PR2- REVIEWER
VARIABLES
-Made up of the root or base word “vary,” which means to undergo changes or to differ from.
-Anything that can change in research due to circumstances.
-It is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type
-is the characteristics of a data
-variable is something that can change, such as gender, which can be either male or female, and age
which can be 10, 15, 25,
Attributes- The attributes of the variable are the possible observation or the data to be
processed.
Type of Variables
Independent variable - The input variable, is the probable cause of an event
- It’s independent of everything that inspire during the experiment.
- Does not change easily once selected
Dependent variable - The outcome variable, is the outcome of the study
- Is affected by the independent variable
- changes as a result of the modifications made on the independent
variable
RESEARCH TITLE
-One of the extremely challenging parts of the research is creating a Title that is appropriate for your
chosen topic.
-You should constantly safeguard the connections of the Title and the Topic while accomplishing the other
parts of the research.
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
-builds the situation of the research.
-It forms the first part of the research and explains the requirement for accomplishing the study and
explains what it aims to realize.
-You should not write this part too lengthy, and neither too short.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
-a beginning act in research, and another initial research act is asking a set of specific questions or
identifying sub-problems about your research problem (Baraceros, 2019).
-a research problem and research question can be in an Interrogative Statement or a Declarative
Statement.
SCOPE & DELIMITATION
-All relevant things in providing a solution to the study are the Scope
-all things that are not relevant to the topic are the Limitation.
- The scope and limitation of a study explain the extent to which the research area will be explored in the
work and specifies the parameters within which the study will be operating.
-all details that are applicable for the answers to the problem are identified as the scope of
the study
-those that are not applicable must be wisely specified as their limitations.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- it reflects the title of your research.
-It introduces the reader to the importance of the topic being studied and provides the framework for
reporting the results.
-Your title should have a clear connection with SOTP part, together with your body of research.
-this will be your foundation in building your research.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-The conceptual framework steers the whole research activity.
-it serves as a “map” or “rudder” that will guide you towards realizing your research objective or intent.
-it represents the researcher’s synthesis of the literature on how to explain a phenomenon.
-It maps out the actions required in the course of the study
-is the researcher’s understanding of how the particular variables in his study connect.
-It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investigation.
-The conceptual framework keeps you on track by presenting and simplifying the relationship between
the variables
Different types of conceptual frameworks
1. Taxonomy- this type of conceptual framework, the phenomena of your study are grouped together into
categories without presenting the relationship among them.
- is to distinguish the categories from one another.
2. Visual Presentation- the relationship between the phenomena and variables of your study is presented.
- Using this conceptual framework implies that your study provides empirical
evidence to prove the relationship between variables.
3. Mathematical Description- the relationship between phenomena and variables of your study is
described using mathematical formulas.
- the extent of the relationship between these variables is presented in
specific quantities.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)
- The literature component is the most overlooked component of the study.
Purpose of RRL
1. To find out the connection of your research to the current situations of the world.
2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to learn from them
concerning your research study.
3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies.
4. To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research questions.
5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research.
A. Synthesis component- the variable and its historical development. It should also contain a synthesis of
findings from your previous research that either affirms or refutes the hypothesis of the variable under
discussion.
-assertion section providing a summary of the accepted evidence of the results
of your previous research (Uy et al. 2016).
B. Argument component- will need to demonstrate the reasoning for the hypothesis regarding the
variables or the statement that contributes to the point of your analysis.
- you must indicate whether your hypothesis has not yet been investigated or whether it has produced
conflicting results as indicated in your synthesis (Uy et al. 2016).
DEFINITION OF TERMS
-The definition of terms used in research should not be regarded as a dictionary. The words can be
described as both conceptual and operational.
-usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet, etc.) either at the beginning or more likely
near the end with a list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc.
-This is an important part of a Research paper or report in which the key or important terms in the study
are clearly defined.
Types of Definitions

Conceptual Definition – the universal meaning of a word or a group of words in which is
understood by people
- Abstract and most general in nature
- usual source of conception is the DICTIONARY

Operational Definition – The meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study
- is stated in concrete term in that allows measurement
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
-tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their relationships, and other facts
involved in the research.
-to infer, propose, or guess about factual things related to the research.
Purpose of Hypothesis:
1. guide you on which aspect of the research to focus on
2. provides opportunities to prove the relationships between variables
3. gives right direction to the research
4. outlines your thoughts in the matter of summarizing the results and explanation of the conditions
5. an empirical study to prove the relationships between variables and the effects of an independent
variable on a dependent variable
Categories of Hypothesis

NULL HYPOTHESIS – a negative statement, usually has the word “NO” in the sentence
- symbolizes by Hο
- states the absence of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
- a statement to disapprove the fact that the I.V affects the D.V

ALTERNATVE HYPOTHESIS – A positive statement
- symbolizes by H¹ and Ha
- states the relationship between the independent variable and the
dependent variable
- states the fact that the first affected the second one
- assumed to be true and is trying to be proven true
- the burden of proof lies in Ha
* if the null hypothesis is rejected, then we accept the alternative hypothesis.
* If the null hypothesis is not rejected, then we do not accept the alternative hypothesis.