2have 2the 2potential 2to 2cause 2a 2normal 2cell 2to
2become 2cancerous
Palliation 2- 2Correct 2Answer-alleviation 2of 2pain 2and 2symptoms 2without 2expecting 2to
2eliminate 2the 2cause
Protooncogenes 2- 2Correct 2Answer-genes 2that 2have 2the 2potential 2to 2change 2into 2active
2oncogenes
Remission 2- 2Correct 2Answer-period 2when 2symptoms 2of 2a 2disease 2have 2subsided
2("remitted")
Thrombocytopenia 2- 2Correct 2Answer-low 2platelet 2count
Tumor 2lysis 2syndrome 2- 2Correct 2Answer-life-threatening 2condition 2that 2occurs 2when
2large 2numbers 2of 2cancer 2cells 2are 2killed 2or 2damaged 2simultaneously 2and 2release 2their
2intracellular 2contents 2into 2the 2bloodstream
Tumor 2suppressor 2genes 2(also 2called 2antioncogenes) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-genes 2that
2inhibit 2unrestrained 2cell 2growth; 2when 2inactivated, 2mutant 2abnormal 2cells 2may 2be
2allowed 2to 2proliferate
Serum 2half-life 2- 2Correct 2Answer-also 2called 2elimination 2half-life, 2is 2the 2time 2required
2for 2the 2serum 2concentration 2of 2a 2drug 2to 2decrease 2by 250%. 2It 2is 2determined 2primarily
2by 2the 2drug's 2rates 2of 2metabolism 2and 2excretion. 2A 2drug 2with 2a 2short 2half-life 2requires
2more 2frequent 2administration 2than 2one 2with 2a 2long 2half-life.
serum 2drug 2level 2- 2Correct 2Answer-laboratory 2measurement 2of 2the 2amount 2of 2a 2drug 2in
2the 2blood 2at 2a 2particular 2time
Steady 2state 2- 2Correct 2Answer--When 2a 2drug 2is 2given 2at 2a 2stable 2dose, 2four 2or 2five
2half-lives 2are 2required 2to 2achieve 2steady-state 2concentrations 2and 2to 2develop
2equilibrium 2between 2tissue 2and 2serum 2concentrations. 2
-To 2maintain 2steady-state 2conditions, 2the 2amount 2of 2drug 2given 2must 2equal 2the 2amount
2eliminated 2from 2the 2body. 2When 2a 2drug 2dose 2is 2changed, 2an 2additional 2four 2to 2five
2half-lives 2are 2required 2to 2reestablish 2equilibrium; 2when 2a 2drug 2is 2discontinued, 2it 2is
2eliminated 2gradually 2over 2several 2half-lives.
Synergism 2- 2Correct 2Answer-combination 2of 2two 2drugs 2causes 2an 2effect 2that 2is 2greater
2than 2the 2sum 2of 2the 2individual 2effects 2of 2each 2drug 2alone
placebo 2effect 2- 2Correct 2Answer-experimental 2results 2caused 2by 2expectations 2alone;
2any 2effect 2on 2behavior 2caused 2by 2the 2administration 2of 2an 2inert 2substance 2or
2condition, 2which 2the 2recipient 2assumes 2is 2an 2active 2agent.
white 2blood 2cells 2(leukocytes) 2- 2Correct 2Answer-White 2blood 2cells 2protect 2your 2body
2against 2infection. 2As 2your 2white 2blood 2cells 2travel 2through 2your 2bloodstream 2and
2tissues, 2they 2locate 2the 2site 2of 2an 2infection 2and 2act 2as 2an 2army 2general 2to 2notify 2other
2white 2blood 2cells 2of 2their 2location 2to 2help 2defend 2your 2body 2from 2an 2attack 2of 2an
2unknown 2organism.
Immunoglobulins 2- 2Correct 2Answer--Immunoglobulin 2fractions 2are 2preferred 2over 2whole
2serum 2because 2they 2are 2more 2likely 2to 2be 2effective 2in 2disease 2prevention.
-immunoglobulins 2(antibodies) 2specific 2for 2that 2microorganism, 2providing 2protection
2against 2disease 2with 2later 2exposure.
Also 2known 2as 2antibodies, 2are 2glycoprotein 2molecules 2produced 2by 2plasma 2cells
2(white 2blood 2cells). 2They 2act 2as 2a 2critical 2part 2of 2the 2immune 2response 2by 2specifically
2recognizing 2and 2binding 2to 2particular 2antigens, 2such 2as 2bacteria 2or 2viruses, 2and 2aiding
2in 2their 2destruction.
Hepatotoxicity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-liver 2toxicity
Nephrotoxicity 2- 2Correct 2Answer-toxic 2or 2damaging 2effect 2of 2a 2substance 2on 2the
2kidney; 2potentially 2serious 2because 2renal 2damage 2interferes 2with 2drug 2excretion,
2causing 2drug 2accumulation 2and 2increased 2adverse 2effects
malignant 2cells 2- 2Correct 2Answer--potentially 2life-threatening 2cancer 2cells
-A 2malignant 2cell 2develops 2from 2a 2damaged 2normal 2cell, 2beginning 2with 2a 2random
2mutation 2(abnormal 2structural 2change 2in 2the 2genetic 2material 2of 2a 2cell) 2that 2occurs 2in
2conjunction 2with 2acquired 2damage 2to 2genes 2that 2regulate 2normal 2cell 2growth.
Pregnancy 2Categories 2- 2Correct 2Answer-Category 2A. 2Risk 2to 2the 2fetus 2in 2the 2first
2trimester 2(and 2in 2later 2trimesters) 2has 2not 2been 2demonstrated 2in 2well-controlled
2studies 2in 2pregnant 2women.
Category 2B. 2Animal 2reproduction 2studies 2have 2not 2demonstrated 2risk 2to 2the 2fetus, 2and
2there 2are 2no 2well-controlled 2studies 2in 2pregnant 2women.
Category 2C. 2Animal 2reproduction 2studies 2have 2not 2demonstrated 2risk 2to 2the 2fetus, 2and
2there 2are 2no 2well-controlled 2studies 2in 2pregnant 2women; 2however, 2potential 2benefits
2may 2outweigh 2potential 2risk 2in 2use 2of 2drug 2in 2pregnant 2women.
Category 2D. 2Evidence 2of 2risk 2to 2the 2fetus 2has 2been 2demonstrated. 2However, 2the
2benefits 2may 2outweigh 2risk 2in 2pregnant 2women 2if 2the 2drug 2is 2needed 2in 2a 2lifethreatening 2situation 2and 2other 2safer 2drugs 2cannot 2be 2used 2or 2are 2ineffective.
Category 2X. 2Studies 2in 2humans 2or 2animals 2have 2demonstrated 2fetal 2abnormalities 2or
2evidence 2of 2fetal 2risk, 2and 2the 2risk 2clearly 2outweighs 2the 2benefit. 2The 2drug 2is
2contraindicated 2in 2women 2who 2are 2pregnant 2or 2in 2those 2who 2may 2become 2pregnant.
The 25 2Steps 2in 2the 2ADPIE 2Nursing 2Process 2- 2Correct 2Answer-1. 2Assessment
2. 2Diagnosis
3. 2Planning
4. 2Implementation
5. 2Evaluation