INTRODUCTIONTOGLOBALIZATION Globalization - istheprocessbywhichpeople,ideas,andgoodsspread throughouttheworld. - is a process of interaction and integration among the people,companies,andgovernmentsofdifferentnations aidedbyinformationtechnology. Thisprocesshaseffectsonthefollowing: - Environment - Culture - Politicalsystems - Economicdevelopment - Prosperity - Humanphysicalwell-being Whataretheenvironmentalproblemscausedby globalization? - ClimateChange - Pollution - HabitatDestruction - Deforestation - LossofBiodiversity Howdoesglobalizationaffectourcultureintermsofthe following: - Language - Dress - Sports - MusicandArts - Transportation - Finance - Attitude - WorkCulture WhatinternationalgrouparethePhilippines membersof? - UN - WTO - UNESCO - ASEAN Howhasglobalizationimpacteddevelopedcountries anddevelopingcountriesdifferently? - Increasesoutsourcingtodevelopingcountries - Increasesunemploymentindevelopedcountries Whatarethepositiveandnegativeeffectsof globalizationonhealth? - increasesmedicalaccess - rapidspreadofdiseases - - ne principal driver of globalization is technology. O Economic life is dramatically transformed by advancementininformationtechnology. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) globalization is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows and also throughthemorerapidandwidediffusionoftechnology Globalizationhasfourcharacteristicsorqualities. Theseare: - Itinvolvesboththecreationofnewsocialnetworksand themultiplicationofexistingconnectionsthatcutacross traditional, political, economic, cultural, and geographicalboundaries. - Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretchingofsocialrelations,activities,andconnections. - Globalization involves the intensification and accelerationofsocialexchangesandactivities. - Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, materiallevelbuttheyalsoinvolvethesubjectiveplane ofhuman consciousness. HistoricalPeriodsofGlobalization 1. ThePrehistoricPeriod(10000BCE-3500BCE) - In this earliest phase ofglobalization,contacts among hunters and gatherers were spread aroundtheworld. 2. ThePre-modernPeriod(3500BCE-1500CE) - BronzeAge - IronAge - Writing was invented from pictographs - hieroglyphics cuneiform - Phoenician - Greek RomanAlphabets - WoodblockPrinting(China) - Moveableprinting - Wheels 3. TheEarlyModernPeriod(1500-1750) - Enlightenmentandtherenaissance. - universalformofmoralityandlaw - Europeanmetropolitancenter - unlimitedmaterialaccumulation 4. TheModernPeriod(1750-1970) - Innovations in transportation and communication technology, population explosion, and increase in migration led to moreculturalexchangesandtransformationin traditional social patterns. The process of industrializationalsoaccelerated. 5. TheContemporaryPeriod(from1970topresent) - The creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide interdependencies occurred in a dramatic way and it was a kind of leapinthe historyofglobalization. DimensionsofGlobalization 1. EconomicDimension - This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across theglobeasaresult of technology and the enormous flow ofcapital that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods. Majorplayersinthecurrentcentury'sglobaleconomicorder: - Huge international corporations (General Motors,Walmart,Mitsubishi) - International Economic Institutions(IMF,World Bank,TheWorldTradeOrganization) - TradingSystems he result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap T betweentherichandthepoorcountries. MajorSourcesofEconomicGrowthAcrossCountries - Propertyrights - Regulatoryinstitutions - Institutionsformacroeconomics - Stabilization - Institutionsforsocialinfluence - Institutionsforconflictmanagement - Economicinstitutionshavedecisiveinfluenceon investment in physical and human capital, technology, and industrialproductions.Itisalso importantforresourcedistribution. 2. PoliticalDimension - This refers to the enlargement and strengthening of political interrelations across theglobe. PoliticalissuesthatsurfaceinthisDimension 1. Theprincipleofstatesovereignty 2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmentalorganization 3. Future shapes of regional and global governance - UNITEDNATIONS - United Nations Educational, Scientific andCulturalOrganization - InternationalMonetaryFund - WorldTradeOrganization 3. CulturalDimension - Individualism and consumerism which are the dominantculturalcharacteristicsofourageand the drive for economic success stimulated by the internet and other technological devices circulate much more easily than they did in earlierperiods. - Cultural diversity often results from hybridization - a constructive interaction process between global and local characteristics which is often visible in food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language. Colonial mentality Loss of authentic Filipino culture,tradition,music,clothing 4. ReligiousDimension - Religion is a personal or institutionalized setof attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or manifestingfaithfuldevotiontoanacknowledged ultimaterealityordeity. RomanCatholicTeachingofGlobalization 1. Commitmenttouniversalhumanrights 2. Commitmenttothesocialnatureofthe humanperson 3. Commitmenttothecommongood 4. Solidarity (The principle of Solidarity affirms that membership in the human familymeansthatallbearresponsibility foroneanother. 5. Preferential option of the poor (In the TheologyoftheIncarnation-ChristGod becamepoor 6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teachesthatdecisionsshouldbemade at the lowest level in order to achieve thecommongood. 7. Justice 8. Integral Humanism - Commutative, Distributive,Socialjustice 5. IdeologicalDimension - Globalization is about the liberalization and globalintegrationofmarkets. - Globalizationisinevitableandirreversible. - Nobodyisinchargeofglobalization. - Globalizationbenefitseveryone. - Globalization furthers the spread of democracyintheworld. 6. EcologicalDimension - Examines the effects of global alliances on ecological issues. There is an inexorable link betweenallhumanityandtheplanetEarth. 1. Environmental challenges : Ecological globalization recognizes that environmentalissueslike: - - - limatechange c pollution biodiversityloss THESTRUCTURESOFGLOBALIZATION EconomicGlobalization - refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade ofcommoditiesandservices,flowof international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. - According to theInternationalMonetaryFundeconomic globalization isahistoricalprocess,theresultofhuman innovationandtechnologicalprogress. - It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through themovementof goods,services,andcapitalacrossborders. TwoMajorDrivingForcesforEconomicGlobalization - The rapid growing of information in all types of productiveactivities - Marketization - apiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologiesserved R asthebasis for immediate globalization of the world economies whichinturnprovidedanenvironmentwherethereis aswiftspreadingofmarketeconomicsystemsallover theworld. DimensionsofEconomicGlobalization . Theglobalizationoftradeofgoodsandservices 1 2. Theglobalizationoffinancialandcapitalmarkets 3. Theglobalizationoftechnologyand 4. Theglobalizationofproduction DifferencebetweenEconomicGlobalizationfrom Internationalization EconomicGlobalization - a functional integration between internationally dispersedactivitieswhichmeansthatitisaqualitative transformationratherthanaquantitativechange - produces its own major players in the form of transnational corporations (TNCs), the main driving forces of economic globalization ofthelast100years orroughlytwo-thirdsofworldexport Internationalization - is an extension of economic activities between internationallydispersedactivities - the process of tailoring a product, service or operational offering for entry and growth into internationalmarkets. 3. The Bretton Woods system ended in 1971 as the trade deficit and growing inflation undermined the value of the dollar in the whole world. In 1973, the floatingexchangeratesystem,alsoknownasflexible exchangeratesystemwasdevelopedthatwasmarket based. OriginofEconomicGlobalization conomicglobalizationisaprocessthatcreatesanorganic E systemoftheworldeconomy. - Inthe16thcenturyworldsystemanalystsidentifythe origin of modernity and globalization through long distancetradeinthe16thcentury - In the 17th and 18th century global economy exists onlyintradeandexchangeratherthanproductionas theworldexporttoWorldGDPdidnotreached1to2 percent - In the 19th century the advent of globalization approaching its modern formwaswitnessed.Ashort periodbeforeWorldWarIisreferredtoasgoldenage ofglobalization - Global economy in the19thand20thcenturiesgrew by an average ofnearly4percentperannum,which is roughly twice as high as growth in the national incomes of the developed economies since the late 19thcentury o assess whether the gold standard was successful, the T followingrolesofaproperlydesignedIMSmustbeconsidered: to lend order and stability to foreign exchange markets, to encourage the elimination of balance-of-payments problems, and to provide access to international credits in the event of disruptiveshocks. InternationalMonetarySystemsandGoldStandard InternationalMonetarySystem(IMS) - refers to a system that forms rules andstandardsfor facilitatinginternationaltradeamongthenations. - It is a governing body that sets rulesandregulations by which different nations exchange currencies with eachother EvolutionoftheInternationalMonetarySystem 1. In1870to1914,withthehelpofgoldandsilver,trade wascarriedwithoutanyinstitutionalsupport.Monetary system during that time was decentralized while market based and money played a minor role in internationaltradeincontrasttogold. 2. In 1944, 730 representatives of 44 nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States to createanewinternationalmonetarysystemcalledas theBrettonWoodssystem EuropeanMonetaryIntegration EuropeanMonetaryIntegration - referstoa30-yearlongprocessthatbeganattheend of the 1960s as a form of monetary cooperation intended to reduce the excessive influence of theUS dollar on domestic exchange rates, and led, through various attempts, to the creation ofaMonetaryUnion andacommoncurrency. TheEuropeanMonetarySystem(EMS) - is a 1979 arrangement between several European countrieswhichlinkstheircurrenciesinanattemptto stabilizetheexchangerate. - originatedinanattempttostabilizeinflationandstop large exchange rate fluctuations between European countries. - Then,inJune1998,theEuropeanCentralBankwas establishedand,inJanuary1999,aunifiedcurrency, theeuro,wasbornandcametobeusedbymostEU membercountries. - In 2008 to 2009 the European Union (EU) was presented with dramatic challenges brought by the globalfinancialandeconomiccrisis. - TheEUin2010inresponsetothecrisisenactedthe three-pillarfinancialrescueprogramwhichincludes: the European Financial Stability Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, the financial assistance oftheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF). Since the three-pillarsystemistemporary,theEUin 2013activateditsownpermanentEuropeanStability Mechanism. TheEuropeanFinancialStabilityMechanism(EFSM) - is a permanent fund created by the European Union (EU)toprovideemergencyassistancetomemberstates withintheUnion. TheEuropeanFinancialStabilityFacility(EFSF) - is an organization created by the European Union to provide assistance to member states with unstable economies. - a special purpose vehicle (SPV) managed by the EuropeanInvestmentBank,alendinginstitution. InternationalTradeandTradePolicies InternationalTrade - the exchange of goods, services and capital across national borders. It is a multi-million dollar activity, central to the GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)ofmany countries, and it is the only way for many people in manycountriestoacquireresources. - This type oftradeallowsforagreatercompetitionand morecompetitivepricinginthemarket TwoKeyConceptsintheEconomicsofInternational Trade Social innovation involvescreatingnewandeffectivesolutions toaddresssocialproblems. Comparativeadvantage - is an economy's abilitytoproduceaparticulargoodor service at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partners. - Thecountrywithabsoluteadvantagewillstillbenefitby directing its resources to thosegoodswhereitismost productiveandtradingfortheothers. Specialization - the tendency of countries to specialize in certain productswhichtheytradeforothergoods,ratherthan producingall - consumptiongoodsontheirown - Moreaffordableproductsfortheconsumerisalsothe resultofcompetition. - Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposedtogoodsandservicesnot availableintheirowncountries. - Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources such as labor, technology, orcapitalmore efficiently. TradePolicies - refer to the regulations and agreement of foreign countries - defines standards, goals, rules, and regulations that pertaintotraderelationbetweencountries FocusesofTradePolicyinInternationalTrade Tariffs - These are taxes or duties paid for a particularclassof importsorexports. Tradebarriers - Theses are measures that governments or public authoritiesintroducetomakeimportedgoodsorservices less competitive than locally produced goods and services Safety - Thisensuresthatimportedproductsinthecountryareof high quality. Inspection regulations laid down by public officials ensure the safety and quality standards of importedproducts. TypesofTradePolicies NationalTradePolicy - This safeguards the best interest of its trade and citizens. To regulate the trade and business relations betweentwonations BilateralTradePolicy - To regulate the trade and business relations between twonations - national trade policies of both the nations and their negotiationsareconsidered InternationalTradePolicy - This defines the international trade policy under their charter like the International economic organization, such as Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD),WorldTradeOrganization(WTO) andInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF) TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO) - deals with the global rules oftradebetweennations with the main function of ensuring that trade flows smoothly,predictablyandfreely. - Itistheonlyglobalinternationalorganizationdealing withtherulesoftradebetweennations. - viewed as the means by which industrialized countries can gain access to the markets of developingcountries GlobalEconomyOutsourcing - is an activity that requires search for a partner and relation-specific investments that are governed by incompletecontracts - is a means of finding a partner with whichafirmcan establishabilateralrelationshipandhavingthepartner undertake relationship-specific investments so that it becomes able to produce goods and services that fit thefirm’sparticularneeds. MARKETINTEGRATION MarketIntegration - refers to how easily two or more markets can trade witheachother - Groups of prices often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among differentmarkets - Itmayalsorefertothemovementofpricesofrelated goods and services sold in a defined geographical locationinsimilarpatterns. RelatedMarketswhereMarketIntegrationOccurs StockMarketIntegration - This is a condition in which stockmarketsindifferent countriestrendtogetheranddepictthesameexpected riskadjustedreturns. - Two markets are perfectly integrated if investors can pass from one market to another without paying any extra costs and if there are possibilities of arbitration whichensurestheequivalenceofstockpricesonboth markets. FinancialMarketIntegration - It is an open market economy between countries facilitatedbyacommoncurrencyandtheeliminationof technical, regulatory and taxdifferencestoencourage freeflowofcapitalandinvestmentacrossborders - It occurs when lending rates in several different marketsbegintomoveintandemwithoneanother. GlobalCorporation - isabusinessthatoperatesintwoormorecountries.It also goes by the name “multinational company” Example: - Apple - Coca-Cola - Microsoft - Toyota - HistoricalPeriodsofGlobalCorporation formofglobalizationwasinitiatedwhichthenfollowed a complexpatternsofinteractiveengagementsorganized through trade and industry directly influenced by the emergent and subsequently dominant technologies especiallyinshippingandnavigation. - - - ombination of invention and social organization C resultinginanincreaseinworldwidecapitalandwealth is allowed by the modern nation state system that emerged in the period of transformation of global corporations. AmericanCorporationsledtheeconomicrecoveryand expansionaftertheWorldWarIIdestruction. From the end of World War II to the present is considered intheperiodpriortotheendofWorldWar II. ForeignDirectInvestment - It is a major driver of extended global corporate development.Itisaninvestmentmadebyacompanyor individualinonecountryinbusinessinterestsinanother country, in the form of either establishing business operations or acquiring business assets in the other country. BRICSEconomies - is an acronym for the combined economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. BRIC, without South Africa, wasoriginallycoinedin2003byGoldman Sachs, which speculates that by 2050 these four economieswillbethemostdominant. - seeks to establish a united front of emerging economy perspectivesinmultilateralinstitutions. - Many companies have also cited BRIC as a source of foreign expansion opportunity i.e. promising economies inwhichtoinvest. GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS) - is the first multilateral agreement covering trade in services which was negotiated during the last roundof multilateral trade negotiations, called the Uruguay Round,andcameintoforcein1995. - The GATS provides a framework of rules governing servicestrade,establishesamechanismforcountriesto make commitments to liberalize trade in services and provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between countries. GlobalizationandtheNation-States Max Weber, a German social theoristdefinestateasa compulsorypoliticalorganizationwithacentralizedgovernment thatmaintainsamonopolyofthelegitimateuseofforcewithina certainterritory Hedley Bull, a 20th century international philosopher statedthatstatesareindependentpoliticalcommunitieseachof which possesses a government and asserts sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the earth’s surface and a particularsegmentofthehumanpopulation. Nation on the other hand is an imagined political community and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign. Nation - It is imagined as sovereign because the concept was born in an ageinwhichEnlightenmentandRevolution weredestroyingthelegitimacyofthedivinelyordained, hierarchical dynastic realm…nations dream of being free,andifunderGod,directlyso. - It is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow- members, meet them,orevenhearofthem,yetinthe mindsofeachlivestheimageoftheircommunion - The nation is imagined as limited because even the largestofthem,encompassingperhapsabillionhuman beings, has finite, if elastic, boundaries,beyondwhich lieothernations - It is imagined as a community, because regardless of actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep horizontalcomradeship. heStateandtheEconomicInterdependence T The rising momentum of global free-market capitalism inthefinaldecadesofthe20thcentury,theaccompanyingrise in transnational enterprises, and the resulting disparities between easy flows of money and commodities across international borders and the legal barriers and logistical hurdlesthatkeepmostworkerstiedtotheirhomecommunities areassociatedwithglobalization The belief that globalization imposes a forced choice upon states either to conform to free market principles or run the risk of being left behind is termed into a phrase called “GoldenStraitjacket”byThomasFriedman - - GoldenStraitjacket It refers to the constraints and pressures that globalization imposes on nations, even as it offers economicgrowthandprosperity. riedman argues that countries embracingglobalization are often required to follow a set of economic policies—such as free-market reforms, deregulation, privatization, and opening up to foreign trade and investment—in order to benefit from the global economicsystem. twothingsthatwillhappenifacountryisinGolden Straitjacket: - economygrows - politicsshrinks NeoliberalismandEconomicSovereignty Neoliberalism - intensification of the influence and dominance of capital. - politicalandeconomicphilosophythatemphasizesfree markets,privatization,minimalgovernmentintervention, andindividualresponsibilityasthebestwaytopromote economicgrowth,efficiency,andindividualfreedom. Economicsovereignty - the power or national governments to make decisions independentlyofthosemadebyothergovernments. - Itemphasizesacountry’srighttomanageitsresources, trade, industry, and financial systems in a way that aligns with its own interests, values,anddevelopment goals. FourDifferentConceptsofSovereignty InternationalLegalSovereignty - Itreferstotheacceptanceofagivenstateasamember oftheinternationalcommunity. WestphalianSovereignty - It is based on the principle that one sovereign state should not interfere in the domestic arrangements of another. InterdependenceSovereignty - It is the capacity and willingness to control flows of people,goodsandcapitalintoandoutofthecountry. DomesticSovereignty - It is the capacity of a state to choose and implement policieswithintheterritory The increase of the number of international rganizations and the expansion of their functions have o undeniably restricted an individual country's sovereignty to certainextent. Many underdeveloped nations that resorted to foreign assistance and interventions resulted in the deprivation of government control of their economy due to the disorderly domesticeconomicestablishments. EconomicandPoliticalIntegrationEuropeanIntegration EuropeanIntegration - is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe. European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies EuropeanUnion(EU) - isaninternationalorganizationcomprising28European countriesandgoverningcommoneconomic,social,and securitypolicies - Intheearly21stcenturyEUexpandedintocentraland eastern Europe with the following members: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom Economicintegration - canbedescribedasaprocessandameansbywhicha group of countries strives to increase their level of welfare - It is an arrangement between different regions that often includes the reduction or elimination of trade barriers, and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies SevenStagesofEconomicIntegration PreferentialTradeAreas(PTAs) - happens when there’s an agreement on reducing or eliminating tariff barriers on selected goods imported from other members of countries within the geographicalregionorareas. - Agreement can either be bilateral (between two countries),ormultilateral(severalcountries). FreeTradeAgreements(FTAs) - are created when two or more countries in a region agree to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade on all goodscomingfromothermembers. - hese agreements can be limited to a few sectors or T canencompassallaspectsofinternationaltrade. CustomUnion - Removal of tariff barriers between members, together with the acceptance of a common or unified external tariffagainstnon-membersisinvolved. - Goods inside the union can move freely with no additionaltariffs. - Removing internal barriers to trade and requiring participating nations to harmonize their external policy as well as building afreetradeareaareputupbythe customsunion. CommonMarket(CM) - Theextensionoffreetradefromjusttangiblegoods,to include all economic resources which means that all barriers are eliminated to allow the free movement of goods,services,capital,andlabor,includingremovalof tariffs and reduced non-tariffbarriersisthekeyfeature ofacommonmarket. EconomicUnion - The trading bloc that has both a common market betweenmembers,andacommontradepolicytowards non-members, although members are free to pursue independentmacro-economicpolicies. - An Economic Union not only allows for the free movement of goods, services, labor, and capital, but also includes coordinated economic policies, harmonized regulations, andoftenacommoncurrency oracommonfiscalframework. EconomicandMonetaryUnion(EMU) - involves a single economic market, a common trade policy, a single currency and a common monetary policy. CompleteEconomicIntegration - is the final stage of economic integration in which memberstatescompletelyforegoindependenceofboth monetaryandfiscalpolicies. Politicalintegration - refers to the integration of components within political systems; the integration of political systems with economic, social, and other human systems; and the political processes by which social, economic, and politicalsystemsbecomeintegrated TheoriesofEuropeanIntegration Neo-functionalism - This theory focusesonthesupranationalinstitutionsof the EU of which the main driving forces of integration areinterestgroupactivityattheEuropeanandnational levels, political party activity, and the role of governmentsandsupranationalinstitutions. - Thecoreofneo-functionalismistheuseoftheconcept ‘spill–over’, situations when an initial decision by governments to place a certain sector under the authority of central institutions creates pressures to extend the authority of theinstitutionsintoneighboring areas of policy, such as currency exchange rates, taxation,andwages. Intergovernmentalism - The main concept of the Intergovernmentalism is emphasizing on the role of national states in the European integration; in another words it argues that “European integration is driven by the interest and actionsofnationstates” - ThistheorywassuggestedbyStanleyHoffmann. - ThetheoryproposedtheLogicofDiversity LiberalIntergovernmentalism - ThisisadominantpoliticaltheorydevelopedbyAndrew Moravsikin1993toexplainEuropeanintegration. - Moravcsik stated that 'state-society relations--the relationship of state to the domestic and transnational social context in which they are embedded--have a fundamental impact on state behavior in world politics and that the “universal condition of world politics is globalization.” - Liberalintergovernmentalismstatedthatthebargaining power of member states is important in the pursuit of integration,andpackagedealsandsidepaymentsalso occurintheprocessofmakingdeals. NewInstitutionalism - Thistheoryemphasizedtheimportanceofinstitutionsin theprocessofEuropeanintegration. - Its three key strands are: rational choice, sociological andhistoricalMulti-levelGovernance(MLG) - - riters Liesbet Hooghe and Gary MarksdefinedMLG W as dispersion of authority across multiple levels of politicalgovernance. is a concept used to describe the complex, interconnected systems of decision-making and policy processes that occur at different levels of government—ranging from local and regionallevelsto nationalandinternationallevels. TransnationalActivisminStates Transnationalactivism - It also refers to the the coordinated international campaigns on the part of networks of activistsagainst international actors, other states, or international institutions - can be defined as the mobilization of collectiveclaims by actors located in more than one country and/or addressing more than one national governmentand/or international governmental organization or another internationalactor - Itisasocialmovementsandothersocietyorganizations and individuals operating across state borders social movement - A social movement is a collective challenges toelites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactionswithelites,opponentsandauthorities - a type of group action. It refers to the organizational structuresandstrategiesthatmayempoweroppressed populationstomounteffectivechallengesandresistthe morepowerfulandadvantagedelites - They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific politicalorsocialissues. Globaljusticemovement - A social movement is a collective challenges toelites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactionswithelites,opponentsandauthorities - describestheloosecollectionofindividualsandgroups often referred to as a “movement ofmovements”,who advocate fair trade rules and are negative to current institutions of global economics such as the World TradeOrganization - hey are large, sometimes informal, groupings of T individuals or organizations which focus on specific politicalorsocialissues. Newtransnationalactivism - isasmultifacetedasinternationalism. - New Transnational Activism refers to a shift in global activism, where social movements, rather than being confinedtonationalborders,spanacrosscountriesand continents, using modern tools, strategies, and networkstoaddresspressingglobalissues Socialmedia - In large organizations, social media is often supported because the technology can help fosterthesenseofa “digital village” where individuals are able to “see” the livesofotherswithintheirorganizationandfeelcloserto them. - is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas and information and the building of virtualnetworksandcommunities. - It“empowers”individualstohaveavoice - Social media have changed the ways in which this knowledgeisbeingrecordedandpassedon - New forms of digital media are accompanied by globalization in bringing to light the possibilities for merging new kinds of communities via networks and creatingnewarenasforpoliticalinteraction,identityand belonging. GLOBALGOVERNANCEORWORLDGOVERNANCE - is a movement towards political integration of transnational actors aimed at negotiating responses to problemsthataffectmorethanonestateorregion. - is viewed as the sum of governance processes operatingintheabsenceofworldgovernment. - Boththeinternationalorganizations(lOs)andtheUnited Nations (UN) being theonlyuniversalmembershipand general-purposeinternationalorganization,areessential to the understanding of contemporary global governance - The two types of International Organizations arethose with universal membership and those with limited membership. THEROLESANDFUNCTIONSOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Asanintergovernmentalorganization,theUnitedNation istaskedtopromoteinternationalcooperationandtocreateand maintaininternationalorder.Itisthelargest,mostfamiliar,most internationallyrepresentedandmostpowerfulintergovernmental organizationintheworld The UN aims to savesucceedinggenerationsfromthe scourgeofwar;toreaffirmfaithinfundamentalhumanrights;to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained; and to promote social progressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedom FOURMAINPURPOSESOFTHEUNCHARTER a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college,or cityiscreatedanditsrightsandprivilegesdefined. - - - - aintainingworldwidepeaceandsecurity M Developingrelationsamongnations Fosteringcooperationbetweennationsinordertosolve economic,social,cultural,orhumanitarianinternational problems Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meettheUN'spurposesandgoals THEROLEOFTHENATION-STATEINGLOBALIZATION BasicElementsofaState - Territory - People - SovereignPower - Nation-stateroleinglobalizationiscomplex. - Sovereignty of individual nations is not abolished by expanded trade among countries, instead globalization is a force that changed the waynation-statesdealwith one another, particularly in the area of international commerce - Globalizationhaspotentialeffectsonglobalization. - A sense of interdependence is createdbyglobalization among nations to create among nations of differing economicstrengthsanimbalanceofpower. - Theroleofthenation-stateinaglobalworldislargelya regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence GLOBALIZATION’SIMPACTONTHESTATE actors which lead to theincreaseandaccelerationof F movementofpeople,information,commoditiesandcapital. - - - iftingoftradebarriers L Liberalizationofworldcapitalmarkets Swifttechnologicalprogress Problems afflicting the world today which are increasingly transnational in nature are those that cannot be solvedatthenationallevelorStatetoStatenegotiations. - - - - overty P Environmentalpollution Economiccrisis Organizedcrimeandterrorism Effectsofgreatereconomicandsocialinterdependence tonationaldecisionmakingprocesses. - - - - It calls for a transfer of decisions to the international level It requires many decisions to be transferred to local levelsofgovernmentduetoanincreaseinthedemand forparticipation. Decisionmakingprocessesinglobalizationarecomplex asittakesplaceinvariouslevelssuchassub-national, national, and global which lead to the growth of a multi-layeredsystemofgovernance. The State persists because its need grows and because of its undiminished local resource pools and socioeconomicproblemsonwhichStatesarebased. ThefollowingcanbeguaranteedonlybytheStatesthrough independentcourts: - - - espectofhumanrightsandjustice R Promotethenationalwelfare Protectthegeneralinterest ThoughtheStateisrequiredbyglobalizationtoimprove itscapacitytodealwithgreateropenness,itmustremaincentral tothewell-beingofitscitizensandtothepropermanagementof socialandeconomicdevelopment. THEWORLDOFREGIONSGlobalDivides:THENORTH ANDTHESOUTH(FOCUS:LATINAMERICA) WHATISGLOBALSOUTH? - refers totheregionsofLatinAmerica,Asia,Africa,and Oceania mostly low- income and often politically or culturallymarginalized. - Itmayalsobecalledthe“developingWorld” THREEPRIMARYCONCEPTSOFGLOBALSOUTH - It refers to economically disadvantaged nation-states andasapost-coldwaralternativeto“ThirdWorld”. - TheGlobalSouthcapturesadeterritorializedgeography of capitalism’s externalities and means to account for subjugated peoples within the borders of wealthier countries, such that there are economic Souths in the geographicNorthandNorthsinthegeographicSouth. - It refers to the resistant imaginary of a transnational politicalsubjectthatresultsfromasharedexperienceof subjugationundercontemporaryglobalcapitalism. - The global South is not a directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of decolonization and moved toward the realization of a post- colonial internationalorder - The process of globalization places into question geographically bound conceptions of poverty and inequality. The increase and intensification of global flows spread both poverty and affluence. Spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries may mirror thepovertyoftheglobalsouth,andspacesofaffluence mirrorthoseoftheglobalnorth ASIANREGIONALISM REGIONALISM - refers to the decentralization of political powers or competencies from a higher towards a lower political level. - it distinguishes between top-down from bottom up regionalism - Top-downregionalismdescribesthedecentralizationof competencies or the establishment of regional institutionsbythestate - bottom-up includes all patterns of endeavors toward politicaldecentralizationfromwithintheparticularregion VIEWSOFGLOBALIZATIONINTHEASIAPACIFICAND SOUTHASIA - Globalization is an externalphenomenonbeingpushed into the region by world powers particularly the United StatesandEurope. - From this perspective, globalization can beunderstood asaprocessthattransformstheAsiaPacificandSouth Asia. - It is a force for good bringing economic development, politicalprogress,andsocialandculturaldiversitytothe region. - - - - - THEASIAPACIFICANDSOUTHASIA r efertogethertotheregionsofEast(orNortheast)Asia, SouthAsia,thePacificIslands,andSouthAsia. It includes some of the world’s most economically developed states such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, and highly impoverished countriessuchasCambodia,Laos,andNepal. Italsoincludesthelargestandmostpopulousstateson the globe including China and India and some of the world’ssmallestsuchastheMaldivesandBhutan PACIFICPIVOT foreign policyshiftimplementedbytheUnitedStatesto commitmoreresourcesandattentiontotheregion. This shift which is also called “Atlantic Century” was termed “Pacific Century” by US Secretary of States HilaryClinton. THEREGION-MAKINGINSOUTHEASTASIAAND MIDDLE-CLASSFORMATION: THETHIRDWAVE - Regionalization entails complex and dynamic interactions between and among governmental and nongovernmental actors which resulted in hybrid East Asia. - The product of regional economic development in the post war era are the middle classes in east Asia. Regional economic development took place within the context of the American informal empirein“FreeAsia”, with the US-led regional security system and the triangulartradesystemasitstwomajorpillars. - The first wave of regional economic development took place in Japan from the mid 1950’s to the early1970s andledtotheemergenceofamiddle-classbytheearly 1970s. - The second wave took place between the 1960s and 1980s in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore and led to the formation of middle-class societiesinthesecountriesbythe1980s. TWOSALIENTPOINTSINTHEHISTORYOFEASTASIAN MIDDLE-CLASSFORMATION - Middle class formationinSoutheastAsiawasdrivenby global and regional transnational capitalism working in alliance with national states while the middle class in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were created by developmentalstatesandnationalcapitalism. - New urban middle classes in East Asia, whether in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Southeast Asia, with their middle-class jobs, education, and income,havein turncreatedtheirownnewlifestylescommensuratewith theirmiddle-classincomeandstatus. REGIONALIMPLICATIONSOFMIDDLE-CLASSFORMATION INEASTASIA - Complex historical forces shaped new urban middle classes. They are products of regional economic development,whichhastakenplaceinwavesunderthe U.S. informal empire over a half century,firstinJapan, theninSouthKorea,Taiwan,Hongkong,andSingapore, Thailand, Malaysia,IndonesiaandPhilippines,andnow inChina. - - - - - heyareproductsaswellfordevelopmentstates.Their T lifestyles have been shaped in very complex ways by their appropriation of things American, Japanese, Chinese, South Korean, Islamic and other ways oflife, oftenmediatedbythemarket. The political consequences of the rise of East Asia middleclassesvary. TheculturalandpoliticalhegemonyoftheSouthKorean middleclassesisembodiedbysinglegeneration Taiwanese middle classes manifest themselves in the politicalassertivenessofanethnicmajority. Thai middle classes are coherent socially, hegemonic culturally, and ascend politically; their counterparts in Malaysia and Indonesia aresociallydivided,dependent onthestate,politicallyassertiveandvulnerable;andthe Philippine middle classes are socially coherent, less dependent on the state, culturally ascendant, but politicallyvacillating.
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