ACE SSC GENERAL AWARENESS
A Complete Guide on General Awareness
for SSC Examinations
that includes SSC CGL, CHSL/10+2,
CPO, MTS & other competetive examinations
1
Content
PART – I
SECTION A : HISTORY
1.
Ancient History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Ancient History MCQ Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Medieval History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Medievl History MCQ Question . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Modern History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Modern History MCQ Question . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.
3.
SECTION B : GEOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Interior Structure of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Oceanography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Physiographic Division of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Natural Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Transport System in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Some Important Facts about India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Continents of the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Geography MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 228
SECTION C : POLITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Framing of Indian Constitution. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Parts & Schedules of Indian Constitution. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Preamble, Union & its territories & Citizenship .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Fundamental Rights & Duties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Union Executive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Parliament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Emergency provisions in India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
State Legislature. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Local-Self Governance .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Judiciary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Union Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Government Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Parliamentary Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Some Important Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
GST & Union Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Indian Polity M.C.Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
SECTION D : Economics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Demand & Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Macro Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Tax Structure in India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Economic Reforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Poverty & Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Reserve Bank of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Stock Exchange. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 404
Important Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Economics MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
SECTION E : Traditional General Knowledge
1.
Traditional General Knowledge... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Miscellaneous MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
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PART – II
SECTION A : PHYSICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Physical Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Rest and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Force and Newton’s Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Oscillations & waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Magnetism & Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Nuclear Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Work, Power and Energy . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
PHYSICS MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
SECTION B : Chemistry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Nature and Composition of Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Acid, Base and Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Structure of Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Elements & their compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Chemistry in Everyday life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Chemistry in Agriculture & Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Classification of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Chemical Reactions and Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Matters & its Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Some Important Metals & their Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 587
CHEMISTRY MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
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SECTION C : BIOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Muscular & Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Endocrine System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Lymphatic System & Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Diversity in Living organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Micro-organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Some Important Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
BIOLOGY MCQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
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Chapter
1
Ancient History
PALEOLITHIC OR OLD STONE AGE (5,00,000 B.C. – 10,000 B.C.)
• In India, the Palaeolithic Age developed in the Pleistocene period or the Ice Age and was spread.
• In practically all parts of India except the alluvial parts of Ganga and Indus.
• Food gathering and hunting were the main occupations of the people of this phase. They had no knowledge
of agriculture, fire or pottery of any material.
• Man during this period used tools of unpolished, undressed rough stones and lived in cave and rock
shelters.
• They mainly used hand axes, cleavers, choppers, blades, scrapers and burin.
• Their tools were made of hard rock called ‘quartzite’.
• Hence Paleolithic men are also called ‘Quartzite Men’.
• Homo sapiens first appeared in the last phase of Paleolithic age.
• The Paleolithic Age in India has been divided into three phases according to the nature of stone tools used
by the people and also according to the nature of change in the climate – Early or lower Paleolithic, Middle
Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic.
(a) The Early Paleolithic Age covers the greater part of the Ice Age. Its characteristic tools are hand axes,
cleavers and choppers. Such tools have been found in Soan and Sohan river valley (now in Pakistan)
and in the Belan Valley in the Mirzapur district of UP. In this period climate became less humid.
(b) Middle Paleolithic Phase is characterized by the use of stone tools made of flakes mainly scrapers,
borers and blade like tools. The sites are found in the valleys of Soan, Narmada and Tungabhadra
rivers. During this phase, Pithecanthropus or Homo erectus evolved.
(c) In the Upper Paleolithic Phase, the climate became warm and less humid. This stage is marked by
burins and scrapers. Such tools have been found in AP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bhopal and Chhota
Nagpur plateau.
• The Old Stone Age sites are widely found in various parts of the Indian subcontinent and are generally
located near water sources.
• In the Old Stone Age, food was obtained by hunting animals and gathering edible plants and tubers.
Therefore, these people are called as hunter-gatherers.
• The hunting of large animals would have required the combined effort of a group of people with large
stone axes. Their way of life became modified with the passage of time since they made attempts to
domesticate animals, make crude pots and grow some plants.
• A few Old Stone Age paintings have also been found on rocks at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh and
other places. The period before 10000 B.C. is assigned to the Old Stone Age.
• Some of the famous sites of Old Stone Age in India are:
(a) The Soan valley and Potwar Plateau on the northwest India;
(b) The Siwalik hills on the north India;
(c) Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh;
(d) Adamgarh hill in Narmada valley;
(e) Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh; and
(f) Attirampakkam near Chennai.
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At Chopani-Mando in the Belan valley of the Vindhyas and the middle part of the Narmada valley a
sequence of occupation from all the three stages of the Paleolithic to Neolithic stage have been found in
sequence. Chopani Mando is an important site where fossil animal bones have been found.
The Son and the adjacent Belan valley (Mirzapur, UP) provide a sequence of artifacts from lower Paleolithic
to Neolithic.
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MESOLITHIC OR MIDDLE STONE AGE (10,000 B.C. – 6000 B.C.)
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The next stage of human life is called Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age which falls roughly from 10000 B.C.
to 6000 B.C. and was the transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age.
Various Mesolithic sites are found in the Chhotanagpur region, Central India and also south of the Krishna
River.
Mesolithic remains are found in Langhanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh and also in some
places of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
In the sites of Mesolithic Age, a different type of stone tools is found. These are tiny stone artifacts, often
not more than five centimeters in size. These characteristic tools of the Mesolithic Age are known as
Microliths-pointed, cresconic blades, scrapers, etc, all made of stone.
The paintings and engravings found at the rock shelters give an idea about the social life and economic
activities of Mesolithic people. The hunting-gathering pattern of life continued during this period.
However, there seems to have been a shift from big animal hunting to small animal hunting and fishing.
The use of bow and arrow also began during this period.
Also, there began a tendency to settle for longer periods in an area. Therefore, domestication of animals,
horticulture and primitive cultivation started.
The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plain cultivation. Animal bones are found in these sites and
these include dog, deer, boar and ostrich.
Occasionally, burials of the dead along with some microliths and shells seem to have been practiced.
NEOLITHIC AGE (6000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.)
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A remarkable progress is noticed in human civilization in the Neolithic Age. In the world context, the New
Stone Age began in 9000 B.C.
The only Neolithic settlement in the Indian subcontinent attributed to 7000 B.C. lies in Mehrgarh, which is
situated in Baluchistan, a province of Pakistan.
In India, Neolithic Age is not earlier than 6000 BC and at some places in South and Eastern India; it is as
late as 1000 B.C.
These include the Kashmir valley, Chirand in Bihar, Belan valley in Uttar Pradesh and in several places of
the Deccan.
The important Neolithic sites are:
(a) Burzahom and Gufkral in J&K (famous for pit dwelling, stone tools and graveyard in house),
(b) Maski, Brahmagiri, Tekkalakota in Karnataka, Paiyampatti in Tamil Nadu,
(c) Piklihal and Hallur in AP,
(d) Garo hills in Meghalaya,
(e) Chirand and Senuwar in Bihar (known for remarkable bone tools),
(f) Amri, Kotdiji, etc.
Koldihawa in UP revealed a threefold cultural sequence: Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Iron Age.
The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the practice of agriculture, domestication of
animals, polishing of stone tools and the manufacturing of pottery.
The cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based
on sedentary life.
There was a great improvement in technology of making tools and other equipments used by man.
Stone tools were now polished and theses polished axes were found to be more effective tools for hunting
and cutting trees.
Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts.
Neolithic people knew about making fire and making pottery, first by hand and then by potters wheel.
They also painted and decorated their pottery.
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Pottery was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains.
Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the dead.
There was also improvement in agriculture. Wheat, barley, rice, millet were cultivated in different areas at
different points of time.
Neolithic sites in Allahabad district are noted for the cultivation of rice in the sixth millennium B.C.
Domestication of sheep, goats and cattle was widely prevalent.
Cattle were used for cultivation and for transport.
The people of Neolithic Age used clothes made of cotton and wool.
CHACOLITHIC OR METAL AGE
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The end of the Neolithic Period saw the use of metals of which copper was the first and a culture based on
the use of stone and copper arrived.
Such a culture is called Chalcolithic which means the stone-copper phase.
The new technology of smelting metal ore and crafting metal artifacts is an important development in
human civilization.
But the use of stone tools was not given up. Some of the micro-lithic tools continued to be essential items.
People began to travel for a long distance to obtain metal ores which led to a network of Chalcolithic
cultures and the Chalcolithic cultures were found in many parts of India.
Generally, Chalcolithic cultures had grown in river valleys.
Gold was probably one of the earliest discoveries, but it served as a material for ornaments only.
Important sites of this phase are spread in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar, MP, etc.
In South India the river valleys of the Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pennar and Kaveri were settled by
farming communities during this period. Although they were not using metals in the beginning of the
Metal Age, there is evidence of copper and bronze artifacts by the end of second millennium B.C.
Several bronze and copper objects, beads, terracotta figurines and pottery were found at Paiyampalli in
Tamil Nadu.
The Chalcolithic people used different types of pottery of which black and red pottery was most popular.
These people were not acquainted with burnt bricks and generally lived in thatched houses.
It was a village economy.
The Chalcolithic age is followed by Iron Age. Iron is frequently referred to in the Vedas.
The Iron Age of the southern peninsula is often related to Megalithic Burials.
Megalith means Large Stone.
The burial pits were covered with these stones. Such graves are extensively found in South India.
Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallur and Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda in Andhra
Pradesh and Adichchanallur in Tamil Nadu.
Black and red pottery, iron artifacts such as hoes and sickles and small weapons were found in the burial
pits.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION IN INDIA
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The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River & the GhaggarHakra River in what is now Pakistan & north-western India.
According to radio-carbon dating, it spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC.
Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa (on Ravi) in 1921. R.D. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or
‘Mound of the Dead’ (on Indus) in 1922. Sir John Marshal played a crucial role in both these.
Harappan Civilization forms part of the proto history of India & belongs to the Bronze Age.
Copper, bronze, silver, gold were known but not iron.
The Indus-Valley people were well-acquainted with the use both of cotton & wool.
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Domestication of animals:
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Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. Besides sheep & goats, dogs, humped cattle, buffalo &
elephant was certainly domesticated. The camel was rare & horse was not known.
Town Planning:
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Elaborate town-planning. It followed the Grid System. Roads were well cut, dividing the town into large
rectangular or square blocks.
Used burnt bricks of good quality as the building material. Elsewhere in the contemporary world, mudbricks were used.
In Mohenjodaro, a big public bath (Great Bath) measuring 12 m by 7 m & 2.4 m deep, has been found. Steps
led from either end to the surface, with changing rooms alongside. It was probably used for ritual bathing.
Underground Drainage System.
Major Cities & Their Features:
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Mohenjodaro (Sind) is situated on the right bank of the Indus. Great Granary, Great bath, Assembly halls,
Shell strips, Pashupati Mahadev/Proto Shiva(Seal), Bronze image of Dancing girl, Steatite image of
Bearded man, Clay figure of Mother goddess found in Mohenjodaro.
Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus about 130 km south of Mohenjodaro. City without a citadel,
Inkpot, Imprints of dog’s paw on Brick, Terracotta model of a bullock cart, Bronze toy cart are important
archeological findings of Chanhudaro.
Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the river Ghaggar which dried up centuries ago. Ploughed
field surface, 7 Fire alters, decorated bricks, wheels of a toy cart, Mesopotamian cylindrical seal are found
in Kalibangan.
Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. Important excavations are Dockyard, Fire alters, Terracotta
figurine of Horses, Double Burial, Terracotta Model of a ship, Dying vat, Persian/Iranian seal, Painted
Jar(Bird And Fox).
Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Saraswati River. Important features of
Lothal are lack of grid pattern town planning, lack of systematic drainage pattern, Toy Plough, Clay figures
of Mother Goddess.
Surkotoda (Gujarat) is at the head of the Rann of Kutch. Important archeological excavations are Bones of
Horse, Oval Graves and Pot Burials.
Dholavira (Gujarat) excavated is in the Kutch district. Bronze Images (Charioteer with Chariot, ox, elephant
and rhinoceros) are important excavations.
Trade & Commerce in Indus Valley Civilization:
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There was no metallic money in circulation & trade was carried through Barter System.
Weights & measures of accuracy existed in Harappan culture (found at Lothal). The weights were made of
limestone, steatite, etc. & were generally cubical in shape.
16 was the unit of measurement (16, 64,160, 320).
A dockyard has been discovered at Lothal. Rangpur, Somnath & Balakot functioned as seaports.
Sutkagendor & Sutkakoh functioned as outlets.
Indus Valley Civilization Script:
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The script is not alphabetical but pictographic (about 600 undeciphered pictographs).
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The script has not been deciphered so far, but overlaps of letters show that it was written from right to left
in the first line & left to right in the second line. This style is called ‘Boustrophedon’.
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VEDIC CULTURE (1500 BC-600 BC)
The Vedic Civilization was the culture and traditions of the society prevalent during the Vedic age (1500- 600
BCE).
Vedic Literature:
The term Veda means “superior knowledge” in Sanskrit.
Four major Vedas constitute the vedic literature. They are – Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sam Veda, and Atharva
Veda.
Rig Veda – Earliest veda. Has 1028 hymns in praise Gods.
Yajur Veda – Has details of rules to be followed during sacrifices
ama Veda – Has a collection of songs. The origins of Indian music are traced to it.
Atharva Veda – has a collection of spells and charms.
Besides these Vedas, there were Brahmanas, Upnishads, Aryankas, and epics- Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Brahmanas – Prose about vedic hymns, rituals and philosophies.
Aryankas – Deal with mysticism, rites and rituals.
Upnishads – Philosophical texts dealing with soul, mysteries of nature.
Ramayana was authored by Valmiki.
Mahabharata was written by Ved Vyasa.
Classification of Vedic Period:
The period of Vedic Civilization (1500-500 BCE) is divided into two broad parts –
Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), also known as Rig Vedic Period.
Later Vedic Period (1000- 600 BC).
Political Organisation in Vedic Age:
In Early Vedic Age: ‘Kula‘ was the basic unit of political organization. Multiple families together of kinship
formed a ‘grama‘. Group of villages were called ‘visu’, headed by ‘vishayapati‘. The highest political and
administrative unit was ‘jana‘ or tribe. There were several such tribal kingdoms – Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus
and Purus. There were two bodies- Sabha(council of elders) and Samiti(general assembly of people).
Society in Vedic Civilization: The Rig Vedic society was basically patriarchal. The basic unit of society was
‘graham’ or family, its head was called as ‘grahapathi’. Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra were women
poets.
Women could attend the popular assemblies. No child marriage, sati practice
ocial divisions were not rigid. Varna system in vedic civilization.
Economic Conditions in Vedic Civilization: The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral, cattle rearing people. After
they permanently settled in North India they began agriculture. Carpenters produced chariots and ploughs. A
variety of articles with copper, bronze and iron were made by workers. Spinning was an important occupation
– cotton and woolen fabrics. Goldsmiths made ornaments. The potters made different kinds of vessels for
domestic use.
Trade was conducted by barter system in begining but later shifted to use of gold coins called ‘nishka‘ for large
transactions. Rivers acted as means of transport.
Coins: Besides ‘nishka’, ‘satamana’– gold coins and ‘krishnala‘– silver coins were also used as a media of
exchange.
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Religion in Vedic Period: Rig Vedic Aryans worshiped natural forces like earth, fire, wind, rain and thunder
by personifying them into many gods. Some important Rig Vedic gods – Prithvi (Earth), Agni (Fire), Vayu
(Wind), Varuna (Rain) and Indra (Thunder). And ‘Indra’ was most popular. ‘Agni’ – an intermediary between
the gods and the people.
‘Varuna’ – the upholder of natural order.
Female Gods – ‘Aditi’ and ‘Ushas’. No temples and no idol worship. Prayers were offered to gods for rewards.
BUDDHISM IN INDIA
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Buddha Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal.
His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.
His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynasty) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up by stepmother
Gautami.
Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13 years & had a son named Rahula.
Left his palace at 29 (with Channa, the charioteer & his favourite horse, Kanthaka) in search of truth (also
called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunciation) & wandered for 6 years.
Attained ‘Nirvana’ or ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.
Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called
‘Dharmachakrapravartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.
Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC
at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.
Buddhist Councils:
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The monks gathered 4 times after the death of Buddha & the effect of these events had their effect on
Buddhism.
First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the chairman ship of Mehakassaapa (King was Ajatshatru).
Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas – Vihaya Pitaka & Sutta Pitaka. Upali recited the Vinaya
Pitaka & Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka.
Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalasoka). Followers divided into
Sthavirmadins & Mahasanghikas.
Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka). In this, the third
part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.
Fourth Council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka). Vice-Chairman
was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana & Hinayana sects.
Buddist Literature:
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Buddhist scriptures in Pali are commonly referred to as Tripitakas, i.e. ‘Threefold Basket’.
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Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in Buddhist monasteries.
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Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.
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Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion.
JAINISM IN INDIA
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There were 24 tirthankaras (Prophetsor Gurus), all Kshatriyas.
First was Rishabhanath (Emblem: Bull).
The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras. His main
teachings were: Non-injury, Non-lying, Non-stealing, Non-possession.
The 24th & the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion).
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Vardhman Mahavira :
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He was born in Kundagram (District Muzafffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.
His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan. His mother was Trishala, sister of Lichchavi Prince
Chetak of Vaishali.
Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.
Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.
At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.
In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained
supreme knowledge (Kaivalya).
From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya & Mahavira, & his followers were named Jains. He also got
the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.
At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
Note: In Jainism, three Ratnas (Triratnas) are given & they are called the way to Nirvana. They are Right Faith,
Right Knowledge & Right Conduct.
History of Jain Councils:
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First Council: Held at Pataliputra by Sthulabhadra in the beginning of third century BC. It resulted in the
compilation of 12 Angas to replace 14 Purvas.
Second Council: It was held at Vallabhi (Gujarat) in the fifth century AD under the leadership of
Devridhigani.
THE MAGADHA EMPIRE
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Period of Magadha Empire: 6th Century – 4th Century BC.
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Extent of Magadha Empire: Magadha embraced the former districts of Patna, Gaya & parts of Shahabad
& grew to be the leading state of the time.
Haryanka Dynasty: Originally founded in 566 BC by the grandfather of Bimbisara, but actual foundation by
Bimbisara.
King Bimbisara of Magadha (544 BC – 492 BC):
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Contemporary of Buddha.
His capital was Rajgiri (Girivraja)
His capital was surrounded by 5 hills, the openings in which were closed by stone walls on all sides.
Ajatshatru (492 BC – 460 BC):
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Son of Bimbisara killed his father & seized the throne.
Buddha died during his reign; arranged the first Buddhist Council.
Udayin (460 – 444 BC): He founded the new capital at Pataliputra, situated at the confluence of the Ganga
& Son.
Shishunaga Dynasty:
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Founded by a minister Shishunaga. He was succeeded by Kalasoka (IInd Buddhist council).
Dynasty lasted for two generations only.
Greatest achievement was the destruction of power of Avanti.
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Nanda Dynasty:
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Founder was Mahapadma Nanda.
Alexander attacked India in their reign. Dhana Nanda was there at that time.
Alexander’s Invasion of India
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Alexander (356 BC – 323 BC) was the son of Philip of Macedonia (Greece) who invaded India in 326 BC.
At that time NW India was split up into a number of small independent states like Taxila, Punjab (kingdom
of Porus), Gandhara etc.
Except Porus who fought the famous battle of Hydaspes (on banks of Jhelum) with Alexander, all other
kings submitted meekly.
Except Porus who fought the famous battle of Hydaspes (on banks of Jhelum) with Alexander, all other
kings submitted meekly.
When Alexander reached Beas, his soldiers refused to go further, so he was forced to retreat.
To mark the farthest point of his advance, he erected 12 huge stones altars on the northern bank of Beas.
Remained in India for 19 months & died in 323 BC at Babylon.
THE MAURYAN DYNASTY
Chandragupta Maurya (322 – 297 BC):
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With the help of Chanakya, known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta, he overthrew the Nandas & established
the rule of the Maurya dynasty.
Built a vast empire, which included not only good portions of Bihar & Bengal, but also western & north
western India & the Deccan.
This account is given by Megasthenes (A Greek ambassador sent by Seleucus to the court of Chandragupta
Maurya) in his book Indica. We also get the details from the Arthashastra of Kautilya.
Chandragupta adopted Jainism & went to Sravanabelagola (near Mysore) with Bhadrabahu, where he died
by slow starvation.
Bindusara (297 – 273 BC):
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Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son Bindusara in 297 BC.
He is said to have conquered ‘the land between the 2 seas’, i.e., the Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal.
Ashoka (269 – 232 BC):
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Ashoka was the most famous Mauryan king and one of the greatest rulers. Ashoka assumed the title of
Priyadarshi (pleasing to look at) and Devanampriya (beloved of Gods). In the Sarnath inscription, he
adopted the third title, i.e. Dharmshoka.
Ashoka’s Rock Edicts - Major rock edicts (a set of 14 inscription) found at following 8 places: Dhauli, Girnar,
Jaduguda, Kalsi, Mansehra, Shahbazgarhi, Sopara and Yenagardi.
Minor rock edicts found at 13 places: Bairat, Brahmagiri, Gavimath Gajarra, Jatinga-Rameshwar, Maski,
Palkigunda, Meadagiri, Rupanath, Sasaram, Siddhapur, Suvarnagiri and Verragudi.
Major rock edicts1st Major Rock Edict- Prohibition of animal sacrifice.
2nd Major Rock Edict- Related to measures of social welfare.
3rd Major Rock Edict- Respecting one’s parents.
4th Major Rock Edict- Impact of Dhamma, Non-violence towards animals.
5th Major Rock Edict- Appointment of Dhamma Mahamantras to spread Dhamma.
6th Major Rock Edict- Welfare measures of efficient.
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The Kalinga War:
(261 BC, mentioned in XIII rock edict): It changed his attitude towards life. Ashoka became a Buddhist after
that.
Ashoka’s Dhamma
Dhamma is the Prakrit word form of the Sanskrit term ‘Dharma’ which means religious duty. Ashoka gave up
the policy of conquest through war (dig-vijaya) and began to follow a policy of conquest through dharma
(dharma-vijaya). Ashoka’s Dhamma was related to norms of social behaviour and activities. Its norms are
mentioned in Ashoka’s edits. Due to this policy, his name shines with unique brilliance.
Causes of the fall of Mauryan Empire:
• Ashoka’s patronage of Buddhism & his anti-sacrificial attitude is said to have affected the income of the
Brahmins. So, they developed antipathy against Ashoka.
• Revenue from agrarian areas was not sufficient to maintain such a vast empire as booty from war was
negligible.
• Successors of Ashoka were too weak to keep together such a large centralized empire.
Note: The last Mauryan king Brihadratha was killed by Pushyamitra Shunga (Commander in Chief) in 185 BC,
who started the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
SANGAM AGE IN INDIA
Cholas :
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The kingdom was called Cholamandalam or Coromondal. The chief centre was Uraiyur, a place famous
for cotton trade. Capital was Kaveripattanam/Puhar.
A Chola king named Elara conquered SriLanka & ruled it over for 50 years.
Karikala was their famous king.
Main source of wealth was trade in cotton cloth. They also maintained an efficient navy.
The Iron Age in South India laid the foundation stone for a golden period which began in 300 BC and lasted
till 300
AD. This period, popularly known as SANGAM AGE, is widely regarded as the golden age of the Tamils.
The literature collectively produced by the ancient Tamil poets is commonly known as the Sangam
literature.
Sangam literature makes a mention of three kingdoms— Chola, Chera and Pandiyan.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY
Gupta Empire Golden Age of India
• On the ruins of the Kushan empire arose a new empire, which established its way over a good part of the
former dominions of both Kushans & Satavahanas. The first two kings of the dynasty were Srigupta &
Ghatotkacha.
Chandragupta I (AD 319 – 335):
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First important king of Gupta Dynasty.
Started the Gupta era in 319-320 AD.
He enhanced his power & prestige by marrying Kumara Devi, princess of the Lichchavi clan of Nepal.
He acquired the title of Maharajadhiraj.
Struck coins in the joint names of himself, his queen & the Lachchavi nation, thereby acknowledging his
marriage alliance.
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Samudragupta (AD 335 – 375):
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The Gupta kingdom was enlarged enormously by Chandragupta’s son & successor Samudragupta.
Samudragupta believed in the policy of war & conquest & because of his bravery & generalship he is called
the ‘Napoleon’ of India (by the historian V.A. Smith).
Chandragupta – II (AD 380 – 413):
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Samudragupta was succeeded by Ramgupta but Chandragupta II killed him & married his queen
Dhruvadevi.
He was the first ruler to issue silver coins. Also issued copper coins.
His court was adorned by celebrated nine gems (navratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Varahmihir,
& Dhanvantri.
Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India at this time.
Kumaragupta – I (AD 413 – 455):
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He adopted the title of Mahendraditya.
Founded Nalanda University (a renowned university of ancient India).
He was the worshipper of Lord Kartikeya (son of Lord Shiva).
In the last years of his reign, the peace & prosperity of the empire was disturbed due to the invasion of
Turko-Mongol tribe, Hunas. During the war with the Hunas, Kumaragupta died.
Skandagupta (AD 455 – 467):
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Kumaragupta-I was followed by Skandagupta.
Restored Sudarshana Lake.
After his death, the great days of the Guptas were over. The empire continued but central control weakened
& local governors became feudatory kings with hereditary rights.
Gupta Literature in India:
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Kalidas, the great Sanskrit dramatist, belonged to this period. His books are: Abhigyanashakuntalam
(considered as one of the best literary works in the world & one of the earliest Indian work to be translated
into European language, the other work being the Bhagavadgita), Ritusamhara, Meghadutam,
Kumarasambhavam, Malavikagnimitram, Raghuvansha, Vikramurvashi etc. Out of these, Ritusamhara,
Meghadutam, Raghuvansha were epics & the rest were plays.
Vishakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa & Devichandraguptam.
Vishnu Sharma wrote Panchtantra & Hitopdesh.
The Gupta period also saw the development of Sanskrit grammar based on Panini & Patanjali.
Ramayana & Mahabharata were almost completed by the 4th century AD.
Other Dynasties & Rulers (7th Century–12th Century AD)
Harshavardhana (AD 606 – 647)
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Belonged to Pushyabhuti family & son of Prabhakar Vardhan.
Originally belonged to Thaneshwar, but shifted to Kannauj (after Harsha’s death Kannauj was won from
Harsha’s successors by the Pratiharas).
Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (Prince of Travelers) visited during his reign.
Harsha himself wrote 3 plays – Priyadarshika, Ratnavali & Nagananda.
After the death of Harsha in 647, the empire once again broke up into petty States.
I–tsing, another Chinese pilgrim, visited in 670 AD.
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The Chalukyas
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Pulakesin I (543-566) was the first independent ruler of Badami with Vatapi in Bijapur as his capital.
Kirthivarma I (566-596) succeeded him at the throne. When he died, the heir to the throne, Prince Pulakesin
II, was just a baby & so the king’s brother, Mangalesha (597-610), was crowned the caretaker ruler. Over
the years, he made many unsuccessful attempts to kill the prince but was ultimately killed himself by the
prince & his friends.
Pulakesin II (610-642), the son of Pulakesin I, was a contemporary of Harshavardhana & the most famous
of the Chalukyan kings. His reign is remembered as the greatest period in the history of Karnataka. He
defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of the Narmada.
4.
After conquering the Kosalas & the Kalingas, & eastern Chalukyan dynasty was inaugurated by his
(Pulakeshin II) brother Kubja Vishnuvardana.
5.
In 631, the Chalukyan empire extended from sea to sea. However, Pulkeshin II was defeated & probably
killed in 642, when the Pallavas under Narsimhavarma I attack on their capital & captured the chalukyan
capital at Badami.
6.
The Chalukyas rose to power once again under the leadership of Vikramaditya I (655-681), who defeated
his contemporary Pandya, Pallava & Cholas rulers to establish the supremacy of the Chalukyan empire in
the region.
7.
Vikramaditya II (733-745) defeated the Pallava king Nandivarma II to capture a major portion of the Pallava
kingdom.
8.
Vikramaditya II’s son, Kirtivarma II (745), was disposed by the Rashtrakuta ruler, Dhantidurga, who
established the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
THE CHOLAS (9TH TO 13TH CENTURY)
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The Chola dynasty was one of the most popular dynasties of south India which ruled over Tamil Nadu &
parts of Karnataka with Tanjore as its capital.
Early Chola rulers were the Karikala Cholas who ruled in the 2nd century.
In 850, Vijayalaya captured Tanjore during the Pandya-Pallava wars. To commemorate his accession, he
built a temple at Tanjore. The giant statue of Gomateswara at Shravanbelagola was also built during this
period.
Vijayalaya’s son Aditya I (871-901) succeeded him to throne.
It was Rajaraja I (985-1014) during which the CHOLAS reached at its zenith. He snatched back lost
territories from the Rashtrakutas & become the most powerful of the Chola rulers. Rajaraja is also famous
for the beautiful shiva temple which he constructed at Thanjavur(Tamil Nadu). It is called Rajarajeswara
after his name.
Rajendra Chola (1014-1044), son of Rajaraja I, was an important ruler of this dynasty who conquered Orissa,
Bengal, Burma & the Andaman & Nicobar Island. The Cholas dynasty was at its zenith also during his
reign. He also conquered Sri Lanka.
Kulottunga I (1070-1122) was another significant Chola ruler. Kulottunga I united the two kingdom of the
eastern Chalukyas of Vengi & the Cholas of Thanjavur. After a long reign of about half a century,
Kulottunga I passed away sometime in 1122 & was succeeded by his son, Vikrama Chola, surnamed
Tyagasamudra.
The last ruler of the Chola Dynasty was Rajendra III (1246-79). He was a weak ruler who surrendered to
the Pandyas. Later, Malik Kafur invaded this Tamil state in 1310 & extinguished the Chola empire.
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1.
The Arthashastra was written by
(a) Chanakya
(b) Kalidasa
(c) Harsha Vardhana
(d) Vatsyayana
2. Who wrote the Panchatantra?
(a) Vyasa
(b) Vishnu Sharma
(c) Valmiki
(d) Yajnavalkya
3. Alexander defeated _________ in the battle of
Hydaspes.
(a) Porus
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Herakles
(d) Eudemus
4. Ramcharitmanas is an epic poem written in
which language?
(a) Santali
(b) Munda
(c) Awadhi
(d) Sanskrit
5. From which monument, Gautama Buddha
propagated his divine knowledge of Buddhism
to the world?
(a) Humayun's Tomb (b) Sarnath Stupa
(c) Qutub Minar
(d) Red Fort Complex
6. Alexander the Great was born in ________.
(a) 356 BC
(b) 189 BC
(c) 189 AD
(d) 356 AD
7. Oil paint was first used for Buddhist paintings by
Indian and Chinese painters in western _____
sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries.
(a) Iraq
(b) Afghanistan
(c) Pakistan
(d) India
8. Kalinga War was fought in the year _______
(a) 1604 BC
(b) 261 BC
(c) 731 AD
(d) 1113 AD
9. Chandragupta Maurya was born in _______.
(a) 340 BC
(b) 563 BC
(c) 189 BC
(d) 99 BC
10. Ashoka was an emperor of the __________
Dynasty.
(a) Mughal
(b) Chola
(c) Maurya
(d) Gupta
11. Who built the Group of Monuments at
Mahabalipuram?
(a) Chola Kings
(b) Pallava Kings
(c) Chera Kings
(d) Chalukya Kings
12. Bimbisara was the king of which dynasty?
(a) Haryanka
(b) Maurya
(c) Shunga
(d) Nanda
19
13. Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra have rock-cut cave
monuments of which religion?
(a) Sikhism
(b) Buddhism
(c) Christianity
(d) Hinduism
14. Whose reign in Indian History is called the
Golden Age of India?
(a) Mughal Empire
(b) Maratha Empire
(c) Gupta Empire
(d) Maurya Empire
15. The Buddha has been eulogized as an ocean of
wisdom and compassion in
(a) Buddha-Charita
(b) Jataka tales
(c) Amarakosha
(d) The Light of Aisa
16. Tripitakas are related to
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Hinduism
(d) Zoroastrians
17. The Digambaras and Shvetambaras differ
primarily with regard to their
(a) Choice of god
(b) Totally different philosphy
(c) Dress
(d) Rituals
18. When did the first Huna invasion take place?
(a) 358 AD
(b) 458 AD
(c) 558 AD
(d) 658 AD
19. Chandragupta (322–298 BC) was the ruler of
which dynasty?
(a) Maurya
(b) Mewar
(c) Mughal
(d) Peshwas
20. Ajatashatru was the son of
(a) Brahmadatta
(b) Bindusara
(c) Bimbisara
(d) Chetaka
21. Ashoka converted to which religion after the
Kalinga war?
(a) Jainism
(b) Buddhism
(c) Christianity
(d) Judaism
22. Chandragupta Maurya was an ardent follower of
__________.
(a) Sikhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Buddhism
(d) Jewism
23. Chanakya was the chief advisor of _______.
(a) Babur
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Akbar
(d) Kautilya
24. What is the name of the preaching mudra or
gesture, in which the Buddha is depicted
delivering his first sermon, in the Gandhara
Sculptures?
(a) Abhaya
(b) Dharmachakra
(c) Dhyana
(d) Bhumisparsha
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25. Chandragupta Maurya was born in Pataliputra,
which is now in _______.
(a) Chattisgarh
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Bihar
26. Ghatotkacha (who ruled in the years 290–305
B.C.) was a king from which dynasty?
(a) Gupta Dynasty
(b) Kanva Dynasty
(c) Shunga Dynasty
(d) Maurya Dynasty
27. Indus Valley Civilization was a __________ age
civilization.
(a) Silver
(b) Tin
(c) Gold
(d) Bronze
28. Which among the following games was very
popular in ancient India?
(a) Chess
(b) Cricket
(c) Hockey
(d) Football
29. Ashoka The Great (273–232 B.C.) was the ruler of
which dynasty?
(a) Mewar
(b) Mughal
(c) Maurya
(d) Peshwas
30. The first Buddhist Council was held at
____________.
(a) Kashmir
(b) Rajagriha
(c) Pataliputra
(d) Vaisali
31. Who was the founder of the Satvahana Empire?
(a) Kanha
(b) Simuka
(c) Hala
(d) Gautamiputra
32. The people of the Indus valley civilisation
worshipped ____________.
(a) Vishnu
(b) Pashupati
(c) Indra
(d) Brahma
33. The Upanishads are the ____________ .
(a) Great Epics
(b) Story Books
(c) Source of Hindu Philosophy
(d) Law Books
34. Gandhara Art is the combination of (a) Indo - Roman
(b) Indo - Greek
(c) Indo - Islamic
(d) Indo - China
35. The earliest reference to sati custom is made in
which of the following inscriptions?
(a) Allahabad Pillar inscription
(b) Eran inscription of Bhanugupta
(c) Aihole inscription of Pulkesin II
(d) Bhitan inscription of Skandgupta
36. Which of the following is not true about Ajanta
Caves?
(a) They are in Maharashtra
(b) They are decorated with Buddhist Art
(c) They depict the techniques used in Ancient
India
(d) They do not contain paintings of flora and
fauna
20
37. What is the Mehrauli Pillar in the complex of
Qutub Minar primarily famous for?
(a) Proverbial height
(b) Skilful stone cutting
(c) Excellent quality steel
(d) Statue of Buddha on top
38. Which script was used in Ashoka's inscriptions?
(a) Brahmi
(b) Devanagiri
(c) Gurmukhi
(d) Sanskrit
39. Aryabhatta and Kalidasa were in the court of
which Gupta Emperor?
(a) Kumara Gupta I
(b) Chandra Gupta II
(c) Samudra Gupta
(d) Skanda Gupta
40. Which is the biggest building at Mohenjodaro?
(a) Great Bath
(b) Great Granary
(c) Assembly Hall
(d) Rectangular Building
41. Who among the following was the court
physician of Kanishka?
(a) Vasumitra
(b) Nagarjuna
(c) Charaka
(d) Patanjali
42. The veda which deals with the rituals is known
as_____________.
(a) Rigveda
(b) Yajurveda
(c) Samaveda
(d) Atharvaveda
43. The capital of the Mauryan Kingdom was located
at___________
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Vaishali
(c) Lumbini
(d) Gaya
44. Where is the Brihadeshwar temple, built during
the Chola period, located?
(a) Mysore
(b) Mahabalipuram
(c) Tanjavur
(d) Kanyakumari
45. Kamarup is an ancient name of which region of
India?
(a) Bihar
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Karnataka
(d) Assam
46. The school of Indian art which is also known as
the Greco-Roman-Buddhist art is the _____
school.
(a) Mauryan
(b) Shunga
(c) Gandhara
(d) Gupta
47. Which of the following Pallava Kings assumed
the title of "Vatapikonda" after defeating and
slaying the great Chalukyan King Pulekesin II?
(a) Narsimha Varman I
(b) Mahendra Varman I
(c) Parameshwar Varman I
(d) Nandi Varman
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48. Who among the following was the first
grammarian of the Sanskrit language?
(a) Kalhana
(b) Maitreyi
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Panini
49. To which clan Gautam Buddha belonged?
(a) Shibi
(b) Shakya
(c) Saurasena
(d) Shabara
50. Chachnama records the history of which
conquest?
(a) Kushanas
(b) Hunas
(c) Arabs
(d) Greeks
51. A collective term used by the Jains for their
sacred books is (a) Prabandhas
(b) Angas
(c) Nibandhas
(d) Charits
52. Match the following:
(a) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
(b) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
(c) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(d) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
53. The important book written by Kautilya is (a) Arthashastra
(b) Indica
(c) Arya Manju Sri Mula Kapa
(d) Rajatarangini
54. Harsha moved his capital from _____ to _____ .
(a) Thanesar, Kannauj (b) Delhi, Deogiri
(c) Kamboj, Kannauj
(d) Valabhi, Delhi
55. Who wrote 'Nyaya Sutra'?
(a) Vyasa
(b) Gautam
(c) Kapila
(d) Charaka
56. Sanchi Stupa was built by?
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Ashoka
(d) Narasimha
57. Who was the son of Chandragupta Maurya?
(a) Bindusara
(b) Chandragupta II
(c) Ashoka
(d) Binbsara
58. What is the name of the court poet of King
Harshavardhana?
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Banabhatta
(c) Surdas
(d) Raskhan
59. Who built the Konark Sun Temple?
(a) AnantavarmanChodaganga Deva
(b) Narasimhadeva I
(c) Kapilendra Deva Routaray
(d) PurushottamDev
60. Which emperor wrote the play 'Nagananda' in
Sanskrit language?
(a) Prabhakaravardhana (b) Harshavardhana
(c) Chandragupta II
(d) Bindusara
21
61. Takshashila University was located between
which two rivers?
(a) Indus and Jhelum (b) Jhelum and Ravi
(c) Beas and Indus
(d) Satluj and Indus
62. Who is the most prominent god of 'Rig Veda'?
(a) Indra
(b) Agni
(c) Pashupati
(d) Vishnu
63. Big landlords or warrior chiefs in the seventh
century were acknowledged as _________ by the
existing kings?
(a) Rashtrakutas
(b) Chalukya
(c) Samantas
(d) Brahmanas
64. The Chola kingdom mostly ruled which region of
India?
(a) East
(b) West
(c) North
(d) South
65. Group of Monuments at Hampi was built by?
(a) Harihara and Bukka
(b) Udayin and Shishunaga
(c) Devavarman and Vainya
(d) Maravarman and Sirmara
66. According to the categories of land mentioned in
the Chola inscriptions ___________ was known
as the land for the maintenance of schools?
(a) Vellanvagai
(b) Brahmadeya
(c) Shalabhoga
(d) Devadana
67. According to the categories of land mentioned in
the Chola inscriptions ___________ was known
as the land of non-Brahmana peasant
proprietors?
(a) Vellanvagai
(b) Brahmadeya
(c) Shalabhoga
(d) Devadana
68. According to the categories of land mentioned in
the Chola inscriptions ___________ was known
as the land donated to Jaina institutions?
(a) Vellanvagai
(b) Brahmadeya
(c) Shalabhoga
(d) Pallichchhandam
69. According to the categories of land mentioned in
the Chola inscriptions ___________ was known
as the land gifted to Brahmanas?
(a) Vellanvagai
(b) Brahmadeya
(c) Shalabhoga
(d) Devadana
70. Dhamek Stupa was built by?
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Ashoka
(d) Narasimha
71. According to the categories of land mentioned in
the Chola inscriptions ___________ was known
as the land gifted to temples?
(a) Vellanvagai
(b) Brahmadeya
(c) Shalabhoga
(d) Devadana
72. Rajendra I was the son of?
(a) Bindusara I
(b) Devabhuti I
(c) Skanda Gupta I
(d) Rajaraja I
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73. What was the real name of Chanakya?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Vishnu Gupta
(c) Ramtanu Mishra
(d) None of these
74. Taxila was a famous site of
(a) Mauryan Art
(b) Gupta Art
(c) Gandhara Art
(d) Early Vedic Art
75. Who built the stupa at Sanchi in Madhya
Pradesh?
(a) Kanisha
(b) Chandragupta
(c) Ashoka
(d) Harsha
76. Fourteen rock edicts of Ashoka have been
unearthed at
(a) Sasaram
(b) Kandhar
(c) Girnar
(d) None of these
77. To which king belongs the Lion capital at
Sarnath?
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ashoka
(c) Kanishka
(d) Harsha
78. The name by which Ashoka is generally referred
to in his inscriptions is—
(a) Chakravarti
(b) Dharmadeva
(c) Dharmakirti
(d) Piyadassi
79. The territory of Porus who offered strong
resistance to Alexander was situated between the
rivers of
(a) Sutlej and Beas
(b) Jhelum and Chenab
(c) Ravi and Chenab
(d) Ganga and Yamuna
80 The word Jina from which the Jainism has
originated stands for
(a) great
(b) detached
(c) non-violence
(d) conqueror of senses
81. Ashokan inscriptions were first deciphered by(a) Buhler
(b) Robert Sewell
(c) James Prinsep
(d) Codrington
82. As a prince where was Ashoka sent to suppress
the revolt?
(a) Taxila
(b) Kalinga
(c) Ujjain
(d) Deccan
83. The
Hathigumpha
inscription
near
Bhubaneshwar, Orissa relates to the king?
(a) Susharma
(b) Hala
(c) Kharavela
(d) Pulamayi
84. Ashoka called the Third Buddhist Council at?
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Magadha
(c) Kalinga
(d) Sarnath
22
85. The main historical source regarding the
information about Self-government under the
Cholas is the?
(a) Halmidi inscription
(b) Jatwai inscription
(c) Uttaramerur inscription
(d) Chandravallo inscription
86. Megasthenes was at the court of
(a) Kanishka
(b) Ashoka
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Harsha
87. Who, among the following rulers, organised the
Second Buddhist Assembly?
(a) Ajatashatru
(b) Kalasoka
(c) Ashoka
(d) Ananda
88. Ashoka’s conquest of Kalinga has been described
in the minor rock edict numbered
(a) I
(b) IV
(c) VIII
(d) XIII
89. The first Iranian ruler who brought some parts of
India under his sway was
(a) Darius I
(b) Cyrus
(c) Cambysis
(d) Shaharsh
90. The most commonly used coin during the
Mauryan period was
(a) Karashapana
(b) Nishka
(c) Suvarna
(d) Kakini
91. The reverential title of ‘The Liberator’ had been
earned by
(a) Alexander
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Ashoka
(d) Chandragupta Vikramaditya
92. Who was the Greek ambassador in the court of
Chandragupta Maurya?
(a) Megasthanes
(b) Seleucos
(c) Menander
(d) Demetrias
93. Ashoka expresses his faith in the Buddhist creed
in the
(a) Rummindei inscription
(b) Schism edict
(c) Kandhar inscription
(d) Bhabru edict
94. In which script, the Ashokan inscription were
written in North West Frontier Province?
(a) Prakrit
(b) Brahmi
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Kharoshti
95. Who among the following presided over the
Buddhist council held during the reign of
Kanishka at Kashmir?
(a) Parsva
(b) Vasumitra
(c) Nagarjuna
(d) Sudraka
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96. The official language of the Mauryan Court was
(a) Magadhi
(b) Pali
(c) Maithili
(d) Sanskrit
97. Who constructed the 84 thousands Stupa?
(a) Ashoka
(b) Pushyamitra
(c) Menander
(d) Kanishka
98. In sixth century BC, Suktimati was the capital of
(a) Panchala
(b) Kuru
(c) Chedi
(d) Avanti
99. Who was the founder of Nanda dynasty?
(a) Bimbisara
(b) Dhanananda
(c) Ramananda
(d) Mahapadamananda
100. Which one of the following factors was not
responsible for Chandragupta Maurya’s success
against the Nanda Kings?
(a) Chandragupta’s brilliant generalship
(b) Kautilya’s astute diplomacy
(c) Military assistance provided by Greek rulers
(d) Weakness of Nanda rulers
101. How are empires different from kingdoms?
(a) Empires are larger than Kingdoms
(b) Empires need more resources than Kingdoms
(c) Empires need more officials who collect more
taxes than Kingdoms
(d) All of them
102. Where did Ashoka send his messengers to spread
ideas about ‘dhamma’. Choose the correct
answer from the code given below :
(i) Syria
(ii) Egypt
(iii) Greece
(iv) Sri Lanka
(a) Only (i)
(b) Only (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (iv)
(d) All of them
103. Which of the following was not one of the
Ashoka's dhamma?
(I) To teach the lesson of non violence through
inscriptions; like a father teaches his children
(II) To resolve conflicts amongst people and
families
(III) To perform sacrifices in order to bring peace
(IV) To build roads, wells and inns for both
humans and animals
(a) I and III
(b) Only III
(c) III and IV
(d) II and IV
104. The last Mauryan emperor was
(a) Kunal
(b) Jalok
(c) Samprati
(d) Brihadaratha
105.Who deciphered the Brahmi script ?
(a) John F. Fleet
(b) James Prinsep
(c) Alexander Cunningham
(d) John Marshall
23
106. Who of the following also had the name
Devanampiya?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya (b) Ashoka
(c) Bindusara
(d) Harsha
107. Who of the following was known as
Amitrochates?
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bindusara
(c) Ashoka
(d) Kautilya
108.Chanakya, the famous teacher of Chandragupta
Maurya, was associated with
(a) Nalanda
(b) Vaishali
(c) Takshashila
(d) Vikramshila
109. The famous ruler of ancient India who is said to
have been converted to Jainism, towards the end
of his life, is
(a) Bindusara
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Chandragupta
(d) Ashoka
110. Gandhara School of Art was established in
(a) Eastern India
(b) Southern India
(c) North-Western India (d) Western India
111. Gandhara School of art developed during the
time of
(a) Sungas
(b) Kushans
(c) Guptas
(d) Mauryas
112. The earliest rock cut caves in western India are
those at—
(a) Nasik, Ellora and Ajanta
(b) Junnar, Kalyan and Pitalkhora
(c) Ajanta, Bhaja and Kondane
(d) Bhaja, Pitalkhora and Kondane
113. Kanishka's capital was at
(a) Mathura
(b) Peshawar
(c) Amravati
(d) Kanauj
114. Who amongst the following is regarded as the
historical founder of Jain’s
(a) Mahavira
(b) Sisunaga
(c) Rishabhanatha
(d) Gautama
115. Which of the following was one of the ingredients
of ‘Middle Path’ advocated by Buddha?
(a) Abandonment of killing
(b) Right effort
(c) Speak no falsehood
(d) Giving up hankering for wealth
116. Which of the following School accepted
perception and inference as sources of valid
knowledge?
(a) Nyaya School
(b) Vaisheshika
(c) Both A & B
(d) None of the above
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117. Which of the following pairs of various eras and
the respective years they commenced from, is
wrong?
(a) Saka Era; 78AD
(b) Gupta Era; 318-319 AD
(c) Vikram Era; 58 AD
(d) Kali Era; 3102 BC
118. In whose coins was the wheel found?
(a) Menander
(b) Demetrius
(c) Kanishka
(d) Nahapana
119. One of them was not conquered by Kanishka
from China. Identify.
(a) Khotan
(b) Yarkand
(c) Kashgar
(d) Kapisa
120. Who among the following is referred to as the
‘Sadhu from the west ’?
(a) Thomas of Cannan (b) St Thomas
(c) St Bartholomew
(d) None of the above
121. The largest urban centre in ancient India had
been
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Kausambi
(c) Taxila
(d) Kannauj
122. What was the original name of Euthydemia?
(a) Gondhara
(b) Sakala
(c) Kapisa
(d) Purushapura
123. In whose reign did the visit of Saint Thomas take
place?
(a) Maues
(b) Gondophernes
(c) Kanishka
(d) Menander
124. Who was the founder of Sunga dynasty?
(a) Pushyagupta
(b) Pushyamitra
(c) Pushparaja
(d) Pravarsena
125. Who was the founder of Kanva dynasty?
(a) Vasumitra
(b) Bhumimitra
(c) Vasudeva
(d) Devabhuti
126. Gathasaptasati was written by
(a) Hala
(b) Bharatmuni
(c) Bhas
(d) Satakarni I
127. The first inscription evidence of Satipratha has
been found from
(a) Eran
(b) Junagarh
(c) Mandsaur
(d) Sanchi
128. The Kushans ruled in
(a) 1st century AD
(b) 2nd century BC
(c) 3rd century AD
(d) 5th century BC
129. The King Kanishka held a great Buddhist Council
under whose presidentship?
(a) Asvaghosha
(b) Sangharaksha
(c) Nagasena
(d) Vasu Mitra
130. Charaka was the famous court physician of
(a) Kanishka
(b) Pushyamitra
(c) Chandragupta
(d) Ashoka
24
131. Which ruler of Gupta Empire is also known as
“Napoleon of India”?
(a) Chandragupta I
(b) Chandragupta II
(c) Samudra Gupta
(d) Srigupta
132. To which period does the Mehrauli Pillar
inscription belong?
(a) Mauryas
(b) Sungas
(c) Kushanas
(d) Guptas
133. The silver coins of the Gupta period were known
as?
(a) Dinar
(b) Rupyaka
(c) Satamana
(d) Karshapana
134. In which field of art extraordinary progress was
made in the Gupta period?
(a) Architecture
(b) Sculpture
(c) Painting
(d) Coinage
135. Against whom Skandagupta had to wage long
wars on the North West border?
(a) Shakas
(b) Yavanas
(c) Huns
(d) Greeks
136. The foreign traveler who visited India during the
rule of the Guptas was?
(a) Hiuen Tsang
(b) Beriner
(c) Fa-Hein
(d) Manucci
137. Which of the following was an important port of
the eastern coast during the Gupta period ?
(a) Kalyan
(b) Sopara
(c) Tamralipti
(d) Broach
138. Which of the following periods is referred to as
the period of Hindu revival or renaissance?
(a) Period of Harsha
(b) Kushan Period
(c) Gupta Period
(d) Mauryan Period
139. The name of the Indian Astronomer (who knew
for his five astronomical systems book PanchaSiddhantika), who lived in the 6th century was
(a) Varahamihira
(b) Bhandarkar
(c) Pujyapada
(d) Prasastapada
140. Which Avtar of Vishnu tricked Mahabali and
claimed earth and heaven from him?
(a) Vamana
(b) Narasimha
(c) Matsya
(d) Kurma
141. The ammonite (Shaligrama), a fossilized
shellfish, was recognized by Hindus as one of the
symbols of
(a) Brahma
(b) Hanuman
(c) Shiva
(d) Vishnu
142. The fourth age of the aeon (mahayuga ) is
(a) Kali
(b) Dvapara
(c) Treta
(d) Kreta
143. Angkor wat temple is located
(a) Cambodia
(b) Thailand
(c) Vietnam
(d) India
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144. The Gupta gold coins were known as
(a) Dinaras
(b) Karsapana
(c) Rupaka
(d) Nisaka
145. The first Gupta ruler to assume the title of ‘Param
Bhagawata’ was
(a) Chandragupta I
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Chandragupta II
(d) Kumargupta
146. The concept of Trimurti was promulgated during
the
(a) Mauryan period
(b) Post-Mauryan period
(c) Gupta period
(d) Post-Gupta Period
147.Which of the following rulers started Gupta
currency system?
(a) Srigupta
(b) Chandragupta I
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Chandragupta II
148.The officer responsible for the safe custody of
land records during the Gupta period was known
as
(a) Dhruvadhikarana (b) Karanika
(c) Samaharta
(d) Shaulkika
149. Who was Samudragupta’s mother?
(a) Kumara Devi
(b) Lakshmi Bai
(c) Hazrat Mahal
(d) None of them
150. Who was the first ruler to adopt the title of
Maharaja-adhiraja?
(a) Ashoka
(b) Chandragupta
(c) Tipu Sultan
(d) None of them
151. A ‘Sabha’ in the Vedic period was a/an
(a) Institution of professional men in villages
(b) Royal Court
(c) Mantri Parishad
(d) Assembly of all Citizens
152. Who founded “MATHAS’ in the four corners of
India?
(a) Madhavacharya
(b) Shankaracharya
(c) Bhaskaracharya
(d) Ramanujacharya
153. When the fully developed splendid form of
temple architecture emerged in India?
(a) First century B. C.
(b) Fourth century B. C.
(c) Sixth century A. D.
(d) Eleventh century A. D.
154. The important books written by Banabhatta were
______.
(a) Harshcharita
(b) Kadambari
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above
155. How did Hiuen Tsang undertake journey from
and to India?
(a) He came by land route and also returned by
land route
(b) He came by land route but returned by sea
route
25
(c) He came by sea route and returned by land
route
(d) He came by sea route and also returned by sea
route
156. Who amongst the following kings defeated
Harsha's army on the bank of river Narmada?
(a) Rajendra Chola
(b) Pulakesin II
(c) Krishnadeva Raya (d) Rajendra I
157. Banabhatta, a great scholar, lived during the
reign of
(a) Ashoka
(b) Harsha
(c) Kanishka
(d) Chandragupta II
158. Who wrote the biography of Harshavardhana?
(a) Aryabhatta
(b) Kalidasa
(c) Shaka
(d) Banabhatta
159. Where did Rigvedic Aryans live in India?
(a) Northern India
(b) All over India
(c) Eastern part of India (d) Sapta Sindhu area
160. What was the name of Harshavardhana’s
biography?
(a) Harshacharita
(b) Harshamanglam
(c) Harshamanas
(d) None of them
161. Who wrote 'Ashtadhyayi', the earliest existing
grammar of Sanskrit?
(a) Panini
(b) Sushruta
(c) Patanjali
(d) Charak
162. The Lilavati was a treatise on
(a) Arithmetic
(b) Astronomy
(c) Philosophy
(d) Medicine
163. Megasthenes “Indica” deals with the history of
the
(a) Guptas
(b) Satavahanas
(c) Cholas
(d) Mauryas
164. Among the four works mentioned be low which
one is encyclopedic in nature?
(a) Mamarakosa
(b) Siddhantasiromani
(c) Ashtangahridaya
(d) Brihat Samhita
165. The
Sanskrit
drama
which
describes
Chandragupta Maurya’s triumph over the
Nanda is
(a) Mrichhakatika
(b) Mudrarakshasa
(c)Devichandragupta (d)Prabodhchadrodaya
166.‘Abhijnanasakuntalam’ has been reckoned as a
masterpiece of
(a) Bhasa
(b) Kalidasa
(c) Asvaghosha
(d) Sudraka
167. Which of the following was not the work of
Kalidasa?
(a) Raghuvamsa
(b) Abhijnanasakuntalam
(c) Kumarasambhavam
(d) Kadambari
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168. The study of inscription is known as(a) Archaeology
(b) Epigraphy
(c) Anthropology
(d) History
169. Who of the following was the author of
Meghadoota?
(a) Vishakhdatta
(b) Vishnusharma
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhashkara
170. Gita Govinda was written by
(a) Jayant
(b) Jayadeva
(c) Jayasimha
(d) Jayachandra
171. Who was the writer of Tales of Panchatantra?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Pushyagupta
(c) Vishnu Sharma
(d) Vishakhdatta
172. Kautilya’s Arthashastra deals with the aspects of
(a) Political policies
(b) Religious life
(c) Social life
(d) None of these
173. Pulakesin II was the most famous ruler of?
(a) Cholas
(b) Chalukyas
(c) Pallavas
(d) Satavahanas
174. Under whose reign were the earliest of Ajanta
caves made?
(a) Chalukyas
(b) Vakatakas
(c) Satavahana
(d) Kshatrapas
175. The large Shiva Temple at Thanjavur was built by
(a) Chandellas
(b) Rashtrakutas
(c) Mughals
(d) Cholas
176. Among the four dynasties listed below, which
one minted coins made of lead?
(a) Mauryas
(b) Satvahanas
(c) Western Kshatrapas (d) Guptas
177. Which of the following dynasties patronised the
famous Kailash temple at Ellora?
(a) Vakataka
(b) Gupta
(c) Early Chalukya
(d) Rastrakuta
178. Kailasa Temple, one of the largest monolithic
structures, is in
(a) Ajanta Caves
(b) Elephanta Caves
(c) Ellora Caves
(d) Nalanda Caves
179. The temples known as the Seven Pagodas had
been built by the
(a) Pallavas
(b) Cholas
(c) Hoysalas
(d) Chalukyas
180. Where did the game of Chess originated?
(a) India
(b) Persia
(c) Arabia
(d) Europe
181. The lowest unit of Chola administration was the
(a) Nadu
(b) Mandalam
(c) Kurram
(d) Valanadu
26
182. The successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan
were the
(a) Vakatakas
(b) Kadambas
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) Chalukyas of Badami
183. The last Nanda ruler of Magadha who was
overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya with the
help of Chanakya was
(a) Mahapadmananda (b) Dhanananda
(c) Navananda
(d) Not known
184. The new element of Gopuram had been
encouraged in temples of southern India by the
(a) Chalukyas
(b) Pallavas
(c) Cholas
(d) Pandyas
185. Madurai had been the capital of the
(a) Cholas
(b) Pallavas
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) Pandyas
186. India had a brisk foreign trade with the Roman
world during the _________ period.
(a) Sangam
(b) Pallava
(c) Chola
(d) Vijayanagar
187. The rulers of a dynasty of the Deccan who were
supposed to be Brahmanas and staunch
supporters of Brahmanism were
(a) Satavahanas
(b) Vakatakas
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) Chalukyas
188. The Pallava king who adopted the epithet of
Vichitrachitta or curious minded was
(a) Mahendravarman I
(b) Narasimhavarman I
(c) Narasimhavarman II
(d) Simhavishnu
189. Which of the following is called The Bible of
Tamil?
(a) Tolkappiyam
(b) Silappadikaram
(c) Manimekalai
(d) Thirukkural
190. Where is the famous Virupaksha temple located?
(a) Bhadrachalam
(b) Hampi
(c) Chidambaram
(d) Srikalahasti
191. The official language of the Satvahanas was
(a) Prakrit
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Apabhramsa
(d) Telugu
192. Who was the founder of Vakatak dynasty?
(a) Vindhya Shakti
(b) Ishwarsena
(c) Pravarsena
(d) Rudrasena
193. Which one of the following Chola kings
conquered Ceylon (Srilanka) first?
(a) Aditya I
(b) Rajaraja I
(c) Rajendra
(d) Vijayalaya
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194. Rath Temples at Mahabalipuram were built
during the reign of which Pallava ruler?
(a) Mahendravarman
(b) Narasimahavarman I
(c) Parameshwarvarman
(d) Nandivarman I
195. The battle of Koppam was fought between
(a) the Western Chalukyas and the Pallavas
(b) the Western Chalukyas and the Cholas
(c) the Cholas and the Hoysalas
(d) the Pandyas and the rulers of Ceylon
196. The Chalukya king Kumarapala is said to have
instituted a Jaina reformation under the guidance
of
(a) Mallinatha
(b) Sthulabhadra
(c) Nayachandra
(d) Hemchandra
197. The fertile agrarian tract in the early Tamil
country is denoted by the term
(a) Palai
(b) Marudam
(c) Mullai
(d) Neydal
198 The first Tamil Sangam is said to have been
instituted by
(a) Tiruvalluvar
(b) Parasurama
(c) Mamulanar
(d) Agastya
199. The Kalyana-mandapa was a notable feature of
temple architecture in the kingdom of
(a) Pallavas
(b) Cholas
(c) Kadambas
(d) Vijayanagara
200.Which emperor conquered and annexed the
northern part of Sri Lanka and named it
Mummadi Cholamandalam?
(a) Rajaraja I
(b) Parantaka I
(c) Rajendra I
(d) Rajadhiraja I
201. Sangam literature is
(a) classical Sanskrit literature patronised by the
Guptas.
(b) Pali literature dealing with the history of the
Buddhist sanghas.
(c) early Tamil literature attributed to the history
of ancient Southern India.
(d) Sanskrit works of Puranic nature dealing with
the sanctity of the place where there is the
confluence of rivers in Prayaga.
202. At which of the following places were the third
Sangam Literary Assemblies held?
(a) Thanjavur
(b) Kanchipuram
(c) Madurai
(d) Vanji
203.The earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian subcontinent comes from?
(a) Koldihwa
(b) Lahuradeva
(c) Mehrgarh
(d) Tokwa
27
204. Which among the following cities is considered
as one of the oldest surviving cities in the world?
(a) Mathura
(b) Varanasi
(c) Hardwar
(d) Ayodhya
205. Pre-history means
(a) period having written evidences
(b) period having no written evidences
(c) period which have all the 3 evidences like
time, place and events
(d) none of the above
206. Old stone age people
(a) wore cotton clothes
(b) wore leaves, barks of trees and skin of animals
(c) wore woollen clothes
(d) none of the above
207.The first animal tamed by primitive man was
(a) cow
(b) horse
(c) dog
(d) goat
208. Fire had been discovered in which age?
(a) Paleolithic
(b) Mesolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Chalcolithic
209. The Granary at Harappa was made of
(a) bricks only
(b) bricks and timber
(c) bricks and stones
(d) None of these
210. Which of the following was the most significant
feature of the Indus Valley Civilization?
(a) Economic System
(b) Religious life
(c) Town Planning
(d) Social life
211. The earliest evidence regarding a ploughed field
has been found from?
(a) Lothal
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Harappa
(d) Maski
212. The earliest evidence of silver in India is found in
the—
(a) Harappan culture
(b) Chalcolithic cultures of Western India
(c) Vedic texts
(d) Silver punch marked coins
213. The entry port for trade between the Indus
trading centres and Mesopotamia was?
(a) Elam
(b) Oman
(c) Behrain
(d) Afganistan
214. Which was the only Indus city without a citadel?
(a) Kalibangan
(b) Harappa
(c) Mohenjodaro
(d) Chanhudraro
215. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization was
(a) Dravidian
(b) Persian
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Undecipherable
216. Which of the following was common to both the
Harappan society and the Rigvedic society?
(a) Female deities
(b) Urban centres
(c) Iron implements
(d) None of these
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217. River Chenab was known is ancient times as
(a) Parushni
(b) Satudri
(c) Himadri
(d) Asikni
218. Who possibly ruled the Indus people?
(a) An assembly of elders
(b) Merchants
(c) Kings
(d) Priests
219. The Indus Valley Civilisation type was found in
(a) Sumer
(b) Egypt
(c) China
(d) All the three
220. The Harappan town considered to be a town of
the artists and craftsmen was
(a) Mohenjo-Daro
(b) Chanhudaro
(c) Harappa
(d) Lothal
221. Which of the following metals was not known to
the Indus Valley people?
(a) tin
(b) lead
(c) iron
(d) copper
222. The first metal used by man was
(a) Copper
(b) Iron
(c) Aluminium
(d) Gold
223.Which one of the following was not common
between the Indus Valley people and the Vedic
Aryans?
(a) meat eating
(b) cattle rearing
(c) use of cotton clothes
(d) worship of Mother-Goddess
224. Which of these help you to know about Indus
Valley Civilization?
(a) coin inscriptions
(b) archaeological evidences
(c) literary sources
(d) none of the above
225. Which of the following is known as “Mini
Harappa”?
(a) Mohanjodaro
(b) Lothal
(c) Kalibangan
(d) Rangpur
226. A clay model of plough has been found from:
(a) Banawali
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Mitathal
227. The local name of Mohenjodaro is:
(a) Mound of Living
(b) Mound of Survivor
(c) Mound of Dead
(d) Mound of Great
228. Codes of conduct of the Vedic Society are laid
down in
(a) Puranas
(b) Vedas
(c) Brahmanas
(d) Smritis
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229. Which of the following was not one of the
distinguished tribes of the later Vedic period?’
(a) Videhas
(b) Bharatas
(c) Panchalas
(d) Kurus
230. In Rig Vedic period, the most important
functionary after the king was
(a) Purohita
(b) Senani
(c) Law Officer
(d) Tax Collector
231. The tax which the kings used to collect from the
people in the Vedic period was called
(a) Kara
(b) Varman
(c) Bali
(d) Vidatha
232. In the Vedic Society, the term used to denote a
group of families was
(a) gotra
(b) jana
(c) vish
(d) grama
233. The Puranas are ........ in number.
(a) 18
(b) 25
(c) 52
(d) 108
234. Which of the following Vedangas contains the
Srautra, the Grihya and the Dharma Sutras?
(a) Nirukta
(b) Shiksha
(c) Chhandas
(d) Kalpa
235. Which one of the following is the earliest school
of Indian philosophy?
(a) Samkhya
(b) Yoga
(c) Karma mimamsa
(d) None of these
236. The world is God and God is my soul is the
philosophy contained in the
(a) Vedas
(b) Puranas
(c) Brahamanas
(d) Upanishads
237. The Upanishads are
(a) prayers to God
(b) books of ancient Hindu laws
(c) books on social behavior of man
(d) a source of Hindu philosophy
238. The term 'Yavanapriya' mentioned in ancient
Sanskrit texts denoted?
(a) Ivory
(b) Pepper
(c) A fine variety of Indian muslin
(d) Damsels sent to the Greek court for dance
performance
239. The number of Vedas is
(a) Eight
(b) Four
(c) Ten
(d) Two
240. The Vedic deity Indra was the God of
(a) fire
(b) rain and thunder
(c) eternity
(d) wind
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241. The term ‘nishka’ which meant an ornament in
the Vedic period was used in later times to denote
a/an—
(a) Weapon
(b) Agricultural implement
(c) Script
(d) Coin
242.What was the type of marriage in the Vedic
period in which, in place of the dowry, there was
a token bride price of a cow and a bull?
(a) Asura
(b) Arsa
(c) Gandharva
(d) Rakshsa
243. The oldest Veda is?
(a) Atharva Veda
(b) Rig Veda
(c) Yajur Veda
(d) Sama Veda
244. The earliest tribal assembly was?
(a) Gana
(b) Vidhata
(c) Samiti
(d) Sabha
245. Name the Rig Vedic who is believed to be the
upholder of the “Rita” or Cosmic order.
(a) Agni
(b) Soma
(c) Indra
(d) Varuna
246. To whom is the Gayatri Mantra dedicated?
(a) Savitri (A solar deity)
(b) Surya (Sun)
(c) Soma (God of the intoxicating juice)
(d) Maruts (Storm Gods)
247. The Rig veda Samhita devotes one fourth of its
hymns to:
(a) Indra
(b) Maruts
(c) Rudra
(d) Agni
248. Match the following:
Terms Meaning
(a) Griha I. Ruled Over west Gandhara
(b) Gramani II. Head of Village
(c) Vis III. Basic unit of Rig Vedic Society
(d) Druhyas IV. Clan
AB C D
(a) III II IV I
(b) I II III IV
(c) II III IV V
(d) IV III II I
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
249. Which of the following Vedangas contains the
Srauta, Grahya and Dharma Sutras?
(a) Shiksha
(b) Kalpa
(c) Nirukta
(d) Chhanda
29
250. Which School is originally called Sanatana
Dharma?
(a) Nastika School
(b) Astika School
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above
251. The famous vedic saying “war begins in the
minds of men .....”is contained in the
(a) Mundakopanishad (b) Mahabharata
(c) Rig Veda
(d) Atharva Veda
252. The philosophical essence, “The world is but God
manifest and God is my own soul” may be traced
to the
(a) Vedas
(b) Upanishadas
(c) Puranas
(d) Manusmriti
253. In the Rigveda the term Dasas and Dasyus refers
to
(a) robbers
(b) tribals
(c) non-Aryans
(d) menials
254. The most important craftsman in the Vedic
period was the
(a) blacksmith
(b) goldsmith
(c) carpenter
(d) barber
255. Mahabharata was also known as
(a) Brihat Katha
(b) Rajatarangini
(c) Jaya Samhita
(d) Purana
256. Which of the following philosophies was
preached by AdiSankara?
(a) Raja Yoga
(b) Snakhya Yoga
(c) Advaita
(d) Dvaita
257. Which of the following rivers does not find
frequent mention in Rigvedic Hymns?
(a) Ganges
(b) Sindhu
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Saraswati
258. The ritualistic precepts pertaining to the hymns
of the Vedas are known as the
(a) Samhitas
(b) Aranyakas
(c) Brahmanas
(d) Upanishads
259. The god whose worship had not gained ground
in the Rigvedic period was
(a) Marut
(b) Lord Shiva
(c) Agni
(d) Indra
260. Two most important acts and rituals associated
with the Vedic marriage system was/were
(a) Pani-Grahana
(b) Sapta-Padi
(c) Both(a) and (b) above
(d) Marriage Vows
261. The famous Vedic river which had long ago
become extinct and now supposed to be flowing
underground in Rajasthan is
(a) Sindhu
(b) Sabastu
(c) Shatudri
(d) Saraswati
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262. According to Ancient Indian legendary sources,
Surabhi was a/an
(a) wish-fulfilling tree
(b) treasure in the form of a cow, churned from
the cosmic ocean
(c) medicine prepared by Dhanvantri
(d) intoxicating drink consumed during religious
ceremonies in ancient times
263. The first one, among the following, to deal with
music was
(a) Rig Veda
(b) Yajur Veda
(c) Sama Veda
(d) Atharva Veda
264. The staple food of the Vedic Aryan was :
(a) Barley and rice
(b) Rice and pulse
(c) Vegetables and fruits
(d) Milk and its products
265. Who among the following is regarded as War
God in Rigveda?
(a) Agni
(b) Indra
(c) Surya
(d) Varuna
266. During the Rigvedic period, ‘Niska’ was an
ornament of :
(a) Ear
(b) Neck
(c) Arm
(d) Wrist
267. The famous ‘Battle of Kings’ between Bharat and
the host of ten kings was fought near the river
(a) Sindhu
(b) Saraswati
(c) Parushni
(d) Vitasta
268. Satpatha Brahmana is related to :
(a) Rigveda
(b) Yajurveda
(c) Samaveda
(d) Atharvaveda
269. Who was the first European to designate ‘Aryans’
as a race?
(a) Sir William Jones
(b) H. H. Wilson
(c) Max Muller
(d) General Cunningham
270. Which one of the following went to Sri Lanka to
spread Buddhism?
(a) Ashoka
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Sanghamitra
(d) Chitragupta
271. Who of the following kings was an ardent
follower of Jainism?
(a) Bimbisara
(b) Mahapadma Nanda
(c) Kharavela
(d) Pulakesin – II
272. Among the following, who is given the credit of
carrying Jainism in South India?
(a) Sudharmana
(b) Indrabhuti
(c) Bhadrabahu
(d) Sthulabhadra
30
273. Where did Buddha die?
(a) Lumbini
(b) Kushinagar
(c) Pavapuri
(d) Magadha
274. The language of discourses of Gautama Buddha
was?
(a) Bhojpuri
(b) Magadhi
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Pali
275. The trident-shaped symbol of Buddhism does not
represent
(a) Nirvana
(b) Sangha
(c) Buddha
(d) Dhamma
276. The term Nirgrantha is associated with?
(a) Ajivikas
(b) Charvakas
(c) Jains
(d) Pasupatas
277. To which of the republic of Buddha belong?
(a) Mallas
(b) Sakyas
(c) Licchavis
(d) None of the above
278. The Buddhist Sect Mahayana formally came into
existence during the reign of—
(a) Ajatashatru
(b) Ashoka
(c) Dharmapala
(d) Kanishka
279. Tripitakas are sacred books of
(a) Buddhists
(b) Hindus
(c) Jains
(d) None of the above
280. The last in succession of Jaina Tirthankaras was—
(a) Parsvanatha
(b) Rishabha
(c) Mahavira
(d) Manisubrata
281. In Jainism ‘perfect knowledge’ is referred to as—
(a) Jina
(b) Ratna
(c) Kaivalya
(d) Nirvanas
282. Kapilavasthu is associated with
(a) Emperor Ashoka
(b) Sri Krishnadeva Raya
(c) Lord Mahavira
(d) Lord Buddha
283. In ancient India, Nalanda University represented
a great centre for the study of
(a) Mahayana Buddhism
(b) Hinduism
(c) Hinayana Buddhism
(d) Jainism
284. The Hindu painting was closely connected with
pictorial art of the
(a) Buddhist priests
(b) Jain monks
(c) Artistic schools of the Far East
(d) Mughal school
285. What is the name of the preaching mudra or
gesture, in which the Buddha is depicted
delivering his first sermon?
(a) Abhaya
(b) Dharmachakra
(c) Dhyana
(d) Bhumisparsha
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286. The word Jina from which the Jainism has
originated stands for
(a) great
(b) detached
(c) non-violence
(d) conqueror of senses
287. Who was the greatest Buddhist commentator of
the Bhuddhist canonical literature?
(a) Nagarjuna
(b) Ashvaghosha
(c) Vasumitra
(d) Buddhaghosha
288. A dominant majority of the images at Ajanta are
those of
(a) Lord Shiva
(b) The Buddha
(c) Hanuman
(d) Parvati
289. Who, among the following rulers, organised the
Second Buddhist Assembly?
(a) Ajatashatru
(b) Kalasoka
(c) Ashoka
(d) Ananda
290. The term “Tirthankaras” is associated with
(a) Hinduism
(b) Jainism
(c) Buddhism
291. The last in the succession of Jaina Tirthankaras
was
(a) Parsvanatha
(b) Rishabha
(c) Mahavira
(d) Manisubruta
292. Hieun Tsang found Jainism flourishing in
(a) Orissa
(b) Kashmir
(c) Bengal
(d) Bihar
293. In which of the following Pitak the code of
conduct is mentioned which is followed by
Buddhist follower?
(a) Sutta Pitaka
(b) Abhidhamma Pitaka
(c) Vinay Pitaka
(d) None of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(a); The Arthashastra is the title of a handbook
for running an empire, written by Kautilya
(also known as Chanakya, c. 350-275 BCE)
an Indian statesman and philosopher, chief
advisor and Prime Minister of the Indian
Emperor Chandragupta, the first ruler of the
Mauryan Empire.
(b); Vishnu Sharma wrote Panchatantra
(a); Alexander defeated Porus in the battle of
Hydaspes.
(c); Ramcharitmanas is an epic poem wriiten in
Awadhi language
(b); Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon
to five disciples at Sarnath. Sarnath Stupa
monument is built on site where Gautama
31
294. Who amongst the following is known as the Light
of Asia?
(a) Jesus Christ
(b) Lord Buddha
(c) Prophet Mohammad (d) Zarathustra
295. At which place, did Gautam Buddha give his first
sermon?
(a) Vaishali
(b) Vallabhi
(c) Rajgriha
(d) Sarnath
296. Who presided over the fourth Buddhist council
in Kashmir?
(a) Asvagosha
(b) Upagupta
(c) Vasumitra
(d) Mahakasyapa
297. Where did Ashoka send his son Mahendra as a
Buddhist missionary to?
(a) Ceylon
(b) Nepal
(c) Tibet
(d) Khotan
298. Mention the place where Buddha attained
enlightenment
(a) Rajgriha
(b) Bodhgaya
(c) Kapilavastu
(d) Sarnath
299. Hathigumpha inscription is attributed to which
of the following emperors?
(a) Ashoka
(b) Chandragupta II
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Kharavela
300. Chola Empire was divided into:
(a) Mandalams, Nadu, Kurram & Valanadu
(b) Mandalams, Nadu, Malkhand & Avanti
(c) Mandalams, Bhoomi, Avanti &Valanadu
(d) Mandalams, Nadu, Kurram & Malkhand
6.
7.
8.
Buddha propagated his divine knowledge
of Buddhism to the world
(a); Alexander III of Macedon commonly
known as Alexander the Great. He was born
in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father
Philip II to the throne at the age of twenty
(b); Oil paint was first used for Buddhist
paintings by Indian and Chinese painters in
western Afghanistan sometime between the
fifth and tenth centuries
(b); The Kalinga War (262 – 261 BCE) was fought
between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka
and the state of Kalinga, an independent
feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in
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9.
(a);
10. (c);
11 (b);
12. (a);
13. (b);
14. (c);
15. (c);
16. (a);
32
the present-day state of Odisha north of
Andhra Pradesh
Chandragupta Maurya was born in 340 BC
in Pataliputra, in modern-day Bihar. His
background is, however, uncertain. Some
claim that he was born to a Nanda prince
and his maid-servant, Mura, from the
Shudra caste, while others state that he
belonged to the Moriya tribe of Peacocktamers
Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the
Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of
the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232
BCE
Mahabalipuram is the ancient sea port of the
famous Pallava kingdom. According to the
inscriptions,
the
monuments
of
Mahabalipuram was constructed by Pallava
kings Mahendravarman I (600 to 630 AD),
his son Narasimhavarman I (630 to 668 AD)
and their descendants.
Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 B.C.E.) was a king
of the Magadha empire and belonged to
Haryanaka dynasty, which ruled until
approximately 326 B.C.E. when Alexander
the Great invaded India. He ruled an area of
what is now Bihar and Bengal with his
capital at modern day Rajgir
The Ajanta Caves are a series of 29 Buddhist
cave temples in Ajanta, India, some of which
date from the 2nd century BC.
Encompassing both Theravada and
Mahayana Buddhist traditions, the Ajanta
caves preserve some of the best
masterpieces of Buddhist art in India
The Gupta Empire stretched across
northern, central and parts of southern
India between c. 320 and 550 CE. The time
of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden
Age of India in science, mathematics,
astronomy, religion and philosophy
Buddha has been eulogized as an Ocean of
Wisdom and Compassion in Amarkosha.
The Amarakosha is a thesaurus of Sanskrit
written by the ancient Indian scholar
Amarasimha
The Tripitakas are sacred books for
Buddhists
17. (c); Digambara monks do not wear any clothes.
Svetambara "white-clad" is a term
describing its ascetics practice of wearing
white clothes
18. (b); First Huna invasion take place in 458AD
19. (a); Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 322–298
BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire
in ancient India.
20. (c); Ajatashatru was a king of the Haryanka
dynasty of Magadha in North India. He was
the son of King Bimbisara and was a
contemporary of both Mahavira and
Gautama Buddha
21. (b); Ashoka conerted to Buddhism after Kalinga
war
22. (b); Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of
the Mauryan empire. He succeeded in
conquering most of the Indian subcontinent.
With his accession to the throne Janism
assumed a new phase in the Indian history
23. (b); Chanakya was an Indian teacher,
philosopher, economist, jurist and royal
advisor. He is traditionally identified as
Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the
ancient Indian political treatise, the
Arthashastra
24. (c); In Buddhism, Dharmachakra mudra
expresses
the
continuous
energy
(symbolized by a wheel/chakra) of the
cosmic order. This mudra is associated with
Buddha's first sermon, or teaching
25. (d); The Mauryas. With the rise of the Mauryan
empire (321 BC-185 BCE), Patna, then called
Pataliputra became the seat of power and
nerve center of the Indian subcontinent
26. (a); King Ghatotkacha Gupta was the second
ruler of the Guptadynasty. He ruled from
280 AD – 319 AD. King Ghatotkacha, was a
pre-imperial king of Northern India. He was
the son of Maharaja Sri Gupta, the founder
of Gupta Dynasty
27. (d); The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or
Harappa Civilisation, was a Bronze Age
civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period
2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern
regions of South Asia, extending from what
today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan
and northwest India
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28. (a); In ancient India Chess was very popular
game
29. (c); Ashoka, or Ashoka the Great, was an Indian
emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled
almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c.
268 to 232 BCE
30. (b); The first Buddhist council was held at
Rajgriha in 483 B.C. under chairmanship of
Mahakassapa and patronage of King
Ajatashatru
31. (b); Simuka is described as the first king in a list
of royals in a Satavahana inscription at
Naneghat. The beginning of the Satavahana
rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30
BCE
32. (b); The people of the Indus valley civilisation
worshipped Pashupati
33. (c); The Upanishads are the source of Hindu
Philosophy.The Upanishads are a collection
of texts of religious and philosophical
nature, written in India probably between c.
800 BCE and c. 500 BCE
34. (b); Gandhara Art is the combination of IndoGreek style. Gandhara Art developed in first
century AD. Both Shakas and Kushanas
were patrons of Gandhara school
35. (b); The earliest reference to sati custom is made
in Eran inscription of Bhanugupta
36. (c); The Ajanta Caves are about 29 rock-cut
Buddhist cave monuments which date from
the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650 CE
in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state
of India. They do not contain paintings of
flora and flora. They did not depicts the
techniques used in Ancient India
37. (c); Mehrauli Pillar in the complex of Qutub
Minar primarily famous for excellent
quality steel
38. (a); Brahmi script was used in Ashoka's
inscriptions
39. (b); Aryabhatta and Kalidasa were in the court
of chandrgupta II
40. (b); Mohenjo-Daro was the largest city of the
Indus valley civilization. A granary has
been found which the largest building of the
Mohenjo-Daro
41. (c); Charak was the court physician of Kanishka
I. He was one of the principal contributors
33
42. (b);
43. (a);
44. (c);
45. (d);
46. (c);
47. (a);
48. (d);
49. (b);
50. (c);
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to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a
system of medicine and lifestyle developed
in Ancient India. He is sometimes referred
to as the Father of Indian Medicine
The Veda which deals with the rituals is
known as Yajurveda. Rigveda is collection
of hymns
The Maurya Empire when first founded by
Chandragupta Maurya c. 320 B.C.E. The
capital of the Mauryan Kingdom was
located at Pataliputra
Brihadeshwara is the title referring Lord
Shiva enshrined in the Tanjore Big Temple
built by Raja Raja Chola I and consecrated
more than a thousand years back in 1010
AD. It is located in Tanjavur
Kamarupa (or Kamrupa, or even Kamrup)
was an ancient Indian region in southeastern Bengal and Assam. It was known as
Pragjyotisha in mythology
Gandhara art, style of Buddhist visual art
that developed in what in northwestern
Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan between
the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE.
The style, of Greco-Roman origin, seems to
have flourished largely during the Kushan
dynasty and was contemporaneous with an
important but dissimilar school of Kushan
art at Mathura
Narsimha Varman took the title of
Vatapikonda when he defeated Pulakeshin
II and captured Vatapi after the Battle of
Vatapi in 642 AD.
Panini was the first grammarian of the
Sanskrit language. Ashtadhyayi Sanskrit
treatise on grammar in Sanskrit language
was written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by
the Indian grammarian Panini
Gautam Buddha belong to shakya clan
Chachnama is one of the only written
sources about the Arab conquest of Sindh,
and there fore the origins of Islam in India,
the Chach Nama is a key historical text that
has been co-opted by different interest
groups for several centuries, and it has
significant implications
for modern
imaginings about the place of Islam in South
Asia
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51. (b); A collective term used by the Jains for their
sacred books is Angas. In other words,
Angas (also known as agamas) are sacred
texts of Jainism based on the discourse of the
tirthankara
52. (a); Mohenjodaro-The great bath
Harrapa - Two row of six granaries
Lothal- Port
Kalibangan-Plough marks
53. (a); Arthashastra is written by Kautilya (also
known as Chanakya, c. 350-275 BCE) an
Indian statesman and philosopher, chief
advisor and Prime Minister of the Indian
Emperor Chandragupta, the first ruler of the
Mauryan Empire.
54. (a); Harsha Vardhan ascended the throne in 606
AD.
After
his
accession,
King
Harshavardhan united the two kingdoms of
Thanesar (now Kurukshetra) and Kannauj.
He also shifted his capital from Thanesar to
Kannauj.
55. (b); The Nyaya Sutras is an ancient Indian
Sanskrit text composed by Akṣapada
Gautama, and the foundational text of the
Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.
56. (c); Sanchi is a Buddhist complex, famous for its
Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in
Raisen District of the State of Madhya
Pradesh,India. Sanchi is one of the oldest
stone structure in India and was originally
commissioned by the emperor Ashoka in
the 3rd century BCE
57. (a); Bindusara was second Emperor of Mauryan
Dynasty. He was son of Chandragupta
Maurya
58. (b); Bana-Bhatt was court poet of King
Harshavardhana.
59. (b); Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century CE
Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is
believed that the temple was built by king
Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Garg Dynasty
in 1255 CE. The temple is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site .This temple is also known as
"black pagoda" as it is built up of black
stones
60. (b); Nagananda (Joy of the Serpents) is a
Sanskrit
play
attributed
to
king
Harshavardhana (ruled 606 C.E. - 648 C.E.)
34
61. (a); Taxila was a centre of learning and is
considered by some to have been one of the
earliest universities in the world. It is an
important archaeological site and in 1980,
was declared a UNESCO World Heritage
Site. It was located between Indus and
Jhelum
62. (a); Indra is the most prominent god of ‘Rig
Veda’
63. (c); Big landlords or warrior chiefs in the
seventh century were acknowledged as
Samantas by the existing kings. Samanta
was a title and position used by the army
people of Kings
64. (d); The Chola dynasty was one of the longestruling dynasties in the history of southern
India
65. (a); Group of Monuments at Hampi are a
UNESCO World Heritage Site located in
east-central Karnataka, India. It was built by
Harihara and Bukka
66. (c); According to the categories of land
mentioned in the Chola inscriptions,
Shalabhoga was known as the land for the
maintenance of schools
67. (a); Vellanvagai is the land of non-Brahmana
peasant proprietors according to the
different categories of land which are
mentioned in Chola inscriptions
68. (d); According to the categories of land
mentioned
in
chola
inscriptions,
Pallichchhandam was known as the land
donated to Jaina institutions
69. (b); Brahmadeya was tax free land gift either in
form of single plot or whole villages
donated to Brahmans in the Chola period
70. (c); The Dhamek Stupa was built by the great
Mauryan king Ashoka in 249 BCE. It is a
massive stupa located at Sarnath, 13 km
away from Varanasi in the state of Uttar
Pradesh, India
71. (d); According to the categories of land
mentioned in the Chola inscriptions,
Devadana was known as the land gifted to
temples
72. (d); Rajendra I was the son of Chola King
Rajaraja.
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73. (b); Chanakya was an Indian teacher,
philosopher, economist, jurist and royal
advisor during mauryan period. He is
traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or
Vishnugupta, who authored the ancient
Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra
74. (a); Taxila was an ancient city in what is now
northwestern Pakistan. It is an important
archaeological site and in 1980, was
declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Taxila came under the control of
Chandragupta Maurya, who turned Taxila
into a regional capital. Taxila is famous for
oldest university in the world
75. (c); Great Stupa at Sanchi is an important
Buddhist monument. It is built by Emperor
Ashoka in 3rd centuary B.C to honor Lord
Buddha.It is a world heritage site in Madhya
Pradesh
76. (c); Fourteen rock edicts found in Girnar in
Junagadh, Gujarat. It bears inscriptions in
Brahmi.
77. (b); The Lion Capital of Ashoka is a sculpture of
four Asiatic lions standing back to back, on
an elaborate base that includes other
animals. A graphic representation of it was
adopted as the official Emblem of India in
1950.It was originally placed atop the Aśoka
pillar at the important Buddhist site of
Sarnath by the Emperor Ashoka, in about
250 BCE
78. (d); In the inscription for the first time the name
of Ashoka was found with titles like
Devanampiya and Piyadassi
79. (b); The territory of Porus who offered strong
resistance to Alexander was situated
between the rivers of Jhelum and Chenab
80. (d); Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a
word derived from the Sanskrit word jina
('victor') and connoting the path of victory
in crossing over life's stream of rebirths
through an ethical and spiritual life
81. (c); The Ashokan inscriptions found in the
eastern part of India were written in
Magadhi Prakrit using the Brahmi script.
These edicts were deciphered by British
archaeologist and historian James Prinsep
35
82. (a); Taxila was an ancient city in what is now
northwestern Pakistan. It is an important
archaeological site and in 1980, was
declared a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.Taxila came under the control of
Chandragupta Maurya, who turned Taxila
into a regional capital. Taxila is famous for
oldest university in the world
83. (c); The Hathigumpha Inscription, from
Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswar in Odisha,
was inscribed by Kharavela, the then
Emperor of Kalinga in India, during 2nd
century BCE
84. (a); Third Buddhist council was held in 250 BC
at Pataliputra under the patronage of King
Asoka and under the presidency of
Moggaliputta Tissa. The teachings of
Buddha which were under two baskets
were now classified in 3 baskets as
Abhidhamma Pitaka was established in this
council, and they were known as
“Tripitaka”. It also tried to settle all the
disputes of Vinaya Pitaka
85. (c); The temple inscriptions of Uthiramerur are
notable for their historical descriptions of
the rural self-governance. They indicate that
Uthiramerur had two village assemblies:
Sabha and Ur. Chola administration is
famous for its local government
86. (c); Megasthenes was born in Asia Minor and
became an ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator
of the Seleucid dynasty to Chandragupta
Maurya in Pataliputra, India. Indica is an
account of Mauryan India by Megasthenes
87. (b); It was held in 383 BC. This idea of this
council was to settle a dispute on Vinaya
Pitaka, the code of discipline. It was held at
Vaishali under the patronage of King
Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami
88. (d); Ashoka conquest of kalinga mention in
Rock edict XIII
89. (a); Darius the Great, he ruled the empire at its
peak, when it included much of West Asia,
the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans most of
the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of the
North Caucasus, Central Asia, as far as the
Indus Valley in the far east, and portions of
north and northeast Africa including Egypt
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90. (a);
91. (b);
92. (a);
93. (d);
94. (d);
95. (b);
96. (a);
97. (a);
98. (c);
99. (d);
100. (c);
36
Karashapana is one of the coin which is
widely used during maurayan period
Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 321–298
BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire
in ancient India. Chandragupta built one of
the largest empires ever in the Indian
subcontinent. According to Jain sources, he
became a monk in the Jain tradition in the
last phase of his life and earned the title of
‘The Liberator’
Megasthenes was born in Asia Minor and
became an ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator
of the Seleucid dynasty to Chandragupta
Maurya in Pataliputra, India. Indica is an
account of Mauryan India by Megasthenes
Bhabru is a minor edict which is located at
second hill at Bairat, Rajasthan
The Kharosthi Script was more or less
contemporarily with the Brahmi script,
appearing around the 3rd century BCE
mainly in modern-day northern Pakistan
and eastern Afghanistan
The Fourth Buddhist Council was held at
Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 AD under the
patronage of Kushan king Kanishka and the
president of this council was Vasumitra,
with Aśvaghosa as his deputy. This council
distinctly divided the Buddhism into 2 sects
Mahayana & Hinayana
The Magadhi language, also known as
Magadhi Prakrit, is a language spoken in
parts of India and Nepal. Magadhi Prakrit
was the ancestor of Magadhi
Stupas are the famous Buddhist sacred
buildings, places of pilgrimage and the high
reverence in the Buddhist world since the
ancient times. Ashoka build 84 thoushand
stupa for spreading Buddhism
Suktimati was the capital city of the Chedi
Kingdom in India. It lay on the banks of the
river Shuktimati flowing through Chedi. It
was built by a Chedi king known as
Uparichara Vasu
Mahapadma Nanda was the first king of the
Nanda dynasty
Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 321–298
BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire
in ancient India.He ended nanda dyanasty
and
established
mauryan
dynasty.
101. (d);
102. (d);
103. (b);
104. (d);
105. (b);
106. (b);
107. (b);
108. (c);
109. (c);
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Chandragupta built one of the largest
empires ever in the Indian subcontinent.
According to Jain sources, he became a
monk in the Jain tradition in the last phase
of his life
Empire is a group of countries that are
controlled by one ruler / government.
Kingdom is a country ruled by a king (or
queen)
Ashoka send his messengers to spread ideas
about ‘dhamma’ in Syria, Egypt, Greece and
srilanka
Ashoka’s dhamma was neither a new
religion nor a new political philosophy, it
was a way of life, a code of conduct and a set
of principles to be adopted and practised by
the people at large. The word Dhamma is
the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word
Dharma
Brihadaratha Maurya was the last ruler of
the Maurya Empire. He ruled from c. 187 –
c. 180 BCE. He was killed by his general,
Pushyamitra Shunga, who went on to
establish the Shunga Empire
The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the
rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central
India, dating to 250–232 BCE. The script was
deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an
archaeologist, philologist, and official of the
East India Company
In the inscription for the first time the name
of Ashoka was found with titles like
Devanampiya and Piyadassi
Bindusara, Greek Amitrochates (born c. 320
bce—died 272/3 bce), second Mauryan
emperor, who ascended the throne about
297 B.C. He was the son of the dynasty's
founder Chandragupta, and the father of its
most famous ruler Ashoka
Chanakya was an Indian teacher,
philosopher, economist, jurist and royal
advisor. He is traditionally identified as
Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the
ancient Indian political treatise, the
Arthashastra.He is associated with the
Takshashila which is one of the oldest
university in the world
Chandragupta Maurya (reign: 321–298 BCE)
was the founder of the Maurya Empire in
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110. (c);
111. (b);
S112.
113. (b);
114. (c);
115. (b);
116. (b);
117. (c);
37
ancient India.He ended nanda dyanasty and
established
mauryan
dynasty.
Chandragupta built one of the largest
empires ever in the Indian subcontinent.
According to Jain sources, he became a
monk in the Jain tradition in the last phase
of his life
The Gandhara School of art had also
developed in first century AD along with
Mathura School, both Shakas and Kushanas
were patrons of Gandhara School.It ‘s
influence is in the north western portion of
India (includes Afghanistan and pakistan)
The Gandhara School of art had also
developed in first century AD along with
Mathura School, both Shakas and Kushanas
were patrons of Gandhara School. It is also
known as Greco-Buddhist School of art.
(a); The earliest rock cut caves in western
india are Ajanta which is dedicated to
Bhuddism, Elora cave is dedicated to
Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.They are
located in Maharastra
Kanishka came to rule an empire in Bactria
extending from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to
Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. The main
capital of his empire was located at
Purushapura modern day Peshawar
The Jains claim their religion to be eternal,
and consider Rishabhanatha to be the
founder in the present time-cycle, and
someone who lived for 8,400,000 purva
years. Rishabhanatha is among the first of 24
Jain Tirthankaras who are considered to be
mythical figure by historians
The Eightfold Path of Buddhism, also called
the Middle Path or Middle Way, is the
system of following these eight divisions of
the path to achieve spiritual enlightenment
and cease suffering
Vaisheshika is one of the six orthodox
schools of Hinduism from ancient India.
Vaisheshika school is known for its insights
in naturalism, and it is a form of atomism in
natural philosophy
In India, there are two commonly used
calendars - The first one is the Saka which
starts from 78 AD when the Shalivahana
118. (a);
119. (d);
120. (b);
121. (a);
122. (b);
123. (b);
124.(b);
125.(c);
126.(a);
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king of South India defeated the Saka king
of Malwa and the second one is called the
Vikram calendar which starts from 57 BC.
Gupta era started from 318-319 AD used by
Gupta emperors and Kali era is dated to
3102 BC
Menander has left behind an immense
corpus of silver and bronze coins, more so
than any other Indo-Greek king. During his
reign, the fusion between Indian and Greek
coin standards reached its apogee
Kapisa is one of the 34 provinces of
Afghanistan. Located in the north-east of the
country. Its capital is Mahmud-i-Raqi
Saint Thomas is traditionally believed to
have sailed to India in 52AD to spread the
Christian faith, and is believed to have
landed at the port of Muziris. He is known
as ‘Sadhu from the West’.
Pataliputra (now Patna) is located at the
confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in
northeastern India. It was the capital city of
the Mauryan Empire 326–184 B.C it was
perhaps the largest city in the world. It was
one of the biggest urban centre in the ancient
history
Euthydemia or Sakala of Hindus and Sagala
of Buddhist was an ancient city was capital
of Indo-Greek King Menander, now city is
located in modern-day Sialkot, Pakistan
Thomas is traditionally believed to have
sailed to India in 52AD to spread the
Christian faith, and is believed to have
landed at the port of Muziris in the regin of
Gondophernes
The sunga dynasty was established by
Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the
Maurya Empire and Its capital was
Pataliputra
The Kanva dynasty or Kanvayana was a
Brahmin dynasty [1] that replaced the
Shunga dynasty in Magadha, and ruled in
the Eastern part of India and it is founded
by Vasudeva
The Gathasaptasati is an ancient collection
of Indian poems in Prakrit language of
Maharashtra. It conatin poems which are
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127.(a);
128.(a);
129.(d);
130.(a);
131.(c);
132.(d);
133.(b);
38
about love and love's joy. The collection is
attributed to the king Hāla who lived in the
1st century
Eran is an ancient Indian historical city in
Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh state. One
of the earliest Sati Pillars of India was found
in Eran dated 510 AD during Gupta Era.
This was discovered by General Alexander
Cunningham in 1874- 1875 A.D.
The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire,
formed by Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories
in the early 1st century. It spread to
encompass much of Afghanistan, presentday Pakistan, and then the northern parts of
India at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath
near Varanasi where inscriptions have been
found dating to the era of the Kanishka the
Great
The Fourth Buddhist Council was held at
Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 AD under the
patronage of Kushan king Kanishka and the
president of this council was Vasumitra,
with Aśvaghosa as his deputy. This council
distinctly divided the Buddhism into 2 sects
Mahayan & Hinayan
Charaka was one of the fatheres
contributors to Ayurveda, a system of
medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient
India. He is famous for authoring the
medical treatise, the Charaka Samhita.He
was a famous court physician in kanishka
period
Samudragupta (335-375 AD) of the Gupta
dynasty is known as the Napoleon of India.
Historian A V Smith called him so because
of his great military conquests known from
the 'Prayag Prashati' written by his courtier
and poet Harisena, who also describes him
as the hero of a hundred battles
The mehrauli iron pillar of Delhi, India is a
7 meter (22 feet) high pillar in the Qutb
complex which is notable for the
composition of the metals used in its
construction. The pillar, was erected by
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya in Gupta
period
“Rupyaka” was a silver coin issued by
rulers of Gupta dynasty. They also issued
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golden coins named “dinars”. Rupyaka in
Sanskrit means rupee
It was during the Gupta period that
progress was made in the field of art. The
paintings of this era were of a secular nature.
The paintings in the cave of Ajanta in the
state of Maharashtra and the paintings in
the cave of Bagh in the state of Madhya
Pradesh symbolize the Gupta style painting
The nomadic savages or tribes who lived in
the neighbourhood of China were the
Hephthalites (the Sanskrit name of which is
Hunas). Gupta Empire ruled over a major
part of India, after the death of the Gupta
emperor, Samudragupta, there was less
control of the skandgupta in Western India.
During this time, the Hunas armed forces
attacked the Gupta dynasty
Fa-Hien is the famous Chinese pilgrim who
visited India during the rule of Chandra
Gupta II. Fa Hien (337 – ca. 422 AD) was so
much absorbed in his quest for Buddhist
books, legends, and miracles that he could
not mention the name of the mighty
monarch in whose rule he lived for 6 years
Tamralipti was the name of a city in ancient
India, located on the Bay of Bengal. It is
believed that Tamralipti was the exit point
of the Mauryan trade route for the south and
south-east.It was also a important port in
gupta period
The Gupta dynasty period is regarded as the
Golden Age of India. This period is also
known as the Classical Age of Hinduism.
Hinduism was revived during the Gupta
Empire period and after its revival, it
reached its zenith. The main religion
followed by the Gupta people was Hindu
Varāhamihira, was an Indian astronomer,
mathematician, and astrologer who lived in
Ujjain. He was born in Avanti in 6th
centuary
Vamana is the fifth avatar of Hindu god
Vishnu.He incarnates in a time of crisis and
to restore cosmic balance by creatively
defeating the asura king Bali with
disproportionate powers over the universe
Shaligram refers to a fossilized shell used in
South Asia as an iconic symbol and
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39
reminder of the God Vishnu as the
Universal Principle by some Hindus
Kali Yuga is the last of the four stages the
world goes through as part of a 'cycle of
yugas' described in the Sanskrit scriptures.
The other ages are called Satya Yuga, Treta
Yuga, and Dvapara Yuga
Angkor wat is a temple complex in
Cambodia and the largest religious
monument in the world, on a site measuring
162.6 hectares. It was originally constructed
as a Hindu temple of god Vishnu for the
Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into
a Buddhist temple towards the end of the
12th century
The abundance of gold coins from the Gupta
era has led some scholars to regard this
phenomenon as the 'rain of gold'. The Gupta
gold coin is known as dinaras
Chandragupta
II
(also
known
as
Chandragupta Vikramaditya) was one of
the most powerful emperors of the Gupta
Empire in India. His rule spanned c. 380 –
c. 415 CE during which the Gupta Empire
reached its peak in Art, architecture, and
sculpture flourished, and the cultural
development of ancient India achieved new
heights.He adopted title of ‘Param
Bhagawata’
Trimurti sculpture is in the Elephanta
Cave.It represent three heads which are said
to represent three essential aspects of Shiva
which are creation, protection, and
destruction
Chandragupta I was a king of the Gupta
Empire around 320 CE. As the ruler of the
Gupta Empire, he is known for forging
alliances with many powerful families in the
Ganges region. He also married a Licchhavi
princess, Kumaradevi, indicating that the
matrimonial connections between the two
led to the "political greatness" of the Gupta
dynasty
The officer responsible for the safe custody
of land records during the Gupta period
was known as Karanika
Chandragupta I married a Licchhavi
princess, Kumaradevi, and their son is
Samudragupta
150.(b); Chandragupta was the first ruler who adopt
the title of maharaja-adhiraja
151.(d); The term Sabha denotes both the assembly
(in early Rig-Vedic) and the assembly hall
(Later Rig-Vedic). Women who were called
Sabhavati also attended this assembly. It
was basically a kin-based assembly and the
practice of women attending it was stopped
in later-Vedic times
152.(b); Adi Shankaracharya wished to grace the
Indian subcontinent by establishing four
major mathas in the four corners of the
peninsula in north (Jyothirmath), south
(Sringeri), east (Puri), west (Dwaraka) to
propagate the philosophy of advaita
vedanta and to promulgate the concept of
Sanatana dharma
153.(c); The fully developed splendid form of
temple architecture emerged in India in
Sixth Century A.D.
154.(c); Bāṇabhaṭṭa was a 7th-century Sanskrit prose
writer and poet of India. He was the
Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha
Vardhana. Bānabhata principal works
include a biography of Harsha, the
Harshacharita and Kadambari.
155.(a); The Chinese Buddhist monk Hsuan Tsang
(var. Hiuen Tsiang) who visited India
through the Silk Route in AD 627 He was a
great traveler, scholar and translator and he
learn more about Buddhism in india. He
return to china in 645AD by land route
156.(b); Harsha was defeated by the south Indian
Emperor Pulakeshin II of the Chalukya
dynasty when Harsha tried to expand his
Empire into the southern peninsula of India
157.(b); Bāṇabhaṭṭa was a 7th-century Sanskrit prose
writer and poet of India. He was the
Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha
Vardhana, who reigned c. 606–647 CE in
north India
158.(d); Bāṇabhaṭṭa was a 7th-century Sanskrit prose
writer and poet of India. He was the
Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha
Vardhana. Bānabhata principal works
include a biography of Harsha, the
Harshacharita and Kadambari
159.(d); The entire region including Afghanistan,
Swat Valley, Punjab and Indo-Gangetic
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160.(a);
161.(a);
162.(a);
163.(d);
164.(d);
165.(b);
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40
watershed has been referred in Rig-Veda
once as the Sapta Sindhava or Sapta Sindhu
Bāṇabhaṭṭa was a 7th-century Sanskrit prose
writer and poet of India. He was the
Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha
Vardhana. Bānabhata principal works
include a biography of Harsha, the
Harshacharita and Kadambari
Panini, is the name of an ancient Sanskrit
linguist, grammarian, and a revered scholar
in Hinduism. He is known for his text
Ashtadhyayi, a sutra-style treatise on
Sanskrit grammar, estimated to have been
completed between 6th and 4th century BCE
The Lilavatiis Indian mathematician
Bhāskara II's treatise on mathematics,
written in 1150AD. It is the first volume of
his main work, the Siddhānta Shiromani,
alongside the Bijaganita, the Grahaganita
and the Golādhyāya
Indica is an account of Mauryan India by
Megasthenes. The original book is now lost,
but its fragments have survived in later
Greek and Latin works.
Brihat Samhita is work of of Varāhamihira ,
It covers wide ranging subjects of human
interest, including astrology, planetary
movements, eclipses, rainfall, clouds,
architecture and growth of crops
The Mudrarakshasa is a historical play in
Sanskrit by Vishakhadatta that narrates the
ascent of the king Chandragupta Maurya to
power in India. It is dated variously from
the late 4th century to the 8th century.
Abhijnanasakuntalam is a Sanskrit play by
Kālidāsa, dramatizing the story of
Shakuntala told in the epic Mahabharata. It
is considered to be the best of Kālidāsa's
works
Kalidasa, in 5th century A.D is a Sanskrit
poet and dramatist.The six works identified
as
genuine
are
the
dramas
Abhijnanashakuntala (“The Recognition of
Shakuntala”), Vikramorvashi (“Urvashi
Won by Valour”), and Malavikagnimitra
(“Malavika and Agnimitra”); the epic
poems Raghuvamsha (“Dynasty of Raghu”)
and Kumarasambhava (“Birth of the War
168. (b);
169. (c);
170. (b);
171. (c);
S172.
173. (b);
174. (c);
175. (d);
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God”); and the lyric “Meghaduta” (“Cloud
Messenger”)
Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions on
rocks, pillars, temple walls, copper plates
and other writing material
Kalidasa, in 5th century A.D is a Sanskrit
poet and dramatist.The six works identified
as
genuine
are
the
dramas
Abhijnanashakuntala (“The Recognition of
Shakuntala”), Vikramorvashi (“Urvashi
Won by Valour”), and Malavikagnimitra
(“Malavika and Agnimitra”); the epic
poems Raghuvamsha (“Dynasty of Raghu”)
and Kumarasambhava (“Birth of the War
God”); and the lyric “Meghaduta” (“Cloud
Messenger”)
The Gita Govinda is a work composed by
the 12th-century Indian poet, Jayadeva. It
describes the relationship between Krishna
and the gopis of Vrindavana, and in
particular one gopi named Radha
The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian
collection of interrelated animal fables in
Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a
frame story. The surviving work is dated to
about 300 BCE,it is written by Vishnu
Sharma.
(a); The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian
treatise on statecraft, economic policy and
military strategy, written in Sanskrit.It is
authored by Kautilya
Pulakesin II, was the most famous ruler of
the Chalukya dynasty. During his reign, the
Chalukyas of Badami saw their kingdom
extend over most of the Deccan.He defeated
Harsha near Narmada when he tried to
extend his rule in south India
The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of
Maharashtra state of India.The earliest
group constructed consists of caves 9, 10, 12,
13 and 15A According to Walter Spink, they
were made during the period 100 BCE to 100
CE, probably under the patronage of the
Hindu Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220
CE) who ruled the region
Brihadeshwarar Temple is a Hindu temple
dedicated to Lord Shiva located in
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176.(b);
177.(d);
178.(c);
179.(a);
180.(a);
181.(c);
182.(a);
183.(b);
41
Thanjavur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
It is also known as RajaRajeswara Temple. It
is buit by chola king Raja Raja Chola I in
1010 AD
The Satavahanas produced coins in lead,
copper, potin, brass, bronze and silver. The
earliest and the majority of the Satavahana
coins are made of lead
Ellora is one of the largest rock-cut
monastery-temple caves complexes in the
world, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
in Maharashtra, India. The site presents
monuments and artwork of Buddhism,
Hinduism and Jainism from the 600-1000 CE
period patronised by Rastrakuta
Kailasa temple is one of the largest rock-cut
ancient Hindu temples located in Ellora,
Maharashtra, India. A megalith carved out
of one single rock, it is considered one of the
most remarkable cave temples in India
because of its size, architecture and
sculptural treatment
Seven Pagodas" has served as a nickname
for the south Indian city of Mahabalipuram
temple which is built by pallava king
Narasimhavarman II.It is a shore temple on
the bay of Bengal.
The history of chess can be traced back
nearly 1500 years, although the earliest
origins are uncertain. The earliest
predecessor of the game probably
originated in India, before the 6th century
AD
Every village was a self-governing unit. A
number of villages constituted a larger
entity known as a Kurram, Nadu or
Kottram, depending on the area. A number
of Kurrams constituted a Velanadu
The Vakataka Empire was a dynasty from
the Indian subcontinent that originated
from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE.
They were the most important successors of
the Satavahanas in the Deccan and
contemporaneous with the Guptas in
northern India
Dhana Nanda was the last ruler of the
Nanda dynasty. He was overthrown by
184.(b);
185.(d);
186.(a);
187.(a);
188.(a);
189.(d);
190.(b);
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Chandragupta Maurya with the help of
Chanakya
Gopuram is a monumental tower, usually
ornate, at the entrance of any temple,
especially in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Kerala, Karnataka states of Southern India.
This forms a prominent feature of Hindu
temples of the Dravidian style. The
gopuram's origins can be traced back to
early structures of the Pallava kings; and by
the twelfth century, under the Pandya
rulers, these gateways became a dominant
feature of a temple's outer appearance
Madurai is one of the oldest continuously
inhabited cities in the world. It was a
flourishing city by the 1st millennium BC
and served as the capital of the Pandyan
Kingdom
Sangam period was the period in the istory
of spanning from c. 3rd century BC to c.
3rdcentury AD. It is named after the famous
Sangam academies of poets and scholars
centered in the city of Madurai. India had
foreign trade relation with Roman empire
The Satavahanas were an ancient Indian
dynasty based in the Deccan region. Most
modern
scholars
believe
that the
Satavahana rule began in first century BCE
and lasted until the second century CE
Mahendravarman I a pallavan king adopted
title Vichitrachitta.He was a Pallava king
who ruled the Northern regions of what
forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in
the early 7th century
Thirukkural, or shortly the Kural, is a classic
Tamil text consisting of 1330 couplets or
kurals, dealing with the everyday virtues of
an individual. It was authored by Valluvar,
also known in full as Thiruvalluvar
Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi 350
km from Bangalore, in the state of
Karnataka in southern India. It is part of the
Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated
a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple
is dedicated to Virupaksha, a form of Shiva
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191.(a); The Satavahanas were an ancient Indian
dynasty based in the Deccan region and
their language is prakrit
192.(a); The Vakataka Empire was a dynasty from
the Indian subcontinent that originated
from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE.
Their state is believed to have extended
from the southern edges of Malwa and
Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra
River in the south. Vindhya Shakti was the
founder of Vakatak dynasty
193.(b); Raja Raja Chola I was a renowned king who
ruled over the Chola kingdom of southern
India between 985 and 1014 CE. Raja Raja
Chola also launched several naval
campaigns that resulted in the capture of the
Malabar Coast as well as the Maldives and
Sri Lanka
194.(b); The Rath Temple at Mahabalipuram are also
called Shore Temple (built in 700–728 AD).
It is a structural temple, built with blocks of
granite, dating from the 8th century AD. It
is built by Pallava ruler Narasimahavarman
I
195.(b); The battle of Koppam was fought between
the Western Chalukyas and the Cholas
196.(d); Hemachandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and
polymath who wrote on grammar,
philosophy, prosody, and contemporary
history
197.(b); Fertile area used for cropland is called
Marudam in tamil areas
198.(d); The first tamil Sangam was held to the south
of Madurai under the patronage of
Makeerthy, the Pandyan king. Agastya was
the president of first sangam
199.(b); Mandapam in Indian architecture is a
pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for public
rituals. Kalyana Mandapam is dedicated to
ritual marriage celebration of the Lord with
Goddess
200.(a); Raja Raja Chola I was a renowned king who
ruled over the Chola kingdom of southern
India between 985 and 1014 CE. Raja Raja
Chola also launched several naval
campaigns that resulted in the capture of the
Malabar Coast as well as the Maldives and
Sri Lanka and named it Mummadi
Cholapuram.
42
201.(c); The Sangam literature is the ancient Tamil
literature of the period in the history of
ancient southern India spanning from c. 300
BCE to 300 CE. This collection contains 2381
poems in Tamil composed by 473 poets. The
ancient Sangam poems mention numerous
kings and princes, the existence of some of
whom have been confirmed through
archaeological evidence. Sangam literature
is still the main source for the early Cholas,
the Pandyas and the Cheras
202.(c); The third Tamil Sangam was held in
Madurai. Its chairman was a tamil poet
Nakkirar
203.(c); The earliest evidence of Agriculture in
Indian subcontinent is found at Mehrgarh,
which is located in Baluchistan state of
Pakistan
204.(b); Also known as Banaras and Kashi situated
on the bank of holiest river of India
“Ganges”. Varanasi “The city of temples” is
one of the oldest city in the world. Varanasi
is also known as the “Religious capital of
India”. The city has been a culture and
religious center in India for several years
205.(b); Prehistory is a term used to describe the
period before recorded history (i.e. before
writing). Prehistory can be used to refer to
all time since the beginning of the universe,
although it is more commonly used in
referring to the period of time since life
appeared on Earth, or even more
specifically to the time since human-like
beings appeared
206.(b); The Stone Age people were mostly food
gatherers and hunters and they use to wore
leaves, bark of trees and skin of animals
207.(c); The domestication of animals is the mutual
relationship between animals with the
humans who have influence on their care
and reproduction
208.(a); The Paleolithic age is a prehistoric period of
human history distinguished by the
development of the most primitive stone
tools and covers roughly 95% of human
technological prehistory. It extends from the
earliest known use of stone tools, probably
by Homo habilis initially, 2.6 million years
ago, to the end of the around 10,000 BC
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209.(a); A granary is a storehouse or room in a barn
for threshed grain or animal feed. It is made
of bricks only. The Great Granary is situated
at Harappa
210.(c); The town planning of the Harappan
civilization upholds the fact that the civic
establishments of the city were highly
developed. Drainage system,roads crossing
each other and bricks used are remarkable
feature of Indus valley civilization.
211.(b); Kalibangan in Rajasthan has given the
evidence of the earliest (2800 BC) ploughed
agricultural field ever revealed through an
excavation. It is also a site which has given
an
evidence
of
earliest
recorded
“Earthquake”.
212.(a); The earliest evidence of silver in India is
found in the Harappan culture
213.(c); It is an island country consisting of a small
archipelago centered around Bahrain
Island, situated between the Qatar
peninsula and the north eastern coast of
Saudi Arabia
214.(d); Chanhu Daro is situated 130 kms south of
Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh and there has been
found a single mound. It was discovered by
N G Majumdar in 1931. Chanhu Daro is the
only harappan city which does not have a
citadel
215.(d); The earliest specimen of harappan script
was noticed in 1853 and complete script
discovered in 1923 but script has not yet
deciphered so far.
216.(a); Worship of Female deities was common to
both the Harappa and Rigvedic society
217. (d); The Chenab River is a major river of India
and Pakistan. It forms in the upper
Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of
Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows
through the Jammu region of Jammu and
Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab
218.(b); Harappan
seals
discovered
from
Mesopotamia
which
represent
the
importance of trade in life of Indus valley
civilization. The town planning also
represent the urban culture of this
civilization.
43
219.(d); The Indus Civilization of India and Pakistan
was contemporary with, and equally
complex as the better-known cultures of
Mesopotamia, Egypt and China
220.(b); ChanhuDaro is situated 130 kms south of
Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh. The Chanhu Daro
has given evidence of factories of various
figurines, seals, toys, bone implements so it
has been interpreted that it was a settlement
with lots of artisans and was an industrial
town
221.(c); The harappan culture belongs to bronze age.
copper was obtained from khetri copper
mines. Tin was brought from Afghanistan.
Iron was not used in Harrapan culture
222.(a); Copper was the first metal used by men. It
was used to make tools. In India khetri
mines is one of the earliest mines of copper
223.(d); In Harappa numerous figure of women
found having plant growing from embryo
which represent earth goddess but in vedic
text there is no importance of mother
goddess.
224.(b); There were many archaeological evidences
like pottery, bull seal, mother goddess
figure
225.(b); Lothal is excavated by R. Rao in 1953. It is
Located in Gujarat and also called as miniHarappa. The first manmade port and a
dockyard, bead maker factory, rice husk,
fire alters, chess playing, seals of Persia,
evidence of Joint burial are the evidences
from this place
226.(a); Banawali is an archaeological site belonging
to Indus Valley Civilization period in
Haryana.It is on the left banks of Sarasvati
River.A toy model of plough is found at
Banawali
227.(c); Mohenjodaro is an archaeological site in the
province of Pakistan. Built around 2500
BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of
the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the
site, has been variously interpreted as
"Mound of the Dead Men" in Sindhi
228.(d); Vedic literature is primarily of two types,
sruti and smriti. The Veda is called sruti and
is the highest authority. Other texts are
called smritis, and they derive authority
from the sruti
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229.(b); Bharatas were a tribe mentioned in the
Rigveda, attributed to the Bharata sage
Vishvamitra. Rigveda in seventh mandal
mentions the Bharatas as taking part in the
Battle of the Ten Kings, where they are on
the winning side
230.(a); Purohita is official title in vedic times for
priest. Priests of the Vedic religion are
officials for rituals and sacrifices. He was
most important functionary after King
231.(c); In the early Vedic period the king collected
taxes regularly from his subjects. The taxes
were called Bali and consisted of 1/6 the
agricultural produce or cattle for a given
person
232.(d); UNIT HEAD
Kula(family) kulapa
Grama(village) Gramini
Vis(clan) vispati
Jana(people) Gopa
Rashtra(country) Rajan
233.(a); These are said to be eighteen in number,
divided into three groups of six
234.(d); Kalpa (kalpa) is ritual instructions.This field
focussed on standardizing procedures for
Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals
associated with major life events such as
birth, wedding and death in family, as well
as discussing the personal conduct and
proper duties of an individual in different
stages of his life
235.(a); Samkhya or Sankhya is one of the six
schools of Hindu philosophy.It is most
related to the Yoga school of Hinduism, and
it was influential on other schools of Indian
philosophy
236.(d); This philosophy is contained in the
Upanishads. The Upanishads contain the
essence of the Vedas. They are the
concluding portions of the Vedas and are
the source of the Vedanta philosophy. There
are total 108 Upanishads according to the
Muktika Upanishad
237.(d); The Upanishads contain the essence of the
Vedas. They are the concluding portions of
the Vedas and are the source of the Vedanta
philosophy. There are total 108 Upanishads
according to the Muktika Upanishad
44
238.(b); YAVANPRIYA" means Pepper which was
the most famous article in ancient Roman
Empire. It was in a great demand from
India. India earned a lot of gold from its
export that is why in Sanskrit text "pepper"
is called "Yavanpriya means "the favourite
of Greeks"
239.(b); The Vedas are the four holiest books of the
Hindu religion are Rigveda , Yajurveda ,
Samaveda and Atharvaveda
240.(b); Indra is a Vedic deity in Hinduism, In the
Vedas, Indra is the king of Svarga (Heaven)
and the Devas. He is the god of lightning,
thunder, storms, rains and river flows. Indra
is the most referred to deity in the Rigveda
241.(d); Nishka is a type of coin during vedic period
242.(b); It is a type of marriage in vedic times. It is a
token bride price of a Cow and a Bull was
given
243.(b); The Rig Veda is the oldest of the Vedas. All
the other Vedas are based upon it and
consist to a large degree of various hymns
from it. It consists of a thousand such hymns
of different seers, each hymn averaging
around ten verses. The Rig Veda is the
oldest book in world
244.(b); It is one of the earliest assembly Vidhata
appears for 122 times in the Rig-Veda and
seems to be the most important assembly in
the Rig Vedic period. Vidhata was an
assembly meant for secular, religious and
military purpose
245.(d); One of the oldest gods in Hindu mythology,
Varuna was originally a creator and the
ruler of the sky. In the Vedas—the sacred
texts of ancient India—he was a supreme,
all-knowing deity who enforced the laws of
the universe and human morality. He is
upholder of the ‘Rita’ or Cosmic order
246.(a); The Gayatri Mantra, also known as the
Savitri mantra, is a highly revered mantra
from the Rig Veda, dedicated to Savitri, the
Sun deity
247.(a); Indra is a Vedic deity in Hinduism, In the
Vedas, Indra is the king of Svarga (Heaven)
and the Devas. He is the god of lightning,
thunder, storms, rains and river flows. Indra
is the most referred to deity in the Rigveda
248.(a);
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249.(b); The major texts of Kalpa Vedanga are called
Kalpa Sutras in Hinduism. The scope of
these texts included Vedic rituals, rites of
passage rituals associated with major life
events such as birth, wedding and death in
family, as well as personal conduct and
proper duties in the life of an individual
250.(b); Indian Philosophy or Hindu Philosophy is
generally classified into 6 orthodox schools
(āstika) and 3 heterodox (nāstika) schools.
Astika School accept the Vedas as supreme.
Astika school is originally called Sanatana
Dharma
251.(d); The Atharva Veda is the "knowledge
storehouse of atharvāṇas, the procedures
for everyday life". The text is the fourth
Veda, but has been a late addition to the
Vedic
scriptures
of
Hinduism.The
Atharvaveda is composed in Vedic Sanskrit,
and it is a collection of 730 hymns with
about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books.
The vedi saying “war begins in the minds of
men” is contained in it
252.(b); The given philosophical essence is from
Upanishads. The Upanishads are a
collection of ancient Sanskrit texts that
contain some of the central philosophical
concepts and ideas of Hinduism, The
Upanishads played an important role in the
development of spiritual ideas in ancient
India, and they marked a transition from
Vedic ritualism to new ideas and
institutions. The Upanishads are commonly
referred to as Vedānta
253.(c); Just like the word “Arya”, several other
words are mentioned in Rigveda that are
about the people of that time. Dasas, Dasyus
and Panis: They were called “Anarya” (unarya) because they didn't believe in the
rituals of yajna that the vedic aryans
254.(c);
255.(c); The Mahābhārata is one of the major
Sanskrit epics of ancient India .The
Mahābhārata is an epic narrative of the
Kurukṣetra War and the fates of the
Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes. It also
contains philosophical and devotional
material. The Mahābhārata is the longest
45
256.(c);
257.(c);
258.(c);
259.(b);
260.(c);
261.(d);
262.(b);
263.(c);
264.(d);
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epic poem known and has been described as
"the longest poem ever written
Adi Shankara was an early 8th century
Indian philosopher who consolidated the
doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.He is credited
with unifying and establishing the main
currents of thought in Hinduism. His works
in Sanskrit discuss the unity of the ātman
and Nirguna Brahman "brahman without
attributes"
Rigveda mention about river like Ganga,
Saraswati and Sapta Sindhu rivers
The Brahmanas are a collection of ancient
Indian texts with commentaries on the
hymns of the four Vedas. They are a layer or
category of Vedic Sanskrit texts embedded
within each Veda, and form a part of the
Hindu sruti literature
Dieties mention in Rigvedic times are Indra,
agni, varuna, soma etc
Panigrahana is a ritual in presence of fire,
where the groom takes the bride's hand as a
sign of their union aptapadi is the most
important ritual. It is called the seven step
ritual, where each step corresponds to a vow
groom makes to bride, and a vow the bride
makes to groom
Saraswati River is one of the Rigvedic rivers
mentioned in the Rig Veda and later Vedic
and post-Vedic texts. The Saraswati River
played an important role in Hinduism since
Vedic Sanskrit. The first part of the Rig Veda
is believed to have originated when the
Vedic people lived on its banks, during the
2nd millennium BCE
Kamadhenu also known as Surabhi, is a
divine bovine-goddess described in
Hinduism as the mother of all cows. Hindu
scriptures provide diverse accounts of the
birth of Kamadhenu
Samveda is the third of the four Vedas, the
ancient core Hindu scriptures, along with
the Rig Veda, Yajurveda, and Atharva Veda.
The Samaveda is the Veda of Chants, or
"storehouse of knowledge of chants
The staple food of vedic Aryan is milk
products, there is reference of milk product
in vedas
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265.(b); Indra is regarded as the War-God in
Rigveda. Agni is considered intermediary
between gods and peple. Varuna supposed
to uphold 'Rita' or natural order and Surya
was worshipped in 5 forms, Surya, Savitri,
Mitra, Pushan and Vishnu
266.(b); Evidences are found for ornaments like
Niska, Rukma were used to wear in the neck
267.(c); According to ancient history traced to
Vedas, ‘the battleof ten kings’ was fought
near the Ravi River also known as Iravati or
Parushni
268.(b); The Satpatha Brahmana is a prose text
describing Vedic rituals, history and
mythology associated with the Sukla
Yajurveda
269.(c); Max Muller, was a German-born philologist
and Orientalist, who lived and studied in
Britain for most of his life. He was one of the
founders of the western academic field of
Indian studies and the discipline of
comparative religion. He was first European
to designate ‘Aryans’ as a race
270.(c); Sanghamitra was the eldest daughter of
Emperor Ashoka.Together with Mahinda,
her brother, she entered an order of
Buddhist monks. The two siblings later
went to Sri Lanka to spread the teachings of
Buddhism.
271.(c); Kharavela was a king of Kalinga in presentday Odisha.Kharavela is believed to be a
follower of Jainism. The main source of
information about Kharavela is his rock-cut
Hathigumpha inscription
272.(c); Bhadrabahu was, according to the
Digambara sect of Jainism. He was the last
acharya of the undivided Jain sangha. He
was the last spiritual teacher of
Chandragupta Maurya. Bhadrabahu was
the author of Kalpa Sūtra
273.(b); Kushinagar, district of the eastern Uttar
Pradesh, is known for its cultural heritage
all over the world. It is one of the four holiest
places for the Buddhists. At Kushinagar,
Great Lord Buddha, died
274.(d); Pali is a Prakrit language native to the
Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied
because it is the language of much of the
earliest extant literature of Buddhism
46
275.(a); In the Buddhist context, nirvana refers to
realization of non-self and emptiness,
marking the end of rebirth by stilling the
fires that keep the process of rebirth going
276.(c); The term Nirgrantha is associated with
Jains.
277.(b); The Sakyas were a clan of the late Vedic
period and so-called "second urbanisation"
in present-day India and present-day Nepal.
This ethnic group of which Gautama
Buddha belongs
278.(d); Mahāyāna is one of the branches of
Buddhism and a term for classification of
Buddhist philosophies and practice. It come
into existence during 1st B.C in India.
According to the teachings of Mahāyāna
traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the
path of the Bodhisattva seeking complete
enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient
beings
279.(a); Tripitakas are sacred books of Buddhists.
280.(c); Mahavira also known as Vardhamāna, was
the twenty-fourth Tirthankara of Jainism. In
the Jain tradition, it is believed that
Mahavira was born in the early part of the
6th century BC into a royal family in what is
now Bihar, India. He was last in succession
of Jain Tirthankars
281.(c); Kaivalya is a state of freedom from
bondage, attachments, egoism, duality,
attraction and aversion and the cycle of
births and deaths. It refers to ‘perfect
knowledge’
282.(d); Kapilavastu is the name of the ancient city
where Siddhartha Gautama, also known as
the Buddha, was raised and lived until the
age of 29
283.(a); Mahāyāna is one of the branches of
Buddhism and a term for classification of
Buddhist philosophies and practice. It came
into existence during 1st B.C in India.
Nalanda university represented a great
centre for study of Mahayana Buddhism
284.(a); The Hindu painting was closely connected
with pictorial art of the Buddhism in ancient
India
285.(b); In Buddhism, Dharmachakra mudra
expresses
the
continuous
energy
(symbolized by a wheel/chakra) of the
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286.(d);
287.(b);
288.(b);
289.(b);
290.(b);
291.(c);
292.(d);
47
cosmic order. This mudra is associated with
Buddha's first sermon, or teaching
Followers of Jainism are called "Jains", a
word derived from the Sanskrit word jina
('victor') and connoting the path of victory
in crossing over life's stream of rebirths
through an ethical and spiritual life
Ashvaghosha was an Indian philosopherpoet, born in Saketa in northern India to a
Brahmin family. He is believed to have been
the first Sanskrit dramatist, and is
considered the greatest Indian poet prior to
Kālidāsa. He was the most famous in a
group of Buddhist court writers
The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of
Maharashtra state of India are about 29
rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which
date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480
or 650 CE. The caves also present paintings
depicting the past lives and rebirths of the
Buddha
Second Buddhist Assembly held at Vaishali
in 386BC in 386BC during Kalasoka in the
presidency of sabakami and it settle dispute
on Vinaya.The dispute arose over the ‘Ten
Points.’
There
were
24
“Tirthankaras”
in
Jainism.Mahavira was 24th Tirthankara. In
Jainism, a tirthankara is a saviour and
spiritual teacher of the dharma
Mahavira (599 BC-527 BC), also known as
'Vardhaman', was 24th Jain Tirthankara. He
was He was last in succession of Jain
Tirthankars. born in 599 BC in Bihar state of
India. He revived the Jain Dharma with five
moral teachings under broad headings of
Non-violence(Ahimsa),
Truthfulness
(Satya), Non-stealing (Asteya), Control of
senses including mind (Brahmacharya), and
Non-possessiveness (Aparigraha)
Hieun Tsang was the celebrated Chinese
traveler who visited India in Ancient Times.
He has been described therefore as the
“Prince of Pilgrims.” His visit to India was
an important event of the reign of
293.(c);
294.(b);
295.(d);
296.(c);
297 (a);
298 (b);
299.(d);
300.(a);
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Harshavardhana. He found Jainism
flourishing in Bihar
The Vinaya Pitaka is a Buddhist scripture,
one of the three parts that make up the
Tripitaka. The other two parts of the
Tripitaka are the Sutta Pitaka and the
Abhidhamma Pitaka. Its primary subject
matter is the monastic rules for monks and
nuns
Lord Buddha is called Light of Asia
Sarnath is a city located 13 kilometres northeast of Varanasi near the confluence of the
Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar
Pradesh, India.It is a place where Buddha
gave his first sermon
The Fourth Buddhist Council was held at
Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 AD under the
patronage of Kushan king Kanishka and the
president of this council was Vasumitra,
with Asvaghosa as his deputy. This council
distinctly divided the Buddhism into 2 sects
Mahayana & Hinayana
Mahinda was a Buddhist monk depicted in
Buddhist sources as bringing Buddhism to
Sri Lanka.He was the first-born son of the
Mauryan emperor Ashoka from his wife
Devi and the elder brother of Sanghamitra
Bodh Gaya, or Bodhgaya, is a village in the
northeast Indian state of Bihar. It is one of
the most important Buddhist pilgrimage
sites, it's dominated by the ancient brick
Mahabodhi Temple Complex, built to mark
the site where the Buddha attained
enlightenment beneath a sacred Bodhi Tree
The Hathigumpha Inscription ("Elephant
Cave" inscription), from Udayagiri, near
Bhubaneswar in Odisha, was inscribed by
Kharavela, the then Emperor of Kalinga in
India, during 2nd century BCE
The Chola Dynasty was divided into several
provinces called Mandalams which were
further divided into Valanadus and these
Valanadus were sub-divided into units
called Kottams or Kutrams.
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Chapter
2
Medieval History
THE GHAZNAVIS
Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030)
(a) He was also known as “But-Shikan” (destroyer of the image) because of seventeen plundering expeditions
between 1000 AD & 1027 AD in India.
(b) Annexing Punjab as his eastern province, he claimed to have come here with twin objectives of spreading
Islam in India, & enriching himself by taking away wealth from India.
(c) In 1025, he attacked & raided the most celebrated Hindu temple of Somnath, Gujarat.
(d) Beruni who wrote Kitab-ul Hind, & Firdausi, who wrote Shah Namah, were the court Historians of
Mahmud Ghazni & give a good account of the polity & society on the eve of Mahmood’s invasion. From
1010 to 1026, the invasions were thus directed toward the temple-towns of Thaneswar, Mathura, Kannauj
& finally Somnath.
Muhammad Ghori
In AD 1173, Shihab-ud-din Muhammad (AD 1173–1206) also called Muhammad of Ghori ascended the throne
of Ghazni. The Ghoris were not strong enough to meet the growing power & strength of the Khwarizmi Empire;
they realized that they could gain nothing in Central Asia.
Conquest of Punjab & Sind
(a) Muhammad Ghori led his first expedition in AD 1175. He marched against Multan & freed it from its ruler.
In the same campaign he captured Uchch from the Bhatti Rajputs.
(b) Three years later in AD 1178 he again marched to conquer Gujarat but the Chalukya ruler of Gujarat, Bhima
II defeated him at the battle of Anhilwara. But by AD 1190 having secured Multan, Sind & Punjab,
Muhammad Ghori paved the way for a further thrust into the Gangetic Doab.
Delhi Sultanate
After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori, Qutubuddin Aibek got the control over Delhi.
This period can be divided into 5 distinct periods viz.
1. The Slave Dynasty (1206-90)
2. The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)
3. The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
4. The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-51)
5. The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526).
The Slave Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-10)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by Mohammad Ghori who later made him his Governor.
After the death of Ghori, Aibak became the master of Hindustan & founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206.
The capital during his reign was not Delhi but Lahore.
For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh (giver of lakhs).
He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo.
He constructed two mosques i.e. Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi & Adhai din ka Jhohpra at Ajmer.
He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki.
Aibak was great patron of learning & patronized writers like Hasan-un-Nizami, author of ‘Taj-ul- Massir’
& Fakhruddin, author of ‘Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi’.
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Aram Shah (1210)
•
He was the son of Aibak, who was defeated by Illtutmish in the battle of Jud.
Shams-ud-din Illtutmish (1210-36)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak of Mamluk tribe & occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211.
Illtutmish began his career as Sar-e Jandhar or royal bodyguard.
He was a very capable ruler & is regarded as the ‘real founder of the Delhi Sultanate’.
He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore.
He saved Delhi Sultanate from the attack of Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader, by refusing shelter to
Khwarizm Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing.
He introduced the silver coin (tanka) & the copper coin (jital).
He organized the Iqta System & introduced reforms in civil administration & army, which was now
centrally paid & recruited.
He set up an official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani/ Chalisa (group of forty).
He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak.
He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’.
Rukn-ud-din Feroz : 1236
•
•
He was son of Illtutmish & was crowned by her mother, Shah Turkan, after death of Illtutmish.
He was deposed by Razia, daughter of Illtutmish.
Razia Sultana: (1236 – 40)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, the nobles placed Ruknuddin Feroz on the
throne.
She was the ‘first & only Muslim lady who ever ruled India’.
She use to rule without the veil
She further offended the nobles by her preference for an Abyssian slave Yakut.
The wazir of Illtutmish Junnaidi revolted against her but was defeated.
There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinda, Altunia, governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainty of
Razia. Razia accompanied by Yakut marched against Altunia.
However, Altunia got Yakut murdered & imprisoned Razia.
Subsequently, Razia was married to Altunia & both of them marched towards Delhi as nobles in Delhi
raised Bahram Shah (3rd son of Illtutmish) to throne.
In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy & was assassinated near Kaithal (Haryana).
Bahram Shah: 1240-42
•
•
Iltutamish’s third son Bahram Shah was put on throne by powerful Turkish council Chalisa.
He was killed by Turkish nobles.
Allauddin Masud Shah: 1242-46
•
•
He was son of Ruknuddin Feroz.
He was disposed after Balban & Nasiruddin Mahmud’s Mother, Malika-e-Jahan, conspired against him &
established Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246-66
•
•
He was the eldest son of Illtutmish.
Minaj-us-Siraj has dedicated his book Tabaquat-i-Nasiri to him.
49
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Ghiyasuddin Balban: 1266-87
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
After the death of Nasiruddin; Balban ascended the throne in 1266.
He broke the power of Chalisa & restored the prestige of the crown. He made kingship a serious profession.
The Persian court model influenced Balban’s conception of Kingship. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi
(Shadow of God).
He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarch) & Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal
forms of salutation.
Divine right of the king was emphasized by calling himself Zil-i-Ilahi.
He gave great emphasis on justice & maintaining law & order.
He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz.
In his last days he overlooked Sultanate affairs due to death of his eldest & most loving son, Muhammad,
& rebellion by his closest & most loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died fighting Mongolians in 1285 &
Tughril was captured & beheaded.
Kaiqubad: 1287-90
•
•
He was the grandson of Balban was established on the throne by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of Delhi.
But Kaiqubad was killed by khalji nobles.
The Khilji dynasty (1290-1320 A.D.)
Jallauddin Khilji
•
•
•
Jalaluddin Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty.
He was a liberal ruler & adopted the policy of religious toleration.
His son-in-law & nephew was Allauddin Khalji.
Allauddin Khalji (1296-1316)
•
•
•
•
•
•
He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed ‘Kingship
knows no Kinship’.
During the reign of Jallauddin Khilji, he was the governor of Kara
He adopted the title Sikander-e-Saini or the second Alexander
Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298), Ranthambhor (1301), Mewar (1303), Malwa (1305), Jalor (1311).
In Deccan, Aluddin’s army led by Malik Kafur defeated Ram Chandra (Yadava ruler of Devagiri), Pratap
Rudradeva (Kakatiya ruler of Warangal), Vir Ballala III (Hoyasala ruler of Dwarsamudra) & Vir Pandya
(Pandya ruler of Madurai).
Malik Kafur was awarded the title Malik Naib.
Administrative & Market reforms during Allauddin
Alauddin issued 4 ordinances 1. Aimed at confiscation of the religious endowments & free grants of lands.
2. Reorganized the spy system.
3. Prohibited the use of wine.
4. Nobles should not have convivial parties & they should not inter-marry without his permission.
• He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) & Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers).
• Alauddin ordered that all land was to be measured & then they share of state was to be fixed.
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•
•
•
•
•
The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of collection of revenue.
Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities.
All goods for sale were brought to an open market called Sara-i-Adal.
Many forts were built by him & the most important of them was Alai fort. He also constructed the Alai
Darwaja, the entrance gate of Qutub Minar. He also built the Palace of thousand Pillars called Hazar
Sutun.
He was a patron of art & learning. Amir Khusrau, the poet-musician was his favorite court poet.
Malik Kafur
•
•
•
In 1316, after death of Alauddin, Malik Kafur seized the throne.
Before Kafur died, he nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin’s 6 year old prince) as King but imprisoned eldest
prince Mubarak Khan.
Kafur was killed by the loyalists of the royal family of Alauddin.
The Tughlaq Dynasty
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1321-25)
• Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq of Qaurana tribe was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty.
• He was the governor of Dipalpur before coming to power as Sultan.
• He died in the collapse of the victory pavilion near Delhi.
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-51)
•
•
•
•
•
Prince Jauna, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1325.
He gained the title Ulugh Khan, he was most educated of all the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate.
He created a department Diwan-e-Amir-e-Kohi for the improvement of the agriculture.
He distributed Sondhar i.e. agriculture loans advanced for extension of agriculture of barren land.
He encouraged cash crops in place of cereals.
The five experiments during reign of Mohammad Bin Tughlaq •
•
•
•
•
Taxation in the Doab: The Sultan made an ill-advised financial experiment in the Doab between the Ganges
& Yamuna. The Sultan crated a new department of Agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi.
Transfer of Capital: The most controversial step which Mohammad-bin Tughlaq under took soon after his
accession was the so called transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri. Devagiri was thus named Daulatabad.
Introduction of Token Currency: Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq decided to introduce bronze coins, which were
to have same value as the silver coins.
Proposed Khurasan Expedition: The Sultan had a vision of universal conquest. He decided to conquest
Khurasan & Iraq & mobalised a huge army for the purpose. He was encouraged to do so by Khurasani
nobles who had taken shelter in his court. Moreover there was instability in Khurasan on account of the
unpopular rule of Abu Said. This project was also abandoned because of the change in political scenarioin
Khurasan.
Quarachil Expedition: This expedition was launched in Kumaon hills in Himalayas allegedly to counter
Chinese incursions. It also appears that the expedition was directed against some refractory tribes in
Kumaon-Garhwal region with the object of bringing them under Delhi Sultanate. The first attack was a
success but when the rainy season set in, the invaders suffered terribly.
He died in Thatta while campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkish slave.
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Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
He was a cousin of Mohammad-bin Tughlaq.
He adopted the policy of appeasement with the nobility, the army & theologi
The new system of taxation was according to Quran. Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were
imposed & those were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya & Khams. Kharaj was the land tax, which was equal to 1/10 of
the produce of the land, Zakat was 2% tax on property, Jizya was levied on non-Muslims & Khams was
1/5 of the booty captured during war.
Firoz tried to ban practices, which the orthodox theologians considered non Islamic. Thus he prohibited
the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints & erased paintings from the palace.
It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate tax.
In order to encourage agriculture, the Sultan paid a lot of attention to irrigation. Feroz repaired a number
of canals & imposed Haque-i-Sharb or water tax.
He was a great builder as well; to his credit are cities of Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur & Firozabad.
The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) & other from Meerut (U.P.) were brought to Delhi.
The Sultan established at Delhi, a hospital described as Dar-ul-Shifa.
A new department of Diwan-i-Khairat was set up to make provisions for marriage of poor girls.
However his rule is marked by peace & tranquility & credit for it goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i- Jahan
Maqbul.
He died in 1388.
The Sayyid dynasty
•
•
•
•
Khizr Khan (1414-21)
Mubarak Shah (1421-34)
Muhammad Shah (1434-45)
Alam Shah (1445-51)- He was the last Sayyid king descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi & he retired. Thus
began the Lodhi dynasty.
The Lodi Dynasty
Bahlol Lodi: 1451-89
•
•
•
Bahlol Lodhi was one of the Afghan sardars who established himself in Punjab after the invasion of Timur.
He founded the Lodi dynasty.
Jaunpur was annexed into Delhi Sultanate during his reign.
Sikandar Lodi: 1489-1517
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sikandar Lodi was the son of Bahlol Lodhi who conquered Bihar & Western Bengal.
Agra city was founded by him.
Sikandar was a fanatical Muslim & he broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple at Nagar Kot &
ordered the temples of Mathura to be destroyed.
He reimposed Jaziya tax on non-muslims.
He use to write poems with the pen name “Gulrukhi”.
He took a keen interest in the development of agriculture. He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s
yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated fields.
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Ibrahim Lodi: 1517-26
•
•
•
•
•
He was the last king of the Lodi dynasty & the last Sultan of Delhi.
He was the son of Sikandar Lodi.
At last Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punja invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim Lodi.
Babur accepted the offer & inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526.
He was the only Sultan who died in battle field.
2.2 Administration under Sultanate
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There were four pillars of the state:
Diwan-i-Wizarat or finance department
Diwan-i-Risalat or department of religious matters & appeals
Diwan-i-Arz or department of military affairs
Diwan-i-Insha or department of royal correspondence
2.3 Art & architecture under Delhi Sultanate
• The new features brought by the Turkish conquerors were : The dome, the lofty towers, the true arch
unsupported by beam, the vault.
• Aibak built a Jami Masjid & Quwwatul Islam mosque, he also began the construction of Qutub Minar.
• Aibak also built the Adhai-din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer has a beautiful prayer hall, an exquisitely carved
Mehrab of white marble & a decorative arch screen.
• The first example of true arch is aid to be the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Balban in Mehrauli (Delhi).
• Allauddin Khilji began the work of Alai minar to rival Qutab Minar, but this could’nt be completed because
of his death.
• Some notable Tughlaq monuments are the fort of Tughlaquabad, the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq which
marked a new phase in Indo-Islamic architecture.
Mughal period
Babur
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The foundation of the Mughal rule in India was laid by Babur in 1526.
He was a descendant of Timur (from the side of his father) & Chengiz Khan (from the side of his mother).
Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi & Alam Khan Lodi against Ibrahim Lodi
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526 & established Mughal dynasty.
In 1527, he defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa.
In 1528, he defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi at Chanderi.
In 1529, he defeated Muhammad Lodi (uncle of Ibrahim Lodi) at Ghaghra.
In 1530, he died at Agra. His tomb is at Kabul.
He was the first to use gunpowder & artillery in India.
Two gun masters Mustafa & Ustad Ali were in his army.
He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish .
Tuzuk-i-Baburi was translated in Persian (named Baburnama) by Abdul Rahim Khan-e-khana & in English
by Leyden and Erskine.
He compiled two anthologies of poems, Diwan (in Turkish) & Mubaiyan (in Persian). He also wrote Risali-Usaz or letters of Babur.
Humayun (1530-40 & 1555-56)
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He was the son of Babur & ascended the throne in 1530. His succession was challenged by his brothers
Kamran, Hindal & Askari along with the Afgh
In 1532 he established Tabl-e-adl at Agra.
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He fought two battles against Sher Shah at Chausa (1539) & at Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) & was completely
defeated by him.
He escaped to Iran where he passed 12 years of his life in exile.
After Sher Shah’s death Humayun invaded India in 1555 & defeated his brothers the Afgh He once again
became the ruler of India.
He died while climbing down the stairs of his library (at Din Panah) in 1556 & was buried in Delhi.
Abul Fazal calls him Insan-e-Kamil.
His sister, Gulbadan Begum wrote his biography Humayunama.
He built Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital.
Sur Empire (Second Afghan Empire) 1540-55
Sher Shah(1540-45)
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He was the son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram.
In 1539, he defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa & assumed the title Sher Shah as emperor.
As an emperor, he conquested Malwa (1542), Ranthambhor (1542), Raisin (1543), Rajputana annexation of
Marwar (1542), Chittor (1544) & Kalinjar (1545). He died in 1545 while conquesting Kalinjar.
Purana Quila was built during his reign.
During his brief reign of 5 years he introduced a brilliant administration, land revenue policy & several
other measures to improve economic conditions of his subjects.
He issued the coin called Rupiah & fixed standard weights & measures all over the empire.
He also improved communications by building several highways. He built the Grand Trunk Road (G.T.
Road), which runs from Calcutta to Peshawar. The other roads built during his reign were: Agra to Mandu,
Agra to Jodhpur & Chittor, Lahore to Multan.
He set up cantonment in various parts of his empire & strong garrison was posted in each cantonments.
According to Abul Fazal the empire of Sher Shah was divided into 63 sarkars or districts.
The unit of land measurement was “bigha”.
Like Allauddin Khalji he also introduced Dagh & Chehra in the army
Zamindars were removed & the taxes were directly collected.
He was buried in Sasaram.
Akbar (1556-1605)
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Akbar, the eldest son of Humayun, ascended the throne under the title of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
Badshah Ghazi at the young age of 14.
His coronation took place at Kalanaur.
Second Battle of Panipat (5 Nov., 1556) was fought between Hemu (the Hindu General of Muhammad Adil
Shah) & Bairam Khan (the regent of Akbar). Hemu was defeated, captured & slain by Bairam Khan.
In the initial years of his rule Akbar was first under the influence of his reagent Bairam & then under her
foster mother Maham Anga.
The period of influence of Maham Anga on Akbar i.e. form 1560-62 is known as the period of Petticoat
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Reforms by Akbar •
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Age of marriage for boys & girls was increased to 16 years & 14 years respectively
Sati was prohibited
In his 24th year Akbar introduced Dashala system for the collection of land revenue by the state.
The Mansabdari system under Akbar, divided the Mansabdars into 66 categories. This system fixed the
following service conditions: Rank & status, Salary, Number of Sawars (horsemen).
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As a revolt against the orthodoxy & bigotry of religious priests, Akbar proclaimed a new religion, Din-iIlahi, in 1581. Birbal was the only Hindu who followed this new religion.
Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort & Allahabad Fort & Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi.
Fatehpur Sikri, place near Agra. Sheikh Salim Chisti, a Sufi saint blessed Akbar with a son who was named
Salim/Sheikho Baba (Jahangir). In honour of Salim Chisti, Akbar Shifted his court from Agra to Fatehpur
Sikri.
Tulsidas (author of Ramcharitmanas) also lived during Akbar’s period.
When Akbar died, he was buried at Sikandara near Agra.
Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai Tribe (1586).
Abul Fazl was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela (1601).
Akbar gave Mughal India one official language (Persian).
Jahangir (1605-27)
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Salim, son of Akbar, came to the throne after Akbar’s death in 1605.
He established Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain of Justice) at Agra Fort for the seekers of royal justice.
In 1611, Jahangir married Mihar-un-nisa, widow of Sher Afghan, a Persian nobleman who was sent on
expedition to Bengal. Later on she was given the title Nurjahan.
Nurjahan excercised tremendous influence over the state affairs. She was made the official Padshah Begum.
Jahangir issued coins jointly in Nurjahan’s name & his own.
Jahangir also married Jodha Bai of Marwar.
In 1608, Captain William Hawkins, a representative of East India Company came to Jahangir’s court. In
1615 Sir Thomas Roe, an ambassador of King James I of England also came to his court.He granted
permission to the English to establish a trading port at Surat.
His reign was marked by several revolts. His son Khusrau, who received patronage of 5th Sikh Guru Arjun
Dev, revolted against Jahangir (1605). Arjun Dev was later sentenced to death for his blessing to the rebel
prince (1606).
During his last period, Khurram (Shanjahan), son of Jahangir & Mahabat Khan, military general of Jahangir
also revolted (Khurram: 1622-25 & Mahabat Khan : 1626-27).
He wrote his memories Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian.
He was buried in Lahore.
Shah Jahan(1628-1658)
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His real name was Khurram, he was born to Jodha Bai (daughter of Raja Jagat Singh).
Shahjahan ascended the throne in 1628 after his father’s death.
Three years after his accession, his beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal (original name- Arzumand Bano) died in
1631. To perpetuate her memory he built the Taj Mahal at Agra in 1632-53.
He continued applying tika (tilak) on the fore-head.
He introduced the Char-Taslim in the court.
In addition to Jahangir’s empire, Nizam Shahi’s dynasty of Ahmadnagar was brought under Mughal
control (1633) by Shahjahan.
Shahjahan’s reign is described by French traveler Bernier & Tavernier & the Italian traveler Nicoli Manucci.
Peter Mundi described the famine that occurred during Shahjahan’s time.
The Red Fort, Jama Masjid & Taj Mahal are some of the magnificent structures built during his reign.
Shahjahan’s failing health set off the war of succession among his four sons in 1657.
Aurangzeb emerged the victor who crowned himself in July 1658. Shahjahan was imprisoned by his son
Aurangzeb in the Agra Fort where he died in captivity in 1666. He was buried at Taj Mahal (Agra).
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Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
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The war of succession took place in the later stage of the Shah Jahan reign.
His four sons Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb, Shah Shuja & Murad were in the state of war for the throne.
His daughters also supported one son or the other in the tussle for throne Jahan Ara supported Dara.
Roshan Ara supported Aurangzeb. Gauhara supported Murad.
Aurangzeb was coronated twice, he was the only Mughal king to be coronated twice.
Bernier was the foreign visitor who saw the public disgrace of Dara after he was finally defeated in war at
Deorai.
During the first 23 years of the rule (1658-81) Aurangazeb concentrated on North India. During this period
the Marathas under Shivaji rose to power & were a force to reckon with.
Highest numbers of Hindu Mansabdars were there in the service of Mughals during the reign of
Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs in 1675 & executed him when he refused to
embrace Islam.
The 10th & last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, son of Guru Teg Bahadur, organized his followers into
militant force called Khalsa to avenge the murder of his father.
Guru Gobind Singh was, however murdered in 1708 by an Afghan in Deccan. Banda Bahadur, the militant
successor of Guru Gobind Singh continued the war against Mughals.
Religious policy of Aurangzeb:
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He was called Zindapir or living saint.
Muhatasibs were appointed for regulation of moral conduct of the subjects.
He forbade singing in the court, but allowed musical instruments. He himself played Veena.
He ended Jhoraka darshan started by Akbar.
He ordered that no new Hindu temples were to be built. Old temples were allowed to be repaired.
The Viswanath temple at Kashi & the Keshav Rai temple of Bir Singh Bundela at Mathura were destroyed.
In 1679 he re-imposed Jaziya tax.
CLASH WITH MARATHAS
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Shivaji was the most powerful Maratha king & an arch enemy of Aurangzeb.
When Aurangzeb could not eliminate him, he conspired with Jai Singh of Amber, a Rajput, to eliminate
Shivaji in 1665.
On the assurance given by Jai Singh, Shivaji visited Aurangzeb’s court. Shivaji was imprisoned by
Aurangzeb but he managed to escape & in 1674 proclaimed himself an independent monarch.
Shivaji died in 1680 & was succeeded by his son Sambhaji, who was executed by Aurangzeb in 1689.
Sambhaji was succeeded by his brother Rajaram & after his death in 1700, his widow Tarabai carried on
the movements.
Mughal administration
Mansabdari system:
• Each Mughal officer was assigned a mansab (rank), there were 66 categories of Mansabdars.
• Jahangir introduced Du-Aspah-Sih-Aspah system whereby the specific noble was to maintain double the
number of horsemen.
Central administration:
Wakil: He was initially the Prime Minister, however later became revenue advisor only.
Mir Bakshi: He was the head of military department.
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Provincial administration:
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The empire was divided into provinces or Subas.
In 1580, Akbar divided the empire into 12 provinces. The number of provinces became 15 towards the end
of his reign.
In Jahangir’s reign the number of provinces rose to 17 & further in Aurangzeb’s reign to 21.
The Nazim or Subedar was the head of provinces.
Local administration:
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The provinces were divided into Sarkars, which were sub divided into Parganas & further into villages.
Mughal Culture:
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Jahangir’s reign was the apex culmination for the Mughal painting while that of Shah Jahan was the apex
culmination for architecture.
Babur built two mosques, one at Kabulibagh in Panipat & the other at Sambhal in Rohilakhand.
Humayun’s tomb was built by his widow Haji Banu Begum.
The Mariam’s palace, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas at Sikri are Indian in their plan.
Buland Darwaja (built after Gujarat victory), formed the main entrance to Fatehpur Sikri.
Salim Chisti’s tomb (redone in Marble by Jahangir) is the first Mughal building in pure marble). Palace of
Birbal & palace of Tansen are also inside the Fatehpur Sikri.
Akbar also began to build his own tomb at Sikandara which was later completed by Jahangir.
The architecture of Fatehpur Sikri is known as Epic in red sand stone.
Nurjahan built Itimad-ud-daula or Mirza Ghiyas Beg’s marble tomb at Agra, which is noticable for the first
use of Pietra Dura (floral designs made up of semiprecious stones) technique.
Jahangir built Moti Masjid in Lahore & his mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore).
Some of the important buildings built by Shahjahan at Agra are Moti Masjid (only Mosque of marble).
Khaas Mahal, Musamman Burz (Jasmine Palace where he spent his last year in captivity) etc.
He laid the foundations of Shahjahanabad in 1637 where he built the Red Fort & Takht-i-Taus (Peacock
throne).
Only building by Aurangzeb in the Red Fort is Moti Masjid.
Only monument associated with Aurangzeb is Bibi ka Makbara which is the tomb of his wife Rabbia-uddaura in Aurangabad.
Aurangzeb also built the Badshahi Masjid in Lahore.
Humayun had taken into his service two master painter Mir Syed Ali & Abdus Samad.
Daswant & Basawan were two famous painters of Akbar’s court.
Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur & Bishan Das were three famous painters of Jahangir’s court.
The landmark events that took place during the reign of Akbar:
1562 - Ban on forcible conversion of war-prisoners into slaves
1563 - Abolition of Pilgrimage Tax
1564 - Abolition of Jaziya
1571 - Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri
1579 - Proclamation of ‘Mazhar’ (written by Faizi)
1580 - Dahsala Bandobast introduced
1582 - Din-i-Ilahi / Tauhid-i-Ilahi
1584 - Ilahi Samvat i.e. Calender
1587 - Ilahi Gaz i.e. Yard
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Mughal Literature and writers
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Akbar Nama--Abul Fazl
Tabaqat-i-Akbari--Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Baksh
Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri—Muhammad Khan
Ain-i-Akbari --Abul Fazl
Padshah Namah-- Abdul Hamid Lahori
Shahjahan Namah-- Inayat Khan
Sirr-i-Akbar-- Dara Shikoh
Safinat-ul-Auliya -- Dara Shikoh
Majma-ul-Bahrain -- Dara Shikoh
Raqqat-e-Alamgiri – Aurangzeb
Bahadur Shah I (1707-12)
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Muazzam succeeded Aurungazeb after latter’s death in 1707.
He acquired the title of Bahadur Shah.
Granted Sardeshmukhi to Marathas but not Chauth.
Released Shahuji (son of Sambhaji) from prison (who later fought with Tarabai).
Tried to make peace with Guru Gobind Sahib by giving him a high Mansab.
After Guru’s death, Sikhs again revolted under the leadership of Banda Bahadur. This led to a prolonged
war with the Sikhs.
Made peace with Chhatarsal, the Bundela chief & Churaman, the Jat chief.
Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
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Death of Bahadur Shah plunged the empire into a civil war.
Jahandar Shah, son of Bahadur Shah, ascended the throne in 1712 with help from Zulfikar Khan.
Zulfikar Khan, his wazir, was virtually the head of the administration.
Zulfikar Khan abolished jizyah.
Peace with Rajputs: Jai Singh of Amber was made the Governor of Malwa. Ajit Singh of Marwar was made
the Governor of Gujarat.
Chauth & Sardeshmukh granted to Marathas. However, Mughals were to collect it & then hand it over to
the Marathas.
Ijarah: (revenue farming) the government began to contract with revenue farmers & middlemen to pay the
government a fixed amount of money while they were left free to collect whatever they could from the
peasants.
Jahandhar Shah defeated in January 1713 by his nephew Farrukhsiyar at Agra.
Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
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Owed his victory to Sayyid Brothers: Hussain Ali Khan Barha & Abdullah Khan.
Abdullah Khan: Wazir, Hussain Ali: Mir Bakshi.
Farrukhsiyar was an incapable ruler. Sayyid brothers were the real rulers.
Sayyid Brothers
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Known the Indian History as King Makers.
Adopted the policy of religious tolerance. Abolished jizyah.
Pilgrim tax was abolished from a number of places.
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Marathas: Granted Shahuji Swarajya & the right to collect Chauth & Sardeshmukhi of the six provinces of
the Deccan.
They failed in their effort to contain rebellion because they were faced with constant political rivalry,
quarrels & conspiracies at the court.
Nobles headed by Nizam-ul-Mulk & Muhammad Amin Khan began to conspire against them
In 1719, the Sayyid Brothers killed & overthrew Farrukhsiyar.
Muhammad Shah ‘Rangeela’ (1719-1748)
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Weak-minded, frivolous & over-fond of a life of ease.
Neglected the affairs of the state.
Nizam ul Mulk Chin Kilich Khan, the wazir, relinquished his office & founded the state of Hyderabad in
1724.
“His departure was symbolic of the flight of loyalty & virtue from the Empire”.
Hereditary Nawabs arose in Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh & Punjab.
Marathas conquered Malwa, Gujarat & Bundelkhand.
Nadir Shah’s Invasion (1739)
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Attracted to India by its fabulous wealth.
The two armies met at Karnal on 13th Feb 1739. Mughal army was summarily defeated. Muhammad Shah
taken prisoner.
Massacre in Delhi in response to the killing of his soldiers.
Plunder of about 70 crore rupees. Carried away the Peacock throne & Kohinoor.
Muhammad Shah ceded to him all the provinces of the Empire west of the river Indus.
Significance: Nadir Shah’s invasion exposed the hidden weakness of the empire to the Maratha sardars &
the foreign trading companies.
Ahmed Shah Abdali
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One of the generals of Nadir Shah
Repeatedly invaded & plundered India right down to Delhi & Mathura between 1748 & 1761. He invaded
India five times.
1761: Third battle of Panipat. Defeat of Marathas.
As a result of invasions of Nadir Shah & Ahmed Shah, the Mughal empire ceased to be an all-India empire.
By 1761 it was reduced merely to the Kingdom of Delhi.
Shah Alam II (1759)
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Ahmed Shah Bahadur (1748-54) succeeded Muhammad Shah.
Ahmed Shah Bahadur was succeeded by Alamgir II (1754-59).
1756: Abdali plundered Mathura.
Alamgir II was succeeded by Shah Jahan III.
Shah Jahan III succeeded by Shah Alam II in 1759.
Shah Alam spent initial years wandering for he lived under the fear of his wazir.
In 1764, he joined forces with Mir Qasim of Bengal & Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in declaring a war upon
the British East India company. This resulted in the Battle of Buxar.
Pensioned at Allahabad.
Returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection of Marathas.
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Decline of the Mughal Empire
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After 1759, Mughal empire ceased to be a military power.
It continued from 1759 till 1857 only due to the powerful hold that the Mughal dynasty had on the minds
of the people of India as a symbol of the political unity of the country
In 1803, the British occupied Delhi.
From 1803 to 1857, the Mughal emperors merely served as a political front of the British.
The most important consequence of the fall of the Mughal empire was that it paved way for the British to
conquer India as there was no other Indian power strong enough to unite & hold India.
The Marathas
Shivaji (1627-80)
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Shivaji was the son of Shahji & Jijabai & was born in the fort of Shivner.
Shivaji inherited the Jagir of Poona from his father in 1637.
His guru was Ramdas Samrath.
After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev, in 1647, he assumed full charge of his Jagir.
He conquered many Forts 1. Singh Garh/ Kondana (1643)
2. Rohind & Chakan (1644-45)
3. Toran (1646)
4. Purandhar (1648)
5. Rajgarh/ Raigarh (1656)
6. Supa (1656)
7. Panhala (1659).
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In 1657 Shivaji first confronted the Mughals, talking advantage of the Mughal invasion of Bijapur, he raided
Ahamednagar & plundered Junnar.
In 1659-60, Afzal Khan was deputed by Adil Shah of Bijapur to punish Shivaji; but the later Afzal Khan
was murdered by Shivaji in 1659. The famous “baghnakh” episode is related with the death of Afzal Khan.
In 1660, Shaista Khan, governor of Deccan, was deputed by Aurangzeb to check Marathas. Shivaji lost
Poona, Kalyan & Chakan also suffered several defeats till he made a bold attack on Shaista Khan(1663) &
plundered Surat (1664) & later Ahmadnagar.
Raja Jai Singh of Amber & Diler Khan were then appointed by Aurangzeb to curb the rising power of
Shivaji in 1665.
Jai Singh succeeded in beseiging Shivaji in the fort of Purandhar. Consequently the treaty of Purandhar
(1665) was signed according to which Shivaji ceded some forts to the Mughals & paid a visit to the Mughal
court at Agra.
In 1666, Shivaji visited Agra but there he was insulted.
In 1670, Shivaji captured most of the forts lost by the treaty of Purandhar.
In 1674 Shivaji was coronated at capital Raigarh & assumed the title of Haindava Dharmodharak (Protector
of Hinduism).
After that Shivaji continued the struggle with Mughals & Siddis (Janjira). He conquered Karnataka during
1677-80.
His last expedition was against Ginjee & Vellore.
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Shivaji’s Administration
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Swarajya was directly under the control of Maratha.
Chauth & Sardeshmukhi were taxes collected by Marathas.
Chauth was paid to the Marathas so as not be subjected to Maratha raids.
Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10% on those lands of Maharashtra over which the Maratha
claimed hereditary rights, but which formed part of the Mughal Empire.
Marathi became the official language.
Shivaji divided his territory under his rule (Swarajya) into three provinces, each under a viceroy. Provinces
were divided into Prants which were subdivided into parganas or tarafs.
Shivaji was helped by the Ashtapradhan (Eight-minister) which was unlike a council of ministers, for there
was no collective responsibility; each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji.
Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan
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Peshwa (Mukhya Pradhan): Finance & general administration, later he became Prime Minister & assumed
great importance.
Sar-i-Naubat (Senapati): Military commander. This is an honorary post with no real military powers.
• Later on, the ninth minister named Pratinidhi was added by Raja Ram a successor of Shivaji.
• Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on Malik Ambar’s (Ahmadnagar) reforms.
Successors of Shivaji
Shambhaji: 1680-1689
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Sambhaji, the elder son of Shivaji, defeated Rajaram, the younger son of Shivaji, in the war of succession.
He provided protection & support to Akbar II, the rebellious son of Aurangzeb.
He was captured at Sangameswar by a Mughal noble & executed (killed).
Rajaram: 1689-1700
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He succeeded the throne with the help of the ministers at Rajgarh.
He fled from Rajgarh to Jinji in 1689 due to a Mughal invasion in which Rajgarh was captured along with
Sambhaji’s wife & son (Shahu) by the Mughals.
Rajaram died at Satara, which had become the capital after the fall of Jinji to Mughal in 1698.
Rajaram created the new post of Pratinidhi, thus taking the total number of minister to nine (Pratinidhi +
Ashtapradhan).
Tarabai: 1700-1707
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Rajaram was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II under the guardianship of his mother Tarabai.
Tarabai continued the struggle with Mughals.
Shahu : 1707-1749
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Shahu was released by the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah.
Tarabai’s army was defeated by Shahu at the battle of Khed (1700) & Shahu occupied Satara.
Shahu’s reign saw the rise of Peshwas & transformation of the Maratha kingdom into an empire based on
the principle of confederacy.
Balaji Viswanath (1714-20): The First Peshwa
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He began his carrier as a small revenue official & was given the title of Sena Karte (marker of the army) by
Shahu in 1708.
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•
•
He became Peshwa in 1713 & made the post the most important & powerful as well as hereditary.
He concluded an agreement with the Syed Brothers-King Maker (1719) by which the Mughal emperor
Farrukhsiyar recognised Shahu as the king of the Swarajya.
Baji Rao I: 1720-40
•
•
Baji Rao, the eldest son of Balaji Viswanath, succeeded him as Peshwa at the young age of 20.
He was considered the greatest exponent of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji & Maratha power reached its
zenith under him.
• Under him several Maratha families became prominent & got themselves entrenched in different parts of
India.
• He conquered Bassein & Salsette.
Salsette from the Portuguese (1739)
• He also defeated the Nizam-ul-Mulk near Bhopal & concluded the treaty of Doraha Sarai by which he got
Malwa & Bundelkhand from the latter (1738).
• He convince Shahu for attacking Mughals by saying about Mughals: ‘Let us strike at the trunk of the
withering tree & the branches will fall of themselves’.
Balaji Baji Rao: 1740-61
•
•
•
•
Popularly known as Nana Saheb, he succeeded his father at the age of 20.
After the death of Shahu (1749), the management of all state affairs was left in his hands.
In an agreement with the Mughal emperor Ahmad Shah, the Peshwa was to protect the Mughal empire
from internal & external enemies (like Ahmad Shah Abdali) in return for Chauth (1752).
Third battle of Panipat (January 14, 1761) resulted in the defeat of the Marathas by Ahmad Shah Abdali &
the death of Viswas Rao & Sadashiv Rao Bhau. This event shocked the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao & after six
month he also died. This battle ended the Maratha power.
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1. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal in memory of
___________.
(a) Ruqayya Sultan Begum
(b) Jodha Bai
(c) Mumtaz Mahal
(d) Nur Jahan
2. Battle of Panipat was fought in the year 1526
between Babur and _________
(a) Rana Sanga
(b) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
(c) Hemu
(d) Ibrahim Lodi
3. Bibi Ka Maqbara was built by (a) Humayun
(b) Azam Shah
(c) Babur
(d) Aurangzeb
4. Name the poet who wrote "Prithviraj Raso", a
poem describing Prithviraj Chauhan's life?
(a) Vir Siroja
(b) Chand Bardai
(c) Meerja Umed
(d) Nur Fateh
5. Prithviraj Chauhan married _________. She was
the daughter of his enemy Jaichandra Gahadwal.
(a) Krishnavati
(b) Purvavati
(c) Somyukta
(d) Saumyavati
6. Who was Babur's Son?
(a) Humayun
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Akbar
(d) Bahadur Shah
7. Who was Prithviraj Chauhan's father?
(a) Jeet Chauhan
(b) Hayat Chauhan
(c) Someshwar Chauhan(d) Trilok Chauhan
8. Agra Fort was built by (a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Babur
(d) Aurangzeb
9. Aurangzeb put his father ___________ under
house arrest in Agra Fort.
(a) Humayun
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Akbar
(d) Bahadur Shah
10. Chand Bibi was the ruler of _______.
(a) Ahmednagar
(b) Malwa
(c) Golconda
(d) Chanderi
11. Babur was born in the year
(a) 1483
(b) 1583
(c) 1683
(d) 1783
12. Shah Jahan was the __________ Mughal ruler.
(a) Fourth
(b) Third
(c) Sixth
(d) Fifth
63
13. Akbar was born in the year __________.
(a) 1542
(b) 1642
(c) 1742
(d) 1842
14. Jahangir was born in the year (a) 1569
(b) 1669
(c) 1769
(d) 1869
15. Who was the last Mughal emperor?
(a) Babur
(b) Noor Jehan
(c) Akbar
(d) Bahadur Shah II
16. Bahadur Shah (First) was born in the year _____.
(a) 1543
(b) 1643
(c) 1743
(d) 1843
17. The battle of Tarain was fought between Prithviraj
Chauhan and _____.
(a) Mahmud Gaznavi (b) Muhammad Ghori
(c) Babar
(d) Humayun
18. The Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb located in
__________. It was built by Azam Shah, son of
Aurangzeb, in 1678.
(a) Hyderabad
(b) Aurangabad
(c) Lucknow
(d) Allahabad
19. Battle of Kanauj was fought in the year
_________?
(a) 1764
(b) 1526
(c) 1540
(d) 1857
20. Isfahan, the Persian Capital is said to have
provided the inspiration to build which of these
monuments?
(a) Humayun's Tomb(b) Mahabodhi Temple
Complex
(c) Qutub Minar(d) Red Fort Complex
21. Akbar (1556–1605 AD) was the ruler of which
dynasty?
(a) Nanda
(b) Maurya
(c) Mughal
(d) Haryanka
22. Khajuraho Group of monuments are attributed to
which dynasty?
(a) Chandela
(b) Mughal
(c) Maurya
(d) Shunga
23. Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal for?
(a) Marjani
(b) Mehbooba
(c) Mehjabeen
(d) Mumtaz
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24. In which year, Shivaji was crowned as the
Chhatrapati?
(a) 1608
(b) 1646
(c) 1674
(d) 1710
25. Who built Jodhpur Fort?
(a) Guru Ramdas
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Rao Jodha
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
26. First Battle of Panipat was fought in the year
________.
(a) 1764
(b) 1757
(c) 1526
(d) 1857
27. Which world heritage site comprises of the tomb
of Iltutmish?
(a) Humayun's Tomb
(b) Mahabodhi Temple Complex
(c) Qutub Minar
(d) Red Fort Complex
28. Which world heritage site comprises of the Alai
Darwaza Gate?
(a) Humayun's Tomb
(b) Mahabodhi Temple Complex
(c) Qutub Minar
(d) Red Fort Complex
29. Which was first Newspaper to be published in
India?
(a) Indian Gazette
(b) Bengal Gazette
(c) Pune Chronicle
(d) Indian Capsule
30. Babur (1526–1530 AD) was the ruler of which
dynasty?
(a) Mughal
(b) Nanda
(c) Maurya
(d) Haryanka
31. Jahangir (1605–1627 AD) was the ruler of which
dynasty?
(a) Nanda
(b) Haryanka
(c) Maurya
(d) Mughal
32. In Akbar's regime, _____ was the military head.
(a) Sultan Ahmed Fawad
(b) Suri Moja
(c) Mir Khaas
(d) Mir Bakshi
33. Who pioneered the guerrilla warfare methods?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shivaji
(d) Bajirao Peshwa
34. Which Mughal emperor imprisoned his father
and executed his brother?
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Shah Alam II
64
35. Humayun's Tomb was built by_____.
(a) Humayun
(b) Hamida Banu Begum
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
36. Shah Jahan (1628–1658 AD) was the ruler of
which dynasty?
(a) Mughal
(b) Nanda
(c) Maurya
(d) Haryanka
37. UNESCO Cultural World Heritage site ‘Humayun
Tomb’ was constructed by(a) Hamida Banu Begum
(b) Ruqqaiya Begum
(c) Mehrunnisa
(d) Zahanara Begum
38. Aurangzeb (1658–1707 AD) was the ruler of
which dynasty?
(a) Nanda
(b) Mughal
(c) Maurya
(d) Haryanka
39. In Akbar's regime, _____ was the military head.
(a) Sultan Ahmed Fawad(b) Suri Moja
(c) Mir Khaas
(d) Mir Bakshi
40. Who pioneered the guerrilla warfare methods?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shivaji
(d) Bajirao Peshwa
41. Who was the trusted General of the Mughal
emperor Akbar?
(a) Raja Todar Mal
(b) Man Singh I
(c) Birbal
(d) Tansen
42. Diwane I khas is in which of these monuments?
(a) Humayun's Tomb
(b)Mahabodhi Temple Complex
(c) Qutub Minar
(d) Red Fort Complex
43. Aurangzeb was the son of _____.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Shah Jahan
44. Mausoleum (Dargah) of Salim Chishti is situated
in?
(a) Humayun's Tomb (b) Fatehpur Sikri
(c) Gwalior Fort
(d) Agra Fort
45. Qutub Minar is located in _____ .
(a) Delhi
(b) Ghaziabad
(c) Noida
(d) Gurugram
46. Bajirao I (1720–1740 AD) was the minister of
which empire?
(a) Nanda
(b) Maratha
(c) Haryanka
(d) Maurya
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47. ___________ is a collection of architectural
astronomical instruments, built by Maharaja Jai
Singh II.
(a) Jantar Mantar, Delhi
(b) Group of Monuments at Hampi
(c) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
(d) Nalanda, Bihar
48. Bahadur Shah I was ruler of which of the
following dynasty?
(a) Mughal dynasty
(b) Balban Dynasty
(c) Sayyid Dynasty
(d) Tughlaq Dynasty
49. Buland Darwaza is the main entrance to the
palace at?
(a) Amer Fort
(b) Gwalior Fort
(c) Fatehpur Sikri
(d) Agra Fort
50. ______________ was a philosopher and
theologian from India during early 8th century
who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita
Vedanta.
(a) Adi Shankara
(b) Dyaneshwar
(c) Eknath
(d) Madhvacharya
51. During Akbar's reign who was the Finance
Minister of the Mughal empire?
(a) Raja Todar Mal
(b) Man Singh I
(c) Birbal
(d) Tansen
52. _________________ was a Hindu saint not
associated with the Bhakti movement and the
Varkari sect of Maharashtra.
(a) Kanhopatra
(b) Gora Kumbhar
(c) Namdev
(d) Samarth Ramdas
53. Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1680–1688 AD) was the
ruler of which dynasty?
(a) Maratha
(b) Nanda
(c) Haryanka
(d) Maurya
54. Which Freedom Fighter from Bengal died at the
age of 18?
(a) Khudiram Bose
(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Chittaranjan Das
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
55. Birbal was an advisor in the court of?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Jahangir
56. Humayun’s Tomb is located in ___________.
(a) Delhi
(b) Agra
(c) Gwalior
(d) Jaipur
65
57. Humayun was born in the year ___________.
(a) 1508
(b) 1608
(c) 1708
(d) 1808
58. Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor died in?
(a) 1507
(b) 1607
(c) 1707
(d) 1807
59. Battle of Haldighati in 1576 was fought between
Akbar and _______.
(a) Sher Shah
(b) Maharana Pratap
(c) Hemu Vikramaditya
(d) Nader Shah
60. The Red Fort (Delhi) was built by ______.
(a) Babur
(b) British
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Aurangzeb
61. Whom did Akbar defeat in the 2nd battle of
Panipat in 1556?
(a) Genghis Khan
(b) Nader Shah
(c) Hemu Vikramaditya (d) Bajirao I
62. Battle of Kanauj in 1540 was fought between Sher
Shah and _______.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
63. Who built Jama Masjid?
(a) Guru Ramdas
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Rao Jodhaji
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
64. Battle of Haldighati was fought in the year
________.
(a) 1764
(b) 1526
(c) 1576
(d) 1857
65. Which Mughal Emperor fought the battle of
Panipat in 1526?
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
66. The Peacock Throne was a famous jewelled
throne that was the seat of the ________ emperors
of India.
(a) Maurya
(a) Gupta
(c) Mughal
(d) Maratha
67. The historian Sewell has written a book entitled
“A Forgotten Empire”. What was the name of
empire?
(a) Mauryan Empire
(b) Mughal Empire
(c) Maratha Empire
(d) Vijayanagar Empire
68. To whom did Akbar gave the title Mian?
(a) Raja Todar Mal
(b) Man Singh I
(c) Birbal
(d) Tansen
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69. The Biography of Humayun was written by
___________.
(a) Nur Jehan
(b) Jodha
(c) Anarkali
(d) Gulbadan Begum
70. Mahabalipuram was founded by ______.
(a) Rajaraja Chola
(b) Narasimha Varman
(c) Chandragupta Maurya
(d) Vivasvan
71. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1674–1680 AD) was
the ruler of which dynasty?
(a) Nanda
(b) Haryanka
(c) Maurya
(d) Maratha
72. Which of these was not from the Mughal
Dynasty?
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Sher Shah Suri
(d) Kamran Mirza
73. Battle for Delhi was fought in the year
_____________.
(a) 1764
(b) 1526
(c) 1556
(d) 1857
74. Baji Rao II (1796-1818 A.D.) was the ruler of
which dynasty?
(a) Nanda
(b) Haryanka
(c) Maurya
(d) Peshwas
75. Khas Mahal and the Shish Mahal are built in
which World Heritage Monument?
(a) Humayun's Tomb
(b) Mahabodhi Temple Complex
(c) Qutub Minar
(d) Agra Fort
76. Which among the following is not correctly
paired?
(a) Shivaji - Afzal Khan
(b) Nurjahan - Mahabat Khan
(c) Akbar - Rana Pratap
(d) Babar - Bairam Khan
77. Abul Fazal was the son of which Sufi saint?
(a) Sheikh Mubarak
(b) Hazarat Kwaja
(c) Nasiruddin Chirag
(d) Baba Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki
78. The foreign traveller who visited India during the
reign of Shahjahan was______________.
(a) Thomas Roe
(b) William Hawkins
(c) Ibn Batuta
(d) Manucci
66
79. Which dynasty was ruling in Vijaynagar empire
at the time of the Battle of Talikota?
(a) Sangam
(b) Aniridu
(c) Tuluva
(d) Saluva
80.
Which of the following
Sultans died while playing Polo or Chaugan?
(a) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
(b) Balban
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Nasiruddin Muhammad
81. Who was the first Englishman to appear in the
Mughal Court during Jahangir's reign?
(a) Paul Canning
(b) Captain William Hawkins
(c) William Edward
(d) Ralph Fitch
82.
Who
among
the
following Sikh Gurus had laid the foundation of
Amritsar?
(a) Guru Amar Das
(b) Guru Ram Das
(c) Guru Arjan Dev
(d) Guru Har Govind
83. Mohammed Bin Tuglaq transferred his capital
from
(a) Delhi to Warangal
(b) Delhi to Devagiri
(c) Delhi to Madurai
(d) Delhi to Vijayanagar
84. Which battle led to the downfall of the
Vijayanagar empire?
(a) Battle of Takkolam
(b) Battle of Talikota
(c) Battle of Kanwah
(d) Battle of Panipat
85. Who introduced Mansabdari system in India?
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Jahangir
86. What is Gol Gumbaz?
(a) Mausoleum of Hyder Ali
(b) Mausoleum of Aurangazeb
(c) Mausoleum of Chand Bibi
(d) Mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah
87. Amir Khusro was a (a) Poet
(b) Play writer
(c) Painter
(d) Architect
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88. The official language of the Delhi Sultanate was?
(a) Urdu
(b) Arabic
(c) Persian
(d) Hindi
89. Who among the following was the first to make
use of artillery in warfare in medieval India?
(a) Babur
(b) Ibrahim Lodi
(c) Sher Shah Suri
(d) Akbar
90. What was the immediate aim of the Treaty of
Purander in 1665?
(a) To gain goodwill of Shivaji
(b) To sow seeds of contention between Shivaji
and Sultan of Bijapur
(c) To deceive Shivaji
(d) To make Shivaji a puppet of Mughals
91. Which queen of the Kakatiya dynasty ruled over
Warangal, part of modern Andhra Pradesh?
(a) Rudramadevi
(b) Ahilyadevi
(c) Bhagwati
(d) Bhanumati
92. Which dynasty came to power in India after the
Tughlaq dynasty?
(a) The Guptas
(b) The Khiljis
(c) The Mughals
(d) The Sayyids
93. Who has built the Vijay Stambha (Tower of
Victory) in Chittorgarh?
(a) Maharana Pratap
(b) Rana Kumbha
(c) Rana Sanga
(d) Kunwar Durjan Singh
94. In 1528, __________ defeated the Rajputs at
Chanderi.
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Babur
95. Which sects of Sufis adopted Yoga?
(a) Qadiri
(b) Shattari
(c) Chishtiya
(d) None of thes
96. The second Battle of Tarain was fought between
__________.
(a) Alexander and Porus
(b) Jai Chand and Mohammed Ghori
(c) Akbar and Hemu
(d) Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan
97. Who wrote 'Akbarnama'?
(a) Abul Fazal
(b) Faizi
(c) Abdur Rahim
(d) Abdul Qadir
98. Which Sikh Guru initiated 'The Khalsa'?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev
(b) Guru Gobind Singh
(c) Guru AngadDev
(d) Guru TeghBahadur
67
99. Which among the following Mughal Emperor
was illiterate?
(a) Shah Jahan
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Akbar
(d) Jahangir
100.Who amongst the following was the successor of
Sikh Guru Har Krishan?
(a) Guru Angad Dev
(b) Guru Tegh Bahadur
(c) Guru Hargobind
(d) Guru Amar Das
101.Who was the first female emperor of India?
(a) Noor Jahan
(b) Razia Sultana
(c) Rani Rudrama Devi (d) Queen Didda
102.The queen with the title Didda ruled over which
part of India between 980 - 1003?
(a) Avadh
(b) Kashmir
(c) Sindh
(d) Bengal
103.Jama Masjid of Delhi was built in which
century?
(a) 15th
(b) 16th
th
(c) 17
(d) 18th
104.The Agra fort was built by ___________.
(a) Shah Jahan
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Babur
105.The Mongols under ___________ invaded
Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219.
(a) Timur Lang
(b) Nadir Shah
(c) Ahmed Shah Abdali (d) Genghis Khan
106.Indian Mughal paintings originated during the
rule of which Mughal Emperor?
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shah Jahan
107.The _________ were the successors of Timur, the
ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.
(a) Rajputs
(b) Khaljis
(c) Mughals
(d) Tughluq
108.Where Humayun's Tomb is located?
(a) Hyderabad
(b) New Delhi
(c) Mumbai
(d) Kolkata
109.Dara Shikoh was killed in conflict with his
brother _______________.
(a) Jahangir
(b)Aurangzeb
(b) Babur
(d)Shah Jahan
110.The Arabic work of Al-Biruni that gave an
account of the subcontinent is called __________.
(a) Kitab-al-Hind
(b) Kitab-al- Bharat
(c) Pustak-al-Hind
(d) Pustak-al-Bharat
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111.Prince Salim was the name of the future Emperor
_________.
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Jahangir
(d) Akbar
112.Charminar was built by?
(a) Humayun
(b) Mohammed Quli Qutab Shah
(c) Ashoka
(d) Narasimha
113.________ was imprisoned for the rest of his life by
Aurangzeb.
(a) Akbar
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Babur
114.________ succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in
1495 when he was only 12 years old.
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Babur
115.Akbar was __________ years old when he became
emperor.
(a) 16
(b) 19
(c) 13
(d) 10
116.Sultan Mahmud was a ruler of_____.
(a) Persia
(b) Ghazni
(c) Lahore
(d) Arab
117.Gol Gumbaz was designed by?
(a) Ustad Ahmad of Lahouri
(b) George Wittet
(c) Henry Irwin
(d) Yaqut of Dabul
118.Sher Khan defeated _________ at Chausa (1539)
and Kannauj (1540), forcing him to flee to Iran.
(a) Aurangzeb
(b) Humayun
(c) Muhammad Azam Shah
(d) Bahadur Shah I
119.After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaullah was
assassinated and ________ was made the nawab.
(a) Mir Jafar
(b) Mir Qasim
(c) Haider Ali
(d) Tipu Sultan
120.Sher Shah Sur defeated which Mughal emperor?
(a) Humayun
(b) Timur Lang
(c) Nadir Shah
(d) Ahmed Shah Abdali
121.Who was the architect of Taj Mahal?
(a) Ustad Ahmad Lahouri
(b) Norman Foster
(c) Henry Irwin
(d) Ustad Ghani Utbuddin
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122.Prince Khurram was the name of the future
Emperor __________.
(a) Shah Jahan
(b)Jahangir
(c) Babur
(d) Akbar
123._________first became the capital of a kingdom
under the Tomara Rajputs.
(a) Delhi
(b) Pataliputra
(c) Calcutta
(d) Taxila
124.Noor Jahan was the wife of which Mughal
emperor?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Jahangir
125.Who was the architect of Humayun's Tomb?
(a) Ustad Ahmad of Lahouri
(b) George Wittet
(c) Mirak Mirza Ghiyath
(d)Yaqut of Dabul
126.In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, __________,
became Sultan.
(a) Rehana
(b) Rukhsana
(c) Rashida
(d) Raziyya
127. Prithviraja III (1168-1192) was a best known
___________ ruler.
(a) Chahamana
(b)Gahadavala
(c) Chalukya
(d) Brahmana
128. Who is the founder of Mahabalipuram?
(a) Rajaraja Chola
(b) Mahendra Varman
(c) Narsimha Varman I
(d) Narsimha Chola
129.What was the only permanent effect of the
invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi?
(a) Control over Western India
(b) Control over Kashmir
(c) Annexation of Punjab
(d) Acceptance of subordinate position by rulers
of North India
130.In the Vijayanagar Empire provinces are divided
into?
(a) Nadu
(b) Khurram
(c) Kottam
(d) Janpad
131.The Sun Temple of Konark was built by
Narasimhadeva I. To which dynasty did he
belong to?
(a) Somavamsi dynasty
(b) Eastern Ganga dynasty
(c) Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty
(d) Bhoi dynasty
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132.The monuments at Khajuraho belong to the
period of?
(a) Chandelas
(b) Vakatakas
(c) Rashtrajutas
(d) Gahadavalas
133.To conquer and annex Peshawar and Punjab,
Mahmud of Ghazni defeated?
(a) Ghurids
(b) Arabs
(c) Karkotakas
(d) Hindushahis
134.The battle at Waihind in 1001-02 A.D was fought
between?
(a) Mahmud of Ghazni and Jayapala
(b) Mahmud of Ghazni and Anandapala
(c) Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj
(d) Muhammad Ghori and Jaichandra
135.Over Which territory there were frequent
clashes between Bahamani Kingdom and
Vijaynagar Kingdom?
(a) The Raichur Doab
(b) Warangal
(c) Madurai
(d) Malabar
136.During whose period Al-Beruni came to India?
(a) Mahmud Ghaznavi (b) Balban
(c) Firoz Tughluq
(d) Ibrahim Lodhi
137.Which of the following texts provides evidence
that Prithviraj III wanted to conquer the whole
world?
(a) Tabgat-i-Nasiri
(b) Taj-ul-Massir
(c) Prithviraj Raso
(d) Prithviraj Prabandha
138.Who is the founder of the city of Agra?
(a) Akbar
(b) Babar
(c) Sikandar Lodi
(d) Mubarak Shah Sayyad
139.When did Vasco-da- Gama came to India?
(a) 1492
(b) 1498
(c) 1398
(d) 1542
140.Malik Kafur was whose General?
(a) Balban
(b) Ala-ud- din khilji
(c) Muhammad bin Tughluq
(d) Firoz Shah Tughluq
141.The Bahmani Kingdom was founded by?
(a) Alauddin Bahman Shah
(b) Timur
(c) Zain - ul -Abidin
142.The two principles monuments of Alaud-din
Khilji's reign - the Jama-at-Kana Masjid and Alai
Darwaza - were constructed at
(a) Agra
(b) Delhi
(c) Dhar
(d) Gulbarga
143.Who of the following introduced silver coin
called `tanka`?
(a) Alauddin Khilji
(b) Qutub-ud-din Aibak
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Balban
144.The first Sultan to adopt the principle of
measurement of cultivable land for determining
the land revenue was
(a) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Alauddin Khalji
(d) Balban
145.The state-promoted canal irrigation system was
initiated by
(a) Alauddin Khalji
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
(c) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
(d) Firuz Tughluq
146. The rulers of the Lodhi dynasty were
(a) Turks settled in Afghanistan
(b) Pure Turks
(c) Pure Afghan
(d) Timurid Turks
147.The largest standing army of the Delhi Sultanate
directly paid by the State was created by
(a) Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
(d) Alauddin Khalji
148.The main aim of the attacks of Muhammad-binTughluq in south India was
(a) extension of the empire
(b) plunder of wealth
(c) propagation of the Muslim culture in South
India
(d) to compel the rulers of South India to accept
the sovereignty of the Delhi Sultanate
149.To which race did Mahmud Ghazni belong?
(a) Arab
(b) Afghan
(c) Mongol
(d) Turk
(d) Malik Kafur
69
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150.The most learned medieval Muslim ruler who
was well versed in various branches of learning
including astronomy, mathematics and
medicine was
(a) Sikandar Lodhi
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq
(d) Alauddin Khalji
151.The term Iqta means
(a) assignments of land as reward of pension
(b) revenue assignment of a particular area in
lieu of cash salary
(c) an administrative grant or relief
(d) a unit of local government
152.Who from among the following was the founder
of Bahmani kingdom in the Deccan?
(a) Mahmud Gawan
(b) Hasan Gangu
(c) Sikandar Shah
(d) Malik Ambar
153.The Nobility of the Delhi Sultanate was largely
composed of
(a) Afghans
(b) Arabs
(c) Turks
(d) Composite elements
154.The Mongols appeared for the first time on the
banks of the Indus during the rule of
(a) Raziya
(b) Balban
(c) Iltutmish
(d) Qutub-ud-din Aibak
155. Which one of the following battles was fought
between babar and the Rajputs in 1527?
(a) The First Battle of Panipat
(b) The Battle of Khanwa
(c) The Battle of Ghagra
(d) The Battle of Chanderi
156.Who among the following founded the city of
Ahmedabad?
(a) Muzaffar Shah II
(b) Ahmad Shah
(c) Qutub-ud-din Ahmad Shah
(d) Muhammad I Begarha
157.Which Sultan of Delhi founded and built the
Fort of Siri?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Balban
(c) Alauddin Khilji
(d) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
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158.Who was the real founder of the Delhi sultanate?
(a) Qutubuddin Aibak (b) Iltutmish
(c) Sultan Mahmud
(d) Balban
159.Which Sultan of Delhi imposed Jaziya on the
Brahmins also?
(a) Balban
(b) Firoz Tughlaq
(c) Allauddin Khilji
(d) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
160.Who was the founder of Sayyid dynasty?
(a) Khizr Khan
(b) Mubarak Shah
(c) Muhammad Shah
(d) Alauddin Alam Shah
161.Who of the following was the first woman ruler
of medieval India?
(a) Razia Sultan
(b) Chand Bibi
(c) Durgavati
(d) Noorjahan
162.Malik Kafur was the General of
(a) Balban
(b) Alauddin Khilji
(c) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
(d) Firoz Shah Tughlaq
163.Who was the last ruler of Delhi saltunate?
(a) Bahadur shah II
(b) Ibrahim Lodi
(c) Sikandar Lodi
(d) Mubarak shah
164.The Arab conquest of Sind in 712 AD had taken
place under the leadership of
(a) Mohammed of Ghazni
(b) Mohammed-bin-Qasim
(c) Mohammed of Ghori
(d) None of the above
165 Among the following, which Mughal Emperor
introduced the policy of Sulh-i-kul?
(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Shahjahan
166.During the Mughal period, which one of the
following traders were the first to come to India?
(a) Portuguese
(b) Dutch
(c) Danish
(d) English
167. Todar Mal was associated with
(a) music
(b) literature
(c) finance
(d) law
168.The last Mughal Emperor was?
(a) Akbar
(b) Babur
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar (d) Noor Jehan
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169.Who was the founder of Mughal Empire in India?
(a) Akbar
(b) Babur
(c) Humayun
(d) Timur
170.At which place was Akbar born?
(a) Delhi
(b) Agra
(c) Amarkot (Umerkot) (d) Kannauj
171.Which of the following was built by Akbar ?
(a) Fort of Daulatabad (b) Fort of Ahmednagar
(c) Red Fort
(d) Agra Fort
172.The Red Fort of Delhi was built by
(a) Sher Shah
(b) Shah jahan
(c) Akbar
(d) Jehangir
173.Where is Ibadat Khana situated?
(a) Lahore
(b) Delhi
(c) Agra
(d) Fatehpur Sikri
174.Taj Mahal is on the banks of
(a) Ganges
(b) Tapti
(c) Cauvery
(d) Yamuna
175.Tulsidas, the author of Ramcharitmanas, was a
contemporary of which of the following rulers?
(a) Shahjahan
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Sher Shah Suri
176. Who among the following was the daughter of
Emperor Aurangzeb ?
(a) Jahan Ara
(b) Roshan Ara
(c) GauharAra
(d) Zeb-un-nisa
177.The Mughal Emperor who appointed maximum
number of Hindu Officer was?
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
178.Who was the Mughal Emperor to have lifted the
Jaziya on Hindus?
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shahjahan
179.Under Akbar, the Mir Bakshi was required to
look after
(a) Military affairs
(b) The state treasury
(c) The royal household
(d) The land revenue system
180.Which one of the following is the correct
sequence of the victories of Babur?
(a) Panipat, Chanderi, Ghaghara and Khanwah
(b) Panipat, Ghaghara, Khanwah and Chanderi
(c) Panipat, Khanwah, Chanderi and Ghaghara
(d) Ghaghara, Panipat, Khanwah and Chanderi
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181.What was Sher Shah's precious legacy to the
Mughals?
(a) Organization of Army
(b) Land Revenue System
(c) Mansabdari System
(d) Provincial Administration
182.Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shajahan
(d) Aurangazeb
183.The Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan was made of
(a) Pure Silver
(b) Pure Gold and Pure Silver
(c) Pure Gold studded with gems
(d) Silver, copper and gold
184.What term was used for the advance money
given by the merchants to artisans for the
required goods?
(a) Taqavi
(b) Dasturi
(c) Dadni
(d) None of these
185.Who among the following Mughal kings had
sent Raja Ram Mohan Roy as his envoy to
London?
(a) Alamgir II
(b) Shah Alam II
(c) Akbar II
(d) Bahadur Shah II
186.Which of the following ladies wrote an historical
account during the Mughal period?
(a) Gulbadan Begum
(b) Jahanara
(c) Roshanara
(d) Asmat Begum
187. One of the greatest painters of Akbar’s court
whom he employed as mint officer was
(a) Basawan (b) Keshav
(c) Mukund (d) Daswant
188.The greatest painter of birds at Jahangir’s court
was
(a) Basawan
(b) Mansur
(c) Syed Ali Tabrizi
(d) Khwaja Abdus Samad
189.Who among the following prohibited the use of
Tobacco?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
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190.The noble who introduced important reforms in
the land revenue administration of Mughals in
Deccan during the reign of Shahjahan, was
(a) Murshid Quli Khan
(b) Asaf Khan
(c) Mahabat Khan
(d) Khan-i-Zama
191.Who among the following led a deputation of
Banaras Pandits to the Mughal emperor to seek
abolition of the pilgrimage tax on Banaras and
Allahabad?
(a) Harnath
(b) Jagannath
(c) Kavi Hariram
(d) Kavindracharya
192.Who among the following was the first English
man to visit western India ?
(a) Captain Hawkins
(b) John Mildenhall
(c) Ralph Fitch
(d) Thomas Stephens
193. Who among the following was the official
historian of Aurangzeb’s reign?
(a) Ishwardas Nagar
(b) Bhimsen Kayastha
(c) Khafi Khan
(d) Mohammad Kazim
194.“Din-i-Ilahi’ was a movement of Akbar’s folly,
not of his wisdom.” Who made this statement?
(a) A.L. Srivastava
(b) R.P. Tripathi
(c) V.A. Smith
(d) S.R. Sharma
195. Who among the following painters committed
suicide?
(a) Basawan
(b) Lal
(c) Daswant
(d) Mahesh
196. The offsprings of which Mughal emperor were
born in a Sufi’s Khanqah instead of the Mughal
haram?
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
197. Historian Abul Fazal was killed by
(a) Hemu
(b) Bairam Khan
(c) Udai Singh
(d) Vir Singhdeo Bundela
198.Which among the following was also known as
Bandobast system?
(a) Zabti
(b) parukh
(c) Nasaq
(d) Kankut
72
199.Who among the following Mughal ministers
was the paymaster general as well?
(a) Diwan
(b) Mir Bakshi
(c) Khan-i-Saman
(d) Vakil
200.A Mansabdar who was paid in cash was called
(a) Naqdi
(b) Jagirdar
(c) Amir
(d) Mirza
201.Who among the following was the Diwan of
Akbar?
(a) Asad Khan
(b) Sadulla Khan
(c) Muzaffar Khan
(d) Mahabat Khann
202.When Humayun was in exile Koh-i-nur
Diamond was with
(a) The Raja Bikramajid
(b) Shah Tahmasp of Persia
(c) Sultan of Bijapur
(d) Sher Shah
203.There were _________ jewelled steps leading to
the Emperor’s seat, in the Peacock Throne.
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Two
(d) Six
204.Sher Shah’s last campaign was against
(a) Mount Abu
(b) Kalinjar
(c) Surat
(d) Chittor
205.Under Sher Shah the largest administrative unit
was administered by a Chief namely
(a) Shiqdar
(b) Mansabdar
(c) Kasi
(d) Faujdar
206.The revenue system initiated by Sher Shah
influenced the revenue system of
(a) Alauddin Khalji
(b) Babar
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
207.The second Battle of Panipat was fought
between Hemu and
(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Ibrahim Lodhi
208.Akbar’s guardian teacher was
(a) Abul Fazl
(b) Bairam Khan
(c) Abdul Latif
(d) Kabir
209.Bairam Khan was murdered at
(a) Sirhind
(b) Anhilvad
(c) Panipat
(d) Chausa
210.Akbar defeated Durgawati and captured
(a) Bijapur
(b) Jhansi
(c) Gondwana
(d) Surat
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211.Udai Singh was ruler of
(a) Bijapur
(b) Golkonda
(c) Mewar
(d) Malwa
212.Which one of the following scholars was given
the title of Amir-i-Akhbar by Humayun?
(a) Jauhar
(b) Mirza Haidar Daughalat
(c) Abdul Wahid
(d) Khondamir
213.The famous ‘Jama-Masjid’ of Delhi was built by
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
214.Which one of the following states of Rajputana
did not willingly accept Akbar’s sovereignty?
(a) Amer
(b) Mewar
(c) Marwar
(d) Bikaner
215. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly
matched?
(a) Jahangir : William Hawkins
(b) Akbar : Sir Thomas Roe
(c) Shah Jahan : Travernier
(d) Aurangzeb : Manucci
216. In the Mughal period the registers of the
agricultural lands were maintained by
(a) Kotwal
(b) Qanungo
(c) Amin
(d) Krori
217. Under the Mughals the jizya was collected from
(a) Persians
(b) Muhammadans
(c) Hindus
(d) Foreign visitors
218. During the Mughal period Polaj was the
(a) land annually cultivated
(b) land left fallow
(c) land uncultivated
(d) barren land
219. Under the Mughals, in urban area the judicial
powers were exercised by
(a) Kazis
(b) Faujdar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Wazir
220.Under the Mughals _________________ was
administered as a department of the military
(a) Diwan-i-insha
(b) Diwan-i-Wazarat
(c) Diwan-i-Arz
(d) Diwan-i-Barid
221. In India artillery was first used by
(a) Balban
(b) Babur
(c) Humayun
(d) Akbar
222. During the Mughal rule in India tobacco was
first cultivated in
(a) Madras
(b) Gujarat
(c) Delhi
(d) Calcutta
223. The Mughals imported fruits from
73
(a) Samarkand(b) Arabia
(c) Kabul
(d) Portugal
224. The Mongols attacked India, for the first time,
during the period of(a) Balban
(b) Iltutmish
(c) Qutub-ud-din Aibak
(d) Alauddin
225. During the Mughal rule, the police duties in the
districts were entrusted to the officials known
as(a) Faujdar
(b) Mansabdar
(c) Kotwal
(d) Amin
226. All the early Mughal Emperors except
_________ were great builders
(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Jahangir
(d) Aurangzeb
227. Battle of Kannauj was fought(a)1540
(b)1539
(c)1526
(d)1556
228. Babar summoned the pupils of the famous
architect Sinan from
(a) Albania
(b) Kabul
(c) Syria
(d) Egypt
229. The Mughal architecture attained unrivalled
magnificence during the reign of(a) Babar
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) SahaJahan
230. The Pearl Mosque in delhi was built by
(a) Shah Jahan
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Humayun
(d) Akbar
231. Under Sher Shah the largest administrative unit
was administered by a Chief namely
(a) Shikadar
(b) Mansabdar
(c) Kasi
(d) Faujdar
232. Under the Mughals the Governor was
popularly known as
(a) Subahdar
(b) Wazir
(c) Vakil
(d) Faujdar
233.Under the Mughal rule the judicial service was
formed by
(a) Vakil
(b) Diwan
(c) Kazis
(d) Mansabdars
234. Which Rajput dynasty had not surrendered to
Akbar?
(a) Pratihara
(b) Sisodiya
(c) Rathor
(d) Parmar
235. The troops provided by the Mansabdars was
chiefly
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(a) cavalry
(b) infantry
(c) artillery
(d) navy
236. In India artillery was first used in the battle of
(a) Panipat
(b) Talikot
(c) Sialkot
(d) Khanwa
237. In Mansabdari system the Commnader-in-Chief
of the Army was
(a) Mansabdar
(b) Emperor
(c) Prince
(d) Dah Hazari
238. During Mughal rule, excellent cotton goods
were woven in which one of the following
centres?
(a) Agra
(b) Surat
(c) Delhi
(d) Calcutta
239. The Sikh Guru who fought in the Mughal ranks
during the reign of Aurangazeb was
(a) Tegh Bahadur
(b) Har Rai
(c) Amar Das
(d) Angad
240.The Mughals have been made immortal by their
achievements in the _________ field.
(a) Political
(b) Architectural
(c) Military
(d) Social
241. The most important feature of the Mughal
building was the
(a) Dome
(b) Arch
(c) The narrow columns (d) Corbel brackets
242. Jama Mosque was built at
(a) Sambhal
(b) Delhi
(c) Agra
(d) Lahore
243. Indo-Persian style of architecture attained its
supreme beauty in the reign of
(a) Babar
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shah Jahan
244. The huge wealth of the Mughals fell into the
hands of ________after the capture of Delhi in
1739.
(a) Nadir Shah
(b) The English
(c) The French
(d) The Portuguese
245. Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana rendered Babur’s
Memoires into(a) Sanskrit
(b) Persian
(c) Urdu
(d) Hindi
246. Sher Shah was succeeded by
(a) Sikandar
(b) Islam Shah
(c) Alam Shah
(d) Hasan
247. Akbar saw the sea for the first time in his life at
(a) Calcutta
(b) Surat
74
(c) Cambay
(d) Madras
248. Akbar was enthroned in a garden at
(a) Kalanaur
(b) Ajmer
(c) Gaur
(d) Kabul
249.Hemu was captured and brought before Akbar
by ________.
(a) Bairam Khan
(b) Salim
(c) Shah Qulihan Mehran
(d) Farid
250.Akbar’s nurse-in-chief was
(a) Mumtaj
(b) Hamida Begum
(c) Jahanara
(d) Maham Anga
251.Jizya was abolished by the Mughal ruler(a) Babar
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
252.Akbar suppressed the rebellion of Abdullah
Khan, the Governor of
(a) Mewar
(b) Malwa
(c) Meerut
(d) Mankat
253.When Babur invaded India who was the ruler of
Vijayanagar empire in south India?
(a) Devaraya I
(b) Devaraya II
(c) Krishnadev Raya
(d) Sadashiva Raya
254. Month scale in the Mansabdari system was
introduced by
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) None of these
255. Who was the author of Humayun-nama?
(a) Humayun
(b) Gulbadan Begam
(c) Badauni
(d) Ahmad Yadgar
256. The famous Kohinoor diamond was produced
from one of the mines in(a) Orissa
(b) Chhotanagpur
(c) Bijapur
(d) Golconda
257.Who is known as the Parrot of India?
(a)Abul Fazl
(b)Raskhan
(c)Amir Khusro
(d)Mirabai
258. First Battle of Panipat was fought(a)1526
(b)1761
(c)1564
(d)1556
259. Who has been described by Elliot as -the Akbar
of Sultanate?
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Balban
(c) Alauddin Khilji
(d) Firoz Tughlaq
260.Zain-ul-Abdin, who prohibited cow slaughter,
was a ruler of-
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(a) Bengal
(b) Gujarat
(c) Malwa
(d) Kashmir
261. The great painter Khwaja Abdus Samad
flourished at the Court of which one of the
following?
(a) Akbar
(b) Babar
(c) Shershah
(d) Shahjahan
262. Itimad-ud-Daula’s tomb at Agra was built by
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Nur Jahan
263.Who was called Zinda Pir in Mughal time?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Shahjahan
264.With whose permission did the English set up
their first factory in Surat?
(a) Akbar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
265.Who among the following are known as King
Makers in Indian History ?
(a) Sayyid Brothers
(b) Hussain Brothers
(c) Hassan Family
(d) Tardi Begh
266.What did Ramanuja preach?
(a) Satya
(b) Ahimsa
(c) Gyana
(d) Bhakti
267.Shivaji defeated the Mughals in the battle of?
(a) Purandhar
(b) Raigarh
(c) Salher
(d) Shivner
268.Between whom was the treaty of Purandhar in
1776 made?
(a) English and Nizam of Hyderabad
(b) Marathas and Portuguese
(c) Marathas and English
(d) English and Sultan of Mysore
269.The Maratha Chief, Sambhaji, was executed
during the reign of
(a) Aurangzeb
(b) Mahabat Khan
(c) Jehangir
(d) Shahjahan
270. What was the capital of Shivaji's kingdom ?
(a) Raigad
(b) Karwar
(c) Pune
(d) Purandhar
271.‘Amuktamalyada’ written by Krishnadeva Raya,
the ruler of Vijayanagar, was in
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Kannada
(c) Telugu
(d) Tamil
272. Who among the following taught the doctrine
of 'Shunyata'?
75
(a) Nagarjuna
(b) Shankaracharya
(c) Harisena
(d) Vallabhacharya
273. Which factor influenced most to eliminate castesystem in India?
(a) Rationalism
(b) Job Opportunities
(c) Legislations
(d) Liberal Education
274.Which of the following ruler is called as
"Rangeela"?
(a) Muhammad shah
(b) Bahadur shah
(c) Akbar II
(d)Ahmad shah
275. Who built the city of Nagalapuram?
(a) Bukka I
(b) Devaraya I
(c) Krishnadeva Raya (d) Virupaksha
276. At the earlier stage backward classes movement
means?
(a) Santal movement
(b) Non-Brahmin
movement
(c) Harijan movement (d) Antirulers
movement
277. Which language gained most by the patronage
given to scholars by Krishna Deva Rai?
(a)Tamil
(b)Sanskrit
(c)Telugu
(d)Kannada
278. The Adi Granth was compiled by
(a) Guru Arjan Dev
(b) Guru Gobind Singh
(c) Guru Harkishan
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur
279. Which of the following was a saint of the Bhakti
Movement in Bengal?
(a)Tulshidas
(b)Vivekananda
(c)Chaitanya
(d)Kabir
280. Among the following who was in chronological
order, the last famous ruler of Vijayanagar?
(a) Harihara-II
(b) Devarai-I
(c) Vir Narsingh
(d) Krishna Deva Rai
281.'Ratti' used by jewellers is obtained from seed
of?
(a) Gymnospermous plant
(b) Angiospermous plant
(c) Algae
(d) fungi
282.The largest administrative division in the
Vijayanagar empire was
(a) Nadu
(b) Mandalam
(c) Rajya
(d) Kottam
283.Guru Arjan Dev transferred the headquarters to
(a) Agra
(b) Amritsar
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(c) Karachi
(d) Allahabad
284.Guru Gobind Singh was the son of
(a) Tegh Bahadur
(b) Arjan Dev
(c) Har Gobind
(d) Nanak
285.Dadoji was the guardian of
(a) Shivaji
(b) Shahji Bhonsle
(c) Sambaji
(d) Shahu
286.Shivaji started his public career at the age of
(a) 18
(b) 21
(c) 23
(d) 24
287.Shivaji’s administration owed its origin to the
principles laid down by
(a) Kautilya Arthasastra (b) Sher Shah
(c) Akbar
(d) Adi Granth
288.Under Shivaji each province was under a
(a) Viceroy
(b) Governor
(c) Diwan
(d) Zamindar
289.Under Shivaji’s rule, the head of a unit of 25 in
the Cavalry was known as
(a) Jumadar
(b) Havaldar
(c) Faujdar
(d) Hazari
290.The English and the Dutch were firmly
established in all the parts of the Coast from
Sind to Bengal by the middle of the
(a) 17th Century
(b) 18th Century
(c) 16th Century
(d) 15th Century
291.In his early days Shivaji moved with
(a) Jat leaders
(b) Mawali leaders
(c) Santhals
(d) Bhils
292. The estate of Shivaji’s father was
(a) Konkan
(b) Poona
(c) Torna
(d) Rajgarh
293. During Shivaji’s rule the Council of the State
consisted of
(a) Eight Ministers
(b) Eighteen Ministers
(c) Twelve Ministers
(d) Fifteen Ministers
294. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were taxes taken
during the reign of
(a) Marathas
(b) Mughals
(c) English
(d) Portuguese
295. The first dynasty of the Vijayanagar Kingdom
was
(a) Hoyasala
(b) Sangama
(c) Saluva
(d) Tuluva
296.Ashtapradhan was a council of ministers
(a) in the Gupta administration
76
(b) in the Chola administration
(c) in the Vijayanagar
(d) in the Maratha administration
297.Who among the following was the first Bhakti
saint to use Hindi for the propagation of his
message?
(a) Dadu
(b) Kabir
(c) Ramananda
(d) Tulsidas
298.The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by
(a) Vijayraj
(b) Krishnadeva Raya
(c) Devaraya
(d) Harihara and Bukka
299. Who among the following Bahmani rulers built
the famous “Gol Gumbaz” at Bijapur?
(a) Mahmud Gawan
(b) Ismail Adil Shah
(c) Muhammad Adil Shah
(d) Yusuf Adil Shah
300.The Mughal emperor who issued a Farman to
English East India Company in 1717 to trade
freely in Bengal is?
(a) Farrukhsiyar
(b) Bahadur Shah
(c) Jahandar Shah
(d) Shah Alam
301.What was the main objective of Sultan
Mahmud’s Gazanavi Indian conquests?
(a) Propagation of Religion
(b) Extension of Empire
(c) Acquisition of Wealth
(d) None of these
302.The historian Sewell has written a book entitled
“A Forgotten Empire”. What was the name of
empire?
(a) Mauryan Empire
(b) Mughal Empire
(c) Maratha Empire
(d) Vijayanagar Empire
303.The sultans of which dynasty ruled the country
for the longest period?
(a) Khalji dynasty
(b) Lodi dynasty
(c) Slave dynasty
(d) Tughluq dynasty
304.Assertion (A): Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq issued a
new gold coin which was called Dinar by Ibn
Battuta.
Reason (R): Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq wanted to
issue token currency is gold coins to promote
trade with West Asian and North African
countries.
Code:
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(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true individual true and
‘R’ is the correct explanation of ‘A’
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are individually true but ‘R’
is not the correct explanation of ‘A'
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.
305.Ibn Battuta, the Moorish traveler, visited India
during the reign of :
(a) Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq
(b) Babar
(c) Akbar
(d) Mahmud Ghazni
306. The sultan of Delhi who is reputed to have built
biggest network of canals in India was:
(a) Iltutmish
(b) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
(c) Firuz Shah Tughluq
(d) Sikandar Lodi
307.What was ‘Dar-ul-Shafa’ Established by Firuz
Tughluq?
(a) An almshouse
(b) A free hospital
(c) A library
(d) A guest house for pilgrims
308.Arrange the following in their chronological
order:
1. Rukn-ud-din
2. Mubarak Khan
3. Firuz Shah Tughluq 4. Alam Shah
Select the correct answer from the code given
below:
(a) 2,1, 4, 3
(b) 1, 2, 4, 3
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 2, 1, 3, 4
309.In which battle did Maharana Sanga defeat
Ibrahim Lodi?
(a) Battle of Khatoli
(b) Battle of sarangpur
(c) Battle of Siwana
(d) Battle of Khanua
310.The ‘Ashta Diggajas’ were associated with which
of the following rulers?
(a) Shivaji
(b) Krishnadeva Raya
(c) Rajendra-I
(d) Yashovarmam
311.The Battle of Talikota was fought in (a) 1526 A.D.
(c) 1576 A.D.
77
(b) 1565 A.D.
(d) 1586 A.D.
312.Coins-Tanka, Shashgani and Jital of Sultanate
period was made of which of the following
metals(a) Silver, Copper
(b) Gold, silver, Copper
(c) Silver, Zinc, Copper (d) Gold, Zinc, Copper
313. The composer of ‘Kiriti-Stambh Prashasti’ was
(a) Somdev
(b) Jaita
(c) Napa
(d) Abhi Kavi
314. Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Ajmer
Quwwat-ul-Islam
(b) Jaunpur
Atala Masjid
(c) Malwa
Jahaz Mahal
(d) Gulberga Jama Masjid
315.Amir Khusrau played a pioneering role in the
development of (a) Braj Bhasha
(b) Awadhi
(c) Khari Boli
(d) Bhojpuri
316.Father of new Persian poetry style “Sabak-eHindi” or Hindustani style was:
(a) Ziyauddin Barani
(b) Afiq
(c) Isami
(d) Amir Khusrau
317. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer from the code given below:
List-I
List-II
A. Tarikh-e-hind
1. Ibn Battuta
B. Tarikh-e-Delhi
2. Minhaz
C. Rihla
3. Al-Biruni
D. Tabqat-e-Nasiri
4. Khusrau
Code:
A B C D
(a) 1 3 2 4
(b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 3 4 1 2
(d) 4 2 3 1
318.Which among the following musical instruments
is the finest example of Hindu-Muslim harmony
in musical instrument?
(a) Veena
(b) Dholak
(c) Sarangi
(d) Sitar
319.Who among the following Rajput rulers is known
to have written a book on music?
(a) Jayachandra Gahadavala
(b) Prithviraj Chauhan
(c) Rana Kumbha
(d) Rana Sanga
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320.Match list I with list II and select the correct
answer from the code given below:
List-I
List-II
A. Firuz Tughluq
1. Diwan-i-Riyasat
B. Balban
2. Nauroz
C. Alauddin
3. Construction of Canals
D. Jahangir
4. Sir Thomas Roe
Code
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 4 3 2 1
321. Consider the following events:
1. Reign of Krishna deva of Vijayanagara
2. Construction of Qutb Minar
3. Arrival of Portuguese in India
4. Death of Firuz Tughluq
Arrange the above given options in correct
chronological order?
(a) 2,4,3,1
(b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) 4, 2, 1, 3
(d) 4, 2, 3, 1
322.Which one of the following pairs of kings of
Ancient and Medieval periods of Indian History
and the works by them is correctly matched?
(a) Krishnadevaraya : Samarangana sutradhar
(b) Mahendravarman : Mattavilasa prahasana
(c) Bhojadeva: Manasollasa
(d) Somesvara
: Amuktamalyada
323.Which one of the following places was known as
‘Shiraz of East’ during the regime of sharqi
Rulers?
(a) Agra
(b) Delhi
(c) Jaunpur
(d) Varanasi
324.Ruler of Kashmir who was also known as “Akbar
of Kashmir’ was(a) Shamshuddin shah (b) Sikandar Butshikan
(c) Haidar Shah
(d) Zain-ul-Abidin
325.Consider the following pairs:
Medieval Indian state Present Region
1. Champaka
Central India
2. Durgara
Jammu
3. Kuluta
Malabar
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly
matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
78
326. Match List – I with List – II and select the correct
answer by using the code given below:
List – I
List – II
A. Adil shahi
1. Ahmadnagar
B. Qutb
2. Bijapur
C. Nizam Shahi
3. Golconda
D. Shariqi Shahi
4. Jaunpur
Code
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 3 4 1 2
(d) 2 3 1 4
327.“Dwarasamudra’ was capital of which dynastic
power?
(a) Ganga
(b) Kakatiya
(c) Hoysala
(d) Kadamba
328.Where is the birthplace of “Mahaprabhu
Vallabhacharya”?
(a) Shivarinarayan
(b) Bilaspur
(c) Ratanpur
(d) Champaranya
329.Who composed ‘Bijak’?
(a) Surdas
(b) Kabir
(c) Raidas
(d) Tulsidas
330.A collection of dialogues between Kabir and
Dharamdas is titled:
(a) Sabad
(b) Amarmul
(c) Sakhi
(d) Ramaini
331.Malukdas was a saint poet of(a) Agra
(b) Ayodhya
(c) Kashi
(d) Kada
332.Which of the following was the birthplace of
Guru Nanak?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Nabha
(c) Nankana
(d) Nanded
333.Arrange the following Saints in their
chronological order:
(1) Kabir
(2) Namdev
(3) Mirabai
(4) Nanak
(a) 1, 2, 3 4
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3
(d) 4, 1, 3, 2
334.Which one of the following leaders of the Bhakti
Movement was influenced by Islam?
(a) Chaitanya
(b) Mirabai
(c) Namdev
(d) Vallabhacharya
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335.Consider the following Bhakti Saints
1. Dadu Dayal
2. Guru Nanak
3. Tyagaraja
Who among the above was/were preaching
when the Lodhi dynasty fell and Babur took
over?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) only 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 2
336.The book, “Ramcharitmanas” was written by
(a) Tulsidas
(b) Valmiki
(c) Surdas
(d) Ved Vyas
337.The “Chishtia sufi Order” in India was
established by(a) Khwaja Badaruddin
(b) Khwaja Muinuddin
(c) Shaikh Ahmad Sirhind
(d) Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya
338.Shaikh Nizamuddin Auilya was the disciple of(a) Shaikh Aluddin sabir
(b) Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
(c) Baba Farid
(d) Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi
339.Match List–I with List-II and select correct
answer from the code given below:
List-I
List-II
A. Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti 1. Suhrawardiya
B. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi
2. Qadiriya
C. Dara Shukoh
3. Chishtiya
D. Shaikh Shahabudin
4. Naqshbandyia
Code
A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4
(b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 2 3 1
340.Prem vatika, poems on the life of Krishna, was
composed by:
(a) Bihari
(b) Surdas
(c) Raskhan
(d) None of these
341.Every year a fair is held at the tomb of famous
Sufi saint Haji Waris Ali Shah at(a) Fatehpur Sikri
(b) Kalyan
(c) Barabanki
(d) Garhmukteshwar
342.Who of the following saints were sufi1. Rahim
2. Nizamuddin Auliya
3. Muinuddin Chishti
4. Raskhan
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1,2 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
79
343.Zabti system was introduced by(a) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
(b) Sikandar Lodi
(c) Sher shah
(d) Akbar
344.The jain monk who stayed for a few years in the
Court of Akbar and was honoured with the title
of jagadguru was
(a) Hemachandra
(b) Hari Vijay Suri
(c) Jinasena
(d) Umaswati
345.Which one of the following is not correctly
matched?
(a) Akbar’s Tomb
- Sikandara
(b) Jahangir’s Tomb
- Lahore
(c) Tomb of Shaikh Salim Chishti -Fatehpur Sikri
(d) Tomb of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya-Ajmer
346. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the code given below the List:
List-I (Monument)
List-II (Builders)
A. Alai Darwaza, Dehi
1. Alauddin Khalji
B. Buland Darwaza,
2. Akbar
Fathehpur Sikri
C. Moti Masjid, Agra
3. Shah Jahan
D. Moti Masjid, Delhi
4. Aurangzeb
Code
A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1
(b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 1 2 3 4
(d) 4 2 3 1
347. Who among the following were painters in court
of Mughal Emperor Jahangir?
1. Abdus Samad
2. Abul Hasan
3. Aqa Riza
4. Mir Sayyid Ali
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 4 and 1
348.The Dhrupad singers included in the reign of
Akbar was/were
1. Tansen
2. Harias
3. Surdas
4. Vilas Khan
Select the correct answer from the code given
below:
Code :
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) All the four
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349. Arrange the following four foreign invasions in
chronological order and find the correct answer
from the code given below:
1. Ahmad Shah Abdali
2. Genghis Khan
3. Nadir shah
4. Timur
Code
(a) 1, 2,3, 4
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1
(c) 2, 4, 3, 1
(d) 2, 4, 1, 3
350. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer from the code given below the lists:
List-I
List-II
A. Battle of Haldighati 1. Babur
B. Battle of Bilgram
2. Akbar
C. Revolt of Khusrau
3. Humayun
D. Battle of Khanwa
4. Jahangir
Code
A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1
(b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 3 2 2 4
(d) 2 4 1 3
1.
8.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(c); The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah
Jahan in 1631, to be built in the memory of
his wife Mumtaz Mahal
(d); The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526,
was fought between the invading forces of
Babur and the Ibrahim Lodi. It took place in
north India and marked the beginning of the
Mughal Empire
(d); The Bibi-Ka-Maqbara is a beautiful
mausoleum of Rabia-ul-Daurani alias Dilras
Banu Begum, the wife of the Mughal
Emperor Aurangazeb (1658-1707 A.D.). This
mausoleum is believed to be constructed by
Prince Azam Shah in memory of his mother
between 1651 and 1661 A.D
(b); The Prithviraj Raso is a Brajbhasha epic poem
about the life of the 12th century Indian king
Prithviraj Chauhan. It is attributed to Chand
Bardai, who according to the text, was a
court poet of the king
(c); Somyukta or Sanyogita is married to
Prithviraj chauhan. She was the daughter of
his enemy Jaichandra Gahadwal
(a); Humayun is the son of Babur. Humayun was
the second emperor of the Mughal Empire,
who ruled over territory in what is now
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern
India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–
1556
(c); Prithviraj Chauhan III was born to the
Chahamana king Someshvara and queen
Karpuradevi
80
(b); Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of
Agra in India. It was the main residence of
the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty till
1638, it was built by Akbar
9. (b); Aurangzeb put his father Shah Jahan under
house arrest in Agra fort
10. (a); Chand Bibi (1550–1599 CE), was an Indian
Muslim regent and warrior. She acted as the
Regent of Bijapur (1580–90) and Regent of
Ahmednagar
11. (a); Babur was born in 14 February 1483
12. (d); Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor,
who reigned from 1628 to 1658
13. (a); Akbar was born as Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din
Muhammad at the Umerkot fort in Sind on
October 15, 1542.
14. (a); Jahangir was born at 31st August 1569
15. (d); Bahadur Shah Zafar, also known as
Bahadur Shah II, was the last Mughal
emperor of India who reigned from 1837 to
1857 for a period of 20 years
16. (b); Bahadur Shah (First) was born in 1643
17. (b); The Battle of Tarian was fought between
Ghurid army of Mohammed Ghori and
Rajput army of Prithviraj Chauhan
18. (b); The Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb located in
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was
commissioned by Aurangzeb's Son Azam in
the memory of his Mother Dilras Banu
Begum
19. (c); Battle of Kanauj was fought in the year 1540
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20. (d); Isfahan, the Persian Capital is said to have
provided the inspiration to build Red Fort
21. (c); Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal
emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605
22. (a); The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a
group of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya
Pradesh, India. They are one of the UNESCO
World Heritage Sites in India. Khajuraho
temples were built between 950 and 1050 by
the Chandela dynasty
23. (d); Taj Mahal. An immense mausoleum of white
marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648
by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
in memory of his favourite wife Mumtaz
Mahal
24. (c); Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire
was formally crowned as Chhatrapati of
Raigad on June 6, in the year 1674
25. (c); Mehrangarh (Mehran Fort) or Jodhpur Fort is
located in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, is one of the
largest forts in India. It is built around 1460
by Rao Jodha
26. (c); First Battle of Panipat was fought between
Babur and Ibrahim Lodi in 1526
27. (c); The tomb of the Delhi Sultanate ruler,
Iltutmish, second Sultan of Delhi (r. 1211–
1236 AD), built 1235 CE, is part of the Qutb
Minar Complex in Mehrauli
28. (c); The Alai Darwaza that translates to 'Alai
Gate' was named after the first Khalji Sultan
named Ala-ud-din Khalji (Khilji) of the
Khalji dynasty in 1311 AD. It lies towards the
southern end of the ancient Quwwat-UlIslam Masjid within the Qutb Complex in
South Delhi
29. (b); Bengal Gazette was an English newspaper
published from Kolkata (then Calcutta),
India by James Augustus Hickey. It was the
first major newspaper in India, started in
1780. It was published for two years
30. (a); Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur was the
founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India
after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of
Panipat in 1526
81
31. (d); Jahangir (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),
was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled
from 1605 until his death in 1627
32. (d); During Akbar regime, Mir Bakshi was head
of military department
33. (c); Shivaji pioneered the guerrilla warfare
methods
34. (c); Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan and
executed his brother Dara Sheikh
35. (b); Humayun's tomb(Maqbara e Humayun) is
the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun
in Delhi, India. The tomb was commissioned
by Humayun's first wife and chief consort,
Empress Bega Begum
36. (a); Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor,
who reigned from 1628 to 1658
37. (a); Humayun’s tomb is a UNESCO Cultural
heritage site in India. It has about 150 graves
of ruling family in it and is sometimes
referred as the Necropolis of Mughal
Dynasty. Mughal Emperor, Humayun died
in 1556, and his widow Hamida Banu Begam
got the construction started in 1569
38. (b); Aurangzeb (4 November 1618 – 3 March
1707) was the sixth emperor of the Mughal
Empire. He ruled over most of the Indian
subcontinent. His reign lasted for 49 years
from 1658 until his death in 1707
39. (d); During Akbar regime, Mir Bakshi was head
of military department
40. (c); Shivaji pioneered the guerrilla warfare
methods
41. (b); Man Singh I was the trusted General of the
Mughal emperor Akbar
42. (d);
43. (d);
44. (b); Mausoleum (Dargah) of Salim Chishti is
situated in Fatehpur Sikri.The Tomb of
Sheikh Salim Chishti is famed as one of the
finest examples of Mughal architecture in
India, built during the years 1580 and 1581
by Mughal emperor Akbar
45. (a); The Qutub Minar is a minaret that forms a
part of the Qutab complex, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of
Delhi, India.
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46. (b); Bajirao I was the Prime Minister (Peshwa) of
Chhatrapati Shahu Raje Bhonsle, the fourth
ruler of the great Maratha empire. Baji Rao
I(18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740) was a
general of the Maratha Empire in India. He
served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the
fifth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu
from 1720 until his death.
47. (a); In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh
II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar Mantars in
total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura
and Varanasi; they were completed between
1724 and 1735.
S48.(a); Bahadur Shah is the seventh Mughal
emperor of India, ruled from 1707 until his
death in 1712
49. (c);
50. (a);
51. (a);
52. (d);
53. (a);
54. (a);
55. (b);
56. (a);
57. (a);
58. (c);
59. (b);
60. (c);
61. (c);
62. (b);
63. (b);
64. (c);
65. (a);
66. (c);
67. (d); The Vijayanagara Empire, was based in the
Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was
established in 1336 by Harihara I and his
brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty
68. (d); Akbar gave the title Mian to Tansen
69. (d); Biography of Humayun was written by
Gulbadan Begum
70. (b); Mahabalipuram was founded by Narasimha
Varman
71. (d); Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1674–1680 AD)
was the ruler of Maratha dynasty
72. (c); Sher Shah Suri was not from the Mughal
Dynasty
73. (c);
74. (d);
75. (d);
82
76. (d); All except Babur-Bairam Khan are
contemporary to each other
77. (a); Abul Fazal was one of the Navratnas of
Emperor Akbar as well as younger brother of
Faizi. He was son of sufi saint Sheikh
Mubarak
78. (d); Niccolao Manucci was an Italian writer and
traveller. He worked in the Mughal court
during Shah Jahan rule
79. (c); The Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) was
a watershed battle fought between the
Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan
sultanates. Sadashiv Raya of Tuluva dynasty
was ruling Vijaynagar during this time
80. (a); Qutb-ud-din Aibak died of injuries received
during an accident in a game of chaugan
(Polo). He was buried in Lahore near
Anarkali Bazaar.
81. (b); Captain William Hawkins was the first
Englishman to appear in the Mughal Court
during Jahangir's reign
82. (b); Guru Ram Das laid the foundation of
Amritsar in 1574.Amritsar is home to the
Harmandir Sahib (commonly known as the
Golden Temple), the spiritual and cultural
centre for the Sikh religion.
83. (b); In 1329 AD, Mohammed Bin Tuglaq shifted
his capital from Delhi to the more centrally
located Devagiri in Maharashtra, which was
renamed as Daulatabad.
84. (b); The battle of Talikota was fought between
Sultanates of Deccan and Vijaynagar
kingdom on 26 January 1565 AD. The
Vijaynagar kingdom suffered a defeat in the
battle fought near the villages of Rakshasi
and Tangdi. At the time of Battle of Talikota,
Sadasiva Raya was the ruler of Vijaynagar
kingdom
85. (c); The Mansabdari System was introduced by
Mughal
emperor
Akbar
as
new
administrative machinery and revenue
system. The Mansabdari system was
borrowed from the system followed in
Mongolia
86. (d); Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of king
Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur.
The tomb, located in Bijapur, Karnataka in
India, was completed in 1656 by the architect
Yaqut of Dabul
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87. (a); Abu'l Hasan Yaminuddin Khusro, better
known as Amir Khusro, was the poet
laureate of the Indian subcontinent and one
of the most versatile poets and prolific prosewriters of the 13th and 14th centuries
88. (c); The official language of Delhi Sultanate was
Persian
89. (a); The Mughal military employed a broad array
of gunpowder weapons larger than personal
firearms, from rockets and mobile guns to an
enormous cannon. Artillery was first used by
Babur in Battle of Panipat
90. (b); The Treaty of Purandar was signed between
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Raja Jai
Singh (on behalf of Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb).There were some secret clauses
in the treaty as well, which provided for
Shivaji’s participation in the war against
Bijapur on behalf of the Emperor
91. (a); Rudramadevi was a monarch of the Kakatiya
dynasty in the Deccan Plateau modern
Andhra Pradesh, from 1263 until her death.
She probably began her rule of the Kakatiya
kingdom
jointly
with
her
father,
Ganapatideva, as his co-regent, from 126162. She assumed full sovereignty in 1263
92. (d); Sayyid dynasty, rulers of Delhi sultanate (c.
1414–51) as successors of the Tughluq
dynasty until displaced by the Afghan
Lodis.This family claimed to be sayyids, or
descendants of the Prophet Muhammad
93. (b); The Vijaya Stambha is an imposing victory
monument located within Chittorgarhfort in
Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India.The tower was
constructed by the Mewar king, Rana
Kumbha, in 1448 to commemorate his
victory over the combined armies of Malwa
and Gujarat led by Mahmud Khilji
94. (d); In January 1528, he Battle of Chanderi took
place in the aftermath of the Battle of
Khanwa in which the Mughal Emperor
Babur had defeated a confederacy of Rajputs
and Afghans which was headed by Rana
Sanga of Mewar
95. (c); The Chishtī Order is a Sunni Sufi order
within the mystic Sufi tradition of Islam. It
began in Chisht, a small town near Herat,
Afghanistan about 930 CE. The Chishti
83
Order is known for its emphasis on love,
tolerance, and openness. They adopted yoga
96. (d); The Battles of Tarain, were fought in 1191
and 1192 near the town of Tarain (Taraori),
near Thanesar in present-day Haryana
between a Ghurid force led by Mu'izz-UdDin Mohammed Ghori and a Chauhan
Rajput army led by Prithviraj Chauhan
97. (a); The Akbarnama is the official chronicle book
of the reign of Akbar, the third Mughal
Emperor (r. 1556–1605), commissioned by
Akbar himself by his court historian and
biographer, Abul Fazl who was one of the
nine jewels in Akbar's court. It was written in
Persian
98. (b); The Khalsa tradition was initiated in 1699 by
the last living Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind
Singh. Itsformation was a key event in the
history of Sikhism. The founding of Khalsa is
celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of
Vaisakhi, the Sikh new year
99. (c); Akbar practiced key skills like hunting, but
never learned to read. But the Education
system in Mughal period during Akbar was
in advance of his age and made an attempt
to raise the intellectual level of the people.
100. (b); Guru Har Krishan was the eighth of ten
Gurus of the Sikh religion. Guru Har Krishan
had the shortest tenure as Guru, lasting only
2 years, 5 months and 24 days. Guru Tegh
Bahadur was the successor of sikh guru Har
Krishan
101. (b); In 1236 Razia became the ruler of Delhi
Sultanate to succeed her father Shams-uddin Iltutmish who had created history by
designating first woman—his daughter
Razia as crown princess to rule after him.
Razia Sultana therefore maintained a
distinction of being the first and last Delhi
Sultnate women ruler (also first female
emperor of India)
102. (b); Queen Didda was the ruler of Kashmir from
958 CE to 1003 CE, first as a Regent for her
son and various grandsons, and from 980 as
sole ruler and monarch
103. (c); Jama Masjid of Delhi, is one of the largest
mosques in India. It was built by Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan between in 17th century
(1644 and 1656)
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104. (b); Agra Fort was begun by Akbar between 1565
and 1573. Agra Fort is a historical fort in the
city of Agra in India. It was the main
residence of the emperors of the Mughal
Dynasty till 1638, when the capital was
shifted from Agra to Delhi
105. (d); Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol
Empire, invaded Transoxiana in 1219 in
north-east during his conquest of Khwarezm
106. (a); Indian Mughal paintings originated during
the rule of Mughal Emperor Humayun
107. (c); The Mughals were the successors of Timur,
the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day
Turkey
108. (b); Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal
Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India. The
tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first
wife and chief consort, Empress Bega
Begum, in 1569-70, and designed by Mirak
Mirza Ghiyas, a Persian architect chosen by
her
109. (b); On 30th August 1659, Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan’s son Dara Shikoh was put to death by
his younger brother Aurangzeb
110. (a); Kitab-al-hind is the Arabic work of Al-Biruni
111. (c); Prince Salim was the name of the future
Mughal Emperor Jahangir
112. (b); Charminar was built by Mohammed Quli
Qutab Shah in 1591
113. (b); Aurangzeb imprisoned his father Shah Jahan
in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in
January 1666
114. (d); Babur ascended the throne of Ferghana in
1495 at the age of twelve
115. (c); At the time of coronation, Akbar was only 13
years 3 months old
116. (b); Sultan Mahmud was a ruler of Ghazni
117. (d); Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of king
Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur.
The tomb, located in Bijapur, Karnataka in
India, was completed in 1656 by the architect
Yaqut of Dabul
118. (b); Sher Khan also known as Sher Shah Suri
defeated Humayun at Battle of Chausa
(1539) and Battle of Kannauj (1540), forcing
him to flee to Iran
84
119. (a); The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that
took place on 23 June 1757 at Plassey, Bengal.
It was an important British East India
Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal
Sirajuddaullah and his French allies. Mir
Jafar was made Nawab after Sirajuddaullah
defeat in the battle of Plassey
120. (a); Sher Shah Suri, also known as Sher Khan,
was the Emperor of India from 1539 to 1545.
He established the Sur dynasty by
dethroning Humayun, the Mughal emperor
121. (a); Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, also called as 'Ahmad
Lahori' was a Persian architect. He is said to
have been chief architect of the Taj Mahal in
Agra, India, built between 1632 and 1648
during the ruling period of Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan
122. (a); Prince Khurram, later known as Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan, was the third son of
Jahangir
123. (a); Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom
under the Tomara Rajputs
124. (d); Noor Jahan (born Mehr-un-Nissa) (31 May
1577 – 17 December 1645) was wife of the
Mughal emperor Jahangir
125. (c); Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal
Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India. The
tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first
wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum
(also known as Haji Begum), in 1569-70, and
designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyath, a Persian
architect chosen by her
126. (d); In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya
became Sultan
127. (a); Prithviraja III (reign. c. 1178–1192 CE ),
popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or
Rai Pithora in the folk legends, was an Indian
king from the Chahamana (Chauhan)
dynasty. He was best known Chahamana
ruler
128. (c); The city of Mahabalipuram was largely
developed
by
the
Pallava
king
Narasimhavarman I in the 7th century AD
129. (c); Mahmud of Ghazni had started his invasions
in India during the period when the Rajput
power had declined. He raided India for the
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first time in 1000 AD. In 1027 AD, he
invaded the Somnath temple in Gujarat, on
the coast of Saurashtra or Kathiwar. The
permanent effect of the invasions of
Mahmud Ghaznavi is annexation of Punjab
130. (c); The Vijayanagara Empire, was based in the
Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was
established in 1336 by Harihara I and his
brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty.
Kottam are different parts of the kingdom of
Vijayanagar. It is further divided into Nadu
131. (b); Narasimhaha Deva I was a powerful
monarch and warrior of the Eastern Ganga
Dynasty of medieval Odisha who reigned
from 1238–1264
132. (a); Khajuraho temples were built between 950
and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty.The
Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group
of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya
Pradesh, India, about 175 kilometres (109 mi)
southeast of Jhansi. They are one of the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
133. (d); To conquer and annex Peshawar and Punjab,
Mahmud of Ghazni defeated Hindushahis
134. (a); First Battle of Waihind is from 1001 -1002 A.D
in which Mahmud Ghazni defeated Jayapala
135. (a); The Raichur Doab is a Doab, in this case the
triangular region of land in the southern
Indian states of Telangana and Karnataka
lying between the Krishna River and its
tributary, the Tungabhadra River. The
Raichur Doab is a region where there were
frequent
clashes
between
Bahamani
Kingdom and Vijaynagar kingdom
136. (a); Alberuni
was
a
famous
historian,
mathematician, philosopher, poet and
scholar of the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
He spent several years in India. His book
‘Tahqiq-e-Hind’ is a very valuable source of
information of economic, political, religious
and social conditions prevailing in
contemporary India
137. (c); The Prithviraj Raso is a Brajbhasha epic
poem about the life of the 12th century
Indian king Prithviraj Chauhan. It is wriiten
by Chand Bardai, who according to the text,
was a court poet of the king
85
138. (c); It is generally accepted that Sultan Sikandar
Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi
Sultanate, founded Agra in the year 1504.
After the Sultan's death, the city passed on to
his son, Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī
139. (b); Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira
was a Portuguese explorer and the first
European to reach India by sea. Vasco da
Gama landed in Calicut on 20 May 1498
140. (b); Malik Kafur was a prominent slave-general
of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji.
He was captured by Alauddin's general
Nusrat Khan during the 1299 invasion of
Gujarat, and rose to prominence in the mid1300
141. (a); The Bahmani kingdom was a Muslim state of
the Deccan in South India and one of the
major medieval Indian kingdoms. The
empire was established by Turkic general
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah after revolting
against the Delhi Sultanate of Muhammad
bin Tughlaq
142. (b); The Alai Darwaza is the main gateway from
southern side of the Quwwat-ul-Islam
Mosque. It was built by the second Khalji
Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji in 1311 AD
143. (c); Iltutmish introduced Silver Tanka and
Copper Jital, the two coins of the Delhi
Sultanate. The coins prior to Iltutmish were
introduced by the invaders which bear the
Sanskrit characters and even Bull and
Shivalinga. Iltutmish was the first to
introduce a “Pure Arabic Coin” in India
144. (c); Alauddin Khilji made several sweeping
reforms in the field of revenue system. His
first revenue regulation (zabita) related to
the measurement of cultivable land as the
principle for determining and revenue.
Biswa (1/20th of a bigha) was declared to be
the standard unit of measurement
145. (b); Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq was the founder of
the Tughlaq Empire in India. Ghiyas-ud-Din
carried out many works of public utility,
Canal irrigation system was developed,
gardens were planted and forts were built to
provide shelter to the people against the
thieves and robbers reduced various military
reforms
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146. (c); The Lodi dynasty (or Lodhi) was an Afghan
dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from
1451 to 1526. It was the last dynasty of the
Delhi Sultanate and was founded by Bahlul
Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid
dynasty
147. (d); Alauddin Khalji was the second and the most
powerful ruler of the Khalji dynasty of Delhi
Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alaud-din Khilji realised the importance of a
strong military administrative system in
order to establish a highly centralised and
despotic government and an extensive
empire in India
148. (a); Muhammad bin Tughluq was the Sultan of
Delhi from 1324 to 1351. In his reign, he
conquered Warangal, Malabar and Madurai,
and areas up to the modern day southern tip
of the Indian state of Karnataka
149. (b); Mahmud Ghazni was the most prominent
ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He
conquered the eastern Iranian lands modern
Afghanistan, and the northwestern Indian
subcontinent from 997 to his death in 1030
150. (c); Muhammad-bin-Tughluq was one of the
most remarkable rulers of his time. He was
highly educated and was well versed in
Arabic and Persian language. He was well
read in the subjects of religion, philosophy,
astronomy, mathematics, medicine and logic
151. (b); Under Iqta System, the land of the empire
was divided into several large and small
tracts called Iqta and assigned these Iqtas to
his soldiers, officers and nobles. In the
beginning, an Iqta was based upon salary.
Later, under Firoz Shah Tughlaq it became
hereditary
152. (b); The founder of the Bahmani kingdom was
Alauddin Bahman Shah also known as
Hasan Gangu in 1347.
153. (c); Delhi Sultanate nobles were nomadic Turkic
peoples from the Central Asian steppes.
154. (c); In 1221, the Mongol Empire under Genghis
Khan appeared for the first time on the banks
of the Indus River during the period of
Iltutmish
86
155. (b); Battle of Khanwah in 1527 was the battle
between the invading forces of the first
Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput
forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar in
Rajasthan
156. (b); Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of
Gujarat. It is located in western India on the
banks of the River Sabarmati. The present
city was founded on 26 February 1411 and
announced as the capital on 4 March 1411 by
Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat Sultanate as a new
capital
157. (c); Siri Fort, in the city of New Delhi, was built
during the rule of Alauddin Khalji , the
Afghan ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, to
defend the city from the onslaught of the
Mongols.It was the second of the seven cities
of medieval Delhi built around 1303.
158. (b); Iltutmish (1211-1235) as the Consolidator of
the Delhi-Sultanate was, a “slave of a slave”
is regarded by several historians as the real
founder and consolidator of the slave
Dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate. According
to them, Aibak was the ruler for four years
only
159. (b); Jaziya was a tax imposed on non muslims for
their security in Islamic area. Qutb-ud-din
Aibak imposed jaziya on non-Muslims first
time. Firoz Tughlaq imposed Jaziya on the
Brahmins. Jaziya was abolished by the
Mughal ruler Akbar in 16th century but was
re-introduced by Aurangzeb in 17th century
160. (a); The founder of Sayyid Dynasty was Khizr
Khan, the governor of Multan and Timur’s
deputy in India
161. (a); Razia Sultan was the first Muslim female
ruler. She ruled in Delhi from 1236 to 1240 as
the Sultan herself it was a title never before
bestowed on a woman, a position of power
never before attained by a woman
162. (b); Malik Kafur was a prominent slave-general
of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji.
Malik Kafur defeated the Mongol invaders
in 1306 and he led a series of expeditions in
the southern part of India
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163. (b); The last ruler of this dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi
was defeated and killed by Babur in the first
Battle of Panipat
164. (b); The Arab conquest of Sind in 712 AD had
taken place under the leadership of
Mohammed-bin-Qasim
165. (c); Sulh-i kul is an Arabic term literally meaning
“peace with all,” or“ universal peace”.
Akbar use Sulh-i kul philosophy to create a
peaceful and harmonious relationship
among different religions
166. (a); Portuguese trade with India had been a
crown monopoly since the Portuguese
captain Vasco da Gama opened the sea route
to India in 1497-99. The monopoly had been
managed by the Casa da Índia, the royal
trading house founded around 1500
167. (c); Todar Mal was the Finance Minister of the
Mughal empire during Akbar's reign. He
was one of the Navaratnas in Akbar's durbar
168. (c); Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last
Mughal emperor. He was the second son of
and became the successor to his father,
Akbar II, upon his death on 28 September
1837. He was a nominal Emperor, as the
Mughal Empire existed in name only and his
authority was limited only to the city of
Delhi
169. (b); The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur,
a Central Asian ruler by defeating Ibrahim
lodhi
170. (c); Akbar was born on October 15, 1542 in
Amarkot (Umerkot) presently in Pakistan
171. (d); Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of
Agra in India. It was the main residence of
the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty till
1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra
to Delhi. The Agra fort is a UNESCO World
Heritage site.It is built by akbar
172. (b); Red-Fort of delhi was built by Shah jahan
173. (d); The Ibādat Khāna was a meeting house built
in 1575 CE by the Mughal Emperor Akbar at
Fatehpur Sikri to gather spiritual leaders of
different religious grounds so as to conduct
a discussion on the teachings of the
respective religious leaders
87
174. (d); The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble
mausoleum on the south bank of the
Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra
175. (c); Tulsidas, was a contemporary of Akbar
176. (d); Zeb-un-Nissa was a Mughal princess, the
eldest child of Emperor Aurangzeb.
177. (d); Aurangzeb was the sixth emperor of the
Mughal Empire. He ruled over most of the
Indian subcontinent. Aurangzeb appointed
maximum number of Hindu Officer
178. (b); Jaziya was a tax imposed on on muslims for
their security in Islamic area. Qutb-ud-din
Aibak imposed jaziya on non-Muslims first
time. Firoz Tughlaq imposed Jaziya on the
Brahmins. Jizya was abolished by the
Mughal ruler Akbar in 16th century but was
re-introduced by Aurangzeb in 17th century
179. (a); The head of the military was called the Mir
Bakshi, appointed from among the leading
nobles of the court. The Mir Bakshi was in
charge of intelligence gathering, and also
made recommendations to the emperor for
military appointments and promotions
180. (c); Battle of Panipat -1526 - The First Battle of
Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought
between the invading forces of Babur and the
Lodi Empire.
Battle of Khanwah -1527-It was the
between the invading forces of the first
Mughal Emperor Babur and the Rajput
forces led by Rana Sanga of Mewar in
Rajasthan.
Battle of Chanderi- 1528- The Battle of
Chanderi took place in the aftermath of the
Battle of Khanwa in which the Mughal
Emperor Babur had defeated a confederacy
of Rajputs and Afghans which was headed
by Rana Sanga of Mewar.
Battle of Ghaghara- 1529- The battle is
between babur and Eastern Afghan
Confederates under Sultan Mahmud Lodi
and Sultanate of Bengal under Sultan Nusrat
Shah
181. (b); Sher Shah was the first Muslim ruler who got
the whole of the land measured and fixed the
land-tax on it on just and fair principles. The
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land of each peasant was measured first in
“bighas” and then half of it was fixed as the
land tax. The settlement made between the
Govt. and the peasant in respect of the land
revenue was always put in black and white.
182. (b); Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat of
the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. From
1615 to 1618, he was ambassador to the court
at Agra, India, of the Great Mughal Ruler,
Jahangir.
183. (c); The Peacock Throne was a famous jeweled
throne that was the seat of the Mughal
emperors of India. It was commissioned in
the early 17th century by emperor Shah
Jahan and was located in the Diwan-i-Khas
in red fort delhi.It consist of Pure Gold
studded with gems
184. (c); Dadni comes from the Persian word dadan or
advance. One who made an advance as a
mark of any business deal was called
dadandar. The Dadni system was a phase of
business management of the English East
India company in Bengal in the eighteenth
century
185. (c); Akbar II sent Ram Mohan Roy as an
ambassador to Britain and gave him the title
of Mughal envoy to the Court of St. James,
conferring on him the title of Raja
186. (a); Gulbadan Begum (1523-1603) was a PersoTurkic Princess, the daughter of Emperor
Babur. She is most known as the author of
Humayun Nama, the account of the life of
her brother, Humayun
187. (d); The Mughal paintings during the Mughal
period of Akbar holds special importance.
The important painters in the court of Akbar
were Basawan, Daswant, etc and Daswant
was employed as mint officer
188. (b); Ustad Mansur (flourished 1590-1624) was a
seventeenth Century Mughal painter and
court artist. He grew in acclaim during the
reign of Jahangir
189. (b); Jahangir prohibited the use of Tobacco
190. (b); Abu'l-Hasan (c. 1569 - 12 June 1641) entitled
by the Mughal emperor Jahangir as Asaf
Khan, was the Grand Vizier (Prime minister)
of the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
88
191. (d); Kavidracharya led a deputation to the
Mughal Emperor to request not to re-impose
the pilgrimage tax
192. (d); Thomas Stephens, born c.1549 in Bushton
(England) and died in 1619 in Salcete, Goa
(India), was an English Jesuit priest and
missionary in Portuguese India, writer and
linguist. He was the first English man to visit
western India
193. (d); Mohammad Kazim was the official historian
in Aurangzeb’s reign
194. (c); This statement is made by V A Smith.
Vincent Arthur Smith, was a British
Indologist and art historian. Smith wrote
books on various rulers such as the Buddhist
emperor, Ashoka and the Mughal emperor,
Akbar, and a history of fine arts in India and
Ceylon.
195. (c); The Mughal paintings during the Mughal
period of Akbar holds special importance.
The important painters in the court of Akbar
were Basawan, Daswant, etc. Daswant was
employed as mint officer who committed
suicide
196. (b); Akbar son Jahangir born in a Sufi’s Khanqah
instead of the Mughal haram. Jahangir was
eldest son of Akbar
197. (d); Abu'l Fazl was assassinated while he was
returning from the Deccan by Vir Singh
Bundela between Sarai Vir and Antri in a
plot contrived by Akbar's eldest son Prince
Salim
198. (a); Akbar introduced the Dahasala or Zabati
system of land revenue collection in 1580-82
to alleviate the problems arising due to fixing
prices every year and doing settlements of
revenues of previous years.In this system,
average produce of ten years was derived.
One third of this average produce was fixed
in Rupees per Bigha and fixed as share of the
state (Mal). Rest two third share was left to
the cultivators (Kharaj)
199. (a); During the effective rule of the Mughal
Empire, the Diwan served as the chief
revenue officer of a province. Diwan was a
Mughal minister and paymaster general as
well
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200. (a); The
'Mansabdari
system
'was
the
administrative system of the Mughal Empire
introduced by Akbar in 1572 A.D .The word
mansab is of Arabic origin meaning rank or
position. The system, hence, determined the
rank of a government official. In this system
there were two method of payment one is
jagir which is in the form of land revenue
and another is Naqdi which is in the cash
form
201. (c); Muzaffar Khan was appointed as Diwan of
akbar
202. (b); Koh-i-noor diamond was presented to
Aurangazeb by Mir Jumla. When Humayun
was in exile Koh-i-noor diamond was with
Shah Tahmasp of Persia
203. (b); The Peacock throne was built by
Shahjahan.The Peacock throne of Shahjahan
was made up of Pure gold studded with
gems. India’s famous peacock throne and
diamond Kohinoor were taken away by
Nadir Shah
204. (b); Sher Shah Suri was the founder of the Sur
Empire in North India, with its capital at
Delhi.
His last campaign was against
Kalinjar
205. (a); Sher Shah divided the entire Kingdom in 47
divisions and called them “Sarkars”. These
Sarkars were divided into Parganas. Every
Pargana was under a Shikqdar, who looked
into the law and order of his Pargana
206. (c); Sher Shah was the first Muslim ruler who got
the whole of the land measured and fixed the
land-tax on it on just and fair principles.The
land of each peasant was measured first in
“bighas” and then half of it was fixed as the
land tax. The settlement made between the
Govt. and the peasant in respect of the land
revenue was always put in black and white.
It influence the revenue system of Akbar
207. (c); The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on
November 5, 1556, between the forces of
Hemu, the Hindu general and Chief Minister
of Adil Shah Suri, and the army of the
Mughal emperor Akbar
89
208. (b); Bairam Khan also Bayram Khan was an
important military commander, later
commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a
powerful statesman and regent at the court
of the Mughal emperors Humayun and
Akbar. He was also guardian, chief mentor,
adviser, teacher and the most trusted ally of
Akbar
209. (b); Bairam Khan was killed by Haji Khan near
Anhilwad Patan to take revenge for Hemu’s
death
210. (c); Rani Durgavati was a ruling Queen of
Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. She was
born in the family of famous Rajput Chandel
Emperor Keerat Rai
211. (c); Udai Singh II was the Maharana of Mewar
and the founder of the city of Udaipur in the
present day Rajasthan state of India. He was
the 53rd ruler of the Mewar dynasty
212. (d); Khondamir or Hondemir was a Persian
Islamic scholar born in Herat, in 880 AH or
1475 CE, a grandson and successor to noted
historian Mirkhond. He was given the title of
Amir-i-Akhbar by Humayun
213. (c); The Masjid-i Jahān-Numā , commonly
known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi, is one of
the largest mosques in India. It was built by
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1644
and 1656 . The mosque was completed in
1656 AD with three great gates, four towers
and two 40 m high minarets constructed of
strips of red sandstone and white marble
214. (b); Akbar tried to persuade Rana Udai Singh, the
Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, to accept Mughal
sovereignty, but he resisted Akbar. As a
result
Akbar
decided
to
conquer
Chittorgarh, the capital of Mewar
215. (b); In January 1615, Sir Thomas Roe presented
his credentials to the emperor Jahangir as the
Ambassador of the King of England
216. (b); Qanungo was an officer who maintain the
registers of the agricultural lands
217. (c); Jizya tax was introduced by Islamic ruler
Qutb-ud-din-Aibak. They imposed it on
non- Muslims to pay for their security in
Islamic areas. Mughal imposed jizya from
Hindus
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218. (a); Polaj was the ideal and best type of land
throughout the empire. This land was
cultivated always and was never allowed to
lie fallow
219. (c); Kotwals was a title used in medieval India
for the leader of the fort. Kotwals often
controlled the fort of a major town or an area
of smaller towns on behalf of another ruler.
It was similar in function to a British India
Zaildar
220. (c); Diwan-I-Arz was a department of the
military
221. (b); It was an important branch of mughal army.
Mughal artillery consisted of heavy cannons
and light artillery. In India artillery was first
used by Babur
222. (b); India tobacco was first cultivated in Gujrat
during Mughal period
223. (a); The Mughals imported fruits from
Samarkand. In the markets of Samarkand
one could purchase sweet apples, lush
melons, and a bounty of other fruits from the
region’s orchards
224. (b); Mongols attacked India, for the first time,
during the period of Iltutmish
225. (a); For the convenience of administration each
province in Mughal period was divided into
a number of administrative units called
Sarkars. The Faujdar was the chief executive
and military officer of the Sarkar. His chief
duty was to maintain peace and enforce laws
and regulations passed by the Emperor in
the district
226. (d); Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and
during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached
its greatest extent,he is considered one of
India's most controversial kings
227. (a); Battle of Kannuj was fought in 1540 between
Humayaun and Sher Shah Suri.In which
huamayun lost the battle
228. (a); Sinan, also called Mimar Sinan, , most
celebrated of all Ottoman architects, whose
ideas, perfected in the construction of
mosques and other buildings, served as the
basic themes for virtually all later Turkish
religious and civic architecture. He is from
Albania
90
229. (d); Mughal architecture is an architectural style
developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th
and 18th centuries throughout the everchanging extent of their empire in Medieval
India. It was an amalgam of Islamic, Persian,
Turkic and Indian architecture. It reach its
zenith in ShahJahan
230. (b); The Moti Masjid is a white marble mosque
inside the Red Fort complex in Delhi, India.
The name translates into English as "Pearl
Mosque”. The mosque was built by the
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb at the Red Fort
complex in Delhi, India, from 1659-1660 for
his personal use
231. (a); Sher Shah divided the entire Kingdom in 47
divisions and called them “Sarkars”. These
Sarkars were divided into Parganas. Every
Pargana was under a Shiqdar, who looked
into the law and order of his Pargana.
232. (a); Subahdar was one of the designations of a
governor of a Subah (province) during the
Mughal era of India who was alternately
designated as Sahib-i-Subah or Nazim
233. (c); Qazi had a bigger role in the judiciary system
in the state and he held the court and gave
justice. The officials of the judiciary system
were the same but the time and territory and
nature of the Emperor were changed
234. (b); The Sisodia are an Indian Rajput clan, who
claim Suryavanshi lineage. A dynasty
belonging to this clan ruled over the
kingdom of Mewar in Rajasthan. Sisodiya
doesn’t surrender to akbar
235. (a); The cavalry was the superior branch of the
Mughal army. The horsemen normally
recruited by mansabdars were high class
people, and better paid than foot soldiers
and artillery men. They must have at least
two of their own horses and good equipment
236. (a); It was an important branch of Mughal army.
Earlier Mughal rulers made good use of it. It
was first used by Babur to achieve an empire
Hindustan during First Battle of Panipat.
Mughal artillery consisted of heavy cannons
and light artillery
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237. (b); Mansabdari System was a system introduced
by Akbar for military administration and
territorial commands (grant and revenue) to
sustain parts of army. In Mansabdari,
Mansabdar is the Commander-in-chief of the
Army
238. (a); At Agra, excellent cotton goods were woven
239. (a); Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ninth of ten
Gurus of the Sikh religion. He was publicly
beheaded in 1675 on the orders of Mughal
emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi for refusing to
convert to Islam
240. (a); Establishing a firm rule in India for more
than 200 years, the mughals built an empire
with not only great political might but also a
firm administrative setup
241. (a); A dome is an architectural element that
resembles the hollow upper half of a
sphere.It is one of the important feature of
Indo-islamic architecture.Dome is widely
used in many architecture
242. (b); Jama Masjid of Delhi, is one of the largest
mosques in India.It was built by Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan
243. (d); Shah Jahan period architecture is an Indian
building style that flourished during the
time of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor.
The Taj Mahal, in Agra India is a prime
example of this type of architecture. The
architecture was characterized by symmetry
and balance between the parts of the
building, with white marble being a top
choice of building material. Indo-Persian
style of architecture attained its zenith in
Shahjahan
244. (a); Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia and
the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of
Persia, invaded the Mughal Empire,
eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739
245. (b); Baburnama is the name given to the
memoirs of Ẓahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur
(1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire
.During Emperor Akbar's reign, the work
was completely translated to Persian by a
Mughal courtier, Abdul Rahim
91
246. (b); Sher shah was succeeded by his son, Jalal
Khan, who took the title of Islam Shah Suri.
His mausoleum, the Sher Shah Suri Tomb
(122 ft high), stands in the middle of an
artificial lake at Sasaram, a town on the
Grand Trunk Road
247. (c); The Gulf of Khambhat, also known as the
Gulf of Cambay, is a bay on the Arabian Sea
coast of India, bordering the state of Gujarat.
Akbar saw it in 1572 and rode on it on a boat
248. (a); In Kalanaur, Punjab, the 13-year-old Akbar
was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly
constructed platform
249. (c); The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on
November 5, 1556, between the forces of
Hemu, the Hindu general and Chief Minister
of Adil Shah Suri, and the army of the
Mughal emperor, Akbar. Hemu was
captured by Shah Quilihan Mehran and
subsequently beheaded. The battle ended in
a decisive victory for Akbar
250. (d); Maham Anga was the chief nurse of the
Mughal emperor Akbar. A highly shrewd
and ambitious woman, she was the political
adviser of the teenage emperor and the de
facto regent of the Mughal Empire from 1560
to 1562
251. (c); Jizya tax was introduced by Islamic ruler
Qutb-ud-din-Aibak. They imposed it on
non- Muslims to pay. It is abolioshed by
Akbar in 1564
252. (b); Abdullah Khan, is governor of Malwa
253. (c); Krishnadevaraya was the emperor of the
Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529. He
was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty.
He is emperor during invasion of Babar in
india
254. (b); Month Scale in mansabdari was a new
scaling device under which the salaries of
mansabdars were put on a month scale: ten
months, eight months, six months or even
less. The obligations of the mansabdars for
maintaining a quota of sawars were brought
down accordingly. The month-scale system
was applied to both jagirs and those who
were paid in cash
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255. (b); Gulbadan Begum was a Mughal princess
and the youngest daughter of Emperor
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire
and the first Mughal emperor. She is best
known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the
account of the life of her half-brother,
Emperor Humayun
256. (d); The famous Kohinour diamond was
produced from the mines of Golconda
257. (c); Amir Khusro, was a South Asian Sufi
musician, poet and scholar. He was an iconic
figure in the cultural history of the Indian
subcontinent. He was a mystic and a
spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of
Delhi. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian,
but also in Hindavi
258. (a); The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526,
was fought between the invading forces of
Babur and the Lodi Empire. It took place in
north India and marked the beginning of the
Mughal Empire
259. (d); Firuz Shah Tughlaq was a Turkic Muslim
ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty, who reigned
over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388
260. (d); Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin was the
eighth sultan of Kashmir. He acquired a halo
in popular imagination which still surrounds
his name in spite of the lapse of nearly five
hundred years. He was known by his
subjects, and indeed still is, as Bud Shah
261. (a); Khwaja Abdus Samad was a 16th-century
painter of Persian miniatures who moved to
India and became one of the founding
masters of the Mughal miniature tradition.
He is painter in the court of Akbar
262. (d); Tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah is a Mughal
mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian
state of Uttar Pradesh. Often described as a
"jewel box", sometimes called the "Baby Taj",
the tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah is often
regarded as a draft of the Tāj Mahal.It was
built by Nur Jahan
263. (c); Aurangzeb was called “Zinda Pir”or “Living
Saint ” in Mughal India
264. (b); The new monarch James-I sent William
Hawkins to the Court of Jahangir as official
diplomatic representative of King to India.
English set up their first factory in Surat
during Jahangir
92
265. (a); The two Sayyid brothers were Abdulla Khan
and Hussain Ali Khan are called King Maker
of Indian history
266. (d); Ramanuja was a Hindu theologian,
philosopher, and one of the most important
exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition
within Hinduism.He preaches Bhakti.
267. (c); The Battle of Salher was a battle fought
between the Maratha Empire and the
Mughal Empire in 1672 CE. This battle is
considered particularly significant as it is the
first battle where the Mughal Empire lost in
an open field
268. (c); The Treaty of Purandar (or Treaty of
Purandhar) was a doctrine signed on 1
March 1776 by the Peshwa of the Maratha
people and the British East India Company's
Supreme Council of Bengal in Calcutta
269. (a); Sambhaji was the second ruler of the
Maratha Kingdom. He was the eldest son of
Shivaji, the founder of Maratha Empire . In
1689, Sambhaji was captured, tortured and
executed by the Mughals emperor
Aurangzeb
270. (a); Raigad District is a district in the state of
Maharashtra, the district was renamed after
Raigad, the fort that was the former capital
of the Maratha leader Shivaji Maharaj
271. (c); Amuktamalyada is an epic poem in Telugu
composed by Krishnadevaraya of the
Vijayanagar Dynasty. Amuktamalyada
translates to one who wears and gives away
garlands
272. (a); Nagarjuna taught the doctrine of 'Shunyata'
273. (a); The Rationalism thinking mostly influenced
to eliminate caste system. A self-respecting
rationalist will readily realize that caste
system has been stifling self-respect and
therefore he will strive to get rid of this
menace
274. (a); Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the
arts, including musical, cultural and
administrative developments. His pen-name
was Sada Rangila ("ever joyous") and he is
often referred to as "Muhammad Shah
Rangila"
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275. (c); Nagalapuram is a village in Chittoor district
of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is
built by Krishnadeva Raya
276. (b); It is said that a backward class is a class or
community which is backward in the
opinion of the government. At the earlier
stage backward classes movement means
Non-Brahmin movement. Some of the most
important backward class movement in
India are Satya Shodhak Samaj, Shri
Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
Movement, Justice Party. The Self-respect
Movement
277. (c); Krishnadevaraya was the emperor of the
Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529. He
was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty.
He gave patronage to Telugu language
278. (a); The Adi Granth, the first rendition, was
compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan
Dev. This Granth (Book) is the Holy
Scripture of the Sikhs
279. (c); Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a saint, spiritual
leader who founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism.
Chaitanya was the proponent for the
Vaishnava school of Bhakti yoga (meaning
loving devotion to God), based on Bhagavata
Purana and Bhagavad Gita
280. (d); Krishnadevaraya was the emperor of the
Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529. He
was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty.
He was an able administrator and a great
warrior but he was also a scholar, a poet, a
musician and a kind king
281. (b); A ratti is a traditional Indian unit of mass
measurement,
and
has
now
been
standardized as 0.1215 gram. It was
measured by ratti seed of a angiospermous
plant
282. (b); The Vijayanagar Empire was established by
Harihar and Bukka in 1336 AD. The
kingdom was divided into provinces known
as Mandalam, headed by ‘mandaleshwar’.
283. (b); Guru Arjan was the first martyr of the Sikh
faith and the fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus, who
compiled the first official edition of the Sikh
scripture called the Adi Granth,he
transferred the headquarters to Amritsar
93
284. (a); Gobind Singh was the only son of Guru Tegh
Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, and Mata
Gujri. He was born in Patna, Bihar in the
Sodhi Jatt family
285. (a); Dadoji Konddeo was a 17th-century
administrator or havildar for the Pune
region. He is known in history for overseeing
the training of Young Shivaji, the future
founder of the Maratha Empire
286. (a); Shivaji is the founder of Maratha dynasty
and a warrior king of the Maratha or
Maharashtra people. He is also known as
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji
established a competent and progressive
civil rule with the help of a disciplined
military and well-structured administrative
organisations. He started his public carrer in
early age of 18 years
287. (a); The conduct of Shivaji Maharaj while
preparing for and during event tallies with
the
teachings
given
in
Kautilya’s
‘Arthashastra’
288. (a); Shivaji divided his kingdom into four
provinces. Each province was under the
head called Mamlatdar or Viceroy. Each
province was divided into several districts
and villages.
289. (b); Shivaji had infantry comprising of cavalry.
This unit had 25 soldiers called Bargis. The
unit was placed under one Havaldaar.
290. (a); The English and Dutch were firmly
established in all the parts of the Coast from
Sind to Bengal by the middle of the 17th
century
291. (b); In his early days Shivaji moved with his
friends of Mawali leaders during which he
made himself familiar with the spurs and
valleys of ghat
292. (b); Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri,
near the city of Junnar in Pune district on 6
April 1627 or 19 February 1630, his mother
named him Shivaji in honour of the goddess
Shivai, to whom she had prayed for a healthy
child. Shivaji was named after this local
deity. Shivaji's father Shahaji Bhonsle was a
Maratha general who served the Deccan
Sultanates at Poona
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293. (a); The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the
undisputed
head
of
the
Maratha
administration. The state council has Eight
Ministers called asthapradhans
294. (a); Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were two types of
taxes collected in South India, particularly
Maratha Empire during medieval times.
These two taxes became important sources of
revenue for Maratha administration.
295. (b); The Vijayanagara Empire, was based in the
Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was
established in 1336 by Harihara I and his
brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty
296. (d); The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the
undisputed head of the administration and
he stood for the welfare of his subjects. The
state council has Eight Ministers called
asthapradhans. It was levied on the lands
which were under nominal Mughal rule
297. (c); Ramananda was a 14th-century Vaishnava
devotional poet saint, in the Ganga river
region of Northern India. The Hindu
tradition recognizes him as the founder of
the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest
monastic Hindu renunciant community in
modern times
298. (d); The Vijayanagara Empire, was based in the
Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was
established in 1336 by Harihara I and his
brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty
299. (c); Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of
Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur.
The tomb, located in Bijapur, Karnataka in
India, was completed in 1656 by the architect
Yaqut of Dabul. The name finds its roots
from Gola gummata deriving from Gol
Gombadh meaning "circular dome". It is
constructed as per the Deccan architecture"
300. (a); In 1717, Farrukhsiyar issued a farman giving
the British East India Company the right to
reside and trade in the Mughal kingdom.
They were allowed to trade freely, except for
a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees.
301. (c); Sultan Mahmud’s Gazanavi objective of
conquest is acquisition of Wealth. Mahmud
94
of Ghazni first invaded modern Afghanistan
and Pakistan in 1000 AD. Mahmud’s is
chiefly remembered as the plunderer of
India. Between 1000 and 1026 he mounted at
least 17 raids against India with the aim of
extirpating idol-worshiping Hindu infidels
and destroying Hindu temples, which were
great repositories of wealth
302. (d); The Vijayanagara Empire, was based in the
Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was
established in 1336 by Harihara I and his
brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty.
303. (d); The sultans of slave dynasty ruled 1206-1290
A.D. Khalji dynasty ruled from 1290 to 1320
A.D. The ruler of Lodi dynasty ruled from
1450 to 1526 A.D. The ruler of Tughluq
dynasty ruled from 1320 to 1414 A.D. Thus,
Tughluq dynasty ruled for the longest
period
304.(c); Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq issued the new
coins, which was called ‘Dinar’ by Ibn
Battuta. He wanted to issue the token
currency in gold coins to promote his
military power not to trade with the West
Asian and the North African countries. Thus,
assertion (A) is true, but reason (R) is false
305. (a); Ibn Battuta (1333-1347) was an African
traveler of Moroccon origin. He came to
India in the period of Muhammad-BinTughluq.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq
appointed him as Qazi of Delhi. Later in 1342
century, he was sent to China as an
ambassador of sultan. Ibn Battuta had
mentioned about his journey in his book
Kitab-ul-Rihla
306. (c); The reign of Firuz Tughluq is famous for
building the biggest network of canals for
irrigation purpose. They were :- (1) Sutlej to
Ghaggar (96 miles) (2) Yamuna to Hisar (150
miles), (3) Sirmor to Hansi, (4) Ghaggar to
Fizoabad and (5) Yamuna to Firozabad. He
also engraved 150 wells for irrigation and
betterment of passengers
307. (b); Firuz Tughluq was the first India ruler to
organize Haj pilgrimage form the state
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exchequer. He completed many welfare
work such as he opened the employment
office and an orphanage, which was known
as ‘Diwan-e-Khairat.’ He also opened a
charitable hospital known as ‘Darul-shafa’
and also placed qualified Hakeems in it.
308. (c); Rukn-ud-din
- 1236AD
Mubarak Khan
- 1316-320AD
Firuz Shah Tughluq
- 1351-388AD
Alam Shab
- 1445-451AD
Afer the death of Iltutmish, Rukn-ud-din
became the ruler in 1236 century while
Iltutmish had appointed Razia as his
successor. Mubarak Khan became the sultan
of Delhi by the name of Muhammad Khalji
in 1316. Firuz Shah Tughluq ruled over Delhi
from 1351 to 1388 and uled as Alam Shah of
Sayyid dynasty from 1445 to 1451 century,
309. (a); The battle of Khatoli was fought between
Maharana Sanga and Ibrahim Lodi in 1518.
Ibrahim Lodi was defeated badly by
Maharana Sanga
310. (b); The governance of Krishnadevaraya is
known as the golden age of Telugu
literature. The ‘Ashtadiggajas’ were the eight
great poets and scholars of Telugu in the
Court of the Vijayanagara
311. (b); The battle of Talikota (26 January, 1565), a
watershed battle was fought between the
Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan
sultanates, resulted in a defeat of
Vijayanagara ended in weakening one of the
greatest Indian empires originating from
southern India before the Maratha Empire.
Talikota is situated in north Karnataka near
Bijapur city
312. (a); Iltutmish was the first to issue regular
currency and declare Delhi as the capital of
his empire. He started the silver ‘Tanka’ and
the copper ‘Jital,’ the basic coins made up of
silver and copper in the sultanate period.
Shashgani was also a silver coin. The ratio to
tanka and Jital was 1:48
313.(d); Kirti Stambh was built by Rana Kumbha after
his victory over Malwa. Kirti stambha was
built by Jaita
95
314. (a); The correct order of given site and
architecture is:
Delhi
- Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid
Jaunpur
- Atala Mahal
Malwa
- Jahaz Mahal
Gulberga
- Jama Masjid
315. (c); Amir Khusrau learnt various Indian dialects
especially Hindi which he loved most. He
played a pioneering role in the development
of Khari Boli
316. (d); Amir Khusrau is considered as the father of
new Persian poetry style “Sabak-e-Hindi” or
Hindustani style. He termed himself ‘Tuti-eHind”; He used to say that “Na Tafze Hidni
Astru Aaj Farsi Kam” which means that
words of Hindi are not less than those of
Persian.
317. (c); The correctly matched list is as follows:
Tarikh-i-Hind
Al-Biruni
Tarikh-i-Delhi
Khusrau
Rihla
Ibn Battuta
Tabqat-i-Nasiri
Minhaz-us-Shiraj
318. (d); Amir Khusrau emerged as a great musician
in sultanate period. He invented ‘Sitar’ with
a combination of Irani Tamboora and Indian
Veena. He combined some Indian and
Persian melodies elegantly and introduced
some new melody styles like Iman, Zilf and
Sajgari etc.
319. (c); Rana kumbha was a patron of music,
literature, and art Rana kumbha erected a
victory tower named as ‘Kirtistambha’ as a
mark of victory over Mahmud khalji in 1440
AD. He wrote texts on music like Sangeet
Raj, Sangeet Mimansa, sangeet Ratnakar, etc.
320. (b); Alauddin Khalji had established the
department ‘Diwan-i-Riyasat’ for looking
after the financial matters. Firuz Tughluq
had built up 5 Canals. Balban had had
introduced Nauroz festival in the court of
Delhi. British ambassador Thomas Roe came
to India during the period of Jahangir.
321. (a); The correct sequential is 2, 4, 3, 1. The
construction of Qutb Minar in 1210 A.D., the
death of Friuz Tughluq in 1388 A.D., the
arrival of Portuguese (Vasco-da-Gama) in
1498 AD and the reign of Krishnadeva Ray
of Vijayanagara was from 1509 to 1529 AD
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are the correct chronological sequence. So,
option (a) is the correct answer
322. (b); Vijayanagara
Ruler
Krishnadevaraya
composed Amuktamalyada in the Telugu
language.
Mattavilasa-prahasana
was
written by Mahendravarman I. Bhoj
composed Samrangana sutradhar while
Somesvara worte manasollasa.
323. (c); Jaunpur attained its greatest height under
Sharqi Dynasty ruler, Ibrahim shah (14021436). He constructed some monuments in a
new regional style of architecture known as
the Sharqi architecture. Janupur was also
known as the Shiraz of India during this
period. Most notable example of Sharqi style
of architecture in Jaunpur are the Atala
masjid, Lal Darwaza Masjid and Jama Masjid
324. (d); Shahi Khan Zain-ul-Abidin, the brother of
Ali Shah, became the ruler of Kashmir in
1420. He was the greatest king of Kashmir.
He earned name for his policy of religious
tolerance and public welfare activities. He
removed jizya and banned the cow slaughter
325. (b); The medieval Indian states such as
Champaka and Kuluta is related to current
Himachal Pradesh, Durgara was situated in
Jammu.
326. (d); The correctly order is
Dynasty
City
Founder ruler
Adil Sha0hi Bijapur
Yusuf Adil Shah
Qutb Sh0ahi Golconda
Quli Qutb Shah
Nizam Shahi Ahmadnagar Malik Ahamad
Sharqi Shahi Jaunpur
Malik Sarwar
327. (c); ‘Dwarasamudra’ (which is now called
Halebido) was the capital of Hoysala
Dynasty during 1121 AD. The Hoysala
dynasty was established by Nripakama-II,
who came to political prominence during the
rule of king vishnuvardhana. The Hoysala
era was an important period in the
development of art and religion in south
India
328. (d); Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya was born in the
forest named ‘Champaranya’ (1478 A.D.). He
was a devotional Philosopher, who founded
the
Krishna-central
Pushti
sect of
Vaishnavism and the philosophy of Suddha
Advaita.
96
329. (b); The main religious text of the followers of
Kabirpanthi sect is Bijak, which is the
compositions of Kabir’s couplet
330. (b); Sakhi, Sabad, Ramaini are the compositions
of Kabir while the collection of dialogues
between Kabir and Dharamdas is titled as
‘Amarmul’.
331. (d); Saint Malukdas was born in the home of Lala
Sunder Das Khatri in 1631 in Kada
(Kaushambi)
332. (c); Nankana sahib also known as Talwandi in
Shekhpura district, West Punjab (in
Pakistan) was the birthplace of Guru Nanak,
the founder of Sikh religion. He was born on
April 15, 1469, in a Khatri family. He had
strong faith in the worship of Nirakar
Brahma. He died on September 22, 1539 at
Derababa.
333. (c); The correct chronological order of following
saints is as follows-Kabir (1398-1518 AD),
Namdev (1270-1350 AD), Mirabai (1498-1557
AD) and Guru Nanak (1469-1539 AD). Hence
correct answer is (c)
334. (c); Namdev played an important role in
popularizing
Bhakti
movement
in
Maharashtra. Namdev was quite influenced
by Islam among the Saints of Bhakti
Movement. He opposed idolatry, fast,
Pilgrimage and harsh physical practices
335.(b); Dadu Dayal lived between 1544 to 1603 AD.
Guru Nanak lived between 1469 and 1539
AD and Tyagaraja between 1767 to 1847 AD.
Tyagaraja was the devotee poet of Bhakti
path and great musicians of Karnataka. The
collapse of Lodi dynasty started in 1526 AD
after Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in
the first Battle of Panipat. Guru Nanak used
to deliver his preaching at that time. Thus,
option (b) is the correct answer
336. (a); The book, “Ramcharitmanas” was written by
Goswami Tulsidas (1532-1623) in Awadhi
Language.
337. (b); The “Chishtia sufi Order” was established in
Chishti of Afghanistan by Ishaq Shami and
his disciple Khwaja Abdal Chishti, but it was
primarily established in India by Muinuddin
Chishti. He came to India with the army of
Muhammad Ghori in 1192 (12 centrury).
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338. (c); Hazrat Baba Fariduddin Masood Ganj-iShakar also known as Baba Farid was the
spiritual master of shaikh Nizamuddin
Auliya. He was born in 1188 or 1173 century
in Kothwal village at multan district of
present Pakistan. Alauddin sabir Kaliyari
and Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Dehlavi were some
of his disciples.
339. (c); The correctly matched list is as follows:
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti- Chishtiya
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi -Naqshbandiya
Dara Shukoh
Qadiriya
Shaikh Shahabuddin
-Suhrawardiya
340. (c); Raskhan was a poet and follower of Lord
Krishna born around 1548 A.D. His real
name was Sayyad Ibrahim. ‘Prem Vatika’ is
a poetry text written in Braj language by
Rashkan. ‘Sujan Raskhan’ is also one of the
famous texts written by Raskhan.
341. (c); Every year a fair is held at the tomb of famous
Sufi Saint Haji Waris Ali shah at Deva Sharif
which is situated at 12 kms away from
Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
342. (c); Khwaja Nizamuddin and Muinuddin
Chishti were the saints of Chishti Silsila.
Chishti Silsila first preached in India by
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. He made Ajmer
the center of his activities. Nizamuddin
Auliya was also famous by the name of
Mehboob-i-Ilahi for his generous and
tolerant attitude. He also adopted the
method of Yoga and was called
‘Yogasiddha.’ Rahim and Raskhan were the
poets of Hindi literature during the medieval
devotional period. ‘Premvatika’ is the
famous book of Raskhan.
343. (d); Zabti system was introduced for levy land
revenue in the reign of Akbar which was
based on schedules of Dustur-ul-Amal and
Zabti Khasre for land survey and land
revenue determination. Most of the area was
based on this system.
344. (b); Hari Vijay Suri was the jain monk who
stayed for a few years in the court of Akbar
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and was honoured with the title of
jagadguru. In 1582, Emperor Akbar invited
Hari Vijay Suri to explain the principles of
Jainism.
345. (d); The tomb of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya is in
Delhi not in Ajmer. He died 1325 and was
buried at Ghiyaspur (Delhi). Hence, option
(d) is not the correct answer. Amir Khusrau
and Hasan Muhammad Dehlavi were
eminent disciples of Auliya. Other pairs are
correctly matched.
346. (c); The correctly matched list is as follows:
(Mounment)
(Builders)
Alai Darwaza, Delhi
-Alauddin Khalji
Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri -Akbar
Moti Masjid, Agra -Shah Jahan
Moti masjid, Delhi Aurangzeb
347.(b); Abul Hasan, Ustad Mansur Farrukh Beg,
Bishan Das, Aqa Riza, Muhammad Nadir,
Muhammad Murad, Manohar, Govardhan
were the main artists of Jahangir period. Mir
sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad laid the
foundation of the Mughal painting the
period of Humayun.
348. (a); Tansen and Swami Haridas were the main
dhrupad singers during Akhar’s reign. Vilas
Khan was the main singer during the reign
of Jahangir
349. (c); The correct sequence of the foreign invasions
is Genghis Khan, Timur, Nadir shah and
Ahmad shah abdali. Genghis khan attacked
during the reign of Iltutmish (1210-1236),
Timur invaded during the reign of
Nasiruddin Mahmud in 1398. Nadir shah
invaded during the reign of Muhammad
shah in 1739 and the year of invasion of
Ahmad shah Abdali was 1748-61 A.D.
350. (a); The correctly matched list is as followsBattle
of Akbar (against Rana
Haldighati
Pratap)
Battle of Bilgram
Humayun
(against
Sher Shah)
Revolt of Khusrau Humayun
Battle of Khanwa
Jahangir
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Chapter
3
Modern History
The Advent of the Europeans
Portuguese
1.
2.
Discovery of the New Sea Route “the Cape route” was discovered from Europe to India by Vasco da Gama.
He reached the port of Calicut on the May 17,1498 & was received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut (known
by the title of Zamorin). This led to the establishment of trading stations at Calicut, Cochin & Cannanore.
Cochin was the early capital of the Portuguese in India. Later Goa replaced it.
Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in India in 1503 as the governor of the Portuguese in India in 1509 (The
first governor being Francisco de Almeida between 1503-09). He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in
1510.
Other Governors
1.
2.
3.
Nino da Cunha (1529-38)— Transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa (1530) & acquired Diu & Bassein
(1534) from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45) —The famous Jesuit saint Francisco Xavier arrive in India with him.
The Portuguese rule began to decline afterwards & in the end they left only with GOA, DAMAN & DIU
which they retained till 1961.
English
Before the East India Company established trade in the India 1. John Mildenhall a merchant adventurer was the first Englishman who arrived in India in 1599 by the land
route, for the purpose of trade with Indian merchants.
2. Popularly known as the ‘English East India Company’. It was formed by a group of merchants known as
the “Merchant Adventures’ in 1599 & in 1600 the company was given rights to trade in the entire east by
QUEEN ELIZABETH I.
3. Following the decision of the East India Company to open a factory at Surat (1608). Captain Hawkins
arrived at Jahangir’s court (1609) to seek permission. A Farman was issued by Jahangir permitting the
English to build a factory at Surat (1615).
4. Sir Thomas Roe came to India as ambassador of James I to Jahangir’s court in 1615 to obtain the permission
to trade & establish factories in different parts of the empire.
French
1.
2.
3.
4.
The French East India Company was formed by Colbert in 1664.
The first French factory was established at Surat by Francois Caron in 1667. A factory at Masulipatam was
set up in 1669.
The French power in India was revived under Lenoir & Dumas (governors) between 1720 & 1742. They
occupied Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal & Karikal in Tamil Nadu (1739).
The arrival of Dupleix as French governor in India in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo-French conflict
(Carnatic wars) resulting in their final defeat in India.
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IMPORTANT BATTLES
The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)
A tripartite alliance was formed against Haider Ali by the British, the Nizam & the Marathas. The war ended
with the defeat of British. The panic-stricken Madras government concluded the humiliating Treaty of Madras
in 1769.
Treaty of Madras
It was signed by Haider & the allies consisting of the Company, the Raja of Tanjore, & the Malabar ruler.
The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
Haider Ali arranged a joint front with the Nizam & the Marathas against the common enemy - the English East
India Company. The war lasted from 1780-1784. But he died in 1782 & was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.
Tipu continued the war for another year but absolute success eluded both the sides. Tired of war the two sides
concluded peace Treaty of Mangalore. By this Treaty it was decided that English would return
Seringapatnam to Tipu & Tipu would handover Fort of Badnur to English.
Treaty of Seringapatam
It was signed by Tipu on the one hand & the English & their allies (Nizam & the Peshwa) on the other. The
Treaty stipulated that:
• The earlier treaties between the English & the rulers of Mysore stood confirmed.
• Tipu was to cede half his territories where where to be shared among the three allies.
• Tipu was also to order the release of all prisoners of war.
• Pending fulfilment of these terms two of his sons were to be detained as British hostages.
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)
With his defeat in the third Anglo-Mysore war, Tipu was burning with revenge. He wanted to get back his
territory & to achieve that objective he carried on negotiations with the French & Zaman Shah of Kabul. Tipu
wanted his allies to expel the English. Lord Wellesley after making Subsidiary Alliance with the Nizam asked
Tipu Sultan to accept the same but he refused. Mysore was attacked from two sides. The main army under
General Harris supported by Nizam's subsidiary force under Arthur Wellesley attacked Mysore from the east
while another army advanced from Bombay.
Tipu was at first defeated by the Bombay army & was later on defeated by the General Harris at Mallavalli.
Tipu died fighting bravely.
ANGLO-MARATHA WARS
First Anglo Maratha War (1775-82)
The primary cause of the first Maratha war was the interference of the English government at Bombay in the
internal affairs of the Marathas. Peshwa Madhav Rao died in 1772 & was succeeded by his younger brother
Narain Rao. His uncle Raghunath Rao wanted to become the Peshwa & got him murdered. The Maratha chiefs
took up the cause of Madhav Rao Narain the son of Narain Rao. Ragobha approached British for help & signed
the treaty of Surat hopping to gain the coveted Gaddi with the help of English subsidiary troops. By this treaty
he also promised to cede Salsette & Bassein & refrain from entering into alliance with the enemies of the
company.
In the war that followed nobody gained any success & two parties realized the futility of the struggle by
concluding the Treaty of Salbai (1782). By the Treaty of Salbai, status quo was maintained which gave the
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British 20 years of peace with the Marathas. The treaty also enabled the British to exert pressure on Mysore
with the help of the Marathas in recovering their territories from Haider Ali.
Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-1806)
The second Anglo-Maratha war was fought at the time of Lord Wellesley who wanted the Marathas to accept
his Subsidiary Alliance system. The Marathas refused to accept it but were tricked by Wellesley due to their
own internal differences. The Treaty of Bassein made conflict with the Marathas inevitable. The main provisions
of the treaty were the recognition of Peshwa's claim in Poona acceptance of Subsidiary Alliance by Baji Rao II
& relinquishing of all rights of Surat by Baji Rao to the British.
For Marathas Treaty of Bassein was loss of national honor. Holkar & Scindia stopped fighting. Scindia &
Bhonsle combined but Holkar & Gaikwad remained aloof. Scindia & Bhonsle were asked by the English to
withdraw their troops to the north of the Narmada River but they refused & it led to war. Both Scindia &
Peshwar had accepted the sovereignty of the English. British turned their attention towards Holkar but
Yashwant Rao Holkar proved more than a match for the British. Wellesley was recalled from India & the
Company made peace with the Holkar in January 1806 by the Treaty of Rajghat giving back to the latter the
greater part of the territories.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818)
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) Maratha made a desperate last attempt to regain their independence &
prestige in 1817.This led in organizing a united front of the Maratha Chiefs & was taken over by the Peshwa
who was uneasy under the rigid control exercised by the British Resident. However once again the Marathas
failed to evolve any plan of action. The Peshwa attacked the British Residency at Poona in 1817, Appa Saheb of
Nagpur attacked the Residency at Nagpur & Madhav Rao Holkar made preparations for war.
The Maratha confederacy was altogether destroyed so many territories were taken from its various members
that they were rendered powerless to do anything against the British. Thus the work was accomplished by
Lord Hastings in 1818.Now the British Government became the supreme & paramount authority in India.
Siraj-ud–Daula
Siraj-ud Daula came to power in 1756. Calcutta was renamed Alinagar after its capture by Siraj-ud-Daula. He
tried to control the activities of East India Company. He wrote letters to the British governor of Calcutta to
demolish additional fortifications & also to stop unlawful activities against him.
The British refused to comply with his orders & he seized the English factory at Kasimbazar & then Calcutta.
In 1757, his men were attacked by English army led by Robert Clive.This forced the nawab to come to an
understanding & establish peace with the English.
Treaty of Alinagar (1757)
The treaty comprised:
•
•
•
•
•
A list of demands made by the Company.
An agreement affirming to return to status quo.
A number of farmans & dastaks issued by the nawab.
As long as nawab shall observe his agreement, English will continue to support him. All the trade privileges
held earlier by the Company stood confirmed.
Additionally the English were authorized to fortify Calcutta against possible French attack & issue their
own coins.
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Battle of Plassey (23 June 1757)
The treaty was violated by conquest of Chandannagore by the British in 1757. Siraj ud Daula protested by
offering protection to the French. The British decided to remove him through conspiracy. The battle of Plassey
took place on June 23 ,1757. This battle saw the treachery of Mir Jafar & Rai Durlabh, bravery of small force &
desertation of Nawab’s army. Siraj-ud–Daula was captured & executed by son of Mir Jafar.
Mir Jafar (1757-60)
Mir Jafar granted the right to free trade in Bengal & Bihar & Orissa & zamindari of the 24 parganas to the British
besides paying them a sum of Rs 17.7 million as compensation. His period saw the beginning of the drain of
wealth from India to Britain. He tried to replace the English with the Dutch but the Dutch were defeated by the
English at Bedara in 1759. He was replaced by Mir Qasim.
Mir Qasim (1760-63)
Mir Qasim granted the zamindari of Burdwan, Midnapore & Chittagong to the British officials. He transferred
his capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr.He stopped the misuse of the dastaks or free passes allowed to the
company & abolished all duties on internal trade against British.
Battle of Buxar
Mir Qasim fought against the British along with allies – Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh & Shah Alam II in 1764. This
battle led to their defeat by the British forces under Major Hector Munro.
The Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 is an important landmark in the history of India. As per the British historians it was the
“Sepoy Mutiny”, it was the “First war of independence”.
Immediate cause: The introduction of Enfield greased rifles whose cartridges were said to have a greased cover
made of beef & pork sparked off the revolt. It agitated both Hindu & Muslim soldiers & resulted in immediate
launch of movement.
The course of events
• On March 29, 1857, an Indian sepoy of 34 Native Infantry, Mangal Pandey, killed two British officersHugeson & Baugh-on parade at Barrackpore (near Calcutta).
• The mutiny really started at Meerut on 10th May 1857. The 3rd Native Infantry revolted. The occasion was
the punishment of some sepoys for their refusal to use the greased cartridges. The soldiers alongwith other
groups of civilians, went on a rampage shouting ‘Maro Firangi ko’. They broke open jails, murdered
Europeans, burnt their houses & marched to Delhi after sunset.
• The appearance of the marching soldiers next morning (i.e. 11th May) in Delhi was a signal to the local
soldiers, who in turn revolted, seized the city & proclaimed the 82-year old Bahadur Shah ‘Zafar’ , as
Shahenshah-i-Hindustan (i.e. Emperor of India).
• The British allies during the revolt were Sindhia, the Nizam of Hyderabad & the Begum of Bhopal.
LEADERS OF REVOLT OF 1857 IN INDIA
Mangal Pandey--Mangal Pandey joined the sepoy force of the British East India Company in the year 1849 at
the age of 22. Pandey was part of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry & is primarily known for his involvement in
an attack on his senior British officers on 29th March 1857 at Barrackpore. This incident marked an opening
stage of Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 or the First War of Indian Independence.
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Nana Sahib--At Kanpur, the revolt was led by Nana Sahib, the adopted son of exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao
II.
Rani Lakshmibai-Rani Lakshmibai (Manikarnika) was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, the
Maharaja of Jhansi in 1842 & became the queen of Jhansi. Rani Lakshmibai, famously known as 'Jhansi Ki Rani',
was one of the leading warriors of India's First War of Independence.
Tatya Tope--Tatya Tope was Nana Sahib’s close associate & general. During the Siege of Cawnpore in 1857,
Nana Sahib’s forces attacked the British entrenchment at Kanpur in June 1857.
Kunwar Singh--Kunwar Singh, the king of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, was one of the
leaders of the Indian revolt of 1857.
Shah Mal--Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh. He mobilised the headmen &
cultivators of chaurasee des, moving at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British.
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah--Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah was one of important persons who played an important
part in the revolt of 1857. Educated in Hyderabad, he became a preacher when young. In 1856, he was seen
moving from village to village preaching jehad (religious war) against the British & urging people to rebel.
When he reached Lucknow in 1856, he was stopped by the police from preaching in the city. Subsequently, in
1857, he was jailed in Faizabad.
Leaders of Revolt at various places Delhi-- Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah, but real command lay with Bakht Khan (was from the Bareilly unit
of the army).
Kanpur-- Nana Sahib (from Kanpur, along with Tantia Tope & Azimullah)
Lucknow-- Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh (declared her son Birjis Qadr as the Nawab of Awadh).
Bareilly-- Khan Bahadur Khan
Bihar (Arrah)--Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Jagdishpur.
Jhansi -- Rani Lakshmi Bai
Allahabad -- Liaquat Ali
Important Governor Generals of India
Robert Clive (1757-60 & 1765-67)
1. Governor of Bengal during this period.
2. Started dual Government in Bengal in 1765.
3. He was a British officer who established the military & political supremacy of the East India Company in
Bengal.
4. The foundations of the British empire in India were, it is said, laid by Robert Clive, known to his admirers
as the "conqueror of India".
5. Clive defeated the Nawab of Bengal Shiraj-ud-daula in the famous Battle of Plassey in 1757.
6. Clive first arrived in India in 1743 as a civil servant of the East India Company; he later transferred to the
military service of the Company & returned to England in 1753.
7. On 22 November 1774 Clive committed suicide, aged forty-nine, at his Berkeley Square home in London.
Warren Hastings (1772-74)
1. He Abolished Dual Government started by Robert Clive in 1772.
2. Introduced quintessential settlement of land revenue in 1772.
3. Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal with the help of William Jones in 1784.
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4.
5.
6.
After his return to England in 1785, Impeachment proceeding were initiated against him in the house of
Lord.
The first Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings.
Rohilla War in 1774, First Anglo-Maratha War (1776-82) & Second Anglo-Mysore War from 1780-84.
Lord Cornwallis (1786-93)
1. First Person to codify Laws in 1793. The code separated the revenue administration from the administration
of Justice. Created the post of District Judge.
2. Introduced the Permanent settlement in 1793.
3. Cornwallis called “Father of Civil Service in India”.
4. He also led the British forces in the third Anglo-Mysore war & defeated the Great Tipu Sultan, ruler of
Mysore.
5. In 1793, He returned to England to receive the title of the Marques. & was granted seat in the Privy Council
& died in 1805.
Lord Wellesley (1793-1798)
1. Described himself as “Bengal Tiger”
2. Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
3. Madras Presidency was formed during his period.
4. Signed the Treaty of Bassien & fought Second Anglo- Maratha war.
Lord Hastings (1813-1823)
1. Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by Governor Thomas Munro in 1820.
2. Adopted the Policy of intervention & War.
3. Mahalwari (Village Community) system of Land Revenue was made in North West Province by James
Thomson.
Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
1. First Governor General of India by Government of India Act 1833.
2. Most Liberal & Enlightened Governor General of India & regarded as the “Father of Modern Western
Education in India”.
3. Banned practiced of Sati in 1829 & banned female infanticide.
4. He made the English the court Language in higher court but Persian continued in Lower court.
5. Abolished Court of Appeals & Circuit set up by the Cornwallis.
6. Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) called Liberator of Press.
Lord Dalhousie (1849-1856)
1. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Policy of Doctrine of Lapse captured Satara in 1848, Jaitpur & Sambhalpur
in 1849, Baghat in 1850, Udaipur in 1852, Jhansi in 1853, & Nagpur in 1854.
2. Introduced Wood’s Dispatch known as Magna Carta of English Education in India prepared by Charles
Wood. It suggested a scheme of education from Primary to University level.
3. He laid the first Railway Line in 1853 from Bombay to Thane & second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
4. Gave a great impetus to Post & Telegraph. Telegraph lines were first laid from Calcutta to Agra.
5. Hindu Marriage Act passed in 1856.
6. A Post office Act was passed in 1854. Postage stamp were issued for the first time.
7. He was the youngest Governor General of India. He assumed charge at age of 36.
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8.
9.
An Engineering Collage at Roorkee was established.
A separate Public Works Department was setup for the first time, Started work on Grand Trunk Road &
developed the Harbours at Karachi, Bombay, & Calcutta.
Lord Canning (1856-62)
He was the first last Governor General of India & First Viceroy of India.
1. Revolt of 1857.
2. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation & passing the Indian council act of 1858.
3. Doctrine of Lapse which was started by Lord Dalhousie was withdrawn in 1859.
4. Foundation of the Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, & Madras in 1857.
5. Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60.
6. Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon.
7. IPC & Cr. PC was enacted.
8. Income Tax was introduced for the first time in 1858.
9. Indian High Court act 1861 was enacted.
MODERN HISTORY AFTER 1885
The Indian National Congress
•
•
•
•
Formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Englishman & a retired civil servant.
First session in Bombay under W.C. Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach.
But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal,
Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).
Partition of Bengal:
•
•
By Lord Curzon on October 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in
size by creating East Bengal & Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus & Muslims.
Swadeshi Movement (1905):
•
•
Lal, Bal, Pal, & Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K. Gokhale. Bonfires of
foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906)
In December, 1906, All India Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah
of Dacca & Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk at Dacca. The League supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the
Swadeshi movement & demanded special safeguards for its community & a separate electorate of Muslims.
Calcutta Session of INC (1906)
In Dec. 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under the leadership of Dada Bhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ as the goal of
Indian people. Naoroji in his presidential address declared that the goal of the INC was ‘self government of
Swaraj like that of United Kingdom’.
Surat Split (1907)
The INC split into the two groups i.e. the extremists & the moderates at the Surat session in 1907. The extremists
were led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai & Bipin Chandra Pal while the moderates were led by G.K. Gokhale.
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Alipore Bomb Case 1908
In 1908 a revolutionary conspiracy was intrigued to kill the Chief Presidency Magistrate D.H. Kingford of
Muzaffarpur. The task was entrusted to Khudiram Bose & Prafulla Chaki. They threw the bombs on a vehicle
coming out of the magistrate's home on April 30, 1908.
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
Morley-Minto Reforms were introduced in 1909 during the period when Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India
while Morley was the secretary of the state. The reforms laid the foundation of institutionalized communalism
as per the policy of divide & rule by introducing the separate electorates for Muslims. As per the provisions of
the reform Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates.
Arrival of Lord Hardinge (1910)
From 1910 to 1916, Lord Hardinge served as India's Viceroy. The important event during his tenure was the
Delhi Durbar of 1911.
Delhi Durbar of 1911
In 1910, there was a succession in England where King George V ascended the throne. In 1911 he paid a visit
to India. Darbar was held to commemorate the coronation of King George V & Queen Mary as Emperor &
Empress of India. In this Darbar, the King declared that Capital of India will be transferred from Calcutta to
Delhi. In the same Darbar it was also declared the Partition of Bengal is cancelled.
Delhi conspiracy case 1912
It is said that the Delhi Conspiracy was hatched by Ras Bihari Bose, but was never proved. On 23 December
1912, a Bomb was thrown at the Viceroy Lord Hardinge when his procession was moving from Chandni
Chowk. The Viceroy wounded in the attempt, but his Mahavat (driver & keeper of an elephant) was killed.
Ghadar Party (1913)
Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das & Sohan Singh Bhakna. It headquarters was at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1915-16)
B.G Tilak was released from the Mandalay jail in the year 1914. In 1915 he reentered INC. B.G. Tilak founded
Indian Home Rule League at Pune on 28 April, 1916. Annie Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started Home
Rule Movement in India in September 1916. She started two newspapers i.e. Young India & Commonwealth.
The leagues advocated passive resistance & civil disobedience.
Arrival of Lord Chelmsford 1916
On April 4, 1916, Lord Chelmsford took over as next Viceroy of India.
Lucknow Pact-Congress-League Pact (1916)
An important step forward in achieving Hindu- Muslim unity was the Lucknow Pact (1916). Anti- British
feelings were generated among the Muslims following a war between Britain & Turkey which opened way for
Congress & Muslim League unity. Both the Congress & the Muslim League held session at Lucknow in 1916 &
concluded the famous Lucknow pact. The congress accepted the separate electorate & both organizations
jointly demanded ‘dominion status’ for the country.
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Montague Declaration (August Declaration of 1917)
Montague made the landmark statement in the context of self rule in India in 1917. He said that the control
over the Indian government would be transferred gradually to the Indian people. This was the result of HinduMuslim unity exhibited in Lucknow pact.
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha. Champaran & Kheda
Satyagraha were the events which later put Gandhi on the front seat of Indian National Revolution & made
Satyagraha a powerful tool.
Kheda Satyagraha 1918
In 1918, Gujarat as a whole suffered a severe epidemic of Plague & in Kheda alone around 17000 people lost
their lives. Further, cholera also broke out locally. This was the immediate reason of the revolt. The revolt was
against the taxes. The government said that if the taxes are not paid, the property would be seized. This revolt
gave India a robust leader in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel & his colleagues organized
this major tax revolt, which was able to mobilize all the castes & creeds of the region.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919)
This gave unbridled powers to the government to arrest & imprison suspects without trial for two years
maximum.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):
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People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlew & Dr. Satyapal on April 9, 1919. General Dyer fires at
people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13th April 1919 for celebration of Baisakhi. As
a result hundreds of men, women & children were killed & thousands injured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood (title) in protest.
Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed Michael O’Dwyer when the later was addressing a meeting
in Caxton Hall, London.
Hunter Committee Report
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was followed by establishment of a non-official enquiry committee the
Government established a committee headed by Lord Hunter a Senator of the "College of justice of Scotland".
Khilafat Movement (1919-20)
Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty of Severus that followed
the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd.Ali & Shaukat Ali started this movement.
Non co-operation movement (1920-22)
The Non co-operation was the first mass movement launched under the leadership of Gandhi.
The program of non-cooperation included:
1. Surrender of titles
2. Boycott of government affiliated educational institutions
3. Boycott of courts of law
4. Boycott of foreign cloth
5. Nonpayment of taxes
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Chaura Chauri Incidence (1922)
On 5th February 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Gandhiji because of an unfortunate
incidence at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. In this incidence the crowd participating in
the Non-Cooperation & Khilafat procession indulged into the violence with the police. As a result the crowd
burnt a Police station & in the incidence 22 policemen were killed.
The Swaraj party (1923)
During this time a new political strategy; to carry forward the struggle against the colonial rule; was advocated
by C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru. C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru put forward the changed strategy in Gaya session
(1922) of the Congress. There were leaders in Congress like Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad & C.
Rajgopalachari who opposed these changes of council entry. C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru resigned from the
Congress & formed the Swaraj Party.
Simon Commission (1927)
Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India & to introduce further reforms &
extension of parliamentary democracy. Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi‐charge during a protest against. He died in 1928.
It had 7 members & no Indian is there.
Nehru’s Report (1928)
Lord Birkenhead, the Conservative Secretary of the State challenged Indians that they were not capable to
formulate a concrete scheme of the constitutional reforms which had the support of wide section of political
parties. He was of the view that a scheme of constitutional reform made by one political party in India would
be opposed by the others & Indian political parties lacked the capabilities to form a consensus. To meet this
challenge All Parties Conferences were held in 1928. A scheme was finalized which is popularly called “Nehru
Report” as Motilal Nehru was its chief architect.
14 Points of Jinnah (March 9, 1929)
Jinnah, the leader of Muslim League, did not accept the Nehru Report. Jinnah thereafter drew up a list of
demands, which was called ’14 points of Jinnah’.
Lahore Session (1929)
At its annual session held in Lahore in December 1929, under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian
National Congress passed a resolution declaring ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) to be the goal of
the national movement. On Dec. 31, 1929, the newly adopted tricolor flag was unfurled & Jan 26 fixed as the
Independence Day which was to be celebrated every year, pleading to the people not to submit to British rule
any longer.
Civil Disobedience Movement
Phase “I” of Civil Disobedience Movement
In 1929 at Lahore Session, Congress made the “Purna Swaraj” or the complete independence as the aim of the
Congress. On 31st January 1930, Gandhi gave his ultimatum to Lord Irwin with his 11 point demand. The
Gandhi asked Irwin either to accept the 11 point demands else the Congress will launch Civil Disobedience.
The demands were ignored by the British government. Thus Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience
Movement with the Dandi march. It was started from Sabarmati to Dandi. Gandhiji along with his 78 followers
broke the Salt Act.
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First Round Table conference (1930)
It was the first conference arranged between the British & Indians as equals. It was held on November 12, 1930
in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals & some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)
The two (government represented by Irwin & INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement & agreed to join the second-round table conference
The government on its part released the political prisoners & conceded the right to make salt for consumption
for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931)
Gandhiji represented the INC & went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay MacDonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue & this time separate electorates was
demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians & Anglo – Indi
Phase “II” of CDM
After the failure of Second Round Table Conference, the working committee of the Congress resumed Civil
Disobedience movement.
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The Communal Award (August 16, 1932)
Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide & rule policy of the British.
Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women & even
Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it. Poona Pact
(September 25, 1932).
After the announcement of communal award & subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took
place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B R Ambedkar & M.C. Rajah became active.
Eventually Poona pact was reached & Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved
to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932)
Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the
Government of India Act, 1935.
The Government of India Act, 1935
The Simon Commission report submitted in 1930 formed the basis for the Government of India Act, 1935. The
new Government of India Act received the royal assent on Aug. 4, 1935. The continued & extended all the
existing features of earlier constitutional reforms. But in addition there were certain new principle introduced.
It provided for a federal type of government. Thus, the act:
1. Introduced provincial autonomy.
2. Abolished dyarchy in provinces.
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Pakistan Resolution/Lahore Resolution (March 24, 1940)
It was 1930 that Iqbal suggested the union of the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh & Kashmir as Muslim
state within the federations. The idealist Chaudhary Rehmat Ali developed this conception at Cambridge,
where he inspired a group of young Muslims & invented the term ‘Pakstan’ (later ‘Pakistan’) in 1935. The
ideology of Iqbal, the vision of Rehamat Ali, & the fears of Muslims were thus united by the practical genius of
Jinnah to blind Muslim together. The Lahore session of the Muslim League, held on March 24, 1940, passed
Pakistan Resolution & rejected the Federal scheme an envisaged in the government of India Act, 1935.
The August Offer (1940)
In order to win the public opinion in India, Linlithgow put up an offer to get the support of the nationalist in
the World War II.
Main Features
A promise of Dominion Status in an unspecified future.
A post war body to be created to enact a constitution, however this was to happen only after the approval from
the British Parliament.
Immediate expansion in the Viceroy’s executive council.
Formation of a war advisory council.
Individual Satyagraha
The August offer shocked nationalists, & the Congress launched the individual Satyagraha. Vinobha Bhave
was the first Satyagrahi while Nehru was second.
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The Cripps Mission – 1942
In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II & advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7,
1942, Rangoon fell & Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. with a view to getting cooperation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader
of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
Quit India Movement
The causes for the launch of Quit India Movement were:
• The failure of the Cripp’s Mission was an eye opener for the nationalist.
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The news of Allied reverses in World War & British withdrawal from South-East Asia & Burma
leaving local people at the mercy of Japanese.
Course of Events
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Quit India resolution was passed on 8th August 1942 at Bombay.
The Congress envisaged a “mass struggle on the non-violent lines on the widest possible scale”.
It was made clear that if Congress leadership gets removed by arrest, “every Indian who desires
freedom & strives for it must be his own guide”.
Gandhi & all the leaders of the Congress working committee were arrested on the early hours of
August 9, 1942.
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There was a three month strike in Ahmedabad.
Usha Metha ran an illegal radio station whose broadcasting station was often change to avoid
Police arrest.
Rajagopalachari & Communists opposed the Quit India Movement.
The three parallel governments were formed at: 1. Ballia under Chittu Pandey 2. Tamkul- Jatia
Sarkar of Satish Samant 3. Satara- Prati Sarkar under Nana Patil.
Gandhiji’s Fast (February 10 – March 7, 1943)
Gandhiji undertook a 21-day fast in jail. His condition deteriorated after 13 days & all hopes of his surviving
were given up. However, as a result his moral strength & spiritual stamina, he survived & completed the 21day fast. This was his answer to the government which had been constantly exhorting him to condemn the
violence of the people in the Quit India Movement.
C.R. Formula (1944)
In 1944, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (C.R.) proposed to appoint a commission to separate the district in NorthWest & East where Muslims were in majority. In such areas, a voting to be held on the basis of adult suffrage
to decide the issue of separation. They would be given freedom in case they favoured a sovereign state. In case
of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, communications
etc.
Muslim League was to endorse Congress demand for independence & cooperate in formation of provisional
government. Jinnah objected, as he wanted Congress to accept two-nation theory & wanted only Muslims of
the North-West & East of India to vote. Hindu Leaders led by V.D. Savarkar condemned the plan.
Wavell Plan & Shimla Conference (June 14 – July 14, 1945)
After consultations with the British Government on the Indian problem, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India,
issued a statement known as Wavell Plan. The Plan, which chiefly concerned Viceroy’s Executive Council,
proposed certain changes in the structure of the council. One of the main proposals was that the Executive
Council would be constituted giving a balanced representation to main communities in it, including equal
representation to Muslims & Hindus. Soon after the Wavell Plan was issued the members of the Congress
Working Committee were released from jails. A conference of 22 prominent Indian leaders called at Shimla to
consider the Wavell Plan, reached no decision. What scutted the conference was Mr. Jinnah’s unflinching stand
that Muslim approved only by the Muslim League should be included in the Executive Council. Communalism
thus again became a stumbling block. For the Britishers, however, the dissension between the Congress & the
Muslim League was a source of happiness.
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The Indian National Army
Founded by Ras Behari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from India in 1941 & reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the
INA at Singapore. There, Ras Behari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken
prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E. Asia.
Two INA head quarters were Rangoon & Singapore (formed in Singapore).
INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad & Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was
an exclusive women force.
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INA Trials
The first trial of INA prisoners took place at Red Fort.
P.K. Seghal, Shah Nawaz & Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were made accused.
The counsels for defense were Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bhadur Sapru, K.N. Kataju, J.L. Nehru & Asaf
Ali.
Even though the Court Martial held the INA prisoners guilty, the Government felt it expedient
to set them free.
The question of guilt was not the issue, however it was Britain’s right to decide the matter
concerning Indi
The revolt of Royal Indian Navy (RIN)
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In February 1946, Bombay Ratings of HMIS Talwar revolted against British & struck work.
The racial discrimination & bad food was the immediate cause of the revolt.
B.C Dutta scrawled Quit India on the ships
The HMIS Hindustan in Karachi also mutinied.
By the end of February the strike had spread to naval bases all over the country involving about
20000 ratings.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
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The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945‐46. The new Labour Party
Prime Minister Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission
(comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps & A.V. Alexander) will
visit India.
The mission held talks with the INC & ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate
Pakistan & instead a federal union consisting of British India & the Princely States was suggested.
Both Congress & Muslims League accepted it.
Direct Action Campaign (August 16, 1946): Provoked by the success of the Congress (in the voting for
Constituent Assembly), the Muslim League launched a ‘direct action’ campaign on August 16, 1946, which
resulted in heavy communal riots in the country.
Interim Government (September 2, 1946):
On Sept. 2, 1946, an interim government was formed. Congress members led by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru joined it
but the Muslim League did not as it withdrew its earlier acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec. 9, 1946)
This Constituent Assembly met on Dec. 9, 1946, & Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. The Muslim
League did not join the Assembly.
Attlee’s Announcement (Feb. 20, 1947): On Feb. 20, 1947, British PM Attlee announced that the British would
withdraw from India by June 30, 1948 & that Lord Mountbatten would replace Wavell.
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Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)
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On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution
of India’s political problem.
The outlines of the Plan were:
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India to be divided into India & Pakistan.
Bengal & Punjab will be partitioned & a referendum in NEFP & Sylhet district of Assam would
be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain
independent.
Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India & Pakistan.
The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the
major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition & Independence (August 1947):
All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
• At the time of independence, there were 562 small & big Princely States in India.
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Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard.
By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad & Junagarh had signed
the Instrument of Accession.
Goa was with the Portuguese & Pondicherry with the French.
Revolutionary Activities
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In 1908, Khudiram Bose & Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the
unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt & Satyendranath Bose were
hanged (Alipur Case).
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose & Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb & Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi
Conspiracy Case).
In October 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They
setup Hindustan Republic Association.
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur‐Lucknow railway line
on Aug. 9, 1925.
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi
charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on April 8, 1929. Thus,
he, Rajguru & Sukhdev were hanged on March 23,1931 at Lahore Jail (Lahore Conspiracy Case).
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions
in jail.
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he
masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
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Important British Viceroys in India
Lord Canning (1856 – 1862):
(a) The last Governor General & the first Viceroy.
(b) Mutiny (Revolt of 1857) took place in his time.
(c) Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse (introduced by Lord Dalhousie).
(d) The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay & Madras were established in 1857.
(e) Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.
Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869):
(a) Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.
(b) High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay & Madras in 1865.
(c) Expanded canal works & railways.
(d) Created the Indian Forest department.
Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872):
(a) Started the process of financial decentralization in India.
(b) Established the Rajkot college at Kathiawar & Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.
(c) For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.
(d) Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
(e) Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.
Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884):
(a) Repeated the Vernacular Press act (1882)
(b) Passed the local self government act (1882)
(c) Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s
recommendations).
(d) Ist Factory act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.
(e) Passed the Ilbert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals.
Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888):
Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.
Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894):
(a) II Factory act (1891) passed during his time.
(b) Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial & Subordinate.
(c) Indian Council act of 1892 was passed.
(d) Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India & Afghanistan.
Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899):
Great famine of 1896 – 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.
Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905):
(a) Passed the Indian Universities act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased
(b) Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces Bengal (proper) & East Bengal & Assam.
(c) Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every
province.
(d) The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP).
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(e) Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the
Archaeological Survey of India was established.
(f) Passed the Indian Coinage & Paper Currency act (1899) & put India on a gold standard.
Lord Minto (1905 – 1910):
There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities.
Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai & Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) & Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to
Mandalay jail in Burma. The Indian Council act of 1909 or the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.
Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916):
(a) Held a durbar in December, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.
(b) Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911).
(c) Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1912).
(d) A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (December 23, 1912).
(e) Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa (1915).
(f) Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.
Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921) :
(a) August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred
to the Indian people.
(b) The government of India act in 1919 (Montague Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
(c) Rowlatt act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
(d) Non Cooperation Movement.
(e) An Indian Sir S.P. Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
(f) A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.
(g) Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.
Lord Reading (1921 – 1926) :
(a) Rowlatt act of 1919 was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
(b) Prince of Wales visited India in November, 1921.
(c) Formation of Swaraj Party.
(d) Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
(e) Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N. Roy.
(f) Kakori Train Robbery on August 9, 1925.
(g) Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc. Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist & a
leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.
Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931) :
(a) Simon Commission visited India in 1928.
(b) Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.
(c) Dandi March (March 12, 1930).
(d) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
(e) First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.
(f) Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931) was signed &
(g) Civil Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.
(h) Martyrdom of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).
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Lord Willingdon (1931 – 1936) :
(a) Second Round Table conference in London in 1931. (b) On his return Gandhiji was again arrested &
Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in January, 1932.
(c) Communal Awards (August 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on
a epic fast in protest against this division.
(d) Third Round Table conference in 1932.
(e) Poona Pact was signed.
(f) Government of India act (1935) was passed.
Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944) :
(a) Government of India act enforced in the provinces.
(b) Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces.
(c) Churchill became the British Prime Minister in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued
jointly by the UK & US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived of them)
does not apply to India.
(d) Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947) :
(a) Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress & Muslim League; failed.
(b) Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
(c) Elections to the constituent assembly were held & an Interim Government was appointed under Nehru
(d) First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on December 9, 1946.
Lord Mountbatten (March 1947 – August 1947) :
(a) Last Viceroy of British India & the first Governor General of free India.
(b) Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
(c) Indian Independence Act, 1947 passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became
independent on August 15, 1947.
(d) Retired in June 1948 & was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari (the first & the last Indian Governor General
of free India).
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELPOMENTS BY THE BRITISH
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The Regulating Act, 1773
First attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the Company.
Provided for centralization of Administration of Company’s territories in India.
Governor of Bengal became Governor-general for Bengal.
Governor General & council of 4 members appointed for Bengal.
Bombay & Madras Presidency subordinated to Bengal presidency.
Supreme court to be set up at Calcutta.
The Pitts India Act, 1784
This Act gave the British government the supreme control over Company’s affairs & its
administration in India.
Court of directors consisting of 24 members was appointed to look after commercial functions.
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Board of control consisting of 6 parliamentary Commissioners appointed to control civil, military
& revenue affairs of India.
Strength of Governor general-in council reduced to 3.
Subordinated the Bombay & Madras presidency to Bengal in all questions of war, diplomacy &
revenues.
First effective substitution of Parliamentary Control over East India Company.
The Charter Act of 1833
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End of company’s trade monopoly even in tea & with China.
Company was asked to close its business at the earliest.
Governor-General of Bengal to be Governor-General of India. (1st Governor-General of IndiaLord William Bentinck).
Govt. of Madras & Bombay deprived of legislative powers.
A fourth member, law member added to council of Governor-General.
Government Service was thrown open to the people of India.
All laws made by Governor General-in-council henceforth to be known as Acts & not regulations.
The Charter Act of 1853
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Extended life of the Company for an unspecified period.
First time separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 member legislative council was created.
Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General
Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competitive examination. (excluding
Indians)
The Govt of India Act, 1858
Rule of Company in India ended & that of the Crown began.
System of double Government ended. Court of Directors & Board of Control abolished.
Secretary of State (a member of the British Cabinet) for India was created. He was assisted by a
15-member council Indian Council). He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.
Secretary of State governed India through the Governor-General. Governor-General was to be
called the Viceroy & was the direct representative of the Crown in India.
A unitary & highly centralized administrative structure was created.
The Indian Council Act, 1861
Policy of Association of Indians in legislation started.
A fifth member who was to be a jurist, was added to the Viceroy’s executive council.
Viceroy could issue ordinances in case of emergency.
For legislation, executive Council of Viceroy was enlarged by 6 to 12 members composed of half
non-official members. Thus foundations of Indian legislature were laid down.
Legislative powers of the Presidency Government deprived in 1833 were restored.
Indian Council Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto Act)
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Morley was the secretary of state, while Minto was the Indian Viceroy.
Additional members in central legislative assembly were increased to 60
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Introduced for the first time indirect elections to the Legislative Councils.
Separate electorates were introduced for the muslims.
Non-official seats were to be filled in by elections. They were distributed as follows
(a) By non-official members of the Provincial Legislative councils.
(b) By landholders of 6 provinces
(c) By Muslims of 5 provinces
(d) Alternately by Muslim landholders of Up/Bengal Chambers of commerce of Calcutta & Bombay.
Muslim were to be elected by Separate electorates.
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Resolutions could be moved before the budget was taken in its final form.
Supplementary questions could be asked.
The Government of India Act, 1919
Popularly known as Montague (Secretary of State)-Chelmsford(Viceroy) Reforms.
The idea of “Responsible Government” was emphasised upon.
Devolution Rules:
• Subjects of administration were divided into two categories- “Central” & “Provincial”.
• Subjects of all India importance (like railways & finance) were brought under the category of
Central, while matters relating to the administration of the provinces were classified as
provincial.
• Dyarchy system introduced in the Provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration were to
be divided into two categories “Transferred” & “Reserved” subjects.
• The transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor with the aid of Ministers
responsible to the Legislative Council. The Governor & his Executive Council were to administer
the reserved subjects (Rail, Post, Telegraph, Finance, Law & Order, etc.) without any
responsibility to the legislature.
• An office of the High commissioner of India was created in London.
• Indian legislature became “bicameral” for the first time.
• Communal representation extended to Sikhs, Indian christen Anglo-Indi
• Secretary of State for India now to be paid from British revenue.
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Government of India Act, 1935
Sought to introduce a federation.
Provided for 3-fold division of legislative power, i.e. three lists - Federal, Provincial & Concurrent
Lists.
Residuary powers to be vested with Governor-General.
Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre.
Autonomy replaced dyarchy at provincial level.
Provided for establishment of a Federal Court.
Indian Independence Act, 1947
This Act did not lay down any provision for the administration of India.
Partition of India & the establishment of two dominions of India & Pakistan.
Constituent Assembly of each Dominion would have unlimited powers to frame & adopt any
constitution.
The rule of the crown over Indian states was terminated.
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The office of the Secretary of State for India was to be abolished
OCIAL REFORMS DURING MODERN PERIOD
Atmiya Sabha
• Started in 1815 in Kolkata(then Calcutta) by Raja Ram Mohan Roy to make reforms in the Hindu
society.
Wahabi Movement
• From 1820-1828 in Rohilkhand by Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareilly.
• Popularized the teachings of Waliullah; stressed role of individual conscience in religion.
BRAHMO SAMAJ
• Established in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Calcutta. It emphasized on human dignity &
criticized social evils as Sati.
Young Bengal Movement (1826-1832)
• Established in Calcutta by Henry Vivian Derozio.
• Opposed vices in the society; believed in truth, freedom & reason; social reform.
Dharma Sabha
• Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Raja Radhakant Deb.
• The organization was established mainly to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by
protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy and Henry Derozio.
Kuka/ Namdhari Movement (1872)
• Started by Bhai Balak Singh & Baba Ram Singh in NWFP & Ludhiana.
• Spread the true spirit of Sikhism & opposed to all caste distinctions.
Prarthana Samaj
• Established by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 at Bombay.
• Reforming Hindu religious thought & practice in the light of modern knowledge.
Indian Reform Association
• The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshab Chandra Sen as
president at Calcutta.
• Create public opinion against child marriages & for legalizing the Brahmo form of (Civil)
marriage.
• Promote the intellectual & social service.
Arya Samaj
• Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 at Bombay to reform Hindu
religion in North India.
Theosophical Society
• Founded in 1875 at New York by madame HP Blavatsky and Col. H S Olcott.
• Advocated the revival & strengthening of ancient religions of Hinduism, Deccan Zoroastrianism
& Buddhism.
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Deccan Education Society
• Founded in 1884 by M G Ranade at Pune.
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To contribute to the cause of education & culture in Western India.
Seva Sadan
• Established by Behramji & Malabari in 1885 at Bombay.
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Campaign against child marriages & enforced widowhood & care for socially exploited women.
Ramakrishna Mission
• Swami Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission in 1887 at Calcutta.
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To carry on humanitarian relief & social work.
Indian National Social Conference
(The social reform cell of the Indian National Congress)
• Established by M G Ranade and Raghunath Rao in 1887 at Bombay.
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To focus attention on matters relating to social reforms. The social reform cell of the Indian
National Congress.
Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
• Established in 1902 by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya at Varanasi.
• Organization of the orthodox Hindus, also known as Sanatandharmis, to counter the teachings
of the Arya Samaj.
The Servants of India Society
• The Servants of India Society was established by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905 at Bombay.
• To work for social reforms & train "national missionaries for the service of India".
Poona Seva Sadan
• Founded by G K Devadhar & Ramabai Ranade in 1909 at Pune.
• Establish institutions for the economic uplift & useful employment of women.
The Indian Women's Association
• Founded by Mrs. Annie Besant in 1917 at Madras.
• Work for uplift of Indian women & ''to secure a larger a free & fuller life for them".
MUSLIM SOCIAL REFORMS/ORGANIZATION
Khudai Khidmatgar Movement
• Statrted in 1929 in North Western Frontier Provinces under leadership of Khan Abdul Gaffar
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Khan.
Upliftment of people of Frontier & prepare them for attainment of independence.
Deoband Movement
(A school of Islamic Theology at Deoband Saharanpur,UP)
• Mohd. Qasim Nanautavi & Rashid Ahmad Gagohi started Deoband Movement in 1867.
• Improve the spiritual & moral conditions of India Muslim.
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Aligarh Movement
• Started in 1875 at Aligarh by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.
• Liberalization of Indian Islam & modernization of Indian Muslims through religious
reinterpretation, social reform & modern education.
Ahmadiya Movement
• Started in 1889-90 at Faridkot by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.
• Universal religion of all humanity, opposed to Islamic orthodoxy & spread of western liberal
education among Indian Muslims.
Lower Caste Movements
Satya Shodhak Samaj
• Jyotiba Phule established in 1873 at Maharashtra.
• Opposed to untouchability, Brahmin domination, belief in social equality & uplift of the lower
castes by educating them.
Aravippuram Movement
• Shri Narayan Guru started Aravipuram Movement in 1888 at Aravippuram, Kerala.
• Opposed to religious disabilities against lower castes, believed in social equality, attacked
Brahmin domination & worked for the uplift of lower castes by educating them. Demanded free
entry of the people of lower castes temples.
Bahujan Samaj
• Established by Mukundrao Patil in 1910 in Satara, Maharashtra.
• Opposed to exploitation of the lower castes by the upper caste people. Brahmins, landlords,
merchants & moneylenders.
Depressed Classes Society
• Established in 1924 by Dr B R Ambedkar in Bombay.
• To propagate the gospel of social equality among caste Hindus & untouchables. Demanded
constitutional safeguards for the depressed classes.
Self-Respect Movement
• E.V. Ramaswami started Self-Respect Movement in 1925 at Madras(Tamil Nadu).
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Anti-Brahmin & Hindu Orthodoxy radical movement, advocated, weddings without priests,
forcible temple entry, total defiance of Hindu social laws.
Harijan Sevak Sangh
• Founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 at Pune. Maharashtra.
• Organization for removal of untouchability & social discriminations against untouchables &
other lower castes. Provide medical, educational & technical facilities to untouchables.
Important battles fought in India
Battle of Hydaspes (326 B.C)— The Paurava king Porus was defeated by Alexander the Great.But the valour
of Porus impressed Alexander & he returned his kingdom to him.
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Battle of Kalinga (261 B.C)— Ashoka defeated Kalinga king. After this war Ashoka embraced Buddhism &
preached it during the rest of his life.
Battle of Chhandwar (1194 A.D)-Mohammed Ghori defeated Jayachandra of Kannauj.
First Battle of Panipat (1526 A.D)—Babur (Mughal Dynasty) defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
Battle of Talikota (1564- 65 AD)— Alliance between Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar & Golconda under Hussain
Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijayanagar Empire.
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) —Between the Sultanate of Mysore & the East India Company. British
were defeated.
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782 A.D)- Fought between the British East India Company & Maratha Empire
in India.Maratha defeated English forces ended with Treaty of Salbai.All the territories occupied by the British
after the treaty of Purandar were given back to the Marathas.
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780 A.D)— Alliance between Haider Ali, the Nizam & the Marathas was formed.
They defeated the English.Hyder Ali became the master of Carnatic.
Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790- 92 A.D)—Fought between the English & Tipu Sultan (Son of Hyder Ali). Tipu
Sultan was compelled to sign the Treaty of Seringapatam.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799 A.D)— The British forces (Under Arthur Wellesley) defeated & killed Tipu
Sultan.
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805 A.D)—Fought between English & the Marathas. British defeated
Marathas & annexed Tanjore, Surat & Carnatic.
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818 A.D)- Fought between English (Governor General Hastings) & the
Marathas. British defeated Marathas.Formal end of the Maratha empire.
First Battle of Tarain (1191)-This battle was fought at Tarain near Thaneswar. Prithviraj of Chauhan Dynasty
defeated the Mohammad of Ghori.
Second Battle of Tarain(1192)-It was fought at same Tarain battlefield as in the first Tarain battle. This was
fought by Mohammad Ghori against Prithvi Raj Chauhan. This time Prithvi Raj was defeated.
Battle of Khanwa(17 March 1527)--Rajputs under Rana of Mewar Rana Sanga, were defeated by Babur of
Farghana. Rana Sanga was brutally wounded in the battlefield.
Battle of Chausa (7 June 1539)--Sher Shah defeated the Mughals, but Humayun, the king escaped by crossing
over the river.
Battle of Kanauj (17 May 1540)--Sher Shah won against Humayun. Occupied only Agra city.
Battle of Panipat(5 November 1556)--Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) was defeated by Mughals under
Akbar.
Battle of Haldighati(1576)--This was started between Akbar & Rana of Mewar Pratap. Mughals won. But Rana
did not accept Mughal sovereignty.
First Carnatic War(1745–48)--This war was fought by British & French armies. French occupied Madras, later
returned it to British.
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Second Carnatic War(1749–54)--French army under the of Duplex fought with British & British won. In 1755
they made a provisional treaty.
Third Carnatic War(1756–63)--In 1758 French occupied Fort Saint David. But defeated at Wandiwash (1760).
Britishers won.
Battle of Plassey (June-1757)--British Army under the command of Robert Clive fought with Bengal Nawab
Siraz-ud-daula & British won & Mir Jafar was made Nawab. Siraz-ud-daula was hanged.
Battle of Buxar(1764)--British army under the command of Major Munro defeated the combined army of Mir
Kasim nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-daulah nawab of Awadh, Shah Alam, Mughal emperor.
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) Fought between English East India Company & Burma.Ended in a
British East India Company victory.
First Anglo-Afghan war (1839-42 A.D)- British defeated Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad.
Battle of Chillianwala (1849 A.D)— English East India Company under Lord Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs
(under Sher Singh).
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1.
Who was the founder of the Brahmo Samaj,
founded in 1828?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2. When was Indian Navy Act passed?
(a) 1927
(b) 1937
(c) 1947
(d) 1967
3. Who estimated the National Income for the first
time in India?
(a) Mahalanobis
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) V K R V Rao
(d) Sardar Patel
4. World War I broke out in the year (a) 1904
(b) 1914
(c) 1924
(d) 1934
5. What was the capital of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's
kingdom?
(a) Patna
(b) Fatehpur Sikri
(c) Islamabad
(d) Lahore
6. The Objective Resolution to guide the deliberations
of the Assembly was moved by (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Kiran Desai
(c) K Natwar Singh
(d) K.M. Munshi
7. Who wrote the book 'Glimpses of World
History'?
(a) Shashi Tharoor
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Nirad C Chaudhuri (d) Jawaharlal Nehru
8. East India Company was established in ________.
(a) 1400
(b) 1500
(c) 1600
(d) 1700
9. Tipu Sultan was also known as Tiger of
___________.
(a) Mysore
(b) Delhi
(c) Agra
(d) Gwalior
10. Sri Aurobindo was born in the year
(a) 1772
(b) 1822
(c) 1872
(d) 1922
11. The English defeated the ______ in the battle of
Wandiwash.
(a) German
(b) French
(c) Indians
(d) Americans
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12. Who was the First Governor General of Bengal?
(a) Lord William Bentinck
(b) Sir William Denison
(c) The Lord Napier
(d) Warren Hastings
13. Victoria Memorial in Kolkata was proposed to be
built by (a) Lord Canning
(b) George Curzon
(c) William Hastings
(d) Lord William Bentinck
14. India Gate was designed by (a) Frank Lloyd Wright (b) Sir Edwin Lutyens
(c) Frank Gehry
(d) Zaha Hadid
15. Who discovered sea route to India?
(a) Babur
(b) Vasco-da-Gama
(c) Galileo
(d) Ferondoz
16. Subhas Chandra Bose was born in the year _____.
(a) 1797
(b) 1847
(c) 1897
(d) 1947
17. Who built Gateway of India?
(a) Guru Ramdas
(b) Maharaja Pratap Singh
(c) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(d) British Government
18. Mahatma Gandhi was born in which year?
(a) 1869
(b) 1879
(c) 1889
(d) 1899
19. National Anthem was adopted by Constituent
Assembly on
(a) 26 January 1949
(b) 26 November 1949
(c) 24 January 1950
(d) 15 August 1947
20. Lal Bahadur Shastri was born in the year (a) 1844
(b) 1864
(c) 1884
(d) 1904
21. World War II started in the year?
(a) 1914
(b) 1919
(c) 1939
(d) 1945
22. Which is the first Hindi newspaper of India?
(a) Udaan
(b) Azad Vichaar
(c) Udant Martand
(d) Vichaar Vyakti
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23. Who started Ganesha Festival?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Lokmanya Tilak
(c) Pandit Nehru
(d) Indira Gandhi
24. When did ‘Jallianwala Bagh’ tragedy took place?
(a) 13th April 1867
(b) 15th June 1947
(c) 13th April 1919
(d) 17th May 2011
25. Which is the first newspaper of India?
(a) Bombay Gazette
(b) Bengal Gazette
(c) Bombay Times
(d) Hindustan Times
26. Who built Sabarmati Ashram?
(a) Guru Ramdas
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Rao Jodhaji
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
27. Battle of Plassey was fought in ______.
(a) 1657
(b) 1707
(c) 1757
(d) 1807
28. Who was first viceroy of pre-independence era?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Lord William Bentinck
(c) Lord Mountbatten
(d) Lord Canning
29. Which Freedom Fighter from Bengal died at the
age of 18?
(a) Khudiram Bose
(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Chittaranjan Das
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
30. During the Independence Movement, Subhash
Chandra Bose revamped the Indian National
__________.
(a) Navy
(b) Army
(c) Defence
(d) Air Force
31. Who declared as his ultimate aim the ‘wiping of
every tear from every eye’?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru (b) Gandhiji
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (d) Sardar Pate
32. Gandhi Ji started the Non-Cooperation
Movement in?
(a) 1880
(b) 1900
(c) 1920
(d) 1940
33. Who was the first temporary chairman of the
Constituent Assembly?
(a) B R Ambedkar
(b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(c) Rajendra Prasad
(d) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha
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34. Who was the first female Governor of India?
(a) Kamala Nehru
(b) Madam Bikaji Kama
(c) Sarojini Naidu
(d) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
35. Churches and Convents of Goa were built by?
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) Portuguese
(d) Mughals
36. In 1617 the British East India Company was given
permission by __________ to trade in India.
(a) Babur
(b) Akbar
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Jahangir
37. The decision of Partition of Bengal was
announced in 1905 by?
(a) Lord William Bentinck
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Curzon
38. In which year did the Kakori conspiracy case take
place?
(a) 1925
(b) 1924
(c) 1926
(d) 1927
39. Who was the first lady Governor of an Indian
State?
(a) Sucheta Kripalani (b) Padmaja Naidu
(c) Tarkeswari Sinha
(d) Sarojini Naidu
40. Which of the following periodicals is not
correctly matched with its editor?
(a) Bande Mataram : Aurobindo Ghosh
(b) New India : Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Yugantar : Bhupendranath Dutta
(d) Sandhya : Barindra Ghosh
41. The song "Vande Mataram" occurs in the book
______.
(a) Geetanjali
(b) Anandmath
(c) Indian People
(d)
Poverty
and
UnBritish – Rule in India
42. The only Viceroy to be assassinated in India was?
(a) Lord Harding
(b) Lord Northbrook
(c) Lord Ellenborough (d) Lord Mayo
43. Who was the founder of the Theosophical
Society?
(a) Justice Ranade
(b) Madam Blavatsky
(c) Annie Besant
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
44. The First Woman President of the Indian
National Congress was(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Vijayalakshmi Pandit
(c) Annie Besant
(d) Kadambani Ganguli
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45. Indian National Congress split for the first time
in its session at (a) Allahabad
(b) Calcutta
(c) Surat
(d) Lahore
46. Which of the following institutions was not
founded by Mahatama Gandhi?
(a) Sabarmati Ashram (b) Sevagram Ashram
(c) Vishwa Bharti
(d) Phoenix Ashram
47. English education was introduced in India by (a) Curzon
(b) Macaulay
(c) Dalhousie
(d) Bentick
48. Who among the following did Gandhiji regard as
his political Guru?
(a) Mahadev Desai
(b) Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Acharya Narendra Dev
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
49. What was the chief objective of the 'Wahabi
movement'?
(a) Forge cordial relations with the British
(b) Purify Islam
(c) Improve the condition of women
(d) Adopt rational education
50. Gandhiji's 'Satyagraha' meant an attachment to
the following two elements (a) Knowledge and religion
(b) Truth and non-violence
(c) Truth and chastity
(d) Love of motherland and hate for colonial
masters
51. Who was the founder of Arya Samaj?
(a) Acharya Narendra Dev
(b) Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Acharya Vinoba Bhave
52. Who presided over the first session of the Indian
National Congress?
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Surendranath Banerjee
(c) W.C. Banerjee
(d) Badruddin Tayyabji
53. Which one of the following party was founded by
Subhash Chandra Bose?
(a) Abhinav Bharat
(b) Azad Hind Sena
(c) Revolutionary Army (d) Forward Block
54. Which of the following was not advocated by
Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Prohibition of liquor (b) Heavy Industries
(c) Village Panchayat (d) Dignity of Labour
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55. One of the following was not associated with the
Ghadar party
(a) Lala Hardayal
(b) Baba Gurdit Singh
(c) Mohammad Barkatullah
(d) Sohan Singh Bhakna
56. Who was the first Indian to be elected as a
Member of the British House of Commons?
(a) Jayaprakash Narayan
(b) Dada Bhai Naoroji
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) Sarojini Naidu
57. During whose Viceroyalty, the capital of India
was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Hardinge
(c) Lord Lytton
(d) Lord Clive
58. The Working Committee of National Congress
sanctioned the resolution named 'Quit India' at (a) Wardha
(b) Nagpur
(c) Mumbai
(d) Delhi
59. Which of the following Act introduced separate
electorates (communal representation) for
Muslims?
(a) Indian Council Act 1892
(b) Indian Council Act 1909
(c) Government of India Act 1919
(d) Government of India Act of 1935
60. Who raised the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad"?
(a) Subash Chandra Bose
(b) Balagangadhar Tilak
(c) Hasrst Mohani
(d) Sukhdev
61. Who was the founder of the Indian Reform
Association in 1870?
(a) Debendranath Tagore
(b) Keshab Chandra Sen
(c) Rammohan Roy
(d) Dayanand Saraswati
62. During the period of which Governor General /
Viceroy was the Indian Civil Service introduced?
(a) Dalhousie
(b) Curzon
(c) Bentick
(d) Cornwallis
63. Who was the President of Indian National
Congress at the time of Indian independence?
(a) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
(b) J. B. Kriplani
(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(d) Rajendra Prasad
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64. Who gave the title 'Nightingale of India' to
Sarojini Naidu?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Bhagat Singh
(c) Rajendra Prasad
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
65. Who was responsible for the integration of
princely states into the Indian Union after
Independence?
(a) Sri Rajagopalachari
(b) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
(d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
66. The famous work 'Anandmath' was written by (a) Aurobindo
(b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
(c) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(d) Aarti Chaudhary
67. Who introduced the term 'Hindu rate of growth'?
(a) Amartya Sen
(b) Raj Krishna
(c) V. K. R. V. Rao
(d) Kaushik Basu
68. Which of the following was not actively engaged
in social and religious reforms in India?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Pandit Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Jotiba Phule
(d) Bharatendu Harish Chandra
69. The first Europeans to come to India were
(a) British
(b) Dutch
(c) French
(d) Portugese
70. British achieved political power in India after
which of the following ?
(a) Battle of Plassey
(b) Battle of Panipat
(c) Battle of Buxar
(d) Battle of Wandiwash
71. "Abhinav Bharat" was founded in 1904 as a secret
society of revolutionaries by :
(a) Damodar Chapekar (b) V. D. Savarkar
(c) Praffula Chaki
(d) Khudiram Bose
72. The Swadeshi Boycott Movement is related to (a) Partition of Bengal in 1947
(b) Partition of Bengal in 1905
(c) Non cooperation movement in 1921
(d) Partition of Punjab in 1947
73. Mutiny of 1857 was described as the First Indian
War of Independence by (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Bhagat Singh
(d) V. D. Savarkar
126
74. 'Do or Die' is associated with which of the
movements in India's freedom struggle (a) Dandi March
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Khilafat Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
75. Which Governor General decided to make
English as the medium of instruction in India?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Hardinge
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord William Bentinck
76. What was 'Kamagata Maru'?
(a) An army unit
(b) A harbour
(c) A ship
(d) An industrial township
77. Which of the following was published by Gandhji
during his stay in South Africa?
(a) Young India
(b) Indian Opinion
(c) Nav Jivan
(d) None of these
78. Who is referred to as 'Frontier Gandhi'?
(a) Sheikh Abdullah
(b) Manilal Gandhi
(c) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
79. Who was the first Indian Governor General of
Independent India?
(a) Rajendra Prasad
(b) C. Rajagopalachari
(c) A. Kriplani
(d) Lord Mountbatten
80. Gandhiji's first Satyagraha in India was held at
__________.
(a) Champaran
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Kheda
(d) Allahabad
81. The ‘Cabinet Mission’ of 1946 was led by
(a) Lord Linlithgow
(b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Sir Pethick Lawrence (d) Sir Mountford
82. What did Gandhiji meant by ‘Sarvodaya’?
(a) Nonviolence
(b) Upliftment of untouchables or dalits
(c) The birth of a new society based on ethical
values
(d) Satyagraha
83. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the
Constituent Assembly of India was
(a) K.M. Munshi
(b) D.P. Khaitan
(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (d) T.T. Krishnamachari
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84. Who propounded the "Doctrine of Passive
Resistance"?
(a) Balgangadhar Tilak (b) Aurobindo Ghosh
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Bipin Chandra Pal
85. The first Muslim to be elected President of ‘Indian
National Congress’ was?
(a) Maulana Azad
(b) Mohammed Ali
(c) Badruddin Tyabji
(d) Shah Wali-ullah
86. Who was the first Viceroy of India?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Lord Wavell
(d) Lord Mountbatten
87. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi organised a satyagraha
to support the peasants of the Kheda district of
_________.
(a) Bihar
(b) Karnataka
(c) Gujarat
(d) West Bengal
88. Who raised the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright
and I shall have it”?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
89. Which of the following was a leader of the
Hindustan Socialist Republican Army founded in
1928?
(a) Khudiram Bose
(b) Asfaqullah Khan
(c) Chandra Shekhar Azad
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose
90. Who was the founder of Banaras Hindu
University?
(a) SukumarDutt
(b) Madan Mohan Malvia
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Motilal Nehru
91. Who was given the title of "The Ambassador of
Hindu – Muslim Unity" for being the architect
and mastermind of the historic Lucknow Pact?
(a) Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
(b) Fazl-ul-Haq
(c) Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri
(d) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
92. In ends and means relationship, Gandhiji
believed___
(a) Means determine the ends
(b) Means become good if they serve the ends
(c) Ends is everything no matter what or how
the means are
(d) Ends
and
means
are
watertight
compartments
127
93. In 1917, which movement was launched by
Mahatma Gandhi from Champaran?
(a) Champaran Satyagraha
(b) Non co-operation movement
(c) Quit India movement
(d) Swadeshi Movement
94. Who was the first Governor General of Bengal?
(a) Robert Clive
(b) William Bentick
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Charles Cornawallis
95. In which battle was Siraj-ud–Daulah defeated by
Lord Clive?
(a) Battle of Plassey
(b) Battle of Buxer
(c) Battle of Panipat
(d) Battle of Haldighati
96. Who led the Bardoli Satyagraha movement?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(d) Chittaranjan Das
97. Who is known as the 'Father of Indian Unrest'?
(a) Anant Singh
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Bhagat Singh
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
98. Where was the 'Azad Hind Fauj' founded?
(a) Singapore
(b) Thailand
(c) Britain
(d) Italy
99. Who was the founder of the Ghadar Party?
(a) Basant Kumar Biswas
(b) Sohan Singh Bhakna
(c) Ram Prasad Bismil
(d) Bhagat Singh
100. In which year (in AD) was the East India
Company established?
(a) 1664
(b) 1632
(c) 1600
(d) 1608
101. Match the following.
Social Reform Movement Founder
1. Arya Samaj
a. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2. Brahmo Samaj
b. Dayanand Saraswati
3. Veda Samaj
c. Atmaram Pandurang
4. Prarthna Samaj
d. Keshab Chandra Sen
and K. Sridharalu Naidu
(a) 1-b , 2-a, 3-c , 4-d
(b) 1-b , 2-a , 3-d , 4-c
(c) 1-a , 2-b , 3-d , 4-c
(d) 1-b , 2-d , 3-a , 4-c
102. Sardar Vallabhbai Patel was the leader of
_______.
(a) Bhoodan Movement (b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Bardoli Satyagraha (d) Swadeshi Movement
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103. Who was the first Governor General of India?
(a) Lord William Bentick
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(c) None of these
104. Which act ended the "Trade Monopoly" of the
East India Company?
(a) Regulating Act of 1773
(b) Pitt's India Act of 1784
(c) The Charter Act of 1833
(d) The Charter Act of 1813
105. Match the following.
Battles
Year
1. Battle of Buxar
a. 1576
2. Battle of Plassey
b. 1764
3. Battle of Haldighati c. 1757
(a) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a
(b) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a
(c) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
(d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b
106. During their rule the British persuaded or forced
cultivators in Madras to grow __________.
(a) Jute
(b) Tea
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Rice
107. During their rule the British persuaded or forced
cultivators in Punjab to grow __________.
(a) Jute
(b) Tea
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Wheat
108. The Red fort in Delhi was the residence of
emperors of which dynasty in the 16th century?
(a) Rajput
(b) Khalji
(c) Tughluq
(d) Mughal
109. The Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma
Gandhi and __________.
(a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (b) Lord Irwin
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose (d) B. R. Ambedkar
110. Which Governor General abolished the 'Sati
System' in India?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) Lord Ripon
(c) Lord Wiliam Bentinck
(d) Lord Dalhousie
111. Arrest of _________ in 1930 led to angry
demonstrations in streets of Peshawar.
(a) Abdul Ghaffar Khan (b) Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Zakir Hussain
(d) Muzaffar Ahmed
112. During their rule the British persuaded or forced
cultivators in Assam to grow __________.
(a) Jute
(b) Tea
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Wheat
128
113. For how many days did Mahatma Gandhi's
volunteers of the Salt Satyagraha walked?
(a) 24
(b) 36
(c) 12
(d) 6
114. In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi travelled to
_______________ to inspire the peasants to
struggle against the oppressive plantation
system.
(a) Dandi
(b) Sabarmati
(c) Champaran
(d) Chauri Chaura
115. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from
______________ in January 1915.
(a) South Africa
(b) England
(c) USA
(d) Russia
116. Name the Commission that came to India in 1928
to reform India's constitutional system.
(a) Rowlatt Act
(b) Pitt's India Act
(c) Partition of Bengal (d) Simon Commission
117. Name the British General who was responsible for
the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.
(a) Hastings
(b) Cornwallis
(c) Dyer
(d) Dalhousie
118. In
1918,
Mahatma
Gandhi
went
to
______________ to organise a satyagraha
movement amongst cotton mill workers.
(a) Madras
(b) Bombay
(c) Surat
(d) Ahmedabad
119. Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan and
Sirajuddaullah were all nawabs of ___________?
(a) Lucknow
(b) Varanasi
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Bengal
120. Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 decided to launch a
nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
________________.
(a) Simon Commission (b) Rowlatt Act
(c) Salt Act
(d) Pitt's India Act
121. Who was Francisco De Almeida?
(a) Dutch Viceroy in India
(b) Portuguese Viceroy in India
(c) French Viceroy in India
(d) English Viceroy in India
122. The Treaty of Pondicherry was signed in
__________.
(a) 1754
(b) 1756
(c) 1757
(d) 1758
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123. The French made their advent through?
(a) Mahe
(b) Pondicherry
(c) Karaikal
(d) Yanam
124. The French East India Company was founded in
______.
(a) 1669
(b) 1664
(c) 1665
(d) 1666
125. Which place did the British construct their first
port in India?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Bombay
(c) Madras
(d) Surat
126. The Dutch first established their hold in India in
1605 at
(a) Gujrat
(b) Surat
(c) Masulipatnam
(d) Goa
127. Who among the following used Hooghly as the
base for piracy in the Bay of Bengal?
(a) The Portuguese
(b) The French
(c) The Danish
(d) The British
128. Even though India became independent in 1947
but Daman and Diu remained a European colony
till 1961. Which country ruled over it ?
(a) France
(b) Britain
(c) Netherlands
(d) Portugal
129. The writers of the East India Company had their
training in the college at ________ in England.
(a) London
(b) Manchester
(c) Liverpool
(d) Haileybury
130. Who was the Prime minister of England when
India got independence?
(a) Attlee
(b) Churchill
(c) Thatcher
(d) Wilson
131. Which of the following was not included in the
early three English Settlements in India?
(a) Madras
(b) Punjab
(c) Bombay
(d) Calcutta
132. Which one of the following European trading
companies adopted the “Blue Water Policy” in
India?
(a) Dutch company
(b) French company
(c) Portuguese company
(d) British East India Company
133. In which year did the Portuguese captured Goa
from Bijapur?
(a) 1498
(b) 1510
(c) 1516
(d) 1569
129
134. With whose permission did the English set up
their first factory in Surat?
(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Jahangir
(d) Aurangzeb
135.Who among the following were the pioneers in
opening oceanic trade with India?
(a) Dutch
(b) English
(c) French
(d) Portuguese
136. Where in India, did the Portuguese build their
first factory?
(a) Cochin
(b) Goa
(c) Amandivi
(d) Cannanore
137. The tax collected by Marathas was known as
(a) Chauth
(b) Pilgrim Tax
(c) Jazia
(d) Charai
138. At which of the following places did Hyder Ali
built a modern arsenal?
(a) Dindigul
(b) Mysore
(c) Srirangappattanam (d) Arcot
139. Who planted the "Tree of Liberty' at
Srirangapatnam?
(a) Chikka Krishna Raj (b) Devraj
(c) Hyder Ali
(d) Tipu Sultan
140. The South Indian ruler who introduced
sericulture as an agro-industry in his kingdom
was
(a) Tipu Sultan
(b) Hyder Ali
(c) Krishnadeva Raya (d) Rajaraja II
141. The Modi script had been employed in the
documents of the
(a) Hoysalas
(b) Zamorins
(c) Marathas
(d) Wodeyaras
142. Who was the founder of Atmiya Sabha
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Motilal Nehru
143. Amongst the following, who cooperated with
Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the implementation of
his educational programmes?
(a) Dwarkanath Tagore (b) David Hare
(c) Henri Derozio
(d) William Jones
144. The Vedas contain all the truth was interpreted
by?
(a) Swami Vivekananda (b) Swami Dayananda
(c) Raja Rammohan Roy (d) None of the above
145. Uplift of the backward classes was the main
programme of the—
(a) Prarthana Samaj
(b) Satya Shodhak Samaj
(c) Arya Samaj
(d) Ramakrishna Mission
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146. Who among the following was a social reformer
belonging to the Mali Community of Pune?
(a) ThakkarBhappa
(b) BR Ambedkar
(c) JyotibaPhule
(d) None of these
147. Which one of the following is correctly matched?
(a) Brahmo Samaj - Annie Basant
(b) Arya Samaj – Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Ram Krishna Mission - Keshab Chandra Sen
(d) Theosophical Society – Vivekananda
148. At the earlier stage backward classes movement
means?
(a) Santhal movement
(b) Non-Brahmin movement
(c) Harijan movement
(d) Antirulers movement
149. During the Indian freedom Struggle, who of the
following founded the Prarthana Samaj?
(a) Atmaram Pandurang
(b) Gopal Hari Deshmukh
(c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) Keshab Chandra Sen
150. Match the following social reforms of modern
India with the reform organisations founded by
them and the year of their foundation:
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
151. Two great socio-religious reformers of the 19th
century who provided inspiration to the Indian
National Movement were
(a) Dayanand Saraswati and Vivekananda
(b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendra Nath
Tagore
(c) MG Ranade and DK Karve
(d) None of these
152. Who played Socrates to the first generation of the
English educated Young men of Bengal?
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Rai Narain Bose
(c) Henry Vivian Derozio
(d) Drinkwater Bethune
130
153. Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak hailed form(a) Bengal
(b) Kashmir
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Tamil Nadu
154. The Wahhabis operated from
(a) Hindukush
(b) Khyber Pass
(c) Western Ghat
(d) Palghat
155. Wahhabis were ________ fanatics.
(a) Hindu
(b) Muslim
(c) Christian
(d) Sikh
156. The Scientific Society of Aligarh was founded by(a) Wilton Oldham
(b) Lord Cornwallis
(c) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(d) Raja Shiv Prasad
157. Who was the founder of Ram Krishna Mission?
(a) Ram Krishna Paramhansa
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Swami Vivekanand
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
158. Who among the following is known as ‘Martin
Luther’ of India?
(a) Swami Vivekanand
(b) Swami Shraddhanand
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
159. Who was the founder of Seva Sadan in Bombay?
(a) Shiva Narayan Agnihotri
(b) Behramji Malabari
(c) R.G. Bhandarkar
(d) B.K. Jayakar
160. Satyarth Prakash was written by
(a) Swami Shraddhanand
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
161. The Theosophical Society was founded in the U.
S. A. by ?
(a) A. O. Hume
(b) Dr. Annie Besant
(c) Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott
(d) Tilak and Gokhale
162. In collaboration with David Hare and Alexander
Duff, who of the following established Hindu
College at Calcutta ?
(a) Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Rammohan Roy
(d) Keshab Chandra Sen
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163. The Arya Mahila Sabha was founded by?
(a) Durgabai Deshmukh
(b) Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur
(c) Nellie Sengupta
(d) Pandit Ramabai
164. The Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College of
Aligarh was founded by__
(a) Md. Ali Jinnah
(b) Mohammad Ali
(c) Shaukat Ali
(d) Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan
165. Which of the following reform movements was
the first to be started in the 19th century?
(a) Prarthana Samaj
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Arya Samaj
(d)
Ram
Krishna
Mission
166. Consider the following statements related to Raja
Ram Mohan Roy:
1. He advocated widow remarriage
2. He strongly advocated for the abolition of Sati
system
3. He advocated for the promotion of English
Education
(a) only 1
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
167. Who wrote the book entitled ‘Ghulamgiri’?
(a) B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Narayan Guru
(c) Jyotiba Phule
(d) M.P. Pillai
168. Which one of the following founded the ‘Atmiya
Sabha’?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Devendra Nath Tagore
(c) Swami Vivekanand
(d) Akshay Kumar Dutt
169. J.E.D. Bethune was closely associated with
(a) Abolition of Pardah system
(b) Female education
(c) Widow remarraige
(d) Abolition of slavery
170. Dev Samaj was founded by(a) Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
(b) Devendra Nath Tagore
(c) Vivekanand
(d) None of Above
171. Which one of the following settlements comprised
Zamindar as middleman to collect the land
revenue?
(a) Mahalwari Settlement
(b) Ryotwari Settlement
(c) Permanent Settlement
(d) None of the above
131
172. The first political organisation established in
India in 1838 was known as—
(a) British India Society
(b) Bengal British India Society
(c) Settlers Association
(d) Zamindary Association
173. The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by the
British in the—
(a) Bengal Presidency (b) Madras Presidency
(c) Bombay Presidency (d) Madras and Bombay
Presidencies
174. The Permanent settlement introduced by
Cornwallis is in Bengal is known as
(a) Roytwari System
(b) Mahalwari System
(c) Zamindari System (d) Iqtadari System
175. The British colonial policies in India proved most
ruinous for Indian
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Industry
(d) Handicrafts
176. Who was the first Chief Justice of Supreme Court
of Calcutta?
(a) Hyde
(b) Elijah Impey
(c) Lemaistre
(d) Monson
177. Which of the following is wrongly matched(a) The Pitt's India Act (1784) : Board of Control
to guide and control company's affairs
(b) Charter Act of 1813 : Company's monopoly of
trade with India ended
(c) Charter Act of 1833 : Company's debt taken
over by the government of India
(d) Charter Act of 1853 : To regulate company's
affairs
178. The Secretary of State for India was given powers
by
(a) The Act of 1909
(b) The Act of 1919
(c) The Act of 1858
(d) The Act of 1861
179. Provision was made in the Act of 1773, for the
office of a Governor-General of
(a) India
(b) Fort William
(c) Madras
(d) Bombay
180. The members of the Board of Control must be
paid from
(a) The Consolidated Fund of England
(b) Indian Revenues
(c) Funds Voted by Parliament
(d) The revenues of Princely States
181. The Charter Act of 1793 Renewed the Company’s
monopoly for____________ years.
(a) 20 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 15 years
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182. By the Charter Act of 1813 the Indian trade except
in ____________was thrown open to all British
subjects.
(a) Tea
(b) Spices
(c) Coffee
(d) Cotton
183. Teacher’ Day is celebrated on the Birth day of
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru (b) S. Radha Krishnan
(c) Rajendra Prasad
(d) Indira Gandhi
184. The last of the Charter Act concerning India was
the Act of(a) 1773
(b) 1813
(c) 1853
(d) 1793
185. Who did not find a place in the Legislative
Council as per the Act of 1853?
(a) The Governor-General
(b) Additional Members
(c) The Commander-in-Chief
(d) The Lieutenant Governor
186. The office of the Secretary of State for India was
created by the Act of
(a) 1853
(b) 1858
(c) 1861
(d) 1892
187. The Governor-General was given power to issue
ordinances by the act of
(a) 1858
(b) 1861
(c) 1860
(d) 1871
188. Communal Representation was for the first time
given in the interest of Muslims by
(a) The Indian Council Act of 1909
(b) The Government of India Act of 1919
(c) The Government of India Act of 1935
(d) The Act of 1858
189. The National Calender, which is based on Saka
Era, was introduced in the year___
(a) 1957
(b) 1951
(c) 1949
(d) 1947
190. Queen Victoria became the Empress of India
according to the Act of
(a) 1858
(b) 1861
(c) 1876
(d) 1909
191. Which of the following is one of the causes for the
passing of the Act of 1773?
(a) Failure of Double Government
(b) Success of Double Government
(c) Agitation in India
(d) Desire of the Indian Merchants
132
192. Pitt’s India Bill was introduced by ________ in
1784.
(a) Prime Minister Pitt
(b) Governor-General of India
(c) Senior Merchants
(d) East India Company
193. Commissioners for the Affairs of India were
known as
(a) Court of Directors (b) Board of Directors
(c) Board of Control
(d) Board of Merchants
194. When was the first Independence day unofficially
celebrated before Independence?
(a) On 26th January 1929
(b) On 26th January 1931
(c) On 26th January 1935
(d) On 26th January 1930
195. The Charter Act of 1813 left intact the Company’s
monopoly of____________ trade.
(a) China
(b) Jawa
(c) Ceylon
(d) Japan
196. The Charter Act of 1813 allotted Rupees
____________ annually for Indian learning and
spread of Scientific knowledge.
(a) One lakh
(b) Two lakhs
(c) £ 1000
(d) £ 500
197. By the Act of 1858, India was to be governed
(a) By the Company
(b) In the name of the Crown
(c) By a Board of Directors
(d) In the name of Governor-General of India
198. The Act of 1833 concentrated the legislative
powers in the hands of(a) Parliament
(b) Governor-General in Council
(c) Board of Control
(d) Crown
199. As per the Act of 1853 the Governor-General’s
Council was enlarged for the purpose of
(a) Defence
(b) Legislation
(c) Finance
(d) Security
200. By the Act of 1858, the powers of the Board of
Control and the Court of Directors were
transferred to ____________.
(a) The Secretary of State
(b) Parliament
(c) Viceroy
(d) Commander-in-Chief
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201. The maximum number of additional members for
the council of Bengal was raised from 20 to
____________ in Indian council act 1909.
(a) 60
(b) 50
(c) 70
(d) 25
202. The High Commissioner for India in the United
Kingdom must be appointed by ____________ .
(a) Secretary of State for India
(b) The Government of India
(c) Parliament of England
(d) By Indian National Congress
203. The 1909 Indian Council Act is also known as
(a) The Chelmsford Reforms
(b) The Pitts India Act
(c) The August offer
(d) The Minto-Morley Reforms
204. The Company’s monopoly of Trade was
abolished by the Act of
(a) 1793
(b) 1813
(c) 1833
(d) Pitt’s India Act
205. Which of the following is associated with Lord
Wellesley, the Governor General of India from
1798 to 1805?
(a) Doctrine of Lapse
(b) Subsidiary Alliance
(c) First Mysore War
(d) Conquest of Rajputana
206. Tipu Sultan was defeated in Third Mysore War in
1789 by
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Sir John Macpherson
(c) John Shore
(d) Warren Hastingts
207. Curzon Wyllie, who was murdered by Madan Lal
Dhingra in London, was—
(a) Secretary of State for India
(b) Adviser to the Secretary of State for India
(c) Law Member
(d) Governor of Bengal
208. Who among the following Governor General
created the Covenanted Civil Service of India
which later came to be known as the Indian Civil
Service?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Wellesley
(c) Cornwallis
(d) William Bentinck
209. The master stroke of Lord Wellesley to establish
British paramountcy in India was
(a) Doctrine of Lapse
(b) Subsidiary Alliance
(c) Mediatisation
(d) Annexation of Indian States
133
210. Which British Governor General introduced
Postage Stamp in India?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Auckland
(c) Lord Canning
(d) Lord William Bentick
211. ‘I am giving you a Muslim province’ – who said?
(a) Fazl-ul-Haque
(b) Lord Curzon
(c) Stafford Cripps
(d) Lord Mountbatten
212. Who of the following was for the first time
designated as the Governor general of Bengal?
(a) Clive
(b) Cornwallis
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Wellesley
213. The Indian Civil Service Act was passed during
the Viceroyalty of
(a) Elgin
(b) Canning
(c) Minto
(d) Lytton
214. The famine in Bihar and Bengal in 1873-74 was
averted by the timely action of
(a) Minto
(b) Morley
(c) Northbrook
(d) Hastings
215. The first Famine Commission was constituted
under(a) Sir Richard Strachey
(b)
Sir
John
Strachey
(c) Roberts
(d) Chamberlain
216. Arrange the following in chronological order:
I. Viceroy Lytton
II. Viceroy Mayo
III. Viceroy Lansdowne IV. Viceroy Linlithgow
(a) II III, I, IV
(b) II, I, III, IV
(c) IV III, II, I
(d) III , IV, I, II
217. Lytton was selected as Viceroy to India to fulfill
the ambitious plans of Disraeli in _________.
(a) Awadh
(b) Afghanistan
(c) Bengal
(d) Burma
218. “My own belief is that congress is tottering and
one of my great ambitions is to assist it to the
peaceful death.” Who said it?
(a) Winston Churchill
(b) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(c) Lord Curzon
(d) Lord Dufferin
219. Who among the following had repealed the
Vernacular Press Act?
(a) Lord Lytton
(b) Lord Ripon
(c) Lord Dufferin
(d) Lord Lansdowne
220. Who among the Governor Generals of India is
called the ‘Maker of Modern India’?
(a) Cornwallis
(b) Warren Hastings
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Dalhousie
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221. The aim of education as stated by the Wood's
despatch of 1854 was?
(a) the creation of employment opportunity for
native Indians
(b) the promotion of literacy among the people in
india
(c) the introduction of scientific research and
rationalism in the traditional Indian
education
(d) None of these
222. The foundation of modern education system in
India was laid by—
(a) The Charter Act of 1813
(b) Macaulay's Minutes of 1835
(c) The Hunter Commission of 1882
(d) Wood's Despatch of 1854
223. Who amongst the following is the author of the
famous classical book ‘A Passage To India’?
(a) Mark Twain
(b) Nayantara Sehgal
(c) Nirad C. Choudhuri (d) E.M. Forster
224. The Mayo College was started at(a) Delhi
(b) Calcutta
(c) Agra
(d) Ajmer
225. Sharada Act fixed the minimum age of marriage
of girls and boys respectively as(a) 12 and 16
(b) 14 and 18
(c) 15 and 21
(d) 16 and 22
226. Who among the following was the founder of
Calcutta?
(a) Charles Ayar
(b) Job Charnock
(c) Garold Angiyar
(d) William Novris
227. Who among the following Governor General
created the Covenanted Civil Service of India
which later came to be known as the Indian Civil
Service?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Wellesley
(c) Cornwallis
(d) William Bentinck
228. Who was the first Indian to have entered the
Indian Civil Service?
(a) Satyendra Nath Tagore (b) CC Desai
(c) Surendra Nath Banerjee (d) Subash Chandra
Bose
229. The Battle of Plassey was fought in?
(a) 1757
(b) 1782
(c) 1748
(d) 1764
230. The Uprising of 1857 was described as the first
Indian war of Independence by ?
(a) V. D. Savakar
(b) B. G. Tilak
(c) R. C. Mazumdar
(d) S.N. Sen
231. Who succeeded Mir Jafar ?
134
(a) Haider Ali
(b) Tipu Sultan
(c) Chanda Sahib
(d) Mir Qasim
232. Which of the following battles was fought by the
allied forces of Shuja-ud-Daulah, Mir Kasim and
Shah Alam against Robert Clive?
(a) Battle of Buxar
(b) Battle of Wandiwash
(c) Battle of Chelianwala
(d) Battle of Tarrain
233. The Revolt of 1857 in Awadh and Lucknow was
led by(a) Wajid Ali Shah
(b) Begum Hazrat Mahal
(c) Asaf-ud-daula
(d)
Begum
Zeenat
Mahal
234. The Nawab of Awadh who permanently
transferred his capital from Faizabad to Lucknow
was
(a) Safdarjang
(b) Shuja-ud-Daulah
(c) Asaf-ud-daula
(d) Saadat Khan
235. After the initial success of the Revolt of 1857, the
objective for which the leaders of the Revolt
worked was
(a) to restore the former glory to the Mughal
empire
(b) to form a Federation of Indian States under
the aegis of Bhadur Shah II
(c) elimination of foreign rule and return of the
old order
(d) each leader wanted to establish his own
power in his respective region
236. According to ________ the Mutiny was a purely
military outbreak.
(a) V D Savarkar
(b) VA Smith
(c) Sir John Lawrence (d) Roberts
237. The Sepoy Mutiny broke out on May 10, 1857 at
________
(a) Meerut
(b) Gwalior
(c) Jhansi
(d) Agra
238. In whose vice royalty, the white mutiny took
place?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Lord Minto
(c) Lord Hardinge
(d) Lord Ripon
239. The beginning of the British political sway over
India can be traced to the battle of(a) Panipat
(b) Plassey
(c) Buxar
(d) Wandiwash
240. Who was the leader of Kanpur spear heading
Revolt of 1857?
(a) Birjis Quadir
(b) Khan Bahadur
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Kunwar Singh
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241. Who was the Governor General of India during
the Sepoy mutiny?
(a) Lord Dalhousei
(b) Lord Canning
(c) Lord Hardinge
(d) Lord Lytton
242. Who among the following British persons
admitted the Revolt of 1857 as a national revolt?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Canning
(c) Lord Ellenborough (d) Disraelli
243. Who of the following led the army of the East
India Company in the battle of Buxar in 1764?
(a) Hector Munro
(b) Watson
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Clive
244. Assertion (a) : The basic weakness of the early
nationalist movement lay in its narrow social
base.
Reason (R): It fought for the narrow interests of
the social groups with joined it.
(a) Both A and R is true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R is true and R is not a correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
245. The immediate cause for the Mutiny was
(a) Doctrine of Lapse
(b) The Social Legislation of 1856
(c) The Episode of the Greased Cartridges
(d) The fear of the Indians that they would be
converted to Christianity
246. The first indication of the revolutionary
movement in India as seen in____
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Bengal
(c) Punjab
(d) Rajasthan
247. The most important organisation of the precongress nationalist organizations was the____
(a) Bengal British India Society
(b) East India Association
(c) Young Bengal Association
(d) Indian Association of Calcutta
248. The correct chronological order of following
organizations is____
1. Bombay Association
2. Madras Mahajan Sabha
3. Indian Association
4. Indian League
(a) 1-2-3-4
(b) 2-3-1-4
(c) 3-4-2-1
(d) 1-4-3-2
135
249. When was the Indian Association founded?
(a) 1876
(b) 1884
(c) 1887
(d) 1890
250. Indian handicrafts rapidly declined due to
(a) lack of patronage
(b) growing craze for imported goods
(c) stiff competition from the machine-made
goods of England
(d) All the above
251. Queen
Victoria’s
famous
proclamation,
transferring authority from the East India
Company to the Crown, was made from
(a) London
(b) Calcutta
(c) Delhi
(d) Allahabad
252. After 1893, when complete ban was imposed on
all commercial activities of the Company. India
was left open to exploitation by
(a) British officers in India
(b) Planters
(c) British mercantile & industrial classes
(d) Zamindars and big landlords.
253. After the ruin of India’s trade, industries and
handicrafts, the burden of taxation in India had
to be mainly borne by
(a) Zamindars
(b) Peasantry
(c) Income-tax payers (d) All the above
254. The single biggest item of British capital
investment in India was
(a) Railways
(b) plantations and mines
(c) banking and insurance
(d) shipping
255. The new proletariat class which emerged in India
on account of the British economic policies,
consisted of
(a) money lenders
(b) landlords
(c) traders
(d) All the above
256. Till the end of the 17th Century the growth of the
executive and legislative powers of the East India
Company depended on
(a) Governor
(b) Governor-General
(c) Parliament
(d) Crown
257. The author of ‘A Nation in the Making’ was
(a) SN Banerjee
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Hume
(d) Tilak
258. To overthrow the British rule, Kuka Movement
was organised in
(a) Punjab
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Bihar
(d) Maharashtra
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259. Between which stations was the first railway line
opened in India?
(a) Calcutta to Raniganj
(b) Bombay to Pune
(c) Calcutta to Jamshedpur
(d) Bombay to Thane
260. S N Banerjee was appointed Professor in English
in the Metropolitan Institute at
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Calcutta
(d) Bangalore
261. Who was the editor of the famous newspaper
Kesari during the National struggle?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Bal gangadhar Tilak (d) Muhammad Iqbal
262. The earliest nationalist to commit political
dacoities (a featureof the later revolutionary
movements) was
(a) Jyotiba Phule
(b) Chapekar brothers
(c) Vasudev Balwant Phadke
(d) Yatindra Das
263. Who was the founder of the National School arts
at Lahore?
(a) Naoroji
(b) Madan Mohan Malavia
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Annie Besant
264. Who founded Swadesh Bandhaw Samiti?
(a) Ashwin Kumar Dutt (b) Pulin Das
(c) Surya Sen
(d) Barindra Ghosh
265. Who said that the constant ‘drain of wealth’ from
India was responsible for India’s economic
miseries?
(a) BC Pal
(b) BP Wadia
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) GS Arundale
266. Who was called ‘Grand Old Man of India’?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Jamshedji Tata
(c) Surendranath Bannerjee
(d) C. Rajagopalachari
267. Indian National Congress was founded by?
(a) Allan Octavian Hume (b) W.C. Banerjee
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) None of the above
268. Who was the first president of the Indian National
Congress ?
(a) Dadabahi Naoroji
(b) Badruddin Tyabji
(c) Pherozeshah Mehta
(d) Womesh Chandra Bannerji
136
269. Where was the Congress Session held in 1907 at
which the first split in Congress took place?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Meerut
(c) Allahabad
(d) Surat
270. Who was the first women president of Indian
National Congress?
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Sucheta Kripalani
(c) Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
(d) Annie Besant
271.The first session of the Indian National Congress
was shifted from Poona to Bombay almost at the
eleventh hour because_____
(a) The leaders of the Bombay Presidency
Association were against holding the first
meeting of the Congress at Poona.
(b) The Bombay Governor agreed to A.O. Hume’s
proposal to act as First President of the Congress.
(c) Bombay as the capital of the presidency would
help the conference attract more attention if it
was held there.
(d) An outbreak of cholera in Poona forced the
organizers of the Congress to shift its venue from
poona to Bombay
272. Who among the following was thrice elected
president of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) Surendranath Banerji
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhle (d) Shankaran Nair
273. Where was the first session of Indian National
Congress held?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Bombay
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Allahabad
274. The Indian Independence Act was passed in
(a) July 1947
(b) August 1947
(c) June 1947
(d) September 1947
275. The second session of Indian National Congress
was presided over by(a) Ganesh Agarkar
(b) Surendranath Banerjee
(c) Dadabhai Naoraji
(d) Pheroz Shah Mehta
276. Who of the following was the first Muslim
President of Indian National Congress?
(a) Badaruddin Tayabji (b) Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Rafi Ahmed Kidwai (d) M.A. Ansari
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277. Given below a list of persons who became
President of India National Congress. Arrange
them in chronological order. Select your answer
using the codes given below the list:
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Vallabhbhai Patel
4. Smt. Sarojini Naidu
Codes:
(a) 1-2-3-4
(b) 1-3-4-2
(c) 1-4-2-3
(d) 4-3-1-2
278. The President of the Indian National Congress in
1885 was:
(a) George Yule
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) W.C. Bannerji
(d) W. Wedderburn
279. Who, among the following, was NOT present in
the founding session of Indian National
Congress?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) G. Subramaniya lyer
(c) Justice Ranade
(d)
Surendranath
Bannerjee
280. In which year the Indian National Congress was
established?
(a) 1888
(b) 1887
(c) 1886
(d) 1885
281. Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of the
formation of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Curzon
(b) Canning
(c) Lworence
(d) Dufferin
282. Who wanted Indian National Congress to be a
‘Safety Valve’?
(a) A. O. Hume
(b) Lord Lytton
(c) W.C. Bannerjee
(d)
Surendranath
Bannerjee
283. In which session of the Indian National Congress
did the historic union of Congress and Muslim
league take place?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Lucknow
284. Who was the President of Indian National
Congress when the Mountbatten Plan was
accepted?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru (b) Sardar Patel
(c) Maulana Azad
(d) J.B. Kripalani
285. Which of the following leaders presided over the
Congress Session at Calcutta in 1906?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
137
286. The President of the Congress Sessions of 1895
and 1902 was
(a) Hume
(b) Tilak
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) S N Banerjee
287. The first official history of Indian National
Congress was written by
(a) Pattabhi Sitaramaya (b) B.N. Pande
(c) Dr. R.C. Magumdar (d) Dr. Tarachand
288. The President of the Surat Session of Indian
National Congress (1907) was(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale (d)
Ras
Bihari
Ghose
289.The only session of the Indian National Congress
which was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi
was
(a) Amravati
(b) Belgaum
(c) Karachi (d) Nagpur
290. Who was the president of first session of Indian
National Congress?
(a) Mahadev Desai
(b) W.C. Bonnerjee
(c) B.R. Ambedkar
(d) Amritlal Thakkar
291. The number of delegates who attended the first
session of the Indian National Congress, held in
Bombay in 1885, was
(a) 72
(b) 304
(c) 556
(d) 1500
292. In which session of the Indian National Congress
did the historic union of Congress and Muslim
league take place?
(a) Surat
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Lucknow
293. Partition of Bengal was announced in 1905 by
______.
(a) Lord Chelmsford
(b) Lord Ripon
(c) Lord Curzon.
(d) Lord Canning
294. The partition of Bengal made in 1905—
(a) Was annulled as a result of the Morley-Minto
Reforms in 1919
(b) Was withdrawn in 1908 because of the
immense protests it evoked
(c) Was annulled by the king’s proclamation at
the Delhi Durbar in 1911
(d) Continued till India got independence
295. When did the partition of Bengal take place?
(a) 1904
(b) 1905
(c) 1906
(d) 1911
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296. In the context of the Indian freedam struggle 16th
October, 1905 is well-known for which one of the
following reasons?
(a) Partition of Bengal took place
(b) The formal proclamation of Swadeshi
Movement was made in Calcutta Town Hall
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji declared that goal of
Indian National Congress was Swaraja
(d) Lokmanya
Tilak
started
Swadeshi
Movement in Poona
297. In which of the following movements Vande
Mataram was adopted slogan for agitation?
(a) Revolt of 1857
(b) Partition of Bengal in 1905
(c) Non–Co–operation Movement in 1922
(d) Quit India Movement in 1942
298. What was the immediate cause for the launch of
the Swadeshi Movement?
(a) The partiton of Bengal done by Lord Curzon
(b) A sentence of 18 months rigorous
imprisonment imposed on Lokmanya Tilak
(c) The arrest and deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai
and Ajit Singh; and passing of the Punjab
Colonization Bill.
(d) Death sentence pronounced on the Chapkar
brothers
299. Which was the first National News Agency of
India?
(a) The Indian Review
(b) The Free Press of India
(c) The Associated Press of India
(d) None of the above
300. The Maratha and Kesari were newspapers
published by Lokmanya Tilak. In which
language was the Maratha published?
(a) Marathi
(b) Gujarati
(c) English
(d) Hindi
301. Whom of the follo ‘Basumati’, the oldest Bengali
Daily paper?
(a) Anand Mohan Bose
(b) Surya Sen
(c) Barinder Kumar Ghosh
(d) V. D. Savarkar
302. Who among the following estimated Indian
National Income and criticized the constant drain
of wealth from India to England?
(a) Gandhiji
(b) Gokhale
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
303. Who said the following ‘‘the only lesson required
in India at present is to learn how to die and the
138
only way to teach is by dying ourselves.
Therefore, I die and glory in my martyrdom’’?
(a) AurbindoGhosh
(b) Khudiram Bose
(c) Chandra Shekhar Azad
(d) Madan Lal Dhingra
304. According to Dadabhai Naoroji Swaraj meant(a) Complete independence
(b) Self government
(c) Economic independence
(d) Political independence
305. Which book was written by Dadabhai Naoroji on
Indian poverty and economy under British rule?
(a) Indian Economy under British rule?
(b) British Rule and Economic Drain of India
(c) Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
(d) Economic Drain and Poverty of India
306. Who founded the East India Association?
(a) C.R. Das
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) Debendranath Tagore (d) V.D. Savarkar
307. Consider the following statements:
1. The Indian National Congress was founded
during the vice royalty of Lord Dufferin.
2. The first President of Indian National
Congress was W.C. Banerjee.
3. The first session of the Indian National
Congress was held in Calcutta.
4. In the first session of the Indian National
Congress some government officials were also
present.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
308. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, who
among the following was labelled as ‘Moderate’
leader in the Congress?
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh
309. Consider the following statements and identify
the personDuring his stay in England, he endeavored to educate
the British people about their responsibilities as rulers
of India. He delivered speeches and published articles
to support his opposition to the unjust and oppressive
regime of the British Raj. In 1867, he helped to
established the East India Association of which he
became the Honorary Secretary.
(a) Pheroze Shah Mehta (b) Mary Carpenter
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Anand Mohan Bose
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310. Where was the first session of Indian National
Congress held?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Bombay
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Allahabad
311. Who among the following was NOT known as a
moderate in the National Movement?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) M.G. Ranade
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
312. Which of the following English papers was
essentially the mouth-piece of the policies of
liberals?
(a) New India
(b) Leader
(c) Young India
(d) Free Press Journal
313. The method of moderate leaders of the Congress
was?
(a) Non Co-operation
(b) Constitutional Legitations
(c) Passive Resistance
(d) Civil Disobedience
314. Who was the first Indian to become member of
the British Parliament?
(a) Badruddin Tyabji
(b) W.C. Bannerjee
(c) D.N. Wacha
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
315. Consider the following statements about Madam
Bhikaji Cama:
1. Madam Cama unfurled the National Flag at
the International Socialist Conference in Paris
in the year of 1907.
2. Madam cama served as private secretary to
Dadabhai Naoroji.
3. Madam Cama was born to parsi.
Which of the statement (s) given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1,2 and 3 only
316. Who among the following, rejected the title of
‘Knight hood’ and refused to accept a position in
the council of the Secretary of State for India?
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) M.G. Ranade
(c) G.K. Gokhle
(d) B.G. Tilak
317. Who said that the constant ‘drain of wealth’ from
India was responsible for India’s economic
miseries?
(a) BC Pal
(b) BP Wadia
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) GS Arundale
139
318. Who is the exponent of the theory of ‘economic
drain’ of India during the British rule?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) M.N. Roy
(c) Jai Prakash Narayan
(d) Ram Manohar
Lohiya
319. Who was not the leader of the Extremists?
(a) Lokamanya Tilak
(b) Aurobindo Ghose
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) A.O.Hume
320. Who of the following had called Mohammad Ali
Jinnah as ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) None of these
321. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a Scholar in
(a) Persian
(b) Arabic
(c) Sanskrit
(d) French
322. Who said, ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I will have
it’?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhle (d) Bal Gangadhar
Tilak
323. As per the Act of 1919 which of the following was
not a Transferred subject?
(a) Education
(b) Museum
(c) Medical Relief
(d) Land Revenue
324. Servants of India Society was founded in
(a) England
(b) India
(c) America
(d) Burma
325. Match the following:
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
326. Tilak called him the ‘Diamond of India’ the jewel
of Maharashtra and the Prince of Workers’. Who
is referred in these words(a) Lajpat Rai
(b) Shivaji
(c) Gokhale
(d) Madhava Rao
327. The Shivaji Festival was inaugurated in 1895 by
(a) Hume
(b) Morley
(c) Tilak
(d) Gokhale
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328. Who among the following had started ‘Mitra
Mela’ Association?
(a) Shyamji Krishna Verma
(b) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d) Sohan Singh Bakna
329. Who of the following founded the Ahmedabad
Textile labour Association?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) N. M. Joshi
(d) J. B. Kripalani
330. Who was the founder-editor of the famous
newspaper Kesari during the National struggle?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Lokmanya Tilak
(d) Muhammad Iqbal
331. Consider the following nationalists_
1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2. Gopalkrishna Gokhle
3. Bipin Chandra Pal
4. Lala Lajpat Rai
Who among these were referred to as militant
nationalist of the freedom movements?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
332. Who of the following revolutionaries set up the
United India House in the USA?
(a) Ramnath Puri and Vir Savarkar
(b) Taraknath Das and G.D. Kumar
(c) Lala Hardayal and Bhagat Singh
(d) Harnam Singh and Bhagwan Singh
333. Which one of the following was not an extremist?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (b) Madan Lal Dhingra
(c) Udham Singh
(d)
Gopal
Krishna
Gokhle
334. Which one of the following nationalist leaders
has been described as being radical in Politics but
conservative in social issues?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Madan Mohan Malviya
335. Who among the following gave a systematic
critique of the moderate politics of Indian
National Congress in series of articles entitled
‘New Lamps for Old’?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh (b) R.C. Dutt
(c) Syed Ahmed Khan (d) Vira Raghavachari
140
336. Who among the following was NOT a moderate?
(a) Bipin Chandra Pal
(b) Feroz Shah Mehta
(c) Surendranath Bannerjee
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
337. Which one of the following leaders belonged to
the Extremist wing of the Congress?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh (b) Dadabhai Naoroji
(c) G.K. Gokhle
(d) S.N. Banerjee
338. Who gave the ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ slogan?
(a) Iqbal
(b) Hasrat Mohani
(c) Bhagat Singh
(d) S.C. Bose
339. Who is known as the Father of ‘Indian Unrest’?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh (d) Bipin Chandra Pal
340. Tilak was sentenced and transported to
(a) Mandalay
(b) Malaya
(c) Australia
(d) Andaman
341. Who was the propounder of the Drain Theory in
India?
(a) R.C. Dutta
(b) Henry Cotton
(c) S.N. Banerjee
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
342. Who among the following is known as ‘the
liberator of the press’ ?
(a) William Jones
(b) Wellesley
(c) Sir Charles Metcalfe (d) Lord Minto
343. Who called Bal Gangadhar Tilak the ‘Father of
Indian Unrest’?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Vincent Smith
(c) Valentile Chirol
(d) Henry Cotton
344. Tilak started his career as a
(a) Writer
(b) Teacher
(c) Journalist
(d) Lawyer
345. Who was the founder of All India Muslim
League?
(a) Aga Khan III
(b) Nawab Salimullah
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of these
346. Who was elected as the permanent President of
the Muslim League in 1908?
(a) NawabSalimullah (b) Syed Ahmad Khan
(c) Aga Khan
(d) Syed Amir Ali
347. Which of the following leaders presided over the
Congress Session at Calcutta in 1906?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
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348. When was our National Anthem first sung and
where :
(a) January 24, 1950 in Calcutta
(b) January 24,1929 in Allahabad
(c) January 24,1947 in Delhi
(d) December 27,1911 in Calcutta
349. Who had given the title of ‘Mahatma’ to Gandhi?
(a) B. G. Tilak
(b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(c) Moti Lal Nehru
(d) RabindraNath Tagore
350. Rabindra Nath Tagore renounced his knighthood
for which reason ?
(a) Jallianwalla Bagh Tragedy
(b) Cruel suppression of Civil Disobedience
Movement
(c) Bhagat Singh was hanged
(d) Chauri-Chaura incident
351. Who founded the Satyagraha Ashram at Wardha?
(a) Gandhiji
(b) Jamanalal Bajaj
(c) JawaharLal Nehru (d) JB Kripalani
352. Who among the following has authored the book
‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b)
Mahatma
Gandhi
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhle (d) M.G. Ranade
353. Who among the following was regarded by
Mahatma Gandhi as his ‘Political Guru’?
(a) Ddadbhai Naoroji
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Pheroz Shah Mehta
(d) Gopal Krishan Gokhale
354. Consider the following events:
1. Swadeshi Movement
2. Gurudwara Guru-ka Bagh Agitation
3. Chittagong Armoury Raid
4. Guruvayur Temple Satyagraha
The correct chronological order of these events is:
(a) 1-2-3-4
(b) 3-4-2-1
(c) 4-3-2-1
(d) 3-2-1-4
355. In which year was the Capital of India moved
from Calcutta to Delhi?
(a) 1910
(b) 1911
(c) 1912
(d) 1913
356. The seat of Central Government of British India
was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in the year
(a) 1910
(b) 1909
(c) 1911
(d) 1912
141
357. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started an Urdu
weekly, the Al-Hilal in ___________
(a) 1912
(b) 1914
(c) 1915
(d) 1916
358. The split between the Extremists and Moderates
came up in the open at the Surat Congress session
in the year____
(a) 1905
(b) 1906
(c) 1907
(d) 1910
359. All India Muslim League was formed at____
(a) Lahore
(b) Aligarh
(c) Lucknow
(d) Dhaka
360. Consider the following statements regarding
Freedom Movement:
I. The Congress was split into two factions as
its Surat Session in 1907.
II. Bal Gangadhar Tilak revived the festivals of
Ganpati and Shivaji in Maharashtra to arouse
a new spirit among the youth of the country.
III. Aurobindo Ghosh was arrested in
connection with Alipore bomb case.
Which of these statements(s) is/are correct?
(a) III only
(b) I and II
(c) II and II
(d) I, II and III
361. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly
matched?
(a) Partition of Bengal ____ 1905
(b) Foundation of Muslim League _____ 1906
(c) Surat Split _____ 1907
(d) Transfer of India’s Capital from Calcutta to
Delhi _____ 1909
362. Who was the first editor of the Jugantar?
(a) Barindra Ghosh
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Jatindra Nath Mukherjee
(d) Bhupendranath Dutta
363. When was the Muslim league established?
(a) 1904
(b) 1906
(c) 1910
(d) 1915
364. What was Komagata Maru?
(a) A political party based in Taiwan
(b) Peasant Communist leader of China
(c) A naval ship on voyage to Canada
(d) A Chinese village where Mao Tse Tung
began his long march
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365. At which congress session did Dadabhai Naoroji
announce that Swaraj was the goal of India’s
political efforts?
(a) 1886 Calcutta session
(b) 1893 Lahore session
(c) 1905 Banaras sessions
(d) 1906 Calcutta session
366. In which of the following did Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel play a leading role?
(a) Bijolia Movement
(b) Dandi March
(c) Bardoli Satyagraha
(d) Textile Mill Workers strike at Ahmedabad
367. Who among the following was the chief architect
of reconciliation between the Extremists and the
Moderates?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) M.A. Jinnah
(c) Madam Cama
(d) Pheroz Shah Mehta
368. At Jallianwala Bagh meeting ________ ordered the
troops to open fire.
(a) Benn
(b) Irwin
(c) Dyer
(d) Montagu
369. Dyer was ________ by the Government of Britain.
(a) Sentenced for life
(b) Sentenced to death
(c) Rewarded with honour
(d) Relieved of his service
370. Khilafat Movement was organised to protest
against the injustice done to(a) Persia
(b) Turkey
(c) Arabia
(d) Egypt
371. The Special Congress Session held in 1920 at
Calcutta was presided over by
(a) Nehru
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Bose
(d) Gandhi
372. Match the following
LIST-I
LIST-II
A. Moplah
1.Turkey
B. Akali Movement
2.Education
C. Kashi Vidya Peeth 3.Punjab
D. Khilafat Movement 4.Malabar
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4 3 2 1
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 3 2 1 4
(d) 2 1 3 4
142
373. Which one of the following was a journal brought
out by Abdul Kalam Azad?
(a) Zaminder
(b) Comrade
(c) Al - Hilal
(d) The Indian Sociologist
374. Gandhi called for an all India Hartal (strike) to
protest against Rowlatt Act on 6th April
________.
(a) 1918
(b) 1919
(c) 1926
(d) 1925
375. Which of the following struggles of Mahatma
Gandhi was related to industrial workers?
(a) Champaran Satyagraha
(b) Ahmedabad Struggle
(c) Kheda Struggle
(d) None of these
376. In which city of South Africa was Mahatma
Gandhi beaten up and thrown off the pavement
by the white people?
(a) Cape Town
(b) Transvaal
(c) Johannesburg
(d) Pretoria
377. The name of the periodical among the following
published by Mahatma Gandhi during his stay in
South Africa—
(a) Navjivan
(b) India Gazette
(c) Africaner
(d) Indian Opinion
378. The enquiry Committee on Jallianwala Bagh
incident was headed by(a) Dyer
(b) Irwin
(c) Hunter
(d) Simon
379. Khilafat Movement was organised by
(a) Jinnah
(b) Zakir Hussain
(c) Ali Brothers
(d) Agha Khan
380. Satyagraha Sabha was formed by Gandhi at
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Gujarat
(d) Poona
381. Which of the following was not one of the cardinal
principles of Mahatma Gandhi’s doctrine of
Satyagraha?
(a) Truthfulness
(b) Non-Violence
(c) Fearlessness
(d) Abstinence
382. When King George V and Queen of India visited
India, a magnificent Durbar was held at
(a) Calcutta
(b) Delhi
(c) Bombay
(d) Madras
383. Motilal Nehru presided over the Congress
Session of 1919 held at(a) Lahore
(b) Amritsar
(c) Calcutta
(d) Bombay
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384. The Indian Liberal Party was founded by
(a) S N Banerjee
(b) Motilal Nehru
(c) Abul Kalam Azad (d) Mrs Annie Besant
385. Rowlatt after whom Rowlatt Act was named was
a
(a) judge
(b) General
(c) Member of Parliament
(d) Secretary of State for India
386. Match the following:
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
387. In which of the following movements, did
Mahatma Gandhi make the first use of hunger
strike as a weapon?
(a) Non-cooperation Movement
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Ahmedabad Strike
(d) Bardoli Satyagraha
388. After returning from South Africa, Gandhiji
launched his first successful Satyagraha in?
(a) Champaran
(b) Chauri Chaura
(c) Bardoli
(d) Dandi
389. Which among the following pair accused for
killing English officers in England was hanged?
(a) Raj Guru and Sukhdev
(b) Khudi Ram Bose and Suryasen
(c) Madan Lal Dhingra and Udham Singh
(d) Kartar Singh Sarabhai and Ashfaqullah Khan
390. In 1908 an attempt was made on the life of
Kingsford, the unpopular judge at Muzzafarpur
by—
1. Satyendra Bose
2. BarindraGhosh
3. Prafulla Chaki
4. Khudiram Bose
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2 and 3
143
391. Which of the following were involved in
throwing a bomb at the procession of Lord
Hardinge when his procession passing through
Chandni Chowk (Delhi) in 1912?
1. Pulin Das
2. Basanta Kumar Biswas
3 Avadh Behari
4. Amir Chand
(a) 1, 2, 3
(b) 2, 3, 4
(c) 2 and 3
(d) None of these
392. Who defended Aurbindo Ghosh in the Alipore
bomb case?
(a) Chittaranjan Das
(b) Motilal Nehru
(c) B.G. Tilak
(d) Surendra Nath Banerjee
393. The only Indian prince who actively participated
in the Revolutionary Movement within and
outside India was—
(a) Raja Aridaman Singh
(b) Raja Hari Singh
(c) Raja Kumar Singh
(d) Raja Mahendra Pratap
394. The Ghadar Movement was founded by —
(a) Ajit Singh
(b) Lala Hansraj
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d) Bhagat singh
395. Who tried the organize revolt by Indian Sepoys
and Revolutionaries around 1913?
(a) Bagha Jatin
(b) Aurobindo Ghosh
(c) Ras Behari Bose
(d) Sachindra Nath Sanyal
396. Where and when was the Ghadar Party founded?
(a) United States of America, 1913
(b) England, 1917
(c) Denmark, 1921
(d) Scottland, 1925
397. The Silk letter Conspiracy (1916) was organised
by____
(a) Maulana Obeidullah Sindhi and Maulana
Mahmud Hasan
(b) Maulana Abdul Bari and Maulana
Muhammad Ali
(c) Maulana Abul Kalam and Maulana Mahmud
Hasan
(d) Raja Mahendra Pratap and Jon Henting
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398. Who had founded the Anushilan Samiti in
Kolkata?
(a) Pramatha Nath Mitra
(b) Varindra Ghosh
(c) V.D. Savarkar
(d) Narendra Gosain
399. Who founded Swadesh Bandhab Samiti?
(a) Ashwini Kumar Dutt
(b) Pulin Das
(c) Surya Sen
(d) Barindra Ghosh
400. Who among the following leaders dominated the
Lucknow Pact in December, 1916?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Moti Lal Nehru
(d) Madan Mohan Malviya
401. With reference to India Freedom struggle which
one among the following events occurred
earliest?
(a) Gandhi-Irwin Pact
(b) Lucknow Pact
(c) Cripps Mission Proposals
(d) August Offer
402. The basic defect of the Lucknow Pact was—
(a) It was an agreement purely based on the
bond of common hatred of the foreign rule
(b) It was based on the wrong notion that Hindus
and Muslims formed separate communities
(c) It was a marriage of convenience without a
pontiff
(d) It was a pact between powerless potentates
403. Which of the following statements are not true of
the Home Rule Movement?
I. The demand was for self-government and
not complete independence.
II. The movement included promoting political
education to build a base for self-government
III. It did not achieve much impact or popularity.
IV. The movement was the part of the Congress
activity.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) III and IV
(d) IV and I
404. The two Home Leagues were founded in 1916.
Their founders were—
I. Annie Besant
II.
B. G. Tilak
III. Motilal Nehru
IV. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) III and IV
(d) IV and I
144
405. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was given the epithet of
‘Lokmanya’ during—
(a) Home Rule Movement
(b) Surat Split
(c) Swadeshi Movement
(d) His imprisonment in 1908
406. Other than Annie Besant, who among the
following also launched Home Rule Movement
in India?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Gopal Krihna Gokhle
(d) Moti Lal Nehru
407. Consider the following statements:
1. Prior to the establishment of Home Rule
League by Annie Besant, it was Lokmanya
Tilak who had set up a Home Rule League at
Poona.
2. The Congress in its Bombay Session in 1916,
passed a resolution demanding Home Rule
for India.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
408. Name one leader of the Home Rule Movement?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Surendra Nath Bannerjee
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Bipin Chandra Pal
409. Shyamji Krishna Varma established Indian
Home Rule Society in—
(a) London
(b) Paris
(c) Berlin
(d) San Francisco
410. Other than Annie Besant, who among the
following also launched Home Rule Movement
in India?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(d) Moti Lal Nehru
411. Two Home Rule League were started in 1915-16
under the leadership of —
(a) Tilak and Annie Besant
(b) Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh
(c) Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal
412. The Home Rule League was formed during the
(a) First World War
(b) Partition of Bengal
(c) Struggle following the Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre
(d) Implementation of Minto-Morley Reforms
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413. The Morley-Minto reforms also known as Indian
Council Act was passed in ______ during the
tenure of Lord Minto.
(a) 1910
(b) 1909
(c) 1919
(d) 1918
414. ‘Dyarchy’ in the provincial Government was
established by the(a) Act of 1892
(b) Act of 1909
(c) Act of 1919
(d) Act of 1935
415. With reference to the colonial rule in India,
consider the following events:
I. Morley-Minto Reforms Act
II. Transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi
III. First World War
IV. Lucknow Pact
The correct chronological order of these events is
:
(a) II-I-III-IV
(b) I-II-III-IV
(c) II-I-IV-III
(d) I-II-IV-IV
416. When Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place?
(a) 13 April 1918
(b) 13 June 1919
(c) 13 April 1919
(d) 13 April 1920
417. Who is called the ‘Nightingale of India’?
(a) Sarojini Naidu
(b) Vijayalakhmi Pundit
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) Mother Teresa
418. According to Sarojini Naidu who was ‘‘the
ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’’?
(a) Syed Ahmad Khan (b) HasratMohani
(c) Maulana Azad
(d)
Mohammad
Ali
Jinnah
419. From which of the following places was the Civil
Disobedience Movement started by Gandhiji in
1930?
(a) Sevagram
(b) Dandi
(c) Sabarmati
(d) Wardha
420. Who was the first to use the term Harijan for Dalit
people?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Jyotiba Phule
(d) BR Ambedkar
421. Write the correct chronological order of the
following :
1. Foundation of Swaraj Party
2. Jallianwalla Bagh Tragedy
3. Congress-Muslim League Pact
4. Chauri-Chaura incident
(a) 2, 3, 1, 4
(b) 3, 2, 1, 4
(c) 3, 2, 4, 1
(d) 2, 3, 4, 1
145
422. Where was the first Peasant Movement launched
by Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Bardoli
(b) Dandi
(c) Champaran
(d) Wardha
423. With reference to Indian freedom struggle,
consider the following statements____
1. C.R. Das and Moti Lal Nehru formed the
Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party.
2. In 1919, Gandhiji was elected President of the
Khilafat Conference.
3. The Communist Party of India was banned by
the Government in 1934.
Which of the statement is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
424. Who among the following was associated with
Kakori Conspiracy Case?
(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) Shahnawaz Khan
(c) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
(d) Asfaqulla
425. Who among the following wrote the book ‘A
nation in making’?
(a) Dinbandhu Mitra
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Surendra Nath Banerjee
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose
426. Who was the author of the book ‘My Experiments
with Truth’?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) M.K. Gandhi
(d) Vinoba Bhave
427. Gandhiji movement of boycotting the foreign
goods aimed at(a) Full independence
(b) Creating anti-British sentiment
(c) Promotion of cottage industry
(d) Promotion of welfare state
428. Assertion
(a):
Rabindra
Nath
Tagore
relinguished the Knigthood.
Reason (R): The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
caused deep anguish in the heart of Rabindra
Nath Tagore and that prompted him to
relinguish the Knighthood.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R is true but R is not a correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
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429. With reference to the Indian freedom struggle,
which one of the following is the correct
chronological order of the given events?
(a) Partition of Bengal-Surat Split of Congress–
Lucknow Pact
(b) Partition of Bengal–Lucknow Pact–Surat Split
of Congress
(c) Surat Split of Congress–Partition of Bengal–
Lucknow Pact
(d) Surat Split of Congress–Lucknow Pact–
Partition of Bengal
430. Which one of the following newspaper was
launched by Motilal Nehru?
(a) Leader
(b) The Independent
(c) Hindustan Times
(d) National Herald
431. Who led the attack on European Club at Pahartali
in Chittagong?
(a) Pritilata Waddedar (b) Surya Sen
(c) Anant Singh
(d) Loknath Bal
432. Purna Swaraj was declared as the goal of the
Congress in the Congress session held at Lahore
under the Presidentship of(a) Jawaharalal Nehru
(b) CR Das
(c) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(d) G K Gokhale
433. Who gave the slogan first ‘Inquilab Zindabad’?
(a) Maulana Hasrat Mohani
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Md Iqbal
(d) Chandra Shekhar Azad
434. Match the following popular movements with
the regions where they took place:
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
435. Dyarchy was first introduced in India under—
(a) Government of India Act, 1935
(b) Morley – Minto Reforms
(c) Mont – Ford Reforms
(d) Simon Commission Plan
146
436. Who was the first editor of the Yugantar?
(a) Barindra Ghosh
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Jatindra Nath Mukherjee
(d) Ullaskar Dutt
437. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the code given below the lists:
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
438. Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal of the
Congress in the Congress session held at Lahore
under the Presidentship of
(a) Jawaharalal Nehru
(b) CR Das
(c) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Gokhale
439. Consider the following events in the history of
Indian freedom struggle
(1) Champaran Satyagraha
(2) Bardoli Satyagraha
(3) Ahmedabad Mill Workers Strike
(4) Chauri-Chaura Incident
Which one of the following is a correct
chronological sequence of the above events
starting from the earliest?
(a) 1, 3, 2, 4
(b) 1, 2, 4, 3
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2
(d) 3, 1, 2, 4
440. Who attend the Congress of Oppressed
Nationalist at Brussels in 1927, on behalf of the
National Congress?
(a) Dr Ansari
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawahar Lal Nehru (d) Moti Lal Nehru
441. A large crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh at
Amritsar on April 13, 1919 to protest against the
arrest of—
(a) Swami Shradhanand and Mazharul Haq
(b) Madan Mohan Malviya and Mohammad Ali
Jinnah
(c) Mahatma Gandhi and Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal
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442. With which of the following movements was
Gandhiji NOT associated?
(a) Moplah movement
(b) Individual Satyagraha Movement
(c) Quit India Movement
(d) Non-cooperation movement
443. Who of the following was a founder of the Bharat
Naujawan Sabha in 1926?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Sardar Bhagat Singh
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d)
Sohan
Singh
Bhakhna
444. Of the following who died as political prisoner in
Lahore prison?
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Batukeshwar Dutt
(c) Jatin Das
(d) Sukh Dev
445. The leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) was
(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Vithalbhai Patel
(d) Mahadev Desai
446. Narendra Mandal was inaugurated by Duke of
Connaught in the year
(a) 1920
(b) 1921
(c) 1931
(d) 1910
447. Montagu who toured in India in 1917 was a(a) Member of Privy Council
(b) Member of Viceroy’s Council
(c) Secretary of State for India
(d) Viceroy of India
448. A Royal Commission on the Public Service was
appointed in the year
(a) 1912
(b) 1915
(c) 1910
(d) 1918
449. Al Hilal was a
(a) Mosque
(b) Journal
(c) Madarsah
(d) Garden
450. Kakori conspiracy case took place in the year
(a) 1920
(b) 1924
(c) 1925
(d) 1935
451. Who founded the Sabarmati Ashram?
(a) Arivindo Ghosh
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Ravindra Nath Tagore (d) Gopal Das Mehta
452. After the Chauri-Chaura incident, Gandhiji
suspended the_
(a) Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Khilafat Movement
(c) Non Co-operation Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
147
453. Assertion (a): During the Indian Freedom
struggle, the Non Co-operation Movement was
called off by the Congress Working Committee in
its meeting at Bardoli.
Reason (R): Mob violence occurred at ChauriChaura in 1992.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
454. The Swarajya party was formed following the
failure of(a) Non-Co-operation Movement
(b) Civil Disobedience Movement
(c) Quit India Movement
(d) Champaran Satyagraha
455. Who did not oppose the Non-cooperation
resolution?
(a) C R Das
(b) Madan Mohan Malviya
(c) Mrs Besant
(d) J.L Nehru
456. The famous resolution on Non-Cooperation
under the inspiration of Mahatma Gandhi was
adopted in a special session of Congress held at
Calcutta in
(a) September 1920
(b) December 1922
(c) October 1924
(d) November 1925
457. What is the correct sequence of the following
events?
1. The Lucknow Pact
2. The Introduction of Dyarchy
3. The Rowlatt Act
4. The Partition of Bengal
Choose the correct answer from the codes given
below:
Codes:
(a) 1, 3, 2, 4
(b) 4, 1, 3, 2
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
458. The Non-Cooperation Movement under Gandhi
was in full swing during the Viceroyalty of
(a) Lord Elgin
(b) Irwin
(c) Reading
(d) Hardinge
459. Which freedom fighter was popularly known as
`Deshbandhu' ?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Chittaranjan Das
(d) C. F.Andrews
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460. Who among the following were members of the
Swaraj party?
1. Motilal Nehru
2. Sardar Patel
3. Gopal Krishna Gokhle
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
461. Who was the last British Viceroy of India?
(a) Lord Lintithgow
(b) Lord Wavell
(c) Clement Atlee
(d) Lord Mountbatten
462. The Swaraj Party was organised by
(a) Lala Lajapat Rai and Feroze Shah Mehta
(b) Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant
(c) C R Das and Motilal Nehru
(d) C Rajagopalachari and CY Chintamani
463. Who among the following was a founder of the
Swaraj Party?
(a) Vallabh Bhai Patel
(b) Rajendra Prasad
(c) C.R. Das
(d) Narendra Dev
464. Swarajist Party was organised by
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Annie Besant
(d) Gokhale
465. The Viceroy who wanted to train Indians in the
art of self government was
(a) Mountbatten
(b) Ripon
(c) Northbrook
(d) Curzon
466. A resolution declaring Purna Swaraj (complete
Independence as Indian’s political goal was
passed in the ________ Congress of 1929.
(a) Shimla
(b) Lahore
(c) Madras
(d) Calcutta
467. Who said, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall
have it”?
(a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
468. In opposition to which of the following was the
‘Independence for India League’ founded by the
radical wing of the Congress party?
(a) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact
(b) The Home-rule Movement
(c) The Nehru report
(d) The Montford reforms
148
469. Who had said on the death of Tilak ‘my strongest
bulwark is gone’?
(a) Shaukat Ali
(b) Muhammad Ali
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
470. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the Lists:
LIST-I (Event)
LIST-II (Year)
A. Khilafat Movement
1. 1930
B. Chauri Chaura Incident
2. 1917
C. Champaran Movement
3. 1919
D. First Round Table Conference 4. 1922
Codes :
A B C
D
(a) 2
3
4
1
(b) 4
1
2
3
(c) 2
1
4
3
(d) 3
4
2
1
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
471. Who of the following was a founder of the Bharat
Naujawan Sabha in 1926?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Sardar Bhagat Singh
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d)
Sohan
Singh
Bhakhna
472. Consider the following paragraph___
He was seriously injured in police Lathi charge in
Lahore during demonstrations against Simon
Commission for which he subsequently died in
November 1928. Later on the British Officer, who
was responsible for the lathi charge on him, was
shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru.
The revolutionary referred to in the above
paragraph is ___
(a) Pandit Gobind Ballabh Pant
(b) Mangal Singh
(c) Moti Lal Nehru
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
473. In what session did Congress declared Complete
Independence (Poorna Swaraj) as its goal?
(a) Lahore session held in 1929
(b) Madras session held in 1927
(c) Ahmadabad session held in 1921
(d) Gaya session held in 1922
474. Assertion (a): The Indian National Congress
opposed the Simon Commission and did not cooperated with it.
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Reason (R): The Simon Commission had no
Indian representative.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
475. During India’s freedom struggle, which one of
the following led to the first ‘All India Hartal’?
(a) Protest against Rowlatt Act
(b) Protest against Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
(c) Trial of Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Arrival of Simon Commission
476. The main reason for the boycott of Simon
Commission in India was—
(a) Appointment before time
(b) All the members were Englishmen
(c) Chairman was a member of the British Liberal
Party
(d) Gandhiji’s Non–Co–operation Movement
477. The number of members in the Simon
Commission was ________.
(a) 10
(b) 20
(c) 7
(d) 12
478. When the Simon Commission visited India, the
Viceroy was
(a) Lloyd George
(b) Lord Irwin
(c) Lord Reading
(d) Lord Ripon
479. Who gave Gandhi the title “Mahatma”?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) B. G . Tilak
(c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
480. Who gave the slogan “Dilli Chalo” or “March to
Delhi”?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) B. G . Tilak
(c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose
481. Consider the following statements1. The Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929
adopted the resolution of on Purna Swaraj
(Complete Independence).
2. The Karachi Session of the Congress in 1931
passed the resolution on the Fundamental
Rights.
149
3. The Congress Session of Luchnow in 1936 was
held under the presidentship of Subhash
Chandra Bose.
4. The August, 1942 resolution of the Congress
Party adopted resolution of ‘Quit India’.
Which of the given below statement is/are
correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) Only 4
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 4
482. On which one of the following dates Jawahar Lal
Nehru unfurl the tri-colour national flag on the
banks of the Ravi as the clock struck the
midnight?
(a) 31st December, 1929 (b) 26th January, 1930
(c) 31st December, 1931 (d) 26th January, 1933
483. Who prescribed the separate electorates for India
on the basis of the Communal Award in August
1932?
(a) Lord Irwin
(b) Ramsay Mac Donald
(c) Lord Linlithgow
(d) Winston Churchill
484. Which organization had proposed first to
constitute the Constitution Assembly to form the
Indian Constitution?
(a) Swaraj Party in 1928
(b) Indian National Congress in 1935
(c) Muslim League in 1942
(d) By all parties convention in 1946
485. Who attend the Congress of Oppressed
Nationalist at Brussels in 1927, on behalf of the
National Congress?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru (b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Dr. Ansari
(d) Moti Lal Nehru
486.Under whose leadership was the Congress
Socialist Party founded in 1934?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash
Narayan
(c) Subhas Chandra Bose and P.C. Joshi
(d) Saifuddin Kitchlew and Rajendra Prasad
487. Which one of the following with regard to the
Poona Pact, 1932 is NOT correct?
(a) Adequate representation of depressed
sections in Government jobs
(b) Reservation of seats for the depressed classes
in the provincial legislature
(c) Acceptance of joint electorate system
(d) Reservation of seats for the depressed classes
in the central legislature
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488. Who among the following drafted the resolution
on Fundamental Rights for the Karachi Session of
Congress in 1931?
(a) Dr B R Ambedkar
(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
489. Ramsay Mc Donald’s Communal Award gave—
(a) Privy purse to native princes
(b) Communal representation to Muslims
(c) Reservations to Sikhs in elections
(d) Separate electorates for depressed classes
490. Which of the following pairs are correctly
matched?
1. Theodore: Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
College, Aligarh
2. Illbert Bill: Ripon
3. Pherozeshah Mehta: Congress
4. Badruddin Tyabji: Muslim League
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
Codes:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 1,2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 3
491. The Poona Pact, which was signed between B R
Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi in 1932,
provided for(a) The creation of dominion status for India
(b) Separate electorate for the Muslims
(c) Seats reserved for Depressed class
(d) Joint electorate with reservation for women
492. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the
Arya Samaj.
(b) Dr Annie Besant was a theosophist.
(c) Mahatma Gandhi was born in Gandhinagar.
(d) Sir C V Raman (Nobel Laureate) started his
life as an Assistant.
493. Which one of the following began with the Dandi
March?
(a) Home rule Move ment
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Civil disobedience Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
494. When was Burma separated from India
(a) 1947
(b) 1942
(c) 1937
(d) 1932
150
495. What was the objective of Dandi March started
by M. K. Gandhi?
(a) To start the mass struggle
(b) To break the salt law
(c) To Fight against the British Policy
(d) None of the above
496. For the Karachi session of Indian National
Congress in 1931, presided over by Sardar Patel,
who drafted the Resolution on Fundamental
Rights and Economic Programme?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
497. Who compared the Dandi March to Napoleon's
March to Paris on his return from Elba?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) B. G. Tilak
498. Who was the Governor General of India during
the launch of Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Lord Chelmsford
(b) Lord Reading
(c) Lord Irwin
(d) Lord Wavell
499. Which one of the following movement started
from Dandi March?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Non-Co-operation Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
500. During the Civil Disobedience Movement, who
led the 'Red Shirts' of North-Western India?
(a) Abdul Kalam Azad
(b) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) Shaukat Ali
501. The issue on which the Civil Disobedience
Movement of 1930 was launched was___
(a) Equal employment opportunities for Indians
(b) The proposed execution of Bhagat Singh
(c) Salt monopoly exercised by the British
Government
(d) Complete freedom
502. The date March 12, 1930 is known in Indian
History for—
(a) Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi
(b) First Round Table Conference
(c) Gandhi – Irwin Pact
(d) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
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503. After the failure of the Civil Disobedience
Movement, Gandhiji laid emphasis on
(a) compromise with the British
(b) limited use of Violence
(c) constructive programme
(d) None of the above
504. Dandi March Started from ________ in 1930.
(a) Surat
(b) Sabarmati Ashram
(c) Delhi Durbar Hall (d) Vedaranyan
505. Dandi March started on ________ 1930.
(a) 12th March
(b) 12th April
(c) 12th February
(d) 12th May
506. Which one of the following movement started
from Dandi March ?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Quit India Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Non–Co-operation Movement
506. From which of the following places was the Civil
Disobedience Movement started by Gandhiji in
1930?
(a) Sevagram
(b) Dandi
(c) Sabarmati
(d) Wardha
507. When First Round Table Conference was
convened by British Government.
(a) Nov. 1929
(b) Nov. 1930
(c) Dec. 1930
(d) Nov. 1931
508. Consider the following events____
1. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
2. First Round Table Conference
3. Simon Commission
4. Poona Pact
The correct chronological order of these event
is___
(a) 1-4-3-2
(b) 2-1-3-4
(c) 3-2-1-4
(d) 2-3-1-4
509. At the second Round Table Conference, the
Indian National Congress was represented by___
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(c) Rajendra Prasad
(d) Vallabh Bhai Patel
510. Who called Gandhiji ‘half naked beggar’?
(a) Mountbatten
(b) hastings
(c) Winston Churchill (d) Jinnah
511. During whose tenure as the Viceroy of India were
the great martyrs Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and
Rajguru hanged?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) Lord Irwin
(c) Lord Minto
(d) Lord Chemsford
151
512. Who was the Birtish Prime Minsiter who
convened the First Round Table Conference in
London?
(a) Churchill
(b) Ramsay McDonald
(c) Chamberlain
(d) Disraeli
513. Who among the following did not attend the First
Round Table Conference?
(a) MK Gandhi
(b) Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru
(c) Dr Ambedkar
(d) C V Chintaman
514. Provincial Autonomy was one of the important
features of the Act of___
(a) 1935
(b) 1919
(c) 1909
(d) 1858
515. The Dyarchy which was introduced on 1919 in
provinces was in force till the year
(a) 1927
(b) 1935
(c) 1937
(d) 1947
516. The Pakistan panacea was sponsored by
(a) Azad Kalam
(b) Jinnah
(c) Md Iqbal
(d) Liyakat Ali Khan
517. Which one of the following pair is not correctly
matched?
(a) Purna Swaraj Resolution
- 1929
(b) Martyrdom of Sardar Bhagat Singh - 1931
(c) Formation of Congress Socialist Party- 1938
(d) Simla Conference
- 1945
518. With which of the following newspapers was
Jawahar Lal Nehru associated?
(a) The Leader
(b) Amrit Bazar Patrika
(c) The Tribune
(d) National Herald
519. During the Viceroyalty of Sir John Lawrence the
bone of contention between India and Bhutan
was
(a) Duars
(b) Jalpaiguri
(c) Goalpara
(d) Cooch Behar
520. In "individual Satyagraha", Vinoba Bhave was
chosen as the first Satyagrahi. Who was the
second?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Pradesh
(b) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) C. Rajagopalachari
(d) Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel
521. Who among the following made the ‘August
offer’ of 1940 rejected by the Congress?
(a) Lord Wavell
(b) Lord Linlithgow
(c) Sir George Stanley (d) Lord Willington
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522. Subhas Chandra Bose had founded `Forward
Bloc` in the year?
(a) 1939 A.D.
(b) 1937 A.D.
(c) 1938 A.D.
(d) 1936 A.D.
523. Who among the following national leaders did
not opt to defend the case dealing with the trail
of the soldiers of the India National Army in
1945?
(a) Tej Bahadur Sapru (b) Bhulabhai Desai
(c) C. Rajagopalachari (d) Jawahar Lal Nehru
524. Who among the following had headed the group
of advocates to argue the case on behalf of the
Indian National Army in 1946 in the Red Fort
trails?
(a) Bhulabhai
(b) Kailash Nath Katju
(c) Tej Bahadur Sapru (d) Jawahar Lal Nehru
525. The famous INA trails took place in the Red Fort,
Delhi in____
(a) 1945
(b) 1946
(c) 1944
(d) 1947
526. Which one of the following slogans is attributed
to Subhash Chandra Bose?
(a) Jai Jawan Jai Kisan (b) Bande Mataram
(c) Jai Hind
(d) Inqilab Zindabad
527. Bhulabhai Desai’s most memorable achievement
was his defence of the Indian National Army
(ANA) personnel at the Red Fort Trial towards
the ends of___
(a) 1943
(b) 1944
(c) 1945
(d) 1946
528. Match List–I with List–II and select the correct
answer from the code given below :
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
529. Vande Mataram the national song was written by
(a) Bankim chandra Chatterjee
(b) Ravindra Nath Tagore
(c) Bhagat Singh
(d) Jawahar lal Nehru
152
530. Vinoba Bhave was chosen as the first Satyagrahi
of the individual Satyagraha. Who was the
second?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru
(c) C. Rajgopalachari
(d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
531. With which one of the following movements is
the slogan "Do or die" is associated ?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
532. Who is the Viceroy of India during Quit India
Movement ?
(a) Linlithgow
(b) Cornwallis
(c) Mountbatten
(d) Munro
533. Which one of the following observations is not
true about the Quit India Movement of 1942?
(a) It was a non-violent movement
(b) It was led by Mahatma Gandhi
(c) It was a spontaneous movement
(d) It did not attract the labour class in general
534. During the freedom struggle, Aruna Asaf Ali was
a major woman organiser of the underground
activities in___
(a) Bardoli Satyagraha
(b) Quit India Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Khilafat Movement
535. During which one of the following movements
did Mahatma Gandhi write: ‘Personally I am so
sick of slavery that I am even prepared to take the
rise of anarchy’?
(a) Home Rule movement
(b) Non-Co-operation movement
(c) Civil Disobedience movement
(d) Quit India movement
536. The lady Congress leader who went
underground during the Quit India Movement
was—
(a) Sucheta Kripalani (b) Vijay Laxmi Pandit
(c) Aruna Asaf Ali
(d) Sarojini Naidu
537. Who of the following Prime Ministers sent
Cripps Mission to India?
(a) James Ramsay MacDonald
(b) Stanley Baldwin
(c) Neville Chamberlain
(d) Winston Churchill
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538. Who among the following were official Congress
negotiators with Cripps Mission?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel
(b) Acharya J. B. Kripalani and C. Rajagopalacha
Rri
(c) Pandit Nehru and Maulana Azad
(d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
539. Mahatma Gandhi’s remark, ‘A post-dated cheque
on a crumbling bank’ is regarding the proposals
of___
(a) Simon Commission (b) Cripps Mission
(c) Cabinet Mission
(d) Wavells Plan
540. Who developed the idea that ‘means justify the
ends’?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Raja Ram Mohan
Roy
(c) Dayanand Saraswati (d) Mahatma Gandhi
541. Who said “Cripps proposals were a post-dated
cheque of a crashing bank”?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) M.A. Jinnah
542. Which one of the following chronological orders
of the given event is correct?
(a) The Civil Disobedience Movement-The
Cripps Mission-The Cabinet Mission’s Plan
(b) The Cripps Mission-The Civil Disobedience
Movement-The Cabinet Mission’s Plan
(c) The Cripps Mission-The Cabinet Mission’s
Plan___The Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) The Civil Disobedience Movement-The
Cabinet Mission’s Plan-The Cripps Mission
543. The final arrangements for the India’s
independence were worked out by the___
(a) Cabinet Mission
(b) Simon Commission
(c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact (d) Cripps Mission
544. Who headed the Cabinet Mission?
(a) Stafford Cripps
(b) A. V. Alexander
(c) Lord Pathick Lawrence (d) None of these
545. In the Interim Government formed in 1946, the
Minister for Education was
(a) Patel
(b) Rajaji
(c) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Annie Besant
546. In 1946, the Interim Government was formed
under
(a) Patel
(b) Gandhiji
(c) Rajaji
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
547. Who among the following had the longest tenure
as the Prime Minister of India?
(a) Morarji Desai
(b) Charan Singh
(c) V. P. Singh
(d) Lal Bahadur Shastri
548. The term socialist was added in the Preamble by
the amendment
(a) 40th
(b) 42nd
(c) 44th
(d) 49th
549. Who had demarcated the border-line between
India and Pakistan?
(a) McMohan
(b) Lord Durand
(c) Redcliffe
(d) None of these
550. Who has given the slogan "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan"?
(a) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) Rajiv Gandhi
1.
4.
2.
3.
(d);
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, along with
Dwarkanath Tagore founded the Brahmo
Samaj, an important socio-religious reform
movement in Bengal in 1828.
(a); Indian Navy act was passed on 1927. This is
an Act to consolidate and amend the law
relating to the Indian Navy.
(b); Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to calculate
the national income in India in 1868.
153
5.
(b); World War I, also known as the First World
War, the Great War, or the War to End All
Wars, was a global war originating in Europe
that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November
1918.
(d); Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780 –1839) was the
leader of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the
northwest Indian subcontinent in the early
half of the 19th century. His capital was at
Lahore.
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6.
(a); Before the framing of the constitution started,
an Objectives Resolution (the resolution that
defined the aims of the Assembly) was
moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946. This
resolution enshrined the aspirations and
values behind the Constitution making.
7. (d); Glimpses of World History, a book written
and published by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1934,
is a panoramic sweep of the history of
humankind. It is a collection of 196 letters on
world history written from various prisons in
British India between 1930–1933.
8. (c); The English East India Company was
founded in 1600, as The Company of
Merchants of London Trading into the East
Indies.
9. (a); Tipu Sultan was also known as Tiger of
Mysore.
10. (c); Sri Aurobindo was an Indian philosopher,
yogi, guru, poet, and nationalist. He was
born in 15 August 1872.
11. (b); English defeated French in the battle of
Wandiwash. It is also known as third battle
of Carnatic.
12. (d); Warren Hastings, an English statesman, was
the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort
William, the head of the Supreme Council of
Bengal, and thereby the first de facto
Governor-General of Bengal from 1772 to
1785
13. (b); The Victoria Memorial is a large marble
building in Kolkata, West Bengal, India,
which was built between 1906 and 1921. Lord
Curzon proposed construction of Victoria
Memorial
14. (b); India Gate was designed by Sir Edwin
Lutyens
15. (b); Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to
India in 1497-1498
16. (c); Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23
January 1897
17. (d); Gateway of India was built as a triumphal
arch to commemorate the visit of King
George V and Queen Mary to Mumbai by the
British government
154
18. (a); Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
was born on 02 October 1869
19. (c); The first stanza of the song Bharata Bhagya
Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent
Assembly of India as the National Anthem
on 24 January 1950
20. (d); Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri was born on
October 2, 1904 at Mughalsarai, Uttar
Pradesh
21. (c); World War II, also known as the Second
World War, was a global war that lasted from
1939 to 1945
22. (c); Udant Martand (The Rising Sun) was the first
Hindi language newspaper published in
India. Started on May 30, 1826, from Calcutta
(now Kolkata), the weekly newspaper was
published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal
Kishore Shukla
23. (b); Lokmanya Tilak started Ganesh Festival in
1893 to bring people together and to create a
feeling of patriotism.
24. (c); The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known
as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13
April, 1919
25. (b); Hickey's Bengal Gazette was an English
newspaper published from Kolkata (then
Calcutta), India. It was the first major
newspaper in India, started in 1780
26. (d); Mahatma Gandhi built Sabarmati Ashram
27. (c); The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of
the British East India Company over the
Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23
June 1757
28. (d); Lord Canning was Governor General of
India from 1856 to 1858 and Viceroy of India
from 1858 to 1862. Lord Canning was the first
viceroy of British India
29. (a); Khudiram Bose (3 December 1889– 11
August 1908) was a Bengali revolutionary,
one of the youngest revolutionaries early in
the Indian independence movement. At the
time of his hanging, he was 18 years, 7
months 11 days old—barely a legal adult
30. (b); During Indian Independence movement,
Subhash Chandra Bose revamped the Indian
National Army which was officially formed
in 1942
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31. (a); In his famous speech 'Freedom at midnight',
the first prime minister of the country,
Jawaharlal Nehru mentioned, "The ambition
of the greatest men of our generation has
been to wipe every tear from every eye. That
may be beyond us, but as long as there are
tears and suffering, so long our work will not
be over."
32. (c); The non-cooperation Movement was firmly
launched on 1 August, 1920. Tilak passed
away in the early hours of 1 August, and the
day of mourning and of launching of the
movement merged as people all over the
country observed hartal and took out
processions
33. (d); Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first
chairman (temporary) of Constituent
Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was
elected as the president
34. (c); Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become
the governor of an Indian state. She governed
Uttar Pradesh from 15 August 1947 to 2
March 1949
35. (c); Churches and Convents of Goa were built by
Portuguese
36. (d); In 1617, the British East India Company was
given permission by Jahangir to trade in
India
37. (d); The decision of the Partition of Bengal was
announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of
India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place
on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely
Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu
western areas
38. (a); The Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery
that took place between Kakori near
Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the
Indian Independence Movement against the
British Indian Government. The robbery was
organised by the Hindustan Republican
Association (HRA).
39. (d); Sarojini Naidu was the first female to become
the governor of an Indian state
40. (d); The Bande Mataram was an English
language newspaper founded in 1905 by
Aurobindo Ghosh. New India newspaper
155
edited by Bipin Chandra Pal. Yugantar
Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary
newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by
Barindra
Kumar
Ghosh,
Abhinash
Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt.
Sandhya Patrika is not edited by Barindra
Ghosh.
41. (b); Vande Mataram is a poem written by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870s, which he
included in his 1881 novel Anandamath. The
poem was composed into song by
Rabindranath Tagore. The first political
occasion when it was sung in 1896 session of
the Indian National Congress
42. (d); Lord Mayo served as 4th Viceroy of India
from 12 January 1869 to 8 February 1872. He
was the first and only Viceroy to be
assassinated in office by Sher Ali Afridi in
Port Blair
43. (b); The Theosophical Society was officially
formed on 17 November 1875 by Madame H
P Blavatsky and Colonel H S Olcott in New
York (USA)
44. (c); Annie Besant was the First Woman President
of the Indian National Congress in 1917
45. (c); The Indian National Congress (INC) which
was established in 1885 was divided into two
groups (in the year 1907) mainly by
extremists and moderates at the Surat
Session of the Congress
46. (c); Visva-Bharati University is a public central
government funded university located in
Santiniketan, West Bengal. It was founded by
Rabindranath Tagore who called it VisvaBharati, which means the communion of the
world with India
47. (b); English education was introduced in India by
Macaulay in 1835 as the name of Macaulay
minute
48. (d); Gandhiji regarded Gopal Krishna Gokhale as
his political guru
49. (b); The chief objective of the 'Wahabi movement'
was to purify Islam
50. (b); Gandhiji's 'Satyagraha' meant an attachment
to the two elements of Truth (Satya) and
Non-violence (Ahimsa)
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51. (b); Arya Samaj is a reform movement of modern
Hinduism, founded in 1875 by Dayananda
Saraswati
52. (c); Womesh Chandra Banerjee presided over the
first session of the Indian National Congress
in 1885
53. (d); The All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) or
Forward Bloc is a left-wing nationalist
political party in India. It emerged as a
faction within the Indian National Congress
in 1939, led by Subhash Chandra Bose
54. (b); Mahatma Gandhi hadn’t advocated Heavy
industries, Gandhiji always propounded that
agriculture should be supported by some
subsidiary occupations like bee keeping,
animal husbandry, khadi, paper making,
mud utensils making etc
55. (b); Ghadar Party was founded by Sohan Singh
Bhakna and Lala Hardayal, Mohammad
Barkatullah was one of the founders of the
Ghadar Party in 1913 at San Francisco
56. (b); Dada Bhai Naoroji was the first Indian to be
elected to membership in the British
Parliament. He was a Liberal Party Member
of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom
House of Commons between 1892 and 1895,
and he was the first Asian to be a British MP
57. (b); The Capital of India was shifted from
Calcutta to Delhi during Lord Hardinge
tenure in 1911. George V, the King of
England visited India to attend the Delhi
durbar in 1911.
58. (a); In July 1942, the Congress Working
Committee met at Wardha. Here a long
resolution was passed that demanded that
the “British Rule in India must end
immediately”. The Wardha Resolution is also
known as “Quit India Resolution”. This
resolution was ratified in the All India
Congress Committee at Bombay on August
7, 1942. Here a nonviolent mass struggle
under the leadership of Gandhi was
sanctioned in the “August Kranti Maidan”
59. (b); Indian Council Act of 1909 also called
Morley-Minto reform introduced a system of
communal representation for Muslims by
156
accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’.
Under this, the Muslim members were to be
elected only by Muslim voters.
60. (c); ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ slogan was first used by
Hasrat Mohani. This famous slogan inspired
the activities of the Hindustan Socialist
Republican
Association
particularly
Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and
Chandrashekhar Azad
61. (b); The Indian Reform Association was formed
on 29 October 1870 with Keshab Chandra Sen
as president. It represented the secular side
of the Brahmo Samaj and included many
who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The
objective was to put into practice some of the
ideas, which Sen was exposed during his
visit to Great Britain
62. (d); During Lord Cornwallis period the Indian
Civil Service (ICS) was introduced. The
Indian Civil Service (ICS) for part of the 19th
century officially known as the Imperial Civil
Service
63. (b); J B Kriplani was the President of Indian
National Congress at the time of Indian
independence
64. (d); Mahatma Gandhi gave the title 'Nightingale
of India' to Sarojini Naidu
65. (c); Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, popularly known
as ‘the Iron Man of India’, was a great
freedom activist and leader of the Indian
National Congress. He was crucially
important in the integration of princely states
into the Indian Union after Independence
66. (b); Anandamath is a Bengali novel, written by
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and published in
1882. Set in the background of the Sanyasi
Rebellion in the late 18th century
67. (b); The phrase Hindu rate of growth, was
christened by famous anti-establishment
economist Raj Krishna, who used it to
describe India’s unsatisfactory growth trend,
which at the time (1950-80) was stuck at 3.5
to 4% per year.
68. (d); Bhartendu Harishchandra is known as the
father of modern Hindi literature as well as
Hindi theatre. He is considered one of the
greatest Hindi writers of modern India
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69. (d); The arrival of Vasco da Gama, a nobleman
from the household of the King of Portugal,
at the port of Calicut in south-west India on
27 May 1498 is the first arrival of Europeans
in India
70. (a); British achieved political power in India by
winning Battle of Plassey
71. (b); Abhinav Bharat was a secret society founded
by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his
brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1904
72. (b); The Swadeshi Boycott Movement is related
to Partition of Bengal in 1905. The Indian
National Congress began the Swadeshi
movement that included boycotting British
goods and public institutions
73. (d); Mutiny of 1857 was described as the First
Indian War of Independence by V D
Savarkar. It began on May 10, 1857
74. (d); On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress
Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit
India' movement. In his speech at Mumbai’s
Gowalia Tank, Gandhiji called the nation to
‘Do or Die’ in his speech.
75. (d); Lord William Bentinck decided to make
English as the medium of instruction
according to the recommendations of
Macaulay.
76. (c); The Komagata Maru incident involved the
Japanese steamship Komagata Maru on
which a group of citizens of the British Raj
attempted to emigrate to Canada in 1914 but
were denied entry.
77. (b); The Indian Opinion was a newspaper
established by Indian leader Mahatma
Gandhi. The publication was an important
tool for the political movement led by
Gandhi and the Indian National Congress to
fight racial discrimination and win civil
rights for the Indian immigrant community
in South Africa
78. (c); Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan is also known as
Frontier Gandhi
79. (b); C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) served as the first
and the only Indian governor general of
India
157
80. (a); Gandhi, the exponent of the Satyagraha
movement, staged his first Satyagraha in
Champaran, in Bihar in 1917
81. (c); Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to
discuss and plan for the transfer of power
from the British government to Indian
leadership
to
provide
India
with
independence. Formulated at the initiative of
Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom, the mission had Lord
Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.
V. Alexander
82. (c); Sarvodaya is Gandhiji’s most important
socio-political
movement.
It
implies
Universal uplift or welfare of all as the
meaning of Sarvodaya. By Sarvodaya,
Gandhiji want the birth of new society based
on ethical values
83. (c); Drafting Committee of the Constituent
Assembly of India appointed Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar as the Chairman
84. (b); The concept of passive resistance was
highlighted by Aurobindo Ghosh
85. (c); Badruddin Tyabji was an Indian lawyer who
served as the third President and first
Muslim president of the Indian National
Congress and as elected for it in year 1887
86. (a); Charles John Canning was the first viceroy of
India. He was Governor General of India
from 1856 and after passing of Government
of India Act 1858 which created office of
Viceroy, he became the first Viceroy of India
87. (c); The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, in the Kheda
district of Gujarat.It was the second
Satyagraha movement after Champaran
Satyagraha. Gandhi ji organise this
movement to support peasants of kheda
district.The peasants of kheda could not be
able to pay high taxes of british due to crop
failure and plague epidemic
88. (c); “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”
is slogan raised by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at
formation of his Home rule league in 1916
89. (c); Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
(HSRA) was a revolutionary organisation,
also known as Hindustan Socialist
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Republican Army established in 1928 at
Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by
Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh,
Sukhdev Thapar and others.
90. (b); Banaras Hindu University formerly Central
Hindu College, is a public central university
located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
Established in 1916 by Pandit Madan Mohan
Malaviya. With over 12,000 students residing
in campus, it claims the title of largest
residential university in Asia
91. (d); Muhammad Ali Jinnah himself was the
mastermind and architect of Lucknow pact.
Due to the reconciliation brought about by
Jinnah between the Congress and the League,
the Nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu, gave
him the title of “the Ambassador of HinduMuslim Unity”
92. (a); Gandhi's ideas is that there is no ends
justifying the means, it's the means that
justify the ends. Gandhi is quoted as saying,
"For me it is enough to know the means.
Means and end are convertible terms in my
philosophy of life"
93. (a); The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, in the
Champaran district of Bihar, India during the
period of the British Raj, was the first
Satyagraha movement inspired by Mahatma
Gandhi and a major revolt in the Indian
Independence
Movement.
Another
important Satyagraha just after this revolt
was Kheda Satyagraha
94. (c); Warren Hastings was the first GovernorGeneral of Bengal from 1773 to 1785
95. (a); The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of
the British East India Company (under
commandership of Lord Clive) over the
Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-dualah and his
French allies on 23 June 1757.
96. (c); The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of
Gujarat, India during the period of the British
Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience
and revolt in the Indian Independence
Movement. The movement was eventually
led by Vallabhbhai Patel
158
97. (b); Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as ‘Father of
Indian Unrest’. Valentine Chirol called him
“Father of Indian Unrest” because Tilak was
first of all who demanded complete
“Swarajya”
98. (a); Azad Hind Fauj was an Indian provisional
government established in Singapore in 1943
99. (b); The Ghadar Party was an organisation
founded by Punjabi-Sikhs, principally Sikhs
in the United States and Canada with the aim
of securing India's independence from
British rule. Sohan Singh Bhakna was one of
the founding members and president of
Ghadar party
100. (c); The East India Company received a Royal
Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31
December 1600
101. (b); Arya Samaj is an Indian Hindu reform
movement that promotes values and
practices based on Vedas. It is founded by the
Dayananda Saraswati on 7 April 1875.
Prarthana Samaj was founded by Atmaram
Pandurang with the help of Keshav Chandra
Sen in 1867. On August 20, 1828 the first
assembly of the Brahmo Sabha was held at
Kolkata (Calcutta) and covenanted by Raja
Ram Mohan Roy. Veda Samaj was
established by Keshab Chandra Sen and K.
Sridharalu Naidu when the former visited
Madras in 1864
102. (c); The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of
Gujarat, India during the period of the British
Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience
and revolt in the Indian Independence
Movement. The movement was led by
Vallabhbhai Patel
103. (a); Lord William Bentinck (1828-35) was the 1st
Governor-General of British India. His
tenure is known for the social reforms such
as Abolition of Sati in 1829, Suppression of
Thugi, and Suppression of Infanticide etc.
English was introduced as a medium of
higher education, Charter act 1833 was
passed by which East India Company ceased
to be a trading company. Some corrective
measures in civil services were taken. This
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seven years period was an epoch for
administrative reforms in India
104. (d); Charter act of 1813 ended the monopoly of
the East India Company in India, however
the company’s monopoly in trade with china
and trade in tea with India was kept intact.
105.(b); The Battle of Haldighati was a battle fought
on 18 June 1576 between Rana of Mewar,
Maharana Pratap and the Mughal emperor
Akbar's forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber.
The Battle of Plassey was fought between
British East India Company over the Nawab
of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June
1757. The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23
October 1764 between the forces under the
command of the British East India Company
led by Hector Munro and the combined
armies of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal;
the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II
106 (d); During their rule the British persuaded or
forced cultivators in Madras to grow Rice
107 (d); During their rule the British persuaded or
forced cultivators in Punjab to grow wheat
108. (d); The Red Fort is a historical fort in the city of
Delhi in India. It was the main residence of
the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for
nearly 200 years, until 1857
109. (d); The Poona Pact was signed between B. R.
Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on the 24th
of September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in
Poona, India. He had been protesting the
decision by British Prime Minister Ramsay
Macdonald to give separate electorates to
Dalits for the election of members of
provincial legislative assemblies in British
India
110. (c); Lord William Bentinck abolished the Sati
system in India
111. (a); Arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan in 1930 led to
angry demonstrations in streets of Peshawar
112. (b); During their rule the British persuaded or
forced cultivators in Assam to grow tea
113. (a); The 24-day Salt Satyagraha march began
from 12 March 1930 and continued until 6
April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax
159
resistance and nonviolent protest against the
British salt monopoly, and it gained
worldwide attention which gave impetus to
the Indian independence movement and
started the nationwide non co-operation
movement
114. (c); In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi travelled to
Champaran to inspire the peasants to
struggle against the oppressive plantation
system
115. (a); Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from
South Africa in January 1915
116. (d); The Indian Statutory Commission also
known as Simon commission was a group of
seven British Members of Parliament of
United Kingdom under the chairmanship of
Sir John Simon assisted by Clement Attlee.
The commission arrived in British-occupied
India in 1928 to study constitutional reform
introduced by Government of India Act, 1919
117. (c); The 1919 Amritsar massacre also known as
the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was ordered
by General R.E.H. Dyer
118. (d); In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to
Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha
movement amongst cotton mill workers
119. (d); Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan and
Sirajuddaullah were all Nawabs of Bengal
120. (b); Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 decided to launch
a nationwide Satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act
121. (b); Francisco De Almeida is the first Viceroy of
Portuguese in India. He is appointed as
viceroy in 1505 till 1509
122. (a); The Treaty of Pondicherry was signed in 1754
bringing an end to the Second Carnatic War.
It was agreed and signed in the French
settlement of Pondicherry in French India
123. (b); French colony comprising geographically
separate
enclaves
on
the
Indian
subcontinent. French made their advent
through Pondicherry. The possessions were
originally acquired by the French East India
Company beginning in the second half of
17th century.
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124. (b); The French East India Company was a
commercial enterprise, founded in 1664 to
compete with the English and Dutch East
India companies in the East Indies
125. (c); Fort St George is the name of the first English
fortress in India, founded in 1644 at the
coastal city of Madras, the modern city of
Chennai
126. (c); The Dutch East India Company was created
in 1602 as “United East India Company” and
its first permanent trading post was in
Indonesia. In India, they established the first
factory in Masulipattanam in 1605, followed
by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam
in 1641 and Chinsura in 1653
127. (a); Hooghly is situated in West Bengal and it is
base for piracy in the Bay of Bengal by the
Portuguese.
128. (d); Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast
were part of Portuguese India, along with
Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa,
Daman and Diu were incorporated into the
Republic of India on December 19, 1961 by
military conquest. Portugal did not recognise
the Indian annexation of these territories
until 1974
129. (d); Haileybury is an independent school near
Hertford in England where the writers of
East India Company had their training in the
college
130. (a); Prime Minister Clement Attlee was the prime
minister of England during independence of
India
131. (b); The early English settlement in India consists
of area of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay
presidency
132. (c); The “Blue Water” policy is attributed to
Francisco de Almeida, the first Viceroy of the
Portuguese possessions in India.
133. (b); The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred
when the governor of Portuguese India
Alfonso de Albuquerque captured the city in
1510
134. (c); The Company's ships first arrived in India, at
the port of Surat, in 1608. Sir Thomas Roe
reached the court of the Mughal Emperor,
160
Jahangir, as the emissary of King James I in
1615, and gained for the British the right to
establish a factory at Surat
135. (d); The first Portuguese reached India on 20 May
1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut
on Malabar Coast. English reached India
after Portuguese
136. (a); Vasco da Gama, discoverer of the sea route to
India (1498), established the first Portuguese
factory at Kochi in 1502, and the Portuguese
viceroy Alfonso de Albuquerque built the
first European fort in India there in 1503
137. (a); Chauth was a regular tax or tribute imposed,
from early 18th century, by the Maratha
Empire in India. It was an annual tax
nominally levied at 25% on revenue or
produce
138. (a); Hyder Ali Khan was the Sultan and ruler of
the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India.
He offered strong resistance against the
military advances of the British East India
Company during the First and Second
Anglo–Mysore Wars. He established a
modern arsenal (1755) at Dindigul with
French help
139. (d); The Jacobin Club of Mysore was the first
Revolutionary Republican organization to be
formed in India. It was founded in 1794 by
French Republican officers with the support
of Tipu Sultan. He planted a Liberty Tree and
declared himself Citizen Tipu
140. (a); Tipu Sultan was a ruler of the Kingdom of
Mysore. He was the eldest son of Sultan
Haidar Ali of Mysore. Tipu introduced a
number of administrative innovations
during his rule, including his coinage, a new
lunar-solar calendar, and a new land revenue
system which initiated the growth of the
Mysore silk industry
141. (c); The Modi script had been employed in the
documents of the Marathas. This script is
used to write Maratha Language
142. (c); Atmiya Sabha was a philosophical
association. The association was started by
Ram Mohan Roy in 1815 in Kolkata. They
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used to conduct debate and discussion
sessions on philosophical topics, and also
used to promote free and collective thinking
and social reform
143. (b); Raja Rammohan Roy and David Hare were
associated with the foundation of the Hindu
college
144. (b); Dayanand Saraswati was a Hindu religious
leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a
Hindu reform movements of the Vedic
tradition. He was also a renowned scholar of
the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language
145. (b); Satyashodhak Samaj is a social reform
Society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune,
India, on 24 September 1873. Its purpose was
to liberate the Shudra and Untouchable
castes from exploitation and oppression
146. (c); Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was an Indian
social activist for the Dalit people, a thinker,
anti-caste social reformer and writer from
Maharashtra. Satyashodhak Samaj is a social
reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in
Pune, India, on 24 September 1873. Its
purpose was to liberate the Shudra and
Untouchable castes from exploitation and
oppression
147. (b); Arya Samaj is an Indian Hindu reform
movement that promotes values and
practices based on the belief in the infallible
authority of the Vedas. The Samaj was
founded by the Dayananda Saraswati on 7
April 1875. Members of the Arya Samaj
believe in one God and reject the worship of
idols
148. (b); The most important backward class
movement in India are Satya Shodhak Samaj,
Shri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
Movement, Justice Party and The Self-respect
Movement. Their efforts led to the
organization of several lower caste
movements in southern and western India
149. (a); Prarthana Samaj, was a movement for
religious and social reform in Bombay based
on earlier reform movements. Prarthana
161
Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang
with the help of Keshav Chandra Sen in 1867.
150. (b); Braham Samaj of India- Keshav Chandra Sen
Arya Samaj - Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Brahmo Samaj - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Tatvabodhhini Sabha - Dwarkanath Tagore
Prathna Samaj - MG Ranade
151. (a); Dayanand Saraswati was a hindu religious
leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a
Hindu reform movements of the Vedic
tradition. Swami Vivekananda was an Indian
Hindu monk, and founded Ramakrishna
mission. They provided inspiration to the
Indian national movement
152. (c); Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was an Indian
poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu
College, Kolkata, a radical thinker and one of
the first Indian educators to disseminate
Western learning and science among the
young men of Bengal
153. (c); Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian
nationalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer
and an independence activist. He was the
first leader of the Indian Independence
Movement. The British colonial authorities
called him "The father of the Indian unrest."
He was also conferred with the title of
"Lokmanya", which means "accepted by the
people. He belongs from Maharashtra
154. (a); Wahabism is an Islamic doctrine and
religious movement founded by Muhammad
ibn Abd al-Wahab. It has been variously
described as an Islamic "reform movement"
to restore "pure monotheistic worship" by
devotees
155. (b); Wahhabism is an Islamic doctrine and
religious movement founded by Muhammad
ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It has been variously
described as an Islamic "reform movement"
to restore "pure monotheistic worship" by
devotees
156. (c); The Scientific Society of Aligarh was an
organisation founded by Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan in 1864. In 1862 Syed formed a
Translation Society which used to translate
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the scientific works of English and other
European languages into Urdu and Hindi
157. (c); Swami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu
monk, and founded Ramakrishna mission on
1 May 1897
158. (d); Swami Dayanand Saraswati is known as
Martin Luther of India
159. (b); In 1908 parsi social reformer, Behramji M.
Malabari and Dayaram Gidumal, came up
with the idea of founding home for women
and training Indian women to be Nurses.
They then turned to Ramabai, for her
guidance and help for starting a Society and
thus Seva Sadan (Bombay) came into being
160. (c); Satyarth Prakash is a 1875 book written
originally in Hindi by Maharishi Dayanand
Saraswati, a renowned religious and social
reformer and the founder of Arya Samaj.
161. (c); The Theosophical Society was officially
formed in New York City, United States, on
17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna
Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott,
William Quan Judge, and others. It was selfdescribed as an unsectarian body of seekers
after Truth, who endeavour to promote
Brotherhood and strive to serve humanity
162. (c); Raja Rammohan Roy and David Hare were
associated with the foundation of the Hindu
college
163. (d); Ramabai moved to Pune in 1882 where she
founded Arya Mahila Samaj . The purpose of
the society was to promote the cause of
women's education and deliverance from the
oppression of child marriage
164. (d); Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was
founded in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
165. (b); In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the
Brahmo Sabha. The new faith did not lay
down any definite rites and rituals. It was the
society of the worshippers of one God. The
principles of the Samaj were defined in the
Trust Deed and in a pamphlet published
about the same time
166. (d); Raja Ram Mohan was the founder of the
Brahmo Sabha movement in 1828, which
engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential
162
socio-religious reform movement. His
influence was apparent in the fields of
politics, public administration and education
as well as religion. He was known for his
efforts to establish the abolishment of the
practice of sati
167. (c); Ghulamgiri is wriiten by Jyotiba Phule
168. (a); Atmiya Sabha was a philosophical
discussion circle in India. The association
was started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1815 in
Kolkata. They used to conduct debate and
discussion sessions on philosophical topics,
and also used to promote free and collective
thinking and social reform
169. (b); J.E.D. Bethune a barrister and law member of
the Governor-General's Council, was an
Anglo-Indian lawyer and a pioneer in
promoting women's education in 19thcentury India. Bethune founded an
institution for women's education in Calcutta
which later becomes Bethune College
170. (a); Dev Samaj, a religious and social reform
society, was founded on 16 February 1887 in
Lahore by Pandit Shiv Narayan Agnihotri
171. (c); Permanent settlement was introduced in
1793 by Lord Cornwallis and covered around
one fifth of British territory in India,
including Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, parts of
Northern Karnataka, Varanasi and some
other areas. There is a middlemen in this
system who were the Zamindars, who need
to pay a fixed amount of land revenue on a
fixed date every year
172. (d); The Zamindari Association, more popularly
known as the “Landholders Society” was
founded in 1838 to safeguard the interests of
the landlords. It marked the beginning of an
organised political activity and use of
methods of constitutional agitation for the
redressal of grievances
173. (d); In the East India Company territories, the
Ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas
Munroe and Captain Reed first in Madras
presidency. In this system, peasants were
given the ownership and proprietorship and
they would make direct payment to state as
55% of produce.
174. (c); Permanent settlement was introduced in
1793 by Lord Cornwallis and covered around
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one fifth of British territory in India,
including Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, parts of
Northern Karnataka, Varanasi and some
other areas. There is a middlemen in this
system who were the Zamindars, who need
to pay a fixed amount of land revenue on a
fixed date every year. It is also called
Zamindari System
175. (d); The traditional Handicrafts industries were
ruined under the British rule. Discriminatory
Tariff Policy, Competition from Machinemade Britain Goods, Emergence of Western
Lifestyle, Downfall of Princely State Prior are
the main reasons for ruination of Indian
Handicraft during British rule
176. (b); Sir Elijah Impey was a British judge, the first
chief justice of the Supreme Court of
Judicature at Fort William in Bengal
177. (d); Charter Act of 1853 was the last of the series
of Charter Acts passed by the British
Parliament. It separated the legislative and
executive functions of the GovernorGeneral’s council. It introduced an open
competition system of selection and
recruitment of civil servants. It established a
separate Governor-General’s legislative
council which came to be known as the
Indian (Central) Legislative Council.
178. (c); Government of India Act 1858 provided that
India was to be governed directly and in the
name of the crown. This act abolished the
company rule, abolished the Court of
directors and abolished the Board of control.
The act provided the Crown will govern
India directly through a Secretary of State for
India, who was to exercise the powers which
were being enjoyed by the Court of Directors
and Board of control.
179. (b); The presidencies of Bombay and Madras
were made subordinate to the Presidency of
Calcutta. The Governor of Bengal was
designated the Governor of the Presidency of
Fort William and he was to serve as Governor
General of all British Territories in India. This
Governor General was to be assisted by an
executive council of four members.
180. (b); The members of the Board of Control must be
paid from Indian revenues
163
181. (a); Every charter act renewed company licence
for 20 yrs.
182. (a); Charter Act of 1813, was an Act of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom which
renewed the charter issued to the British East
India Company, and continued the
Company's rule in India. However, the
Company's commercial monopoly was
ended, except for the tea trade and the trade
with China
183. (b); Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was an Indian
philosopher and statesman who was the first
Vice President of India and the second
President of India from 1962 to 1967
184. (c); Charter acts are passed in 1773, 1793, 1813,
1833 and 1853. Charter act 1853 established a
separate Governor-General’s legislative
council which came to be known as the
Indian (Central) Legislative Council.
However, this was for the first time, that this
charter act, unlike other charter acts, did not
fix any limit for the continuance of the
administration of the company in India. The
act provided that the Indian territories will
remain under the Governance of the
company, until the parliament otherwise
directed
185. (d); Charter Act of 1853 marks the expansion of
the Council of the Governor General for
legislative purposes. The council of
legislative purposes which had 6 members
now was expanded to 12 members. These
members are Governor General, commander
in Chief, four members of the Governor
General’s Council etc
186. (b); Government of India Act 1858 provided that
India was to be governed directly and in the
name of the crown. This act abolished the
company rule, abolished the Court of
directors and abolished the Board of control.
The act provided the Crown will govern
India directly through a Secretary of State for
India, who was to exercise the powers which
were being enjoyed by the Court of Directors
and Board of control
187. (b); The Indian Councils Act 1861 was passed by
British Parliament in 1861 to make
substantial changes in the composition of the
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Governor General’s council for executive &
legislative purposes. The most significant
feature of this Act was the association of
Indians with the legislation work
188. (a); The Indian Councils Act 1909 or MorleyMinto Reforms passed by British Parliament
in 1909 in an attempt to widen the scope of
legislative councils. For the first time it
introduced separate and discriminatory
electorate to muslims
189. (a); The Indian national calendar, sometimes
called the Saka calendar, is the official civil
calendar in use in India and it is adopted on
22 March 1957
190. (c); Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June
1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, She
adopted the additional title of Empress of
India
191. (a); The key objectives of the Regulating Act of
1773 included addressing the problem of
management of company in India address
the problem of dual system of governance
instituted by Lord Clive to control the
company, which had morphed from a
business entity to a semi-sovereign political
entity
192. (a); The East India Company Act 1784, also
known as Pitt's India Act, was an Act of the
Parliament of Great Britain intended to
address the shortcomings of the Regulating
Act of 1773 by bringing the East India
Company's rule in India under the control of
the British Government.
S193.
(c); The Board of Control was a British
government official in the late 18th and early
19th century responsible for overseeing the
British East India Company and generally
serving as the chief official in London
responsible for Indian affairs.
S194.
(d); The flag of India had been hoisted by
Gandhi on 31 December 1929, in Lahore,
modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked
the people of India to observe 26 January
1930 as Republic Day
195. (a); Charter Act of 1813, was an Act of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom which
renewed the charter issued to the British East
164
India Company, and continued the
Company's rule in India. However, the
Company's commercial monopoly was
ended, except for the tea trade and the trade
with China
196. (a); Charter Act of 1813 has a provision that
Company should invest Rs. 1 Lakh every
year on the education of Indians
197. (b); Government of India Act 1858 provided that
India was to be governed directly and in the
name of the crown. This act abolished the
company rule, abolished the Court of
directors and abolished the Board of control
198. (b); This act made the Governor General of
Bengal the Governor General of British India
and all financial and administrative powers
were centralized in the hands of Governor
General-in-Council. Thus, with Charter Act
of 1833, Lord William Bentinck became the
“First Governor General of British India
199. (b); Charter Act of 1853 marks the expansion of
the Council of the Governor General for
legislative purposes. The council of
legislative purposes which had 6 members
now was expanded to 12 members
200. (a); Government of India Act, 1858 provided that
India was to be governed directly and in the
name of the crown. This act abolished the
company rule, abolished the Court of
directors and abolished the Board of control.
The act provided the Crown will govern
India directly through a Secretary of State for
India, who was to exercise the powers which
were being enjoyed by the Court of Directors
and Board of control
201. (b); The strength of the Council was gradually
enlarged by subsequent acts. Under the
Indian Councils Act of 1892, the maximum
strength of the Council was raised to 20 out
of which seven were to be elected. The Indian
Councils Act of 1909 further raised the
number of members of the Council to 50.
S202.
(b); The High Commissioner of India to the
United Kingdom is the head of the High
Commission of India to the United Kingdom.
The High Commission is located at India
House in London
203. (d); The Indian Councils Act 1909 is also known
as the Minto-Morley Reforms was passed by
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British Parliament in 1909 in an attempt to
widen the scope of legislative councils,
placate the demands of moderates in Indian
National Congress and to increase the
participation of Indians the governance
204. (b); Charter Act of 1813, was an Act of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom which
renewed the charter issued to the British East
India Company, and continued the
Company's rule in India. However, the
Company's commercial monopoly was
ended, except for the tea trade and the trade
with China
205. (b); Lord Wellesley remained Governor General
of Fort Williams from 1798 to 1805. The
susidiary Alliance is a policy started by Lord
Wellesley. The Subsidiary Alliance System
was a Treaty between the company and the
Indian native rulers. In return for a payment
or subsidy, the company would place
garrison troops in that ruler’s territory to
fight against their enemies
206. (a); The Third Anglo–Mysore War was a conflict
in South India between the Kingdom of
Mysore and the East India Company and its
allies, including the Maratha Empire and the
Nizam of Hyderabad. It was the third of four
Anglo–Mysore Wars. It is fought under Lord
Cornwallis
207. (b); Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie,was an
Indian army officer, and later an official of
the British Indian Government. He was
assassinated in London on the evening of 1
July 1909 by Madan Lal Dhingra at the
Imperial Institute
208. (c); The civil services were reformed and
modernised by Lord Cornwallis and hence
he is called the “Father of Indian Civil
Service”
209. (b); Lord Wellesley remained Governor General
of Fort Williams from 1798 to 1805. The
susidiary Alliance is a policy started by Lord
Wellesley. The Subsidiary Alliance System
was a Treaty between the company and the
Indian native rulers. In return for a payment
or subsidy, the company would place
garrison troops in that ruler’s territory to
fight against their enemies
165
210. (a); Lord Dalhousie introduced Postage Stamp in
India. The first adhesive stamp was issued in
1852
211. (b); Lord Curzon said “I am giving you a Muslim
province”.It is in the context of “Bengal
Division” in 1905
212. (c); Warren Hastings was the first GovernorGeneral of Fort William or Governor-General
of Bengal, he took office on 20 October 1773,
appointed by the Court of Directors of the
East India Company. Lord William Bentinck
(1833)was the 1st Governor-General of
British India
213. (b); The Indian Civil Services Act, under Lord
canning in 1861, validated a number of
irregular appointments which were made in
India to meet the exigencies in disregard of
the restriction that all offices in the civil cadre
of the company’s service in India were
reserved to the civil services of the
Presidency
214. (c); The Bihar famine of 1873–1874 was a famine
in British India that followed a drought in the
province of Bihar, the neighboring provinces
of Bengal, the North-Western Provinces and
Oudh.
It was averted by the timely action of
Northbrook
215. (a); During the period of Lord Lytton, Strachey
Commission of 1880 was created to develop
a general strategy and principles to deal with
the famines. The Strachey Commission came
out with the recommendation on whose basis
a Famine Code was developed under Sir
Richard Strachey
216. (b); Viceroy Mayo - 1869-1872
Viceroy Lytton- 1876-1880
Viceroy Lansdowne- 1888-1894
Viceroy Linlithow- 1936-1944
217. (b); The successive governments in Britain
remain calm, but when Lord Disraeli became
PM, he sent Lord Lytton to India to increase
the influence in Afghanistan
218. (c); Lord Curzon said “My own belief is that
congress is tottering and one of my great
ambitions is to assist it to the peaceful death”
in a letter to Secretary of States in 1900
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219. (b); Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act
in 1878. By this act, the magistrates of the
districts were empowered, without the prior
permission of the Government, to call upon a
printer and publisher of any kind to enter
into a Bond, undertaking not to publish
anything which might “rouse” feelings of
disaffection against the government. It is
repealed by Lord Ripon
220. (d); The first railway line connecting Bombay and
Thane was laid in 1853 under Dalhousie. He
was regarded as father of the electric
telegraph in India. Other important work
during his tenure are- a new post office act
was passed in 1854, Postage stamps were
issued for the first time, Public works dept
was introduced, Ganga canal was
introduced. So, Lord Dalhousie called
‘Maker of Modern India’ among governor
generals
221. (b); Wood’s Despatch 1854 is called Magna Carta
of English Education in India. As per this
despatch an education department was to be
set in every province. At least one
government school be opened in every
district. Affiliated private schools should be
given grant in aid. The Indian natives should
be given training in their mother tongue also
222. (b); Macaulay's Minutes of 1835 laid the
foundation of modern education through
English Education Act of 1835.
223. (d); ‘A Passage To India’ is written by E.M.
Forster set against the backdrop of the British
Raj and the Indian independence movement
in the 1920s
224. (d); Mayo College is a boys-only independent
boarding school in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. It
was founded in 1875 by Richard Bourke, 6th
Earl of Mayo who was the Viceroy of India
from 1869 to 1872
225. (b); Sharada Act was passed in1930 by Lord
Irwin to fixed the minimum age of marriage
of girls and boys respectively as 14 and 18
226. (b); Job Charnock (c. 1630–1692/1693) was an
employee and administrator of the English
East India Company, and traditionally
166
regarded as the founder of the city of
Kolkata.
227. (c); The civil services were reformed and
modernised by Lord Cornwallis and hence
he is called the “Father of Indian Civil
Service”. The civil service is a sector of
government composed mainly of career
bureaucrats hired on professional merit
228. (a); SatyendraNath Tagore was selected for the
Indian Civil Service in June, 1863. He
completed his probationary training and
returned to India in November 1864.
229. (a); The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of
the British East India Company over the
Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23
June 1757.
230. (a); The Uprising of 1857 was described as the
first Indian war of Independence by V. D.
Savarkar
231. (d); Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur was the Nawab
of Bengal with support from the British East
India Company. He was succeeded by Mir
Qasim
232. (a); The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October
1764 between the forces under the command
of the British East India Company led by
Hector Munro and the combined armies of
Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal the Nawab
of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam II. The battle fought at Buxar, a "small
fortified town" within the territory of Bengal
233. (b); During the First War of Independence, from
1857 to 1858, Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of
supporters, led by Raja Jailal Singh, rebelled
against the forces of the British East India
Company; later, they seized control of
Lucknow and she declared her son, Birjis
Qadra, as the ruler (Wali) of Oudh
234. (c); Asaf-ud-Daula was the Nawab wazir of
Oudh ratified by Shah Alam II, from 26
January 1775 to 21 September 1797. He
transferred his capital from Faizabad to
Lucknow
235. (c); The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but
ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in
1857–58 against the rule of the British East
India Company, its main objective is
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elimination of foreign rule and return of the
old order
236. (c); According to Sir John Lawrence –the mutiny
of 1857 was a purely military outbreak
237. (a); Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny,
widespread but unsuccessful rebellion
against British rule in India in 1857–58.
Begun in Meerut by Indian troops in the
service of the British East India Company, it
spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and
Lucknow. In India it is often called the First
War of Independence and other similar
names
238. (d); The White Mutiny took place during the viceroyalty of Lord Ripon.
239. (b); The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of
the British East India Company over the
Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23
June 1757. It is the beginning of the British
annexation of India
240. (c); Nana Sahib born as Dhondu Pant, was an
Indian Maratha aristocrat and fighter, he led
the rebellion in Kanpur during the 1857
uprising
241. (b); Lord Canning served as Governor General of
India from 1856 to 1862. Lord Canning also
served as first Viceroy of India. One of the
important events during his tenure is the
Mutiny of 1857
242. (d); Benjamin Disraeli, is a British statesman and
novelist who was twice prime minister of
British. Disraelli admitted the Revolt of 1857
as a national revolt
243. (a); The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October
1764 between the forces under the command
of the British East India Company led by
Hector Munro and the combined armies of
Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; the Nawab
of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam II
244. (a); The early nationalist movement lay in its
narrow social interest. It did not penetrate
down to the masses. Its leaders were fighting
for their own interest rather than people’s
245. (c); The introduction of enfield rifles in the army
was the immediate cause, because to load the
rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridge open to
release the powder. The grease used on these
167
cartridges was rumoured to be made of beef
and pork which angered the hindu and the
muslims in the army
246. (a); The first indication of the revolutionary
movement in India was seen in Maharashtra
247. (d); The White Mutiny was the unrest that
occurred at the dissolution of the "European
Forces" of the British East India Company in
India during the mid-19th century in the
wake of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
248. (c); Correct chronological order isBombay Association - 1852
Madras Mahajana Sabha-1884
Indian Association - 1876
Indian League - 1875
249. (a); The association was founded in Bengal in
1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda
Mohan Bose
250. (d); Handicraft ruined due to lack of patronage,
growing craze for imported goods and stiff
competition from the machine-made goods
of England
251. (d); On November 1, 1858, a grand Darbar was
held at Allahabad. Here Lord Canning sent
forth the royal proclamation which
announced that the queen had assumed the
government of India. This proclamation
declared the future policy of the British Rule
in India
252. (c); British mercantile industrial capitalist class
exploited Indian market by the policy of
Drain of wealth.
They used Indian market for their products
and use Indian raw material for their
industries
253. (b); British mercantile industrial capitalist class
exploited indian market by the policy of
Drain of wealth. The British policies revolved
around getting maximum income from land
without caring much about Indian interests
of the cultivators(Peasants)
254. (a); British investors built a modern railway
system in the late 19th century it became the
then fourth largest in the world and was
renowned for quality of construction and
service. In 1853, the first passenger train
service was inaugurated between Bombay
and Thane
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255. (d); The new class which emerged on account of
British economic policies due to changed
pattern of revenue collection and market
consisted of moneylenders, landlords and
traders
256. (d); Till the end of 17th century, the growth of
executive and legislative powers of East
India Company depend upon the crown
257. (a); ‘A a Nation in the Making’ is written by SN
Banerjee
258. (a); The Kuka Movement marked the first major
reaction of the people in the Punjab to the
new political order initiated by the British
after 1849.The Namdhari Movement, of
which the Kuka Movement was the most
important phase, aimed at overthrowing the
British rule
259. (d); The first railway line opened in India in 1853
from Bombay to thane.
260. (c); Sir Surendranath Banerjee was one of the
earliest Indian political leaders during the
British Raj. He founded the Indian National
Association, through which he led two
sessions of the Indian National congress. S N
Banerjee was appointed Professor in English
in the Metropolitan Institute at Calcutta
261. (c); Kesari is a newspaper founded in 1881 by
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent
leader of the Indian Independence
movement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak used to run
his two newspapers, the Kesari, in Marathi
and Maratha in English from Kesari Wada
262. (c); A revolt was led by Vasudev Balwant
Phadke in 1877-78 in the Vashi & Panvel area
of Maharashtra.
Phadke is known as father of the armed
struggle for India’s independence. He
created a group called Ramoshi, which was
the group of Ramoshis, Kolis, Bhils and
Dhangars communities in Maharashtra and
the actually the “organized political dacoits“
263. (c); The National College of Arts or NCA is a
public art school located in Lahore, Punjab,
Pakistan.Founded as the Mayo School of
Industrial Arts in 1875 by the British and Lala
Lajpat Rai alongside the Lahore Museum
264. (a); Ashwini Kumar Dutta was a Bengali
educationist, philanthropist, social reformer
and patriot.The Partition of Bengal drew him
168
to the Swadeshi movement. He founded the
Swadesh Bandhab Samiti to promote the
consumption of indigenous products and
boycott foreign goods
265. (c); In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the
'drain of wealth' theory in which he stated
that the Britain was completely draining
India. He mentioned this theory in his book
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
266. (a); Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old
Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual,
educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian
political and social leader
267. (a); The Indian National Congress is a broadbased political party in India founded in
1885. The Indian National Congress
conducted its first session in Bombay from
28–31 December 1885 at the initiative of
retired Civil service officer, Allan Octavian
Hume
268. (d); Womesh Chandra Bannerji presided over the
first session of the Indian National Congress
held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to
31 December.
269. (d); The Indian National Congress which was
established in 1885 was divided into two
groups in the year 1907 session of Surat
mainly into in extremists and moderates.
270. (d); Annie Besant was the first woman president
of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first
Indian woman president
271. (d); The first session of the Indian National
Congress was shifted from Poona to Bombay
due to an outbreak of cholera in Poona
272. (a); Dadabhai Naoroji president is in 1886, 1893
and 1906
273. (b); The Indian National Congress is a broadbased political party in India founded in
1885. The Indian National Congress
conducted its first session in Bombay from
28–31 December 1885
274. (a); . The Indian Independence Act 1947 is an Act
of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that
partitionedBritish India into the two new
independent dominions of India and
Pakistan. The Act received the royal assent
on 18 July 1947, and Pakistan came into being
on 14 August and India came into being on
15 August
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275. (c); The Second Session of Indian National
Congress was presided by Dadabhai Naoraji
in 1886
276. (a); Badruddin Taiyabji was the first Muslim
President of Indian National Congress. He
became the Ist Indian Barrister in Bombay
and he was the founding member of Bombay
presidency association and INC and also
presided over the 3rd congress session in
Madras in 1887
277. (c); Mahatma Gandhi – 1924; Jawaharlal Nehru 1929, 1930, 1936, 1937; Vallabhbhai Patel 1931 and Smt. Sarojini Naidu-1925
278. (c); Congress sessions
Year Place
Name of President
1885 Bombay Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
(First President)
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
1887 Madras Badruddin Tayyabji (1st
muslim president)
279. (d); Surendranath Bannerjee was not present in
the founding session of Indian National
Congress
280. (d); The Indian National Congress is a broadbased political party in India which was
founded in 1885. The Indian National
Congress conducted its first session in
Bombay from 28–31 December 1885 at the
initiative of retired Civil service officer, Allan
Octavian Hume
281. (d); Lord Dufferin served as Governor General of
India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888. During
his tenure, the Third Burmese war led to
annexation of whole of Burma and Burmese
ruler was exiled to India. In 1885, A O Hume
laid the foundation of Indian National
Congress
282. (a); Indian National Congress was founded by a
Retired Civil Servant and not by any Indian.
It was said that the INC was started by
Viceroy Lord Dufferin with the help of an ex
Civil Servant as a “Safety Valve” against the
popular discontent
283. (d); Lucknow Pact is a agreement made by the
Indian National Congress headed by
Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the
All-India Muslim League led by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah. The meeting at Lucknow marked
the reunion of the moderate and radical
wings of the Congress. The pact dealt both
169
with the structure of the government of India
and with the relation of the Hindu and
Muslim communities
284. (d); Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani, popularly
known as Acharya Kripalani, was an Indian
politician, noted particularly for holding the
presidency of the Indian National Congress
during the transfer of power in 1947.
Kripalani was a Gandhian socialist,
environmentalist, mystic and independence
activist
285. (d); In Calcutta session of 1906, under the
leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji, Congress
adopted Swaraj as the Goal of Indian people
286. (d); Surendranath Banerjee is president of
congress session of 1895 and 1902 held at
Poona and Ahmedabad respectively
287. (a); Dr Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya was born
in Gundugolanu village, Krishna district in
Andhra
Pradesh,
was
an
Indian
independence activist and political leader in
the state of Andhra Pradesh. He wrote first
official history of Congress
288. (d); The 1907 Surat session was held at the bank
of the Tapti river in Surat. The Extremist
camp was led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and
the moderate camp was led by Gopal Krishna
Gokhle. The Surat session was presided by
Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh
289. (b); Belgaum is the only session of the Indian
National Congress which was presided over
by Mahatma Gandhi in 1924
290. (b); Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first
president of the Congress, the first session
was held from 28–31 December 1885, and
was attended by 72 delegates
291. (a); Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first
president of the Congress, the first session
was held from 28–31 December 1885, and
was attended by 72 delegates
292. (d); Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement
reached between the moderates, extremists
and the Muslim League at the joint session of
both the parties, held in Lucknow, in the year
1916
293. (c); The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal
was announced in 7 July 1905 by the Viceroy
of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took
place on 16 October 1905 and separated the
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largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely
Hindu western areas
294. (c); Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India (19101916), is remembered for the annulment of
the Partition of Bengal in 1911. Lord
Hardinge Held a durbar in December, 1911
to celebrate the coronation of King George V
Capital Shifted from Calcutta to Delhi 1911
295. (b); The decision to Partition of Bengal was
announced in 7 July 1905 by the Viceroy of
India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place
on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely
Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu
western areas
296. (a); The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal
was announced in 7 July 1905 by the Viceroy
of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took
place on 16 October 1905 and separated the
largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely
Hindu western areas
297. (b); A
poem
from
Bankim
Chandra
Chattopahyay’s novel Anandmath in 1882,
written in Bengali and Sanskrit to praise the
motherland, it has played a vital role in
partion of Bengal movement
298. (a); The Swadeshi movement, part of the Indian
independence movement and the developing
Indian nationalism, was an economic
strategy aimed at removing the British
Empire from power and improving
economic conditions in India by following
the principles of Swadeshi and which had
some success. The partiton of Bengal done by
Lord Curzon is cause for the launch of the
Swadeshi Movement
299. (b); Free Press of India was an Indian nationalistsupporting news agency founded in the
1920s by Swaminathan Sadanand, during the
period of the British Raj. It was the first news
agency owned and managed by Indians
300. (c); Kesari is a Marathi newspaper and Maratha
is a English newspaper which was founded
in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a
prominent
leader
of
the
Indian
Independence movement. The newspaper
was used as a spokes piece for the Indian
national freedom movement
301. (c); Barinder Kumar Ghosh was born at
Norwood near London on 5th January in
170
1880.He was a younger brother of Aurobindo
Ghosh. He was also associated with The
Statesman newspaper and earned the title as
a columnist. In 1950, he became the editor of
the Bengali daily Dainik Basumati
302. (c); Dadabhai Naoroji prepared the first
estimates of National income in 1876. He
estimated the national income by first
estimating the value of agricultural
production and then adding a certain
percentage as non-agricultural production
Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the 'drain of
wealth' theory in which he stated that the
Britain was completely draining India. He
mentioned this theory in his book Poverty
and Un-British Rule in India
303. (d); Madan Lal Dhingra said that. He was an
Indian revolutionary independence activist.
He assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon
Wyllie, a British official, cited as one of the
first acts of revolution in the Indian
independence movement in the 20th century
304. (b); Swaraj can mean generally self-governance
or "self-rule" is propounded by the Dadabhai
Naoroji
305. (c); Naoroji published Poverty and un-British
Rule in India in 1901. Dadabhai Naoroji's
work focused on the drain of wealth from
India into England during colonial rule of
British in India
306. (b); The East India Association was founded by
Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866, in collaboration
with Indians and retired British officials in
London. It superseded the London Indian
Society and was a platform for discussing
matters and ideas about India, and to provide
representation
for
Indians
to
the
Government
307. (b); Lord Dufferin served as Governor General of
India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888. During
his tenure in 1885, A O Hume laid the
foundation of Indian National Congress. The
first President of Indian National Congress
was W.C. Banerjee. The first session of the
Indian National Congress was held in
Bombay
308. (a); Gopal Krishna Gokhale, known as "The
Political Guru of Gandhi" as he was the one
who guided Mahatma Gandhi to travel to
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India in order to fight against the British, was
one of the social and political leaders during
the Indian Independence Movement against
the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a
senior leader of the Indian National Congress
and founder of the Servants of India Society
309. (c); Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old
Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual,
educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian
political and social leader
310. (b); Lord Dufferin served as Governor General of
India and Viceroy from 1884 to 1888. During
his tenure in 1885, A O Hume laid the
foundation of Indian National Congress. The
first President of Indian National Congress
was W.C. Banerjee. The first session of the
Indian National Congress was held in
Bombay
311. (a); The Early Nationalists, also known as the
Moderates, were a group of political leaders
in moderate methods like petitions. Its
prominent leaders are Surendranath
Banerjee, Gopal krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai
Naoroji etc. The Early Nationalists failed to
attain their objectives, giving rise to another
group of leaders known as Assertive or
Extremist Nationalists most prominent
leaders of the Assertive Nationalists were Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin
Chandra Pal
312. (b); The Leader was one of the most influential
English-language newspapers in India
during British Raj. It is founded by Madan
Mohan Malviya, the paper was published in
Allahabad.
313. (b); They have become known as "Early
Nationalists" because they believed in
demanding
reforms
while
adopting
constitutional and peaceful means to achieve
their aims
314. (d); Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old
Man of India. He was a Liberal Party Member
of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom
House of Commons between 1892 and 1895,
and the first Asian to be a British MP
171
315. (b); Design of the "Flag of Indian Independence"
raised by Bhikhaiji Cama on 22 August 1907,
at the International Socialist Conference in
Stuttgart, Germany
316. (c); Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the social
and political leaders during the Indian
Independence Movement against the British
Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader
of the Indian National Congress and founder
of the Servants of India Society
317. (c); In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the
'drain of wealth' theory in which he stated
that the Britain was completely draining
India. He mentioned this theory in his book
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
318. (a); In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the
'drain of wealth' theory in which he stated
that the Britain was completely draining
India. He mentioned this theory in his book
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
319. (d); The Early Nationalists failed to attain their
objectives, giving rise to another group of
leaders known as Assertive or Extremist
Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of
the Assertive Nationalists were Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin
Chandra Pal, who are known collectively as
the Lal-Bal-Pal trio
320. (b); The title was given by Sarojini Naidu, after
the Lucknow pact. As at that time Jinnah was
member of both congress and muslim league,
he greatly helped in mediation between the
two parties to come on a common ground
321. (b); Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an Indian
scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the
Indian National Congress during the Indian
independence movement. He became the
first Minister of Education in the Indian
government
322. (d); The slogan "Swaraj is my birthright and I
shall have it" was given by Lokmanya Bal
Gangadhar Tilak
323. (d); Government of India Act 1919 was passed by
British Parliament to further expand the
participation of Indians in the Government of
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India. In Government of India Act 1919 the
spheres of the central and provincial
governments were demarcated by a division
of subjects into “central” and “provincial” in
two subjects. The provincial subjects were
divided into two categories viz. reserved and
transferred. The reserved subjects were kept
with the Governor and transferred subjects
were kept with Governor acting with the
Indian Ministers
324. (b); Servants of India Society was founded in
1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Pune,
Maharastra to build a dedicated group of
people for social service and reforms. In the
field of famine relief, union organisation,
cooperatives and uplift of tribals and
depressed, the Society did commendable
work
325. (a); Kesari – It is a Marathi newspaperwhich was
founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal
Gangadhar Tilak. Moplah Rebellion- The
Malabar rebellion was an armed uprising in
1921 against British authority and Hindus in
the Malabar region of Southern India by
Mappilas. Ganpati festival- started by
Balgangadhar Tilak
326.Ans(c);
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the
social and political leaders during the Indian
Independence Movement against the British
Empire in India
327. (c); In 1895 Tilak inaugurated a second annual
festival after Ganapati Festival. This time in
honour of Shivaji
328. (b); Vinayak Savarkar and Ganesh Savarkar
started Mitra Mela, a revolutionary secret
society in Nasik in 1899. It was one among
several such melas (revolutionary societies)
functioning in Maharashtra at that time,
which believed in the overthrow of British
rule through armed rebellion
329. (a); Ahmedabad Textile labour Association
founded by Mahatma Gandhi. In February
March 1918, there was a situation of conflict
between the Gujarat Mill owners and
workers on the question of Plague Bonus of
1917. In March 1918, under the leadership of
Gandhi, there was a strike in the cotton mills.
172
In this strike Gandhi used the weapon of
Hunger strike
330. (c); Kesari is a Marathi newspaper which was
founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the
Indian Independence movement
331. (c); The Early Nationalists failed to attain their
objectives, giving rise to another group of
leaders known as Assertive or Extremist
Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of
the Assertive Nationalists were Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin
Chandra Pal, who are known collectively as
the Lal-Bal-Pal trio
332. (b); In 1910, Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar, set
up the united India house in Seattle and
U.S.A. The first fillip to the revolutionary
movement was provided by the visit to
Vancouver, in early 1913, of Bhagwan Singh,
a Sikh priest who had worked in Hong Kong
and the Malay states
333. (d); The Early Nationalists, also known as the
Moderates, were a group of political leaders
in India active between 1885 and 1907
prominent leaders are Surendranath
Banerjee, Gopal krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai
Naoroji etc
334. (a); Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born as Keshav
Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist,
teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an
independence activist. He was the first leader
of the Indian Independence Movement. He
has been described as being Radical in
politics but Conservative in social issues
335. (a); Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist,
scholar, poet, mystic, philosopher, yogi and
guru, who developed concepts of human
progress and spiritual evolution. With the
help of his spiritual collaborator, Mirra
Alfassa, he founded the Sri Aurobindo
Ashram. ‘New lamps for old’ was written by
Sri Aurobindo
336. (a); The Early Nationalists failed to attain their
objectives, giving rise to another group of
leaders known as Assertive or Extremist
Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of
the Assertive Nationalists were Bal
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Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin
Chandra Pal, who are known collectively as
the Lal-Bal-Pal trio
337. (a); The Early Nationalists failed to attain their
objectives, giving rise to another group of
leaders known as Assertive or Extremist
Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of
the Assertive Nationalists were Aurobindo
Ghosh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai
and Bipin Chandra Pal, who are known
collectively as the Lal-Bal-Pal trio
338. (b); The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was
given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous slogan
inspired the activities of the Hindustan
Socialist Republican Association particularly
Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and
Chandrashekhar Azad
339. (a); Bal Gangadhar Tilak joined congress in 1890.
Valentine Chirol called him “Father of Indian
Unrest”, who first of all demanded complete
“Swarajya”
340. (a); Tilak, in his paper Kesari, defended the
revolutionaries in 1908 and called for
immediate Swaraj or self-rule. The
Government swiftly charged him with
sedition. At the conclusion of the trial, a
special jury convicted him and gave him a six
years jail sentence to be served in Mandalay,
Burma
341. (d); The Drain of Wealth theory was systemically
initiated by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1867 and
further analysed and developed by R.P. Dutt,
M.G Ranade etc. Dadabhai Naoroji's work
focused on the drain of wealth from India
into England during colonial rule of British in
India
342. (c); In 1835 Sir Charles Metcalfe succeeded Lord
William Bentinck, being senior member of
council. “Lord Metcalfe” is called Liberator
of India Press but soon he became a victim of
party politics in England and was succeeded
by Lord Auckland in 1836
343. (c); Bal Gangadhar Tilak joined congress in 1890.
Valentine Chirol called him “Father of Indian
Unrest”, who first of all demanded complete
“Swarajya”
173
344. (b); Tilak obtained his Bachelor of Arts in first
class in Mathematics from Deccan College of
Pune in 1877. He left his M.A. course of study
midway to join the L.L.B course instead, and
in 1879 he obtained his L.L.B degree from
Government Law College. After graduating,
Tilak started teaching mathematics at a
private school in Pune. Later, due to
ideological differences with the colleagues in
the new school, he withdrew and became a
journalist.
S345.
(c); In 1906, All India Muslim League was
set up under the leader ship of Aga Khan,
Nawab Salimullah of Dacca and Nawab
Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The League supported the
partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi
Movement, and demanded special safegurds
for its community and a separate electorates
of Muslims. This led to communal
differences between Hindus and Muslims
346. (c); Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III)
was appointed the first Honorary President
of the Muslim League. The headquarters
were established at Lucknow
347. (d); In 1906, the session at Calcutta was presided
by Dada Bhai Naoroji. The moderates chose
Dada Bhai Naoroji to preside the Congress.
Dada Bhai Naoroji, the Grand Oldman of
India was respected by the moderates and
extremists
348. (d); It was first sung in Calcutta Session of the
Indian National Congress on 27 December
1911. “Jana Gana Mana” was officially
adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the
Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950
349. (d); Mahatma
Gandhi's
title
"Mahatma"
According to some authors Rabindranath
Tagore is said to have used on March 6, 1915,
this title for Gandhi
350. (a); In 1915, Rabindranath Tagore was granted a
knighthood by the British Crown, which he
renounced after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh
massacre, protesting the mistreatment of
Indians by the British. It was an act of
solidarity that had moral and political
undertones
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351. (b); Jamanalal Bajaj founded the Satyagraha
Ashram at Wardha in 1921
352. (b); Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is a book
written by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1909. In it
he expresses his views on Swaraj, modern
civilization, mechanisation etc
353. (d); Gopal Krishna Gokhle was Gandhiji's
political guru. Following Gokhale's advice,
Gandhiji roamed around India's every nook
and corner to understand the country and
her people better
354. (a); Swadeshi Movement -1905
Gurudwara Guru-ka Bagh Agitation-1922
Chittagong Armoury Raid-1930
Guruvayur Temple Satyagraha-1931
355. (c); On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi
Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India,
along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made
the announcement that the capital of the Raj
was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
356. (c); On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi
Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India,
along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made
the announcement that the capital of the Raj
was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
357. (a); The Al-Hilal was a weekly Urdu language
newspaper established by the Indian leader
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and used as a
medium for criticism of the British Raj in
India. The first issue came out on 13 July 1912
358. (c); The Indian National Congress which was
established in 1885 was divided into two
groups in the year 1907 mainly by extremists
and moderates at the Surat Session of
Congress
359. (d); The All-India Muslim League was a political
party in British India. It was founded at
Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangladesh), in the
Bengal Presidency, in 1906. It was a driving
force behind the creation of Pakistan as a
Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent
360. (d); The Congress was split into two extremists
and moderates in Surat Session in 1907. Bal
Gangadhar Tilak revived the Ganpati
Festival in 1892 and Shivaji festival in 1894 in
Maharashtra to arouse a new spirit among
the youth of the country. The British
Government arrested Sri Aurobindo and
174
many young revolutionaries in relation to
Alipore bomb case in 1908.
361. (d); On 12 December 1911, during the Delhi
Durbar, George V, then Emperor of India,
along with Queen Mary, his Consort, made
the announcement that the capital of the Raj
was to be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
362. (d); Jugantar was a Bengali revolutionary
newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by
Barindra
Kumar
Ghosh,
Abhinash
Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. A
political weekly, it was founded in March
1906 and served as the propaganda organ for
the nascent revolutionary organisation
Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in
Bengal at the time. Bhupendranath Dutt
served as the editor of the newspaper till his
arrest in 1907
363. (b); The All-India Muslim League was a political
party in British India. It was founded at
Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangladesh), in the
Bengal Presidency, in 1906. It was a driving
force behind the creation of Pakistan as a
Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent
364. (c); The Komagata Maru incident involved the
Japanese steamship Komagata Maru on
which a group of citizens of the British Raj
attempted to immigrate to Canada in 1914
but were denied entry
365. (d); The resolution of Swadeshi was adopted in
1906 Calcutta session of the Indian National
Congress. This session was headed by Dada
Bhai Naoroji. Prior to this, in Banaras 1905
session, a resolution of boycott of British
goods was put forward. However, it was
1906 session at Calcutta in which four
resolutions on self-government, boycott
movement, Swadeshi and national education
were passed by the Congress
366. (c); The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of
Gujarat, India during the period of the British
Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience
and revolt in the Indian Independence
Movement. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel play a
leading role in this Bardoli Satyagraha
367. (a); Annie Besant was a British socialist,
theosophist, women's rights activist, writer
and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian
self-rule. She was the chief architect of
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reconciliation between the Extremists and
the Moderates in Lucknow session in 1916
368. (c); The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known
as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13
April, 1919 when a crowd of non-violent
protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims,
who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh,
Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops
of the British Indian Army under the
command of Colonel Reginald Dyer
369. (d); Colonel Dyer was an officer of the British
Indian Army who, as a temporary brigadier
general, was responsible for the Jallianwala
Bagh massacre in Amritsar (in the province
of Punjab). Dyer was removed from duty
after this; he was criticised both in Britain and
India
370. (b); The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an
agitation by Indian Muslims allied with
Indian nationalism in the years following
World War I. Its purpose was to pressure the
British government to preserve the authority
of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam
following the breakup of the Ottoman
Empire at the end of the war in turkey
371. (b); On 4 September 1920, Congress met at
Calcutta in a special session. This special
session was presided by Lala Lajpat Rai
372. (a); Moplah movement –Malabar, Kerala
Akali movement - Punjab
Kashi vidya peeth - Education
Khilafat movement - Turkey
373. (c); The Al-Hilal was a weekly Urdu language
newspaper established by the Indian leader
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and used as a
medium for criticism of the British Raj in
India. The first issue came out on 13 July 1912
374. (b); Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was
extremely critical of the Act and argued that
not everyone should get punishment in
response to isolated political crimes. Gandhi
and others found that constitutional
opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on
April 6 1919, a "hartal" was organised where
Indians would suspend all business and fast
as a sign of their opposition and civil
disobedience would be offered against
175
specific law. This event is known as the
Rowlatt Satyagraha
375. (b); In February March 1918, there was a situation
of conflict between the Gujarat Mill owners
and workers on the question of Plague Bonus
of 1917. In March 1918, under the leadership
of Gandhi, there was a strike in the cotton
mills. Gandhiji himself went on a "fast unto
death" to strengthen the workers resolved to
continue the strike
376. (b); In Transvaal non-whites were compelled to
pay a poll tax of £3; they were not allowed to
own land except in specially allotted
locations, a kind of ghetto; they had no
franchise, and were not allowed to walk on
the pavement or move out of doors after 9
p.m. without a special permit. One day
Gandhi, who had received from the State
Attorney a letter authorizing him to be out of
doors all hours, was having his usual walk.
As he passed near President Kruger's house,
the policeman on duty, suddenly and
without any warning, pushed him off the
pavement and kicked him into the street
377. (d); The Indian Opinion was a newspaper
established by Indian leader Mahatma
Gandhi during his stay in South Africa. The
publication was an important tool for the
political movement led by Gandhi and the
Indian National Congress to fight racial
discrimination and win civil rights for the
Indian immigrant community in South
Africa. It existed between 1903 and 1915
378. (c); The British Government established a
committee headed by Lord Hunter a Senator
of the “College of justice of Scotland” to
enquire on Jallianwala Bagh incident. This
committee had seven members having four
British and three Indians
379. (c); A campaign in defense of the caliph was
launched, led in India by the brothers Ali
brothers-Shaukat and Muḥammad Ali and
by Abul Kalam Azad. The leaders joined
forces with Mahatma Gandhi's noncooperation movement for Indian freedom,
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promising nonviolence in return for his
support of the Khilafat movement
380. (a); Gandhiji was aroused by the Rowlatt Act. In
February 1919 he founded the Satyagraha
Sabha at Bombay. Its members took a pledge
to disobey the Act and thus to court arrest. It
was new method of struggle
381. (d); Abstinence was not one of the cardinal
principles of Mahatma Gandhi’s doctrine of
Satyagraha
382. (b); The Delhi Durbar meaning "Court of Delhi",
was an Indian imperial style mass assembly
organised by the British at Coronation Park,
Delhi, India, to mark the succession of an
Emperor or Empress of India. The 1911
Durbar was the only one that a sovereign,
George V, attended
383. (b); Congress session of 1919 held at Amritsar
which is presided by Motilal Nehru
384. (a); The Liberal Party of India was a political
organization espousing liberalism in the
politics of India under the British Raj. The
Liberal party was formed in 1910 under
leadership of S N Banerjee
385. (a); Passed on the recommendations of the
Rowlatt Committee and named after its
president, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt,
this
act
effectively
authorized
the
government to imprison any person
suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up
to two years without a trial
386. (a); Irish home rule movement - Red Mond
Home rule movement in India- Annie Besant
Kashmir - Motilal Nehru
Ferguson College - Gokhale
387. (c); In Ahmedabad also, Gandhi ji organized a
pure internal campaign, In February March
1918, there was a situation of conflict
between the Gujarat Mill owners and
workers on the question of Plague Bonus of
1917. In March 1918, under the leadership of
Gandhi, there was a strike in the cotton mills.
In this strike Gandhi used the weapon of
Hunger strike
388. (a); Gandhiji launched his first successful
Satyagraha at Champaran in 1917.
389. (c); Madan Lal Dhingra was an Indian
revolutionary independence activist while
176
studying in England, he assassinated Sir
William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, a British
official. Udham Singh was an Indian
revolutionary best known for assassinating
Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the former Lieutenant
Governor of the Punjab in British India, on 13
March 1940
390. (b); Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose was
chosen for the murdering of Kingsford, the
magistrate of Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Kingsford
during his previous tenure as the Chief the
Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta was
unpopular for passing harsh and cruel
sentences on young political workers of
Bengal
391. (b); On 23 December 1912, a Bomb was thrown at
the Viceroy Lord Hardinge when his
procession was moving from Chandni
Chowk. In the trial of this Delhi Conspiracy
Case, Basant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand
and Avadh Behari were convicted and
executed
392. (a); In 1908 a revolutionary conspiracy was
intrigued to kill the Chief Presidency
Magistrate D.H. Kingford of Muzaffarpur.
The task was entrusted to Khudiram Bose
and Prafulla Chaki. The case saw the trial of
a number of Indian nationalists of the
Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta, under charges
of "Waging war against the Government" of
the British Raj. Chittaranjan Das defended
Aurbindo Ghosh in the Alipore bomb case
393. (d); Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh was a freedom
fighter, journalist, writer, and Marxist
revolutionary social reformist of India and
President of first Provisional Government of
India. He actively participated in the
revolutionary movement within and outside
India
394. (c); The founding president of Ghadar Party was
Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was
the co-founder of this party. Headquarters of
the movement were set up at Yugantar
Ashram in San Francisco
395. (c); Rash Behari Bose was a revolutionary leader
against the British Raj in India and was one
of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny
and later, the Indian National Army
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396. (a); In 1913, Pacific Coast Hindustan Association
was founded by Lala Hardayal with Sohan
Singh Bhakna as its president, which was
called Ghadar Party
397. (c); The Silk Letter Movement refers to a
movement organised by the Deobandi
leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at
freeing India from the British rule by allying
with Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany,
and Afghanistan
398. (a); The Anushilan Samiti was established by
Pramathanath Mitra, a barrister from
Calcutta.
The people associated with this samiti were
Sri Aurobindo, Deshabandhu Chittaranjan
Das, Surendranath Tagore etc
399. (a); The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti was founded
by Ashwini Kumar Dutt. It aimed to promote
the consumption of indigenous products and
boycott foreign goods
400. (b); Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement
reached between the moderates, militants
and the Muslim League at the joint session in
Lucknow, in the year 1916. It also established
cordial relation between the two prominent
groups of the Indian National Congress the
extremists led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and
the moderates led by Gopal Krishna
Gokhale.
401. (b); Lucknow Pact -1916
Gandhi-Irwin Pact-1931
August Offer -1940
Cripps Mission -1942
402. (b); Lucknow Pact (December 1916) agreement
made by the Indian National Congress
headed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the AllIndia Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah; it was adopted by the Congress at its
Lucknow session on December 29 and by the
league on Dec. 31, 1916. The meeting at
Lucknow marked the reunion of the
moderate and radical wings of the Congress.
The pact dealt both with the structure of the
government of India and with the relation of
the Hindu and Muslim communities
403. (c); The Indian Home Rule movement was a
movement in British India on the lines of
Irish Home Rule movement and other home
rule movements. The movement lasted
177
around two years between 1916–1918 and is
believed to have set the stage for the
independence
movement
under
the
leadership of Annie Besant and B.G Tilak.
404. (a); The Indian Home Rule movement was a
movement in British India on the lines of
Irish Home Rule movement and other home
rule movements. The movement lasted
around two years between 1916–1918 and is
believed to have set the stage for the
independence
movement
under
the
leadership of Annie Besant and B.G Tilak
405. (a); Bal Gangadhar Tilak born as Keshav
Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist,
teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an
independence activist. He was the first leader
of the Indian Independence Movement. He
has been conferred as ‘Lokmanya’ in the
Home Rule Movement
406. (b); The Indian Home Rule movement was a
movement in British India on the lines of
Irish Home Rule movement and other home
rule movements. The movement lasted
around two year between1916–1918 and is
believed to have set the stage for the
independence
movement
under
the
leadership of Annie Besant and B.G Tilak
407. (d); Tilak founded the first home rule league at
the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum
in April,1916 then after this Annie Besant
founded second league at Adyar Madras in
September 1916. While Tilak's league worked
in areas like Maharashtra (excluding Bombay
city), Karnataka, Central provinces and
Berar, Annie Besant's league worked in the
rest of India
408. (a); The important leaders of Home rule
movement are Annie Besant and B.G Tilak
409. (a); Shyamji Krishna Varma was an Indian
revolutionary fighter, lawyer and journalist
who founded the Indian Home Rule Society,
India House and The Indian Sociologist in
London
410. (b); The important leaders of Home rule
movement are Annie Besant and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak
411. (a); The Indian Home Rule movement was a
movement in British India on the lines of
Irish Home Rule movement and other home
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rule movements. The movement lasted
around two years between 1916–1918 and is
believed to have set the stage for the
independence
movement
under
the
leadership of Annie Besant and B.G Tilak
412. (a); Indian home rule movement began in India
in the background of World War I. Many
Indian revolutionaries opposed the war,
while moderates and liberals backed the war.
The issue divided India's political classes and
left the increasing demand for selfgovernment
413. (b); The Indian Councils Act 1909 or MorleyMinto Reforms was passed by British
Parliament in 1909 in an attempt to widen the
scope of legislative councils. It was passed
during the tenure of Lord Minto
414. (c); Dyarchy system of double government
introduced by the Government of India Act
(1919)
415. (b); Morley-Minto Reforms Act -1909
Transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi1911
First World War-1914
Lucknow Pact-1916
416. (c); The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known
as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13
April, 1919 when a crowd of non-violent
protesters along with Baishakhi pilgrims,
who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh,
Amritsar, Punjab, were fired upon by troops
of the British Indian Army under the
command of Colonel Reginald Dyer
417. (a); Sarojini Naidu was a freedom fighter and
poet of modern India. She became the
President of Indian National Congress and
later she was appointed the Governor of the
United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh.
Known as the 'Nightingale of India', she was
also a noted poet
418. (d); Mohammad Ali Jinnah himself was the
mastermind and architect of the Luchnow
pact. Due to the reconciliation brought about
by Jinnah between the Congress and the
League, the Nightingale of India, Sarojini
Naidu, gave him the title of “the Ambassador
of Hindu-Muslim Unity”.
S419.
(b); It was started with Dandi March (also
Salt march, Salt satyagraha) by Mahatma
178
Gandhi on 12th March, 1930. On 12 March,
1930 he along with his 78 followers began a
march from the Sabarmati Ashram to
“Dandi” on the Gujarat coast. It was a
distance of 200 miles. At Dandi a few days
later they violated the salt laws by making
salt from sea-water. Thus, began the civil
disobedience Movement
420. (a); Harijan is a term popularized by Indian
revolutionary leader Mahatma Gandhi for
referring to Dalits
421. (c); Congress-Muslim League Pact-1916
JallianwallaBagh Tragedy- 1919
Chauri-Chaura incident-1922
Foundation of Swaraj Party-1923
422. (c); The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, in the
Champaran district of Bihar, India during the
period of the British Raj, was the first Peasant
movement inspired by Mohandas Gandhi
and a major revolt in the Indian
Independence Movement
423. (d); The Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party, was
a political party formed in India in January
1923 after the Gaya annual conference in
December 1922 of the National Congress.
Mahatma Gandhi was elected as president of
All India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in
1919. On 23rd July, 1934 the Government
banned all the activities of Communists as
they feared that they could bring up mass
revolution against the British Raj
424. (d); The Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery
that took place at Kakori near Lucknow, on 9
August
1925
during
the
Indian
Independence Movement. The robbery was
organised by the Hindustan Republican
Association
(HRA).The
robbery
was
conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and
Ashfaqullah Khan who belonged to the HRA
425. (c); Sir Surendranath Banerjee was one of the
earliest Indian political leaders during the
British Raj. He went on to write the widely
acclaimed “A Nation in Making” published
in 1925
426. (c); The Story of My Experiments with Truth is
the autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi,
covering his life from early childhood
through to 1921. It was written in weekly
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installments and published in his journal
Navjivan from 1925 to 1929
427. (c); Gandhi was not in favour of large scale
industrialisation, as it was responsible for
many socio¬economic evils. He believed that
large scale use of machinery led to drudgery
and monotony. He was in favour of
decentralised economy so he promote
cottage industry
428. (a); Rabindranath Tagore received the news of
the massacre by 22 April 1919. He tried to
arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and
finally decided to renounce his British
knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest"
429. (a); Partition of Bengal - 1905
Surat split -1907
Lucknow pact -1916
430. (b); The Independent was an Allahabad based
newspaper begun by Motilal Nehru in 1919.
The paper closed down under British
repression two years later
431. (a); Pritilata Waddedar was an Indian Bengali
revolutionary nationalist. Pritilata joined a
revolutionary group headed by Surya Sen.
She led a team of fifteen revolutionaries in a
1932 attack on the Pahartali European Club,
which had a sign board that read "Dogs and
Indians not allowed". The revolutionaries
torched the club and were later caught by the
British police.
432. (a); In the Lahore session of December 1929,
Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj
resolution. It was the same session in which
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as president of
the Congress
433. (a); Inquilab Zindabad is an Urdu phrase which
translates to "Long live the revolution!" The
poet, journalist, scholar and independence
activist Maulana Hasrat Mohani (born 1875)
coined this slogan in 1921 in protest against
the British
434. (b); Moplah – Kerala
Kuka -Punjab
Wahabi - North west frontier province
Phadke -Maharashtra
435. (c); Dyarchy was first introduced in India under
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms also known as
Mont-Ford Reforms in 1919
179
436. (a); Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary
newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by
Barindra
Kumar
Ghosh,
Abhinash
Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. A
political weekly, it was founded in March
1906 and served as the propaganda organ for
the nascent revolutionary organisation
Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in
Bengal at the time
437. (b); Bande matram- Aurbindo ghosh
Common weal - Annie Besant
The Pupil - Lala Lajpat Rai
Jugantar - Barindra ghosh
438. (a); Poorna Swaraj was declared as the goal of the
Congress in the Congress session held at
Lahore under Presidentship of Jawaharlal
Nehru
439. (c); Champaran Satyagraha -1917
Ahmedabad Mill Workers Strike -1918
Chauri-Chaura Incident -1922
Bardoli Satyagraha -1928
440. (c); In February 1927, Jawaharlal Nehru on
behalf of the National Congress attended the
Congress of Oppressed Nationalities at
Brussels organised by political exiles and
revolutionaries from the countries of Asia,
Africa and Latin America suffering from
economic or political imperialism
441. (d); The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known
as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13
April, 1919 when troops of the British Indian
Army under the command of Colonel
Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a
crowd of non-violent protesters. The
civilians, in the majority Sikhs, had
assembled to participate in the annual
Baisakhi celebrations, a religious and cultural
festival for Punjabi people and also to
condemn the arrest and deportation of two
national leaders, Satya Pal and Dr Saifuddin
Kitchlew
442. (a); Gandhiji was not associated with the Moplah
Movement. The Moplah peasant movement
was engineered in August 1921 among the
peasants of Malabar district in Kerala. The
Moplah tenants were Muslims and they
agitated against the Hindu landlords and the
British government. Their grievances related
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to lack of any security of tenure, renewal fees,
high rents and other oppressive landlord
exac¬tions
443. (b); Naujawan Bharat Sabha was a left-wing
Indian association that sought to foment
revolution against the British Raj by
gathering together worker and peasant
youths. It was founded by Bhagat Singh in
March 1926
444. (c); Jatindra Nath Das, also known as Jatin Das,
was an Indian Freedom fighter and
revolutionary. He died in Lahore jail after a
63-day hunger strike
445. (a); The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, in the state of
Gujarat, India during the period of the British
Raj, was a major episode of civil disobedience
and revolt in the Indian Independence
Movement. The movement was eventually
led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its success gave
rise to Patel becoming one of the main
leaders of the independence movement
446. (a); The Chamber of Princes (Narendra Mandal)
was an institution established in 1921 by a
royal proclamation of King-Emperor George
V to provide a forum in which the rulers of
the princely states of India could voice their
needs and aspirations to the colonial
government of British India
447. (c); Edwin Montagu became Secretary of State
for India in June 1917. In late 1917, Montagu
went to India to meet Lord Chelmsford, the
Viceroy of India, and leaders of Indian
community, to discuss the introduction of
limited self-government to India, and the
protection rights of minority communities
448. (a); A comprehensive examination of India’s
Civil Service system was undertaken in 1912
when the British Government in London
appointed what was called the Royal
Commission on the Public Services in India
Competitive
examination
for
public
recruitment
449. (b); The Al-Hilal was a weekly Urdu language
newspaper established by the Indian leader
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and used as a
medium for criticism of the British Raj in
India. The first issue came out on 13 July
180
1912. The newspaper also espoused the cause
of the Indian independence movement and
exhorted Indian Muslims to join the
movement
450. (c); The Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery
that took place between Kakori and, near
Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the
Indian Independence Movement against the
British Indian Government
451. (b); Sabarmati Ashram is located in the
Sabarmati suburb of Ahmedabad, Gujarat,
adjoining the Ashram Road, on the banks of
the River Sabarmati, four miles from the
town hall. It was founded by Mahatma
Gandhi
452. (c); The Non-Cooperation Movement was a
significant phase of the Indian independence
movement from British rule launched on 1st
August, 1920. It was led by Mahatma
Gandhi. The non-cooperation movement
was withdrawn because of the Chauri
Chaura incident
453. (a); Congress Working Committee on 12
February 1922 popularly known as the
Bardoli resolution took decision to call off the
Non-violence movement. Gandhiji withdraw
the movement in response to the violence at
Chauri Chaura incident on 5th February 1922
454. (a); The sudden withdrawal of the Non
Cooperation Movement left congress with no
other such programmes lead CR Das to
resigned from the presidentship of the
Congress and along with Moti Lal Nehru, N
C Kelkar they launched their own political
outfit called “Congress Khilafat Swarajya
Party” or simply the “Swarajya Party” in
January 1923
455. (d); J.L.Nehru did not opposed the Noncooeration resolution
456. (a); In 1920, at a special session of the Congress
held at Calcutta under the presidency of Lala
Lajpat Rai, Mahatma Gandhi announced his
famous programme of Non-Cooperation
457. (b); The Partition of Bengal -1905
The Lucknow Pact -1916
The Rowlatt Act -1919 (March)
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The
Introduction
of
Dyarchy-1919
(December)
458. (c); Lord Chelmsford was succeeded by Lord
Reading in 1921 as Governor-General and
Viceroy of India till 1925. This phase many
important events like non-cooperation
movement, swarajya party , kakori
movement
459. (c); Chittaranjan
Das,
popularly
called
Deshbandhu, was a leading Indian politician,
a prominent lawyer, an activist of the Indian
National Movement and founder-leader of
the Swaraj Party in Bengal during British
occupation in India
460. (a); In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das,
Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal
Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat
Swarajaya Party with Das as the president
and Nehru as one of the secretaries.
461. (d); Lord Mountbatten was the Last Viceroy of
British India and the first Governor General
of free India
462. (c); In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das,
Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal
Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat
Swarajaya Party with Das as the president
and Nehru as one of the secretaries.
463. (c); In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das,
Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal
Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat
Swarajaya Party with Das as the president
and Nehru as one of the secretaries.
464. (a); The Swaraj Party, was a political party
formed in India in December 1922 after the
Gaya annual conference in December 1922 of
the National Congress, that sought greater
self-government and political freedom for
the Indian people from the British Raj. The
two
most
important
leaders
were
Chittaranjan Das, who was its president and
Motilal Nehru, who was its secretary
465. (b); Lord Ripon remained India’s Viceroy from
1880-84. This liberal politician is known for
many reforms in the internal administration
of India. A Resolution in 1882 set off the
institution of local self-government in India
that’s why he is called father of local self
181
government. He wanted to train Indians in
the art of Self Government
466. (b); In the Lahore session of December 1929,
Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj
resolution. It was the same session in which
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as president of
the Congress
467. (b); Bal Gangahar Tilak or Lokmanya Tilak as we
called fondly, was one of the first to advocate
more stringent and aggressive methods to
deal with British imperialism. Tilak’s famous
quote “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall
have it” is well-remembered in India even
today
468. (c); In April 1928, the “Independence of India
League” was formed with Jawahar Lal
Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose as
Secretaries and S. Srinivasa Iyengar as
President in opposition to the Nehru Report
469. (d); Mahatma Gandhi said on the death of Tilak
“my strongest bulwark is gone”
470. (d); Champaran movement-1917
Chauri Chaura incident-1922
Khilafat movement - 1919
First round table conference-1930
471. (b); Naujawan Bharat Sabha was a left-wing
Indian association that sought to foment
revolution against the British Raj by
gathering together worker and peasant
youths. It was founded by Bhagat Singh in
March 1926 and was a more public face of the
Hindustan Republican Association
472. (d); Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured in
police lathi charge in Lahore during
demonstrations against Simon Commission
for which he subsequently died in November
1928. Later on the British Officer, who was
responsible for the lathi charge on him, was
shot dead by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru
473. (a); In the Lahore session of December 1929,
Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj
resolution. It was the same session in which
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected as president of
the Congress
474. (a); The Indian Statutory Commission was a
group of seven British Members of
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Parliament of United Kingdom under the
chairmanship of Sir John Simon assisted by
Clement Attlee. The commission arrived in
British-occupied India in 1928 to study
constitutional reform in Britain's most
important colonial dependency. It was
commonly referred to as the Simon
Commission
475. (a); First all India hartal on April 6, was a "hartal"
organised where Indians would suspend all
business and fast as a sign of their opposition
and civil disobedience would be offered
against specific law. This event is known as
the Rowlatt Satyagraha
476. (b); It had 7 members which were lifted from the
three political parties of the British
Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir
John Simon. None of the Indians was
appointed in the commission. When no
Indian was included in the commission, it
was like depriving of their right to participate
in the determination of the constitution of
their own country
477. (c); It had 7 members which were lifted from the
three political parties of the British
Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir
John Simon
478. (b); On April 3, 1926 Lord Irwin was appointed
30th Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
This was the most tumultuous period for the
politics of India. During this period the
important events were Visit of Simon
Commission (1928), Nehru Report (1928),
Jinnah’s 14 Points, Murder of Saunders in
1929 etc
479. (a); The title of Mahatma was bestowed on
Gandhiji by Rabindranath Tagore
480. (d); Subhash Chandra Bose gave slogan “Dilli
Chalo” or “March to Delhi”
481. (d); In April 1936 the Congress session was held
at Lucknow under the President ship of
Jawaharlal Nehru.
482. (a); On 31st December, 1929 Jawahar Lal Nehru
unfurl the tri-colour national flag on the
banks of the Ravi as the clock struck the
midnight
182
483. (b); The Communal Award was made by the
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald
on 16 August 1932 granting separate
electorates in India for the Forward Caste,
Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs,
IndChristians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans
and Untouchables
484. (b); An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India
was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a
pioneer of the Communist movement in
India and an advocate of radical democracy.
It became an official demand of the Indian
National
Congress
in
1935,
C.
Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a
constituent Assembly on 15th November
1939 based on adult franchise, and was
accepted by the British in August 1940
485. (a); Jawahar Lal Nehru attended the Congress of
Oppressed Nationalist at Brussels in 1927, on
behalf of the National Congress
486. (b); The Congress Socialist Party was founded in
1934 as a socialist caucus within the Indian
National Congress under Acharya Narendra
Dev and Jai Prakash Narayan
487. (a); The Poona Pact was the agreement between
Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Br Ambedkar
reached on 25 September 1932. It has
provision of reservation of seats in the
provincial legislatures and adequate
representation in civil services
488. (b); The Congress during March 26-31, 1931
adopted a resolution on Fundamental Rights
and Economic Policy which represented the
Party’s Social, Economic and political
program. It was later known as Karachi
Resolution. It was drafted by Jawaharlal
Nehru
489. (d); The Communal Award was made by the
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald
on 16 August 1932 granting separate
electorates in India for depressed classes
490. (d); Theodore was invited by Syed Ahmed Khan
to serve as Principle of Mohammedan AngloOriental College. The 'Illbert Bill' was a bill
introduced in 1883 under the Viceroyalty of
Lord Ripon. Pherozeshah Mehta was
president of congress for four times
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491. (c); The Poona Pact refers to an agreement
between B. R. Ambedkar and M. K. Gandhi
made on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada
Central Jail in Poona, India. It was signed by
Madan Mohan Malviya, Ambedkar and
some other leaders as a means to end the fast
that Gandhi was undertaking at the jail
492. (c); Mahatma Gandhi was born in Porbandar
493. (c); The Salt March, also known as the Dandi
March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act
of non violent civil disobedience in colonial
India initiated by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in
the coastal village of Dandi, as was the
practice of the local populace until British
officials introduced taxation on salt
production,
deemed
their
sea-salt
reclamation activities illegal, and then
repeatedly used force to stop it
494. (c); Burma separated from India in 1937 in the
hope of weakening Burmese nationalist
movement
495. (b); The Salt March, also known as the Dandi
March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act
of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial
India initiated by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in
the coastal village of Dandi, as was the
practice of the local populace until British
officials introduced taxation on salt
production,
deemed
their
sea-salt
reclamation activities illegal, and then
repeatedly used force to stop it
496. (b); The Karachi session was presided by Sardar
Patel. The congress adopted a resolution on
Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy
which represented the Party’s Social,
Economic and Political programme. It was
later known as Karachi Resolution and
Nehru had originally drafted it
497. (c); Subhash Chandra Bose compared the Dandi
March to Napoleon's March to Paris on his
return from Elba
498. (c); On April 3, 1926 Lord Irwin was appointed
30th Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
This was the most tumultuous period for the
politics of India. During this period the
important events were Visit of Simon
Commission (1928), Nehru Report (1928),
183
Jinnah’s 14 Points, Murder of Saunders in
1929, Bomb thrown in Assembly Hall in
Delhi by Bhagat Singh, civil disobedience
movement execution of Bhagat Singh,
Rajguru and Sukhdev (1931)
499. (c); The Salt March, also known as the Dandi
March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act
of non violent civil disobedience in colonial
India initiated by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in
the coastal village of Dandi, as was the
practice of the local populace until British
officials introduced taxation on salt
production,
deemed
their
sea-salt
reclamation activities illegal, and then
repeatedly used force to stop it
500. (b); Red Shirt movement, byname of Khudai
Khitmatgar in support of the Indian National
Congress, an action started by Abdul Ghaffar
Khan of the North-West Frontier Provinceof
India in 1930.
501. (d); On March 12, 1930, Indian independence
leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant
march to the sea in protest of the British
monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil
disobedience is against British and complete
freedom
502. (a); Dandi March was started in India on 12th of
March in 1930 under the leadership of the
Mahatma Gandhi as an important element to
the Indian independence movement. This
march was started in India as a direct action
campaign against the tax over by the British
Rule
503. (c); Constructive programme
504. (b); The Salt March, also known as the Dandi
March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act
of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial
Indiainitiated by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in
the coastal village of Dandi. Gandhi led the
Dandi March from his base, Sabarmati
Ashram, near the city of Ahmedabad
505. (a); Dandi March was started in India on 12th of
March in 1930 under the leadership of the
Mahatma Gandhi as an important element to
the Indian independence movement. This
march was started in India as a direct action
campaign against the tax over by the British
Rule
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506. (b); The Salt March, also known as the Dandi
March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act
of non violent civil disobedience in colonial
India initiated by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in
the coastal village of Dandi
507. (b); The First Round Table Conference officially
inaugurated by His Majesty George V on
November 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of
Lords at London and chaired by the British
Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald
508. (c); immon commission - 1927
First round table conference-1930
Gandhi –Irwin pact -1931
Poona pact -1932
509. (b); The Second Round Conference opened on
September 7, 1931. Gandhi represented
Indian National Congress and Sarojini Naidu
represented Indian women.
510. (c); Former British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill once called Mahatma Gandhi "a
seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing
as a fakir... striding half-naked up the steps
of the Viceregal Palace."
511. (b); On April 3, 1926 Lord Irwin was appointed
30th Viceroy and Governor-General of India.
This was the most tumultuous period for the
politics of India. During this period the
important events were: Visit of Simon
Commission (1928), Nehru Report (1928),
Jinnah’s 14 Points, Murder of Saunders in
1929, Bomb thrown in Assembly Hall in
Delhi by Bhagat Singh, execution of Bhagat
Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev (1931)
512. (b); On 11 September 1930, the personnel of the
Round Table Conference were announced.
The conference was opened officially by King
George V on November 12, 1930 in London.
It was chaired by British PM Ramsay
MacDonald
513. (a); MK Gandhi attended second round table
conference. First Round Table Conference
attended by B. R. Ambedkar, Tej Bahadur
Sapru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah etc
514. (a); Government of India Act 1935 was passed by
British Parliament in August 1935. Salient
Features of the Government of India Act 1935
were Abolition of provincial dyarchy and
184
introduction of dyarchy at centre and
Abolition of Indian Council and introduction
of an advisory body in its place
515. (c); Government of India Act 1935 was passed by
British Parliament in August 1935. Salient
Features of the Government of India Act 1935
were Abolition of provincial dyarchy and
introduction of dyarchy at centre
516. (c); The Idea of Pakistan 1930. Sir Muhammad
Iqbal (November 9, 1877 - April 21, 1938),
also known as Allama Iqbal, was an Indian
philosopher, poet and politician who is
widely regarded as having inspired the
Pakistan Movement
517. (c); Congress Socialist Party, or (CSP), was a leftwing group within the Congress. It was
formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as
President and Jay Prakash Narayan as
General Secretary in 1934
518. (d); National Herald is an Indian newspaper
published by The Associated Journals Ltd. It
was founded by freedom fighter and India's
first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1938
as a tool to win independence
519. (a); In Bhutan war the British army received
some setback in the beginning but later this
Bhutan war or Duar War ended in the defeat
of the Bhutanese army. The peace was
brought by “Treaty of Sinchula” signed on 11
November 1865.
520. (b); The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya
Vinoba Bhave, who was sent to Jail when he
spoke against the war. Second Satyagrahi
was Jawahar Lal Nehru. Third was Brahma
Datt
521. (b); On 8 August 1940, early in the Battle of
Britain, the Viceroy of India, Lord
Linlithgow, made the so-called "August
Offer", a fresh proposal promising the
expansion of the Executive Council to
include more Indians, the establishment of an
advisory war council, giving full weight to
minority opinion, and the recognition of
Indians' right to frame their own constitution
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522. (a); The All India Forward Bloc is a left-wing
nationalist political party in India. It emerged
as a faction within the Indian National
Congress in 1939, led by Subhas Chandra
Bose.
523. (c); Chakravarti Rajagopalachari informally
called Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian politician,
independence activist, lawyer, writer and
statesman. Rajagopalachari was the last
Governor-General of India
524. (a); Bhulabhai
Desai
was
an
Indian
independence activist and acclaimed lawyer.
He is well-remembered for his defence of the
three Indian National Army soldiers accused
of treason during World War II, and for
attempting to negotiate a secret powersharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of
the Muslim League
525. (a); The Indian National Army trials, which are
also called the Red Fort trials, were the
British Indian trial by courts-martial of a
number of officers of the Indian National
Army (INA) between November 1945 and
May 1946, for charges variously for treason,
torture, murder and abetment to murder
during World War II
526. (c); Jai Hind is slogan by Subhash Chandra Bose
527. (c); Bhulabhai
Desai
was
an
Indian
independence activist and acclaimed lawyer.
He is well-remembered for his defence of the
three Indian National Army soldiers accused
of treason during World War II, and for
attempting to negotiate a secret powersharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of
the Muslim League
528. (a)
529. (a); Vande Mātaram is a poem composed by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870s,
which he included in his 1881 novel
Anandamath
530. (b); The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya
Vinoba Bhave, who was sent to Jail when he
spoke against the war. Second Satyagrahi
was Jawahar Lal Nehru. Third was Brahma
Datt, one of the inmates of the Gandhi's
Ashram
185
531. (d); Gandhiji in 1942 organized Quite India
movement & gave the Slogan of "Do or Die."
Mahatma Gandhi In 1942 organized Quit
India movement and gave the slogan of 'Do
or Die'
532. (a); Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy of India from
1936 to 1944 and thlis eight years period was
longest reign as Viceroy of India. During this
period, parts of Government of India Act
1935 came into force in 1937,Start of World
War-II (1939), resignation of Subhash
Chandra Bose and foundation of “Forward
Block”,Escape of SC Bose from India,
Jinnah’s two nations theory,August Offer
(1940),Foundation of Indian National
Army,Cripps Mission (1942),Launch of Quit
India Movement
533. (d); The Quit India Movement or the India
August Movement, was a movement
launched at the Bombay session of the AllIndia Congress Committee by Mahatma
Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War
II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.
The movement was accompanied by a mass
protest on non-violent lines
534. (b); Aruna asaf Ali was a freedom fighter and is
widely remembered for hoisting the
Congress flag at Bombay during the Quit
India Movement. She is known as the 'Grand
Old Lady' of the Independence Movement
535. (d);
536. (c); Aruna asaf Ali was a freedom fighter and is
widely remembered for hoisting the
Congress flag at Bombay during the Quit
India Movement. She is known as the 'Grand
Old Lady' of the Independence Movement
537. (d); The Cripps mission was an attempt in late
March 1942 by the British government to
secure full Indian cooperation and support
for their efforts in World War II. The mission
was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior
left-wing politician and government minister
in the War Cabinet of Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
538. (c); Cripps Mission was sent by the British
Government in March 1942 to India with key
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objective to secure Indian cooperation and
support for British War Efforts. Headed by
Sir Stafford Cripps, this mission sought to
negotiate an agreement with Indian leaders
539. (b); Mahatma Gandhi’s remark, ‘A post-dated
cheque on a crumbling bank’ is regarding the
proposals of cripps mission
540. (d); Gandhi's ideas is that there is no ends
justifying the means, it's the means that
justify the ends. Gandhi is quoted as saying,
"For me it is enough to know the means.
Means and end are convertible terms in my
philosophy of life"
541. (c); Mahatma Gandhi’s remark, ‘A post-dated
cheque on a crumbling bank’ is regarding the
proposals of cripps mission
542. (a); The Civil Disobedience Movement-1930
The Cripps Mission-1942
The Cabinet Mission’s Plan-1946
543. (a); Cabinet Mission was composed of three
Cabinet Ministers of England. The mission
arrived on March 24, 1946. The objective of
this mission was to Devise a machinery to
draw up the constitution of Independent
India make arrangements for interim
Government and thus the mission was like a
declaration of India’s independence
544. (c); Cabinet Mission was composed of three
Cabinet Ministers of England. The mission
arrived on March 24, 1946.It is headed by
Lord Pathick Lawrence
545. (c); Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an Indian
scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the
186
Indian National Congress during the Indian
independence movement. He became the
first Minister of Education in the Indian
government
546. (d); The interim government of India, formed on
2 September 1946 from the newly elected
Constituent Assembly of India, had the task
of assisting the transition of India and
Pakistan from British rule to independence. It
remained in place until 15 August 1947, the
date of the independence of the two new
nations of India and Pakistan. the Interim
Government was formed under Jawaharlal
Nehru
547. (a); Morarji Desai was an Indian independence
activist and served between 1977 and 1979 as
the 4th Prime Minister of India for the
government formed by the Janata Party.He
was in office from 24 March 1977 to 28 July
1979
548. (b); The 42nd Amendment changed the
description of India from a "sovereign
democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist
secular democratic republic", and also
changed the words "unity of the nation" to
"unity and integrity of the nation"
549. (c); The India and Pakistan Border, known as
Radcliffe line. Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated
the land in 1947
550. (b); "Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan" slogan is given by Lal
bahadur shastri.
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Chapter
Solar System
1
Our Sun (a star) and all the planets around it are part of a galaxy known as the Milky Way Galaxy. A galaxy is
a large group of stars, gas, and dust bound together by gravity. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The
Milky Way is a large barred spiral galaxy. The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System.
Earth solar system consists of:
• The Sun
• The Planets (8 Planets)
• Dwarf Planets such as Pluto, Ceres, Eris etc. & countless fragments of left – overs called asteroids, meteors,
comets & satellites of the planets (called small solar system Bodies).
Some Facts about Solar System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biggest Planet
Smallest Planet
Nearest Planet to Sun
Farthest Planet from Sun
Nearest Planet to Earth
Brightest Planet
Brightest star after Sun
Planet with maximum
satellites
Coldest Planet
Hottest Planet
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Jupiter
Mercury
Mercury
Neptune
Venus
Venus
Sirius
Jupiter
:
:
Neptune
Venus
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heaviest Planet
:
Red Planet
:
Biggest Satellite
:
Smallest Satellite
:
Blue Planet
:
Morning/Evening Star
:
Earth's Twin
:
Green Planet
:
Planet with a big red spot
:
Greatest Diurnal Temperature :
Jupiter
Mars
Ganymede
Deimos
Earth
Venus
Venus
Neptune
Jupiter
Mercury
Earth Latitude & Longitude
Earth Latitude
• Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured as an angle whose apex is at the centre of the
earth.
• The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole is 90° N & the South Pole 90° S.Equator is the
‘Greatest Circle’ that can be drawn on the earth’s surface.
• 23½° N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23½° S represents Tropic of Capricorn.
• 66½° N represents Arctic Circle while 66½° S represents Antarctic Circle.
• The distance between any two parallels of latitude is always equal.
• 1 degree latitude = 111km(approx.).
Earth Longitude
•
•
•
•
•
•
The lines of longitude are drawn as a series of semicircles that extend from the North Pole to the South
Pole through the equator. They are also called meridi
The distance between any two meridians is not equal.
At the equator, 1 degree = 111 km. At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 km. It goes on decreasing this way until it is zero
at the poles.
There are 360 meridians of longitude. The prime meridian is a longitude of 0°, passing through the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich near London.
This meridian is taken by geographers to divide the earth into the eastern & the western hemispheres.
Each meridian of longitude is a semi-circle. 180° meridian (International Date Line) lies exactly opposite to
0° meridian. Such points are called Antipodal Points.
The earth is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, each being 15° or 1 hour apart in time (4 minutes / degree).
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Longitude & Time
•
•
•
Places that are on the same meridian have the same local (sun) time. Since the earth makes one complete
revolution of 360° in 24 hours, it passes through 15° in one hour or 1° in 4 minutes.
The earth rotates from west to east, hence places east of Greenwich see the sun earlier & gain time whereas
places west of Greenwich see the sun later & lose time.
India, whose longitudinal extent is approx. 30°, has adopted only one time zone, selecting the 82.5°E for
the standard time which is 5 hours & 30 minutes ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).
International Date Line
•
•
It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, deviating at Aleutian Islands, Fiji, Samoa & Gilbert
Islands. It is a zig-zag line.
Travelers crossing the Date Line from west to east (i.e., from Japan to USA) repeat a day & travelers crossing
it from east to west (i.e., from USA to Japan) lose a day.
Important Parallels of Latitude
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Tropic of Cancer : It is in the northern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2° (23°30’N) from
the equator.
The Tropic of Capricorn : It is in the southern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2° (23°30’S) from
the equator.
The Arctic Circle : It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30’N) north of the equator.
The Antarctic Circle : It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30’S) south of the equator. There are two solstices
each year, called the Summer Solstice & the Winter Solstice.
Summer Solstice: The day of 21st June when the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of Cancer
(23°30’N). Longest day in Northern Hemisphere.
Winter Solstice: The day of 22nd December when the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn
(23°30’S). Shortest Day in Northern Hemisphere.
Meridians of Longitude
The semi-circles running from pole to pole or from north to south are known as meridians of longitude &
distance between them is measured in degrees of longitude. Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian with a
value of 0° longitude serves as a common base for numbering meridians of longitude lying on either side of it
— east as well as west. There are 360 meridians including Prime Meridian. Each degree of a longitude is divided
into sixty equal parts, each part is called a minute. Each minute is again divided into sixty equal parts, each
part being called a second.
Local Time : Local time of any place is 12 noon when the sun is exactly overhead. It will vary from the
Greenwich time at the rate of four minutes for each degree of longitude.
Greenwich Mean Time : The time at 0° longitude is called Greenwich Mean Time. It is based on local time of
the meridian passing through Greenwich near London.
Indian Standard Time : It is fixed on the mean of 82 1/2°E Meridian, a place near Allahabad. It is 5 1/2hours
ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
Facts about earth
•
•
•
The Earth is also called Blue Planet. It is the densest of all planets.
Earth Circumference: 40,232 Kilometers.
Earth Area: 510 million square Kilometers
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•
•
•
•
Average distance from sun: 149 million Kilometers.
Earth Perihelion: Nearest position of earth to sun. The earth reaches its perihelion on January 3 every year
at a distance of about 147 million-Kilometers.
Aphelion: Farthest position of earth from sun. The earth reaches its aphelion on July 4, when the earth is
at a distance of 152 million Kilometers.
The shape of the earth is oblate spheroid or oblate ellipsoid (i.e. almost spherical, flattened a little at the
poles with a slight bulge at the centre).
Types of Earth Movements:
1. Rotation or daily movement.
2. Revolution or annual movement.
Earth Rotation
• Earth spins on its imaginary axis from west to east in 23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec.
• Rotational velocity at equator is 1667 Km/hr & it decreases towards the poles, where it is zero.
Earth’s rotation results in
i. Causation of days & nights;
ii. A difference of one hour between two meridians which are 15° apart;
iii. Change in the direction of wind & ocean currents; Rise & fall of tides everyday;
iv. The longest day in North Hemisphere is June 21, while shortest day is on 22 Dec (vice-versa in Southern
Hemisphere).
• Days & nights are almost equal at the equator.
Earth Revolution
• It is earth’s motion in elliptical orbit around the sun. Earth’s average orbital velocity is 29.79 Km/sec.
• Takes 365 days, 5 hrs, 48 min & 45.51 sec. It results in one extra day every fourth year.
Revolution of the earth results in
i. Change of seasons
ii. Variation in the lengths of days & nights at different times of the year
iii. Shifting of wind belts
iv. Determination of latitudes.
Earth Eclipses
Lunar Eclipse
∎ When earth comes between sun & moon.
∎ Occurs only on a full moon day. However, it does not occur on every full moon day because the moon is
so small & the plane of its orbit is tilted about 5° with respect to the plane of the earth’s orbit. It is for this
reason that eclipses do not occur every month.
∎ This light is red because the atmosphere scatters the other colors present in sunlight in greater amounts
than it does red.
Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse is a type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun & Earth, & the Moon
fully or partially blocks the Sun. This can happen only at new moon.
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Chapter
2
Interior Structure of the Earth
The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust which is capable of supporting life is called Lithosphere.
The earth's interior has three different layers; they are
(i) the crust (ii) mantle & (iii) the core.
(a) Earth's Crust:
All of the Earth's landform (mountains, plains, & plateaus) are contained within it, along with the oceans,
seas, lakes & rivers. The thickness of earth’s crust is about 30 km. There are two different types of crust:
thin oceanic crust that underlies the ocean basins & thicker continental crust that underlies the continents.
The boundary between the crust & the mantle is Mohorovicic Discontinuity.
(b) Earth's Mantle: It is the thick, dense rocky matter that surrounds the core with a radius of about 2900 km.
The mantle covers the majority of the Earth's volume. This is basically composed of silicate rock rich in iron
& magnesium. This layer is separated from the core by Gutenberg-Wiechert Discontinuity. The outer & the
inner mantle are separated by another discontinuity named Repetti discontinuity.
(c) Earth's Core: Earth's Core is composed mainly of an iron & nickel alloy. The thickness of core is about 3400
km.The core is made of two layers: the outer core, which borders the mantle, and the inner core.
EARTH QUAKES
(a) The sudden tremors or shaking of earth’s crust for a few second is called an earthquake.
(b) The point at the surface directly above the focus is called the earthquake epicentre.
(c) When the earth moves in an earthquake, it can cause waves in the ocean, & if a wave grows large enough,
it's called a "tsunami". Underwater earthquakes sometimes produce large waves called Tsunami.
(e) The magnitude of an earthquake & the intensity of shaking, is measured on a numerical scale called
Mercalli Scale. On the scale, 3 or less is scarcely noticeable, & magnitude 7 (or more) causes damage over a
wide area. The point of origin of earthquake is called Seismic focus. The point on the earth’s surface
vertically above the earth’s surface is called Epicentre.
(f) The passage of earthquake waves is recorded by Seismograph. The magnitude of waves is measured on
Richter’s scale. For measurement of the intensity of the earthquake (damage caused), the Modified Mercalli
Intensity Scale is used.
Distribution of Earthquakes
(a) Around the Pacific Ocean along a belt of volcanoes known as the Ring of Fire. Roughly 90% of all
earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.
(b) From the middle of Asia (Himalayas, Caspian Sea) through the Mediterranean Sea to West Indies.
(c) Mid-Atlantic ridge belt.
VOLCANOES
A volcano is an opening in Earth’s crust that allows molten rock from beneath the crust to reach the surface.
This molten rock is called magma when it is beneath the surface and lava when it erupts or flows from a
volcano. Along with lava, volcanoes also release gases, ash, and rock.
Types of Volcanoes
Geologists have classified five different types of volcanoes. This classification is based on the geomorphic form,
magma chemistry, & the explosiveness of the eruption. The least explosive type of volcano is called a basalt
plateau. These volcanoes produce a very fluid basaltic magma with horizontal flows. Deposits of these
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volcanoes can be as thick as 1800 meters. Large basalt plateaus are found in the Columbia River Plateau,
western India, northern Australia, Iceland, Brazil, Argentina, & Antarctica. Some basaltic magmas can produce
very large slightly sloping volcanoes, 6 to 12°, that have gently flowing magmas called shield volcanoes Shield
volcanoes can be up to 9000 meters tall. The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are typical of this type.
A cinder cone is a small volcano, between 100 & 400 meters tall, made up of exploded rock blasted out of a
central vent at a high velocity. These volcanoes develop from magma of basaltic to intermediate composition.
They form when large amounts of gas accumulate within rising magma. Examples of cider cones include Little
Lake Volcano in California & Paricuti Volcano in Mexico.
Composite volcanoes are made from alternate layers of lava flows & exploded rock. Their height ranges from
100 to 3500 meters tall. The chemistry of the magma of these volcanoes is quite variable ranging from basalt to
granite.
Magmas that are more granitic tend to be very explosive because of their relatively higher water content. Water
at high temperatures & pressures is extremely volatile. Examples of composite volcanoes include Italy's
Vesuvius, Japan's Mount Fuji, & Washington State's Mount Rainier & Mount St. Helens.
Classification on the basis of Periodicity of Eruptions:
Active Volcano:
Volcanoes which erupt periodically. E.g. Maona Loa in Hawaii, Etna in Sicily, Vesuvius in Italy, Stromboli in
Mediterranean Sea, etc.
Dormant Volcano:
Volcanoes which has been quiet for a long time but in which there is a possibility of eruption. E.g. Fujiyama in
Japan, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Barren island Volcano in Andamans, etc.
Extinct Volcano:
An extinct volcano is one which is no longer active and hasn't erupted in historical times. E.g. Mount Kilimjaro.
Distribution of Volcanoes in the World
About 15% of world’s active volcanoes are found along the ‘constructive or divergent’ plate margins, whereas
80% volcanoes are associated with the ‘destructive or convergent’ plate boundaries.
Earth Mountains
Mountains Types – Fold, Block, Volcanic Mountains
Types of Mountains
Fold Mountains: They are formed when the rocks of the crust of the earth folded under stress, mainly by forces
of compression (as a result of series of earthquakes). E.g. Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, Atlas, etc.
Block Mountains: Earth movements generate tensional forces that tend to pull the crust apart,and faults are
developed. If the block enclosed by faults remains as it is rises, and the land on either side subsides, the
upstanding block become the horst or block mountain. The Great African Rift Valley (valley floor is graben),
The Rhine Valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples.
Volcanic Mountains: Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic activity.These are, in fact, volcanoes
which are built up from material ejected from fissures in the earth’s crust. The materials include molten lava,
volcanic bombs, cinders, ashes, dust and liquid mud.Volcanic mountains are often called mountains of
accumulation.They are common in the Circum-Pacific belt and include such volcanic peaks as Mt. Fuji (Japan)
Mt. Mayon (Philippines), Mt. Merapi (Sumatra) etc.
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Plateau -Plateau are elevated uplands with extensive level surfaces, and usually descends steeply to the
surrounding lowland.
Types of plateau - Tectonic and Volcanic plateau.
Plain- A plain is a type of landform made up of a flat area that can exist in valleys, lowlands, on plateaus, or
uplands.
Types of plain- Structural Plain, Erosional Plain, Depositional plain, Glacial plain and Abyssal plain.
ROCKS & MINERALS
About 98 per cent of the total crust of the earth is composed of eight elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminium,
iron, calcium, sodium, potassium & magnesium, & the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorous,
manganese, sulphur, carbon, nickel & other.
The three types of rocks are
(i) Igneous Rocks
1. Igneous rocks solidify from a liquid magma as it cools. When magma cools rapidly, mineral crystals do not
have time to grow very large. On the other hand when magma cools slowly crystals grow to several
millimeters or more in size.
Granite & basalt are the examples of IR. Igneous rocks are classified as
(a) Extrusive Rocks
Extrusive igneous rocks solidify from molten material that flows over the earth’s surface (lava).
Common extrusive rocks are
(i) basalt,
(ii) andesite, &
(iii) rhyolite.
(b) Intrusive Rocks
Intrusive rocks form from molten material (magma) that flows & solidifies underground.
Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite & diorite.
ii. Sedimentary Rocks
These are types of rocks created from deposition of layers upon layers of sediments over time. These types
of rocks are formed on the Earth's surface as well as underwater.
Examples – Sandstone, limestone, stromatolites, oil shale & coal shale, gypsum, shale, & conglomerate.
iii. Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are any rock type that has been altered by heat, pressure, and/or the chemical action
of fluids & gases. When igneous rocks, or sedimentary rocks, or even metamorphic rocks get buried very
deep under the earth's surface, a process that takes millions of years, they get changed into something else
by the enormous pressure & heat inside the earth.
Some examples of metamorphic rocks are:
• Limestone being changed into marble
• Shale turning into slate
• Granite being changed into gneiss
• Sandstone turning into quartzite.
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Chapter
3
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth & extends thousands of kilometers above the
earth's surface. Much of the life on the earth exists because of the atmosphere otherwise the earth would have
been barren. Nitrogen & Oxygen comprise 99% of the total volume of the atmosphere.
Structure of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere consists of almost concentric layers of air with varying density & temperature.
(a) Troposphere:
• Lowest layer of the atmosphere.
• The height of troposphere is 16 km thick over the equator & 10 km thick at the poles.
• All weather phenomena are confined to troposphere (e.g. fog, cloud, frost, rainfall, storms, etc.)
• Temperature decreases with height in this layer roughly at the rate of 6.5° per 1000 metres, which is
called normal lapse rate.
• Upper limit of the troposphere is called tropopause which is about 1.5 km.
(b) Stratosphere:
• The stratosphere is more or less devoid of major weather phenomenon but there is circulation of feeble
winds & cirrus cloud in the lower stratosphere.
• Jet aircrafts fly through the lower stratosphere because it provides perfect flying conditions.
• Ozone layer lies within the stratosphere mostly at the altitude of 15 to 35 km above earth's surface.
• Ozone layer acts as a protective cover as it absorbs ultra-voilet rays of solar radiation.
• Depletion of ozone may result in rise of temperature of ground surface & lower atmosphere.
• Temperature rises from -60°C at the base of the stratosphere to its upper boundary as it absorbs ultravoilet rays.
• Upper limit of the Stratosphere is called stratopause.
(c) Mesosphere
• Mesosphere extends to the height of 50-90 km.
• Temperature decreases with height. It reaches a minimum of -80°C at an altitude of 80-90 km
• The upper limit is called mesopause.
(d) Thermosphere
• It lies at 80 km to 640 km above the earth's surface.
• It is also known as ionosphere.
• Temperature increases rapidly with increasing height.
• It is an electrically charged layer. This layer is produced due to interaction of solar radiation & the
chemicals present, thus disappears with the sunset.
• There are a number of layers in thermosphere e.g. D-layer, E-layer, F-layer & G-layer.
• Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to the earth by these layers.
(e) Exosphere
• This is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere extending beyond the ionosphere.
• The density is very low & temperature becomes 5568°C.
• This layer merges with the outer space.
About Ionosphere
At heights of 80 km (50 miles), the gas is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before
they are captured by a nearby positive ion. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized & contains plasma which
is referred to as the ionosphere. The Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray & shorter wavelengths of solar radiation ionizes
the atmosphere. The ionosphere is broken down into the D, E & F regions.
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PRESSURE & WIND BELTS
Air pressure is thus defined as total weight of a mass of column of air above per unit area at sea level. The
amount of pressure exerted by air at a particular point is determined by temperature & density which is
measured as a force per unit area.
• Aneroid Barometer-It is the most common type barometer used in homes.
Pressure Belts of the World
(a) Equatorial Low Pressure Belt:
At the Equator heated air rises leaving a low-pressure area at the surface. This low pressure area is known
as equatorial low pressure. The zone shifts along with the northward or southward movement of sun
during summer solstice & winter solstice respectively. The pressure belt is thermally induced because the
ground surface gets heated during the day. Thus warm air expands, rises up & creates low pressure. They
are also called Doldrums. Extend 5° N & S to the equator.
(b) Sub-tropical High Pressure Belt:
The warm air risen up at the equator due to heating reaches the troposphere & bend towards the pole. Due
to coriollis force the air descends at 30-35º N & S latitude thus creates the belt of sub-tropical high pressure.
The pressure belt is dynamically induced as it owes its origin to the rotation of the earth & sinking & settling
of winds. This zone is characterized by anticyclonic conditions which cause atmospheric stability & aridity.
These pressure belts are called Horse latitudes.
(c) Temperate Low Pressure Belt:
This belt is located between 60-65 degrees N & S latitudes in both the hemisphere. This pressure belt is also
dynamically induced. The belt is more developed & regular in the southern hemisphere than the northern
due to over dominance of water in the former.
(d) Polar High Pressure Belt:
High pressure persists at the pole due to low temperature. Thus the Polar High Pressure Belt is thermally
induced as well as dynamically induced as the rotation of earth also plays a minor role.
Coriolis Force
The rotation of the Earth creates force, termed Coriolis force, which acts upon wind. Instead of wind blowing
directly from high to low pressure, the rotation of the Earth causes wind to be deflected off course. In the
Northern Hemisphere, wind is deflected to the right of its path, while in the Southern Hemisphere it is deflected
to the left. Coriolis force is absent at the equator, & its strength increases as one approaches either pole.
Furthermore, an increase in wind speed also results in a stronger Coriolis force & thus in greater deflection of
the wind.
Winds
When the movement of the air in the atmosphere is in a horizontal direction over the surface of the earth, it is
known as the wind. Movement of the wind is directly controlled by pressure. Horizontally, at the Earth's
surface wind always blows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure usually at speeds determined
by the rate of air pressure change between pressure belts.
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TYPES OF WINDS
I.
Planetary winds:
Planetary winds are major component of the general global circulation of air. These are known as planetary
winds because of their prevalence in the global scale throughout the year. Planetary winds occur due to
temperature & pressure variance throughout the world.
The planetary winds are discussed below:
(a) Trade winds
Winds blowing from the Subtropical High Pressure Belt or horse latitudes towards the Equatorial Low
Pressure Belt or the ITCZ are the trade winds. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds blow from the
northeast & are known as the Northeast Trade Winds; in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds blow from
the southeast & are called the Southeast Trade Winds.
(b) Westerlies
The Westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 35º & 65º latitude, blowing from
the high pressure area in the Sub Tropical High Pressure Belt i.e. horse latitudes towards the sub polar low
pressure belt. The winds are predominantly from the south-west to north-east in the Northern Hemisphere
& from the north-west to south-east in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Westerlies are strongest in the winter season & times when the pressure is lower over the poles, while
they are weakest in the summer season & when pressures are higher over the poles. The Westerlies are
particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, as there is less land in the middle latitudes to
obstruct the flow.
(c) Polar Wind
The winds blowing in the Arctic & the Antarctic latitudes are known as the Polar Winds. They have been
termed the 'Polar Easterlies', as they blow from the Polar High Pressure belt towards the Sub-Polar LowPressure Belts. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow in general from the north-east, & are called the
North-East Polar Winds; & in the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the south-east & are called the
South- East Polar Winds. As these winds blow from the ice-capped landmass, they are extremely cold.
They are more regular in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.
II. Periodic Winds:
They change their direction periodically with change in season.
Land & sea breezes & monsoon winds are winds of a periodic type. Land & sea breezes occur daily, whereas
the occurrence of monsoon winds is seasonal. Following are periodic winds:
(a) Monsoon winds
(b) Land & Sea Breeze
(c) Mountain & Valley Breeze
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(a) Monsoon Winds
Monsoons are regional scale wind systems that periodically change direction with the passing of the
seasons. Like land & sea breezes, these wind systems are created by the temperature contrasts that exist
between the surfaces of land & ocean.
(b) Land & Sea Breezes:
A land breeze is created when the land is cooler than the water such as at night & the surface winds
have to be very light. When this happens the air over the water slowly begins to rise, as the air begins
to rise, the air over the surface of the ocean has to be replaced, this is done by drawing the air from the
land over the water, thus creating a sea breeze.
A sea breeze is created when the surface of the land is heated sufficiently to start rising of the air. As
air rises, it is replaced by air from the sea; created a sea breeze. Sea breezes tend to be much stronger &
can produce gusty winds as the sun can heat the land to very warm temperatures, thereby creating a
significant temperature contrast to the water.
(c) Mountain & Valley winds:
Mountain-valley breezes are formed by the daily difference of the thermo effects between peaks &
valleys. In daytime, the mountainside is directly heated by the sun, the temperature is higher, air
expands, air pressure reduces, & therefore air will rise up the mountainside from the valley & generate
a valley breeze.
Anabatic & Katabatic winds - Anabatic Winds are upslope winds driven by warmer surface
temperatures on a mountain slope than the surrounding air column. Katabatic winds are downslope
winds created when the mountain surface is colder than the surrounding air and creates a down slope
wind.
III. Local Winds
These local winds blow in the various region of the world.
Hot Winds
Sirocco - Sahara Desert
Leveche - Spain
Khamsin - Egypt
Harmattan - Sahara Desert
Santa Ana - USA
Zonda - Argentina
Brick fielder – Australia
Loo – India
Cold Winds
Mistral - Spain & France
Bora - Adriatic coast
Pampero - Argentina
Buran - Siberia
JET-STREAMS
The JET STREAMS located in the upper troposphere (9 - 14 km) are bands of high speed winds (95-190 km/hr).
The term was introduced in 1947 by Carl Gustaf Rossby. Average speed is very high with a lower limit of about
120 km per hours in winter & 50 km per hours in summer. The two most important types of jet streams are the
Polar Jet Streams & the Subtropical Jet Streams.
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ELNINO & LANINA - El Nino is a naturally occurring phenomenon characterized by the abnormal warming
of sea surface temperature in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. La Nina is a climate pattern that
describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America.
CYCLONES
Cyclones are well developed low-pressure systems surrounded by closed isobars having increasing pressure
outside & closed air circulation towards the centre such that the air blows inward in anticlockwise direction in
the northern hemisphere & clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
A. Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are intense cyclonic storms that develop over the warm oceans of the tropics. Surface
atmospheric pressure in the centre of tropical cyclones tends to be extremely low.
The main characteristics of tropical cyclones are:•
Have winds that exceed 34 knots (39 miles/hr)
•
Blow clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
•
Blow Counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere
This is one of the most devastating natural calamities. They are known as Cyclones in the Indian Ocean,
Hurricanes in the Atlantic, Typhoons in the Western Pacific & South China Sea, & Willy-Willies in the Western
Australia.
B. Temperate cyclones
The systems developing in the mid & high latitude, beyond the tropics are called the middle latitude or
temperate cyclones.
Extra tropical cyclones form along the polar front. Two air masses of contrasting physical properties: one
air mass is polar in character & is cold, denser & north-easterly in direction while the other air mass is
tropical in origin & is warm, moist, lighter & south westerly in direction.
An anticyclone is a region of high atmospheric pressure related to the surrounding air, generally thousands
of kilometre in diameter & also known as a high or high-pressure system. Winds in an anticyclone form a
clockwise out-spiral in the Northern Hemisphere; whereas they form an anti-clockwise out-spiral in the
Southern Hemisphere.
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Chapter
4
Oceanography
OCEANOGRAPHY
The study of physical and biological aspects of the ocean is called Oceanography. It reveals that the sea floor is
not a flat area. It consists of mountains, plateaus, plains & trenches etc.
Some major submarine features are described below.
(a) Continental Shelf
(1) The portion of the land which is submerged under sea water is continental shelf.
(2) The continental shelf is shallow & its depth is not more than 200 metres.
(3) In all about 7.5 percent of total area of the oceans is covered by the continental shelves.
The shelves are of great use to man because:
1. Marine food comes almost entirely from them.
2. About 20 percent of oil & gas of the world is extracted from them.
3. They are the sites of productive fishing grounds.
(b) Continental Slope
It is an area of steep slope extending just after the continental shelf up to a considerable depth from where
a gentle sea plain takes its form. The extent of the slope area is usually between 200-2000 m. But sometimes
it may extend to 3660 metre from the mean sea level. The continental slope along many coasts of the world
is followed by deep canyon like trenches terminating as fan shaped deposits at the base. Continental slope
covers 8.5 percent of the total ocean area.
(c) Continental Rise
The gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope is called continental rise. It may extend to
hundreds of km into the deep ocean basin.
(d) Deep Ocean Basins
It is the portion of sea floor that lies between the continental margin & the oceanic ridge system. It contains
deep-ocean trenches, abyssal plains, & broad volcanic peaks called sea mounts.
I.
Deep-Ocean Trenches:
These are long, narrow features that form the deepest parts of the ocean. Most trenches are located in the
Pacific Ocean. They may reach 10,000 m deep. Mariana trench is about 11,000 m below sea level in Pacific
Ocean.
II. Abyssal Plains:
These are the most level places on Earth. The abyssal plains may have less than 3 m of relief over a distance
that may exceed 1300 km. Scientists determined that abyssal plains low relief is due to the fact that thick
accumulations of sediment, transported by turbidity currents, have buried rugged ocean floor.
III. Sea mounts:
It is an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 m (3300 ft) above the deep-ocean floor. They are more
extensive in the Pacific Ocean, where subduction zones are common. These undersea volcanoes form near
oceanic ridges (regions of seafloor spreading). Some of these volcanoes may emerge as an island.
(e) Submarine Canyons
These are depressions with walls of steep slopes & have a V shape. They exist on the continental slopes &
the shelves. They are found to have a length of 16 km at the maximum.
OCEAN CURRENTS
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Ocean currents are large masses of surface water that circulate in regular patterns around the oce Those that
flow from equatorial regions polewards have a higher surface temperature & are called warm currents. Those
that flow from polar regions equatorwards have a lower surface temperature & are called cold currents.
Factors affecting Ocean Current
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The planetary winds.
Temperatures.
Salinity.
The earth’s rotation.
Land.
THE CIRCULATION OF OCEAN CURRENTS
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN CIRCULATION
At the ‘shoulder’ of north-east Brazil, the protruding lands mass splits the South Equatorial Current into the
Cayenne Current which flows along the Guiana coast, & the Brazilian Current which flows southwards along
the east coast of Brazil.
Part of the current enters the Gulf of Mexico & emerges from the Florida Strait between Florida & Cuba as the
Florida Current. The rest of the equatorial water flows northwards east of the Antilles to join the Gulf Stream
off the south-eastern U.S.A. The Gulf Stream Drift is one of the strongest ocean currents & hugs the coast of
America as far as Cape Hatteras (latitude 350N), where it is deflected eastwards under the combined influence
of the Westerlies & the rotation of the earth. It reaches Europe as the North Atlantic Drift.
The cold Labrador Current drift southeastwards between West Greenland & Baffin Island to meet the warm
Gulf Stream off Newfoundland. On reaching the west coast of Africa the current is diverted northwards as the
cold Benguela Current (the counterpart of the Canaries Current).
THE PACIFIC OCEAN CIRUCLATION
The North- East Trade Winds blow the North Equatorial Current off the coasts of the Philippines & Formosa
into the East China Sea as the Kuroshio or Japan current. The cold Bering Current or Alaskan Current creeps
southwards from the narrow Bering Strait & is joined by Okhotsk Current to meet the warm Japan Current as
the Oyashio, off Hokkaido. The South Equatorial Current, driven by the South-East Trade winds, flows
southwards along the coast of Queensland as the East Australian Current. Obstructed by the tip of southern
Chile, the current turns northwards along the western coast of South America as the cold Humboldt or
Peruvian Current.
THE INDIAN OCEAN CIRCULATION
The currents of South Indian Ocean form a circuit. The Equatorial Current, turning southwards past
Madagascar as the Agulhas or Mozambique Current merges with the West Wind Drift, flowing eastwards &
turns equator-wards as the West Australian Current. In the North Indian Ocean, there is a complete reversal of
the direction of currents between summer & winter, due to the changes of monsoon winds. In summer from
June to October, when the dominant wind is the South-West Monsoon, the currents are blown from a southwesterly direction as the South- West Monsoon Drift. This is reversed in winter; Monsoon blows the currents
from the north-east as the North-East Monsoon Drift. The currents of the North Indian Ocean, demonstrate
most convincingly the dominant effects of winds on the circulation of ocean currents.
OCEANS
Arctic Ocean- The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oce The Northwest Passage (US & Canada)
& Northern Sea Route (Norway & Russia) are two important seasonal waterways.
It is a body of water between Europe, Asia, & North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle.
Lowest point: Fram Basin (Now known as Nansen Basin).
Atlantic Ocean- The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oce The Kiel Canal (Germany),
Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain), & the Saint Lawrence
Seaway (Canada-US) are important strategic access waterways.
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It is a body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean, & the Western Hemisphere. It
includes includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico,
Mediterranean Sea, & other tributary water bodies. Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oce
Lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench.
Indian Ocean - The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oce Four critically important access
waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab-el Mandeb (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), &
Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). It is a body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, &
Australia. It includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java
Sea, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, & other tributary water bodies.
Lowest point: Java Trench
Pacific Ocean - The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oce Strategically important access
waterways include the La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, & Torres Straits.
It is body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, & the Western Hemisphere. It includes Bali
Sea, Bering Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Tasman
Sea, & other tributary water bodies.
Lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench.
Southern Ocean- The Southern Ocean is also called Antarctic Ocean. It is the fifth-largest drainage basin in the
world by basin area (14,000,000 sq. km).
TIDES
The tide is the periodic rise & fall of the sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces
exerted by the Moon & Sun & rotation of the earth. Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides
& two low tides each day (semidiurnal tide), but some locations experience only one high & one low tide each
day (diurnal tide). The times & amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun &
Moon, by the depth of the ocean, & by the shape of the coastline & near-shore bathymetry.
Causes of Tides
• Gravitational attraction between moon & the earth.
• Gravitational attraction between sun & the earth.
• Attraction force of the earth towards earth centre.
• Moon is mainly responsible for the tides.
Types of Tides
• Semi diurnal tides - Recur at the intervals of 12½ hours.
• Diurnal Tides - Recur at the intervals of 24½ hours.
• Spring Tides - once a fortnight, due to the revolution of the moon & its declination.
• Neap tides - Once a fortnight due to the revolution & declination of moon.
• Monthly tides - Due to the revolution of the moon & its position at Perigee & Apogee.
SPRING TIDES
Spring tides are especially strong tides or high tides. They occur when the Earth, the Sun, & the Moon are in a
line. The gravitational forces of the Moon & the Sun both contribute to the tides. Spring tides occur during the
full moon & the new moon.
NEAP TIDES
Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon & the Sun are
perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth). Neap tides occur during quarter moons. The Bay of
Fundy between Nova Scotia & New Brunswick in Canada experiences the world's greatest tidal range of 50
feet (15.25 meters).
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Chapter
5
Physiograhic Division of India
The Himalayas
Means ‘Abode of Snow’. They are one of the youngest fold mountain ranges in the world & comprise mainly
sedimentary rocks. They stretch from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east. The
Eastern Himalayas-made up of Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills & the Garo, Khasi & Jaintia Hills-are also
known as Purvanchal.
The Pamir, popularly known as the Roof of the World, is the connecting link between the Himalayas & the high
ranges of Central Asia.
Can be divided into 3 parallel or longitudinal zones, each with separate features.
THE GREAT HIMALAYAS OR THE HIMADRI
There are few passes & almost all of them have a height above 4,500 m. They include Shipki La & Bara Lapcha
La in Himachal Pradesh, Burzil & Zoji La in Kashmir, Niti, Lipulekh & Thang La in Uttarankhand, & Jelep La
& Nathu La in Sikkim.
Average elevation extends upto 6000m & some of the world’s highest peaks are here :
Mt Everest (or Sagarmatha or Chomo Langma)
Mt Kanchenjunqa
Mt Makalu
Mt Dhaulagiri
Mt Cho Oyu
Mt Nanga Parbat
Mt Annapurna
Mt Nanda Devi
8848 m (in Nepal)
8598 m (in India)
8481 m (in Nepal)
81 72 m (in Nepal)
8153m (in Nepal)
8126m (in India)
8078 m (in Nepal)
7817 m (in India)
LESSER HIMALAYAS OR THE HIMACHAL
Average height of mountains is 3700 – 4500 m.
Mountains & valleys are disposed in all direction (mountains rising to 5000 m & the valleys touching 1000 m).
Its important ranges are : Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal, Nag Tibba, Mussoorie.
Outer Himalayas or The Shiwaliks
Lowest range (average elevation is 900-1200 m).
Forms the foothills & lies between the Lesser Himalayas & the plains.
TRANS – HIMALAYAN ZONE
This range lies to the north of the Great Himalayas. It has some important ranges like Karakoram, Laddakh,
Zanskar, etc. The highest peak in this region is K2 or Godwin Austin (8611m, in Pak occupied Kashmir). Other
high peaks are Hidden Peak (8068 m), Broad Peak (8047 m) & Gasherbrum II (8035 m).
The longest glacier is Siachin in the Nubra valley, which is more than 72 km long (biggest glacier in the world).
Biafo, Baltaro, Batura, Hispar are the other important glaciers in this region. This area is the largest snow-field
outside the Polar Regions.
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IMPORTANT FACTS
⇒ Uttar Pradesh borders the maximum number of States-8(Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar). After UP is Assam, which touches the border
of 7 States.
⇒ Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 States : Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram.
⇒ Indian Standard Meridian passes through 5 States : Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh.
⇒ 10 States form the coast of India. They are : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Orissa & West Bengal.
⇒ 2 Union Territories, viz. Daman & Diu & Pondicherry are also on the coast.
⇒ The Union Territories of Andaman & Nicobar Islands & Lakshadweep are made up of islands only.
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Chapter
6
Drainage System
To the south of the Himalayas & to the north of the Peninsula lies the great plains of North India. They are
formed by the depositional works of three major river systems, Indus, Ganga & Brahmaputra. The vast plains
of north India are alluvial in nature & the westernmost portion is occupied by the Thar Desert.
The thickness of the alluvium is maximum in the Ganga plains & minimum in the Western Plains.
The plains consist of four divisions:
Bhabar : Along the foothills of Shiwaliks. Highly porous and small streams known as Chos and Raos disappear.
Tarai : Re-emergence of streams. Zone of excessive dampness – South of Bhabar.
Bhangar : Older alluvial plains, contain calcareous formations called ‘kankar’. Also exihibit small tracts of
saline and alkaline efflorescences known as Reh, Kallar or Thur.
Khadar : New alluvium & forms the flood plains along the river banks. Also called Bet lands.
Delta Plains : It is extension of Khadar land. Consists mainly of old mud, new mud and marsh. The uplands
are called Chars while marshy areas are known as Bils.
PENINSULAR PLATEAU OF INDIA
Spreads south of the Indo-Gangetic plains flanked by sea on three sides. This plateau is shaped like a triangle
with its base in the north. The Eastern Ghats & the Western Ghats constitute its eastern & western boundaries,
respectively.
⇒ Narmada, which flows through a rift valley, divides the region into two parts: The Malwa Plateau in the
north & the Deccan Plateau in the south.
⇒ Vindhya Plateau is situated south of Malwa plateau.
⇒ Chhota Nagpur Plateau lies to the west of Bengal basin, the largest & most typical part of which is the
Ranchi plateau.
⇒ The Deccan Plateau is the largest plateau in India. It is made up of lava flows in the Cretaceous-Eocene era
through the fissure eruptions.
ISLANDS OF INDIA
Total coastline of India: 7516 km. Longest coastline: Gujarat (Second longest is of Andhra Pradesh).
The Andaman & Nicobar Group
Andaman and Nicobar is a group of 572 islands of which the largest is Middle Andaman. The Andaman are
believed to be extensions of mountains system in the N.E. part of the country
addle Peak (737 m) in North Andaman is the highest peak.
Volcanic Islands: Barren & Narcondam Islands. Barren is in the process of eruption these days after lying
dormant for 200 years.
The Arabian Sea Group
All the islands in the Arabian Sea are coral islands & are surrounded by Fringing Reefs (North : Lakshadweep,
South: Minicoy).
DO YOU KNOW?
Ten Degree Channel separates Andaman from Nicobar (Little Andaman from Car Nicobar)
Duncan Passage lies between South Andaman & Little Andaman.
Nine Degree Channel separates Kavaratti from Minicoy Island.
Eight Degree Channel separates Minicoy Island (India) from Maldives.
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RIVERS OF INDIA
In India, the rivers can be divided into two main groups:
Himalayan Rivers-1) Indus 2) Ganga 3) Brahmputra
Peninsular Rivers-1) East flowing 2) West flowing
HIMALAYAN RIVERS OF INDIA
THE INDUS SYSTEM
It has a total length of 2880 km (709 km in India). Rises in Tibet (China) near Mansarovar Lake. In Jammu &
Kashmir, its Himalayan tributaries are: Zanskar, Dras, Gartang, Shyok, Shigar, Nubra, Gilgit, etc. Its most
important tributaries, which join Indus at various places, are: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Satluj.
Sources: Jhelum from Verinag (SE Kashmir), Ravi from Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh,
Beas from a place near Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh & Satluj from Mansarovar– Rakas lakes in W. Tibet,
Chenab-near Bara Lacha Pass in Himachal Pradesh
THE GANGA SYSTEM
It is 2525 km long of which 1450 km is in Uttarakhand & UP, 445 km in Bihar & 520 km in West Bengal. The
Ganga, the head stream is constituted of two main rivers – Bhagirthi & Alaknanda, which combine at
Devprayag to form Ganga.
Sources: Bhagirathi from Gaumukh, Alaknanda from Badrinath, Mandakini from Kedarnath (all from
Uttarakhand). Yamuna (1375 km) is its most important tributary (on right bank). It rises at the Yamunotri
glacier in Uttarakhand. It runs parallel to Ganga for 800km & joins it at Allahabad. Important tributaries of
Yamuna are Chambal, Betwa (480 km) & Ken (all from south).
Apart from Yamuna, other tributaries of Ganga are Ghaghra (1080 km), Son (780 km), Gandak (425 km), Kosi
(730 km), Gomti (805 km), Damodar (541 km). Kosi is infamous as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’, while Damodar gets the
name ‘Sorrow of Bengal’ as these cause floods in these regions. Hooghli is a distributory of Ganga flowing
through Kolkata.
THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM
It has a total length of 2900 km. It rises in Tibet (from Chemayungdung glacier), where it is called Tsangpo, &
enters the Indian territory (in Arunachal Pradesh) under the name Dihang. Important Tributaries: Subansiri,
Kameng, Dhansiri, Manas, Teesta. In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is known by the name of Jamuna while Ganga
gets the name Padma. Meghna is the most important distributory before it enters the Bay of Bengal.
The combined stream of Ganga & Brahmaputra forms the biggest delta in the world, the Sundarbans, covering
an area of 58,752 sq. km. Its major part is in Bangladesh.
Majuli island on Brahamaputra in Assam, is the biggest river island in the world.
Brahmaputra, or the Red River, is navigable for a distance of 1384 km up to Dibrugarh & serves as an excellent
inland water transport route.
RIVERS OF THE PENINSULA IN INDIA
A. EAST FLOWING RIVERS OF INDIA (OR DELTA FORMING RIVERS)
Mahanadi River (885 km) : Rises in Raipur district in Chhatisgarh. Hirakud dam is on Mahanadi river.
Godavari River (1465 km) : Also called Vriddha Ganga or Dakshina Ganga. It is the longest peninsular river.
Rises in Nasik. Main tributaries: Manjira, Penganga, Wardha, Indravati, Wainganga, etc.
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Krishna River (1327 km): Rises in Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar. Main tributaries: Koyna, Dudhganga,
Panchganga, Malprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra, etc.
Cauvery River (805 km): It is the largest peninsular river (maximum amount of water). Infact, it is the only
peninsular river which flows almost throughout the year. It rises from the Brahmagir range of Western Ghats.
Main tributaries: Hemavati, Lokpawni, Shimsa.
Subernrekha River (395 km) & Brahmani (705 km) : Rises from Ranchi Plateau.
B. WEST FLOWING RIVERS IN INDIA
Narmada River (1312 km) : Rises in Amarkantak Plateau & flows into Gulf of Khambat and form estuary. It
forms the famous Dhuan Dhar Falls near Jabalpur. Main tributaries: Hiran, Burhner, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar,
Tawa, etc.
Tapti River (724 km) : Rises from Betul district in Maharashtra. Also known as twin or handmaid of
Narmada. Main tributaries: Purna, Betul, Arunavati, Ganjal, etc
abarmati River (416 km) : Rises from Aravallis in Rajasthan.
Mahi River (560 km) : Rises from Vindhyas in Maharashtra.
Luni River (450 km) : Rises from Aravallis. Also called Salt River. It is finally lost in the marshy grounds at
the head of the Rann of Kuchchh
haravati is a west flowing river of the Sahyadris. It forms the famous Jog or Gersoppa or Mahatma Gandhi Falls
(289 m), which is the one of the highest waterfall in India.
Note:
⇒ The largest man-made lake in India is Indira Sagar Lake, which is the reservoir on Indira Sagar Dam on
Narmada Sardar Sarovar Project, Omkareshwar Project & Maheshwar Project in Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh.
⇒ Chilka Lake (Orissa) is the largest brackish water lake of India. Otherwise also, it is the largest lake of India.
⇒ Wular Lake (J & K) is the largest fresh water lake of India. Dal Lake is situated in J & K.
⇒ From Sambhar & Didwana Lake (Rajasthan), salt is produced. Other important lakes are Vembanad in
Kerala & Kolleru & Pulicat in Andhra Pradesh.
The three important Gulfs in the Indian Territory are:
Gulf of Kachchh (west of Gujarat): Region with highest potential of tidal energy generation.
Gulf of Cambay or Gulf of Khambat (Gujarat): Narmada, Tapti, Mahi & Sabarmati drain into it.
Gulf of Mannar (south east of Tamil Nadu): Asia’s first marine biosphere reserve.
IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN INDIA
•
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Bhakhra Nangal Project: On Satluj in Punjab. Highest in India. Height 226 m. Reservoir is called Gobind
Sagar Lake.
Mandi Project: On Beas in Himachal Pradesh.
Chambal Valley Project: On Chambal in Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there under this project:
Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap sagar Dam & Jawahar Sagar dam.
Damodar Valley Project: On Damodar in Bihar.
Hirakud: On Mahanadi in Orissa. World's longest dam: 4801 m.
Rihand : On Son(river) in Mirzapur. Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant reservoir.
Mayurkashi Project : On Mayurkashi in West Bengal.
Kakrapara Project : On Tapi in Gujarat.
Nizamsagar Project: On Manjra in Andhra Pradesh.
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Nagarjuna Sagar Project : On Krishna in Andhra Pradesh.
Shivasamudram Project: On Cauvery in Karnataka.
Tata Hydel Scheme : On Bhima in Maharashtra.
Sharavathi Hydel Project : On Jog Falls in Karnataka.
Kundah & Periyar Project - On Bhawani and Periyar river respectively in Tamil Nadu.
Farakka Project: On Ganga in West Bengal. Apart from power & irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy
navigation.
Ukai Project : On Tapti in Gujarat.
Salal Project : On Chenab in J & K.
Mata Tila Multipurpose Project : On Betwa in U.P & M.P.
Thein Project : On Ravi, Punjab.
Pong Dam : On Beas, Punjab.
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Chapter
Climate
7
Climate of INDIA
India has tropical monsoon type of climate.
CLIMATE SEASONS IN INDIA
In India, the year can be divided into four seasons, resulting from the monsoons which occur mainly due to the
differential heating of land & movement of the sun’s vertical rays.
The highest temperature experienced in South is in April while in North it is in May & June. NORWESTERS
‘Cherry Blossoms’ are there in Karnataka, beneficial to coffee plantation & ‘Mango showers’ in elsewhere
South India, which are beneficial to mango crops.
The south – west monsoon enters the country in two currents, one blowing over the Bay of Bengal & the other
over the Arabian Sea. This monsoon causes rainfall over most of the country (except Tamil Nadu & Thar Desert
area).
The Bay of Bengal branch after crossing the deltaic region enters the Khasi valley in Meghalaya & gets
entrapped in it due to funnel shape of the region. It strikes Cherrapunji in a perpendicular direction causing
heavies rainfall in Mausryam (Approx. 1400 cm). From mid-Sept to mid-Dec, the monsoon retreats. As the sun’s
vertical rays start shifting towards the Tropic of Capricorn, the low pressure area starts moving south & winds
finally start blowing from land to sea. This is called north-east monsoon. The withdrawal of monsoon is a much
more gradual process than its onset. It causes rainfall in Tamil Nadu as the winds pick some moisture from Bay
of Bengal. This explains the phenomenon why Tamil Nadu remains dry when the entire country receives rain
& why it gets rain when practically the entire country is dry.
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
India can be divided into a number of climatic regions.
Tropical Rainy Climate: Found in the west coastal plains, the Western Ghats & parts of Assam. Characterised
by high temperatures throughout the year. Rainfall, though seasonal, is heavy- about 200 cm annually during
May-November.
Tropical Savanna Climate : In most of the peninsula region except the semi-arid zone in the leeward side of
the Western Ghats. It is characterized by long dry weather throughout winter & early summer & high
temperature (above 18.2 Deg.c); annual rainfall varies from 76 cm in the west to 150 cm in the east.
Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate : It prevails in the rain-shadow belt running southward from Central
Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu in the leeward side of the Western Ghats & the Cardamom Hills. It is characterized
by low rainfall which varies from 38 cm to 80 cm, high temperature between 20 & 30 degree.
Tropical & Subtropical Steppes : Large areas in Punjab, Haryana & Kutch region. Temperature varies from
12-35 Deg. c. The maximum temperature reaches up to 49 Deg.c. The annual rainfall, varying from 30.5-63.5
cm, is also highly erratic.
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Tropical desert : This climate extends over the western parts of Banner, Jaisalmer & Bikaner districts of
Rajasthan & parts of Kutch. It is characterized by scanty rainfall (30.5 cm), which is highly erratic. Rains are
mostly in the form of cloud-burst. Mean monthly temperature is uniformly high (about 35c).
Humid Subtropical Climate with Dry Winters : This area includes south of the Himalayas, east of the tropical
& subtropical steppes & north of tropical savannah. Winters are mild to severe while summers are extremely
hot. The annual rainfall varies from 63.5 cm to more than 254 cm, most of it received during the south west
monsoon season.
Mountain Climate : Such type of climate is seen in mountainous regions which rise above 6,000 m or more
such as the Himalayas & the Karakoram Range.
Factors Affecting India’s Climate
Latitude: The Indian landmass is equally divided by The Tropic of Cancer. Hence, half of India has tropical
climate & another half has subtropical climate.
Altitude: While the average elevation in the coastal areas is about 30 metre, the average elevation in the north
is about 6,000 metre. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the Indian
subcontinent. Due to this, the subcontinent gets comparatively milder winters as compared to Central Asia.
Pressure & Winds: The Indian subcontinent lies in the region of north-easterly winds. These winds originate
from the subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere. After that, these winds blow towards
south. They get deflected to the right due to the Coriolis force & then move towards the low pressure area near
the equator.
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Chapter
8
Soil
1.
Alluvial Soil:
In India it covers about 40 per cent of the total land area. It is very fertile & contributes the largest share of
agricultural wealth. Found mostly in the Northern Plains, starting from Punjab in the west to West Bengal
& Assam in the east. The northern parts & the coastal areas of Gujarat also have some deposits of alluvial
soil. The fine particles of sand, silt & clay are called alluvium.
The alluvial soil can be divided into
a.
Old alluvium, called bhangar.
b.
New alluvium, called khadar.
Alluvial soil is most suited to irrigation & can produce bumper crops of rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, tobacco,
cotton, jute, oilseeds, etc.
2.
Black Soil:
The black soil is locally called regur, a word derived from Telugu word ‘reguda’. It is also called the Black
Cotton Soil, as cotton is the most important crop grown in this soil. The black soil is mostly found in the
Deccan Trap, covering large areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat & western Madhya Pradesh. The black soil is
well-known for its capacity to hold moisture. Black soil is widely used for producing cotton, wheat, linseed,
millets, tobacco & oilseeds.
3.
Red Soil:
The red soil occupies about 18 per cent area of India, mostly in the south-eastern part of the Peninsular
India. The red soil is found in Tamil Nadu, parts of Karnataka, southeast Maharashtra, eastern parts of
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa & Jharkhand. The red colour is due to the high percentage of
iron contents. This soil is rich in potash, but poor in lime, phosphate, nitrogen & humus. Red soils can give
excellent yields of cotton, wheat, rice, pulses, millet, tobacco, oilseeds, etc.
4.
Laterite Soil:
The word ‘laterite’ has been derived from a Latin word meaning ‘brick’. It is mainly found on the summits
of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal Hills, Vindhyas, Satpuras & Malwa plateau. It is welldeveloped in southern Maharashtra, & parts of Orissa, West Bengal, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Bihar, Assam & Meghalaya. Such climatic conditions promote leaching of soil. Leaching is a process in
which heavy rains wash away the fertile part of the soil.
The laterite soil is red in colour & composed of little clay & much gravel of red sandstones.
Due to intensive leaching, the laterite soil generally lacks fertility & is of low value for crop production. But
when manured & timely irrigated, the soil is suitable for producing plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber,
coconut, arecanut, etc.
Mountain Soil:
The mountain soil is generally found on the hill slopes covered with forests. This soil is also found in the
Western & Eastern Ghats & in some parts of the Peninsular India. This soil is rich in humus, but poor in
potash, phosphorus & lime.
In the Himalayan region wheat, maize, barley & temperate fruits are grown on this soil. This soil is
especially suitable for producing plantation crops, such as tea, coffee, spices & tropical fruits in Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu & Kerala.
5.
6.
Desert Soil:
The desert soil is found mostly in the arid & semi-arid regions, receiving less than 50 cm of annual
rainfall. Such regions are mostly found in Rajasthan & the adjoining areas of Haryana & Punjab.
The Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat is an extension of this region. The desert soil has sand (90 to 95 per cent)
& clay (5 to 10 per cent). Desert soil can produce a variety of crops, such as wheat, millet, barley, maize,
pulses, cotton, etc.
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Chapter
9
Natural Vegetation
Natural Vegetation In India
Tropical Evergreen Forests-In areas over 250 cm rainfall. In Western Ghats, hilly areas in N.E. India &
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Trees are rosewood, shisham, ebony, ironwood, etc.
Tropical Deciduous Forests-In areas having rainfall between 100 – 200 cm. In peninsular region & along the
foothills of Himalayas in Shivaliks, Bhabhar & Tarai. The trees of these forests drop their leaves for about 6-8
weeks during the spring & early summer when sufficient moisture isn’t available. Trees are teak, sal, bamboo,
sandalwood, rosewood, etc.
Tropical Thorny Forests-In areas having rainfall between 25 & 80 cm. In arid regions of Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana & Gujarat. Trees are palm, acacia, etc.
Alpine and Sub-alpine Forest-In hills of Southern India & the Himalayas. The type of trees depends upon the
height of the mountain : Sal & bamboo below 1000 m; oaks, chestnuts & other fruit trees, & chir forests between
1000 & 2000 m; pine, deodar, silver fern & spruce between 1600 & 3300 m; above 3600 m alpine forests with
trees like silver firs, pines, birches, etc. Alpine forests give way to Alpine grasslands & scrubs as we move up
further.
Tidal or Mangrove Forests- Also known as Littoral or Swamp Forests. Occur along the sea coast & in the
estuaries of rivers, especially in Sunderbans & the Andam
Most important tree is Sundari. It provides hard
& durable timber which is used for construction & building purposes as well as for making boats.
IMPORTANT POINTS
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forests followed by Arunanchal Pradesh. As per percentage of
forest area to total area, first is Andaman & Nicobar Islands, followed by Mizoram. In Mangrove forests, West
Bengal holds the first position, followed by Gujarat & Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The lowest forest
percentage is in Haryana & Punjab, because of the extensive agriculture.
BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA
In India, the first biosphere reserve – Nilgiri biosphere reserve – came into being in 1986. So far, 18 biosphere
reserves have been set up in the country.
NATIONAL PARKS & WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
There are 103 National Parks & 544 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India.
Madhya Pradesh & Andaman & Nicobar Islands have the maximum number of National Parks (9 each) while
Andaman & Nicobar Islands has 96 & Maharashtra has 42 Wildlife Sanctuaries (maximum in India).
CROPPING SEASONS IN INDIA
Kharif Crops of India
Sown in summers between May & July, & harvested after the rains, in September & October.
E.g. : Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.
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Rabi Crops of India
Sown at the beginning of winter & harvested before the onset of the summer season, between February & April.
E.g. : Wheat, barley, oilseeds, gram, potatoes, etc.
Zaid Crops
They are raised between April & June.
E.g. : Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber, Toris, leafy & other vegetables.
Cash Crops of India (Commercial Crops)
Grown mainly for the market, only a small portion of the product is consumed by the farmers themselves
(cotton, sugarcane etc.)
Sugarcane
Cotton
Jute & Mesta
Tea
Coffee
Rubber
Silk
Tobacco
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In UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka
In Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh
In West Bengal, Bihar, Asom
In Asom, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh
In Kamalaka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
In Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
In Karnataka, Jammu& Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh. In India all 4 varieties
of silk are available: Mulberry, Tussar, Eri & Muga. Mulberry is the main
variety, while Tussar is mainly found in Bihar.
In Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
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Chapter
10
Agriculture
Jhum
Shifting type of cultivation practiced in the hill slopes of Asom, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram & Nagaland. In
this, the trees are felled & set on fire. The ash of the burnt trees & the other vegetation adds to the fertility of
soil. This land is used for 2-3 years till the soil gets exhausted & the jhum is abandoned. It is also known as
Dahi, Koman, Penda, Podu and Bewar in different parts of country.
Green Revolution
• To increase yield per hectare government of India introduced a programme called Green Revolution.
• The Green Revolution (first) was launched in 1967-68.
• Father of Green Revolution - Dr. Norman Borlaug.
• Father of Green Revolution in India - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
• Green Revolution focused the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of
irrigation infrastructure, & distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, & pesticides to farmers.
White Revolution
• The White Revolution in the country has been achieved by means of Operation Flood. It was carried out in
three phases.
• Operation Flood I - 1970 – 1981
Operation Flood II - 1981 - 1985
Operation Flood III - 1985 - 1996.
• White revolution launched to increase the quality & quanity of milk & dairy products.
• The Father of the White Revolution in India is Dr. Varghese Kurien. He is also known as Milkman of India.
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Chapter
11
Transport System of India
Indian Railway-Indian railway system is the largest in Asia & the fourth largest in the world. It is the biggest
departmental public undertaking in the country. The first train ran in India between Bombay & Thane, a stretch
of 34 km. on April 16th, 1853. The second train ran between Howrah & Hooghly in 1854. The headquarters of
Indian Railway is in New Delhi.
The first electric train in India was ‘Deccan Queen’. It was introduced in 1929 between Bombay & Poona. Indian
Railways has the second biggest electrified system in the world after Russia.
The fastest train in India is the Shatabadi Express whose maximum speed is 140 km/hr. The total route covered
is approx 63,000 km. The total number of railway stations in India is 7,100.
The longest railway platforms are: Gorakhpur railway station, Uttar Pradesh, India: 1,366.33 m (4,483 ft)
(longest in the world). Mumbai is the destination where maximum number of trains in India head for.
The first Metro Rail was introduced in Kolkata (West Bengal) on October 24, 1984. The two stations connected
were Dumdum & Belgachhia.
Konkan Railways India : It is a project to shorten the distance between Maharashtra, Goa & Karnataka. The
total route length is 786 km between Apta (Maharashtra) & Mangalore (Karnataka).
Water Transport in India
The total length of navigable waterways in Indian comprising rivers, canals, backwaters, etc, is 14,500 km out
of which 3700 km is navigable by mechanised boats.
The government has recognised the following National Waterways of India:
NW 1: Allahabad to Haldia – 1,629 kms
NW 2: Sadia to Dhubari (on Brahmaputra river) – 891 kms
NW 3: Kollam to Kottapuram – 186 kms
NW 4: Kakinada to Marakkanam (Along Godavari & Krishna river) – 1,100 km
Ports in India
The Waterways Authority in India divides Indian ports into three categories, major, minor & intermediate.
India has about 190 ports in all, with 12 major & the rest intermediate & minor.
The 12 Major Ports are:
Port
State
Kolkata (including Haldia)
West Bengal
Paradip
Orissa
Vishakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Tamil Nadu
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu
Cochin
Kerala
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New Mangalore
Mormugao
Jawaharlal Nehru
Mumbai
Kandla
Karnataka
Goa
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Boundary lines
Lines
Durand Line
MacMohan Line
Radcliffe Line
Maginot Line
Oder Niesse Line
Hindenberg Line
38th Parallel
49th Parallel
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Pakistan & Afghanistan
India & China
India & Pakistan
France & Germany
Germany & Poland
Poland & Germany (at the time of
First World War)
North & South Korea
USA & Canada
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Chapter
12
Minerals
MINERALS IN INDIA
1.
IRON :
India has huge deposits of iron-ore in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka & Maharashtra. Iron-ore
is found in the mines at Singhbhum in Bihar & Mayurbhanj in Orissa. Big steel plants at Jamshedpur, Bhilai,
Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela & Bhadravati.
2.
COAL :
It is known as ‘black diamond‘. Products like nylon, chemicals, dyes, drugs & perfumes are obtained from
the distillation of coal. Coal is found in Bihar, West Bengal, Damodar Valley, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh &
Madhya Pradesh. Jharia in Bihar & Raniganj in West Bengal are the largest coal mines in India. Other coal
mines are located at Suhagpur (Madhya Pradesh) Dhanbad (Bihar) Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) & Singarani
(Andhra Pradesh).
3.
PETROLEUM :
Petroleum is known as ‘black gold’. Petroleum is found at Digboi in Assam, Ankaleshwar & Kalol in
Gujarat & Bombay High off the shore of Bombay.
4.
MANGANESE :
Manganese is used in the manufacture of steel. India is one of the largest producers of manganese in the
world. It is found in Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra.
5.
MICA :
India is the largest producer of mica in the world. Its huge deposits are found in Gaya, Monghyr &
Hazaribagh districts of Bihar. Mica is also found in large quantities in Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan. A large
quantity of mica is exported to other countries.
6.
ALUMINIUM :
It is a light but hard metal. The ore from which aluminum is known as bauxite. Huge deposits of bauxite
are found in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
7.
COPPER :
It is a good conductor of electricity. It alloys with zinc to form brass & with tin to form bronze. It occurs in
small quantities in India. It is found at Khetri in Rajasthan. Some copper has been found in Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu.
8.
GOLD :
Gold is produced from the mines at Kolar & Hutti in Karnataka & Anantapuram in Andhra Pradesh.
9.
DIAMOND :
Diamonds are found in the mines at Panna in Madhya Pradesh.
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Area Geography & Boundaris of India
1. Geography Area of India: 32,87,263 sq. km. Accounts for 2.4% of the total world area & roughly 16% of the
world population.
2. Mainland India has a coastline of 6,100 km. Including the Lakshadweep & Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
the coastline measures about 7516.6 km.
3. In India, of the total land mass:
a. Plains: 43.3%
b. Plateaus: 27.7%
c. Hills: 18.6%
d. Mountains: 10.7%
4. In the South, the Gulf of Mannar & the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka.
5. Total land neighbours: 7 (Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh & Myanmar).
6. India’s Islands include the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal & Lakshadweep, Minicoy &
Amindive Islands in the Arabian Sea.
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Chapter
13
Some Important Facts about India
India Facts
• Highest Civilian Award-Bharat Ratna
• Highest Gallantry Award-Param Vir Chakra
• Longest Tributary river of India-Yamuna
• Largest Lake-Wular Lake, Kashmir (Fresh Water)
• Largest Lake (Saline Water)-Chilka Lake, Orrisa
• Largest Man-Made Lake-Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
• Highest Lake-Devtal Lake, Gadhwal (Uttarakhand)
• Highest Peak-Karkoram or K-2(8,611 meters) (India)
• Largest Populated City-Mumbai
• Highest rainfall-Cherrapunji (426 inches per annum) Mawsynram
• State wise largest area under forest- Madhya Pradesh
• Largest Delta- Sunderbans Delta
• Longest River Bridge- Bhupen Hazarika Setu on Lohit river(Asom)
• Biggest Cave temple-Ellora
• Longest Road-Grand Trunk Road
• Longest Canal-Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan)
• Largest Museum-India Museum at Kolkata
• Longest Dam-Hirakud Dam (Odisha)
• Highest Dam-Tehri Dam (260 meters , 850 ft )
• Largest District-Kutch district (Area wise)
• Longest Highway NH-44 (NH-7) which turns from Varanasi to Kanyakumari
• Smallest State (Population)-Sikkim
• Smallest State (Area)-Goa
• Largest State (Area)-Rajasthan
• Largest State (Population)-Uttar Pradesh
• Largest Cave Temple-Kailash Temple, Ellora (Maharastra)
• Largest Port-Mumbai
• Largest Church-Saint Cathedral (Goa)
• Longest Beach-Marina Beach, Chennai
• Highest Airport-Leh (Laddakh)
• Largest River Island-Majuli (Brahmaputra River, Asom)
Major Mountain Ranges of the World
• Andes -South America
• Himalayas-Karakoram-Hindukush -South Central Asia
• Rockies -North America
• Great Dividing Range-East Australia
• Western Ghats-Western India
• Caucasus Europe-Asia
• Alaska -USA
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Alps -Europe
Apennines -Europe
Ural -Asia
Pennines -Europe
Pyrenees-Europe
Appalachian -North America
•
•
•
•
HIMALAYAS
Punjab Himalaya-Between Indus & Satluj
Kumaon Himalaya-Between Satluj & Kali
Nepal Himalaya-Between Kali & Tista
Assam Himalaya-Between Tista & Dihang (Brahmaputra)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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IMPORTANT LAGOONS & LAKES
VEMBNAD LAKE- Large sized lagoon located in Kerala.
KAYALS-Popularly called back water in Kerala. Peaty soils of backwaters are called Kari in Kerala.
CHILKA LAKE- Situated in south west of the Mahanadi Delta.
WULAR LAKE: Situated in Jammu & Kashmir.Largest fresh water lake of India
KOLLERU LAKE: Andhra Pradesh
PULICAT LAKE: Andhra Pradesh
JAISAMAND LAKE: Largest fresh water lake of Rajasthan
NAKKI LAKE: Small natural lake near Mt. Abu surrounded by hills important as tourist place.
LOKTAK LAKE: Manipur.
SAMBHAR LAKE: Largest Lake of Rajasthan lies on the border of Jaipur & Nagaur District.
DEEDWANA LAkE: Rajasthan
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Chapter
14
Continents of the World
World Continents
• Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia & Antarctica are the seven continents of
the world.
• These seven continents were believed to be part of Pangaea which was a single landmass around 250
million years ago.
Asia
(1) Area: 44,485,900 sq Km.
(2) Straits- Strait of Malacca, Bering Strait.
(3) Mountains-Pamir Knot, Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun, Tien Shan, Altai, Hindu Kush, Elburz, Pontic,
Sulaiman, Zagros, Taurus, Urals, Yablonovoi, Stanovoi.
(4) Highest Point – Mt. Everest (8,848 m)
(5) Lowest Point - Dead Sea (396.8 m)
(6) Islands-Kurile, Sakhalin, Honshu, Hokkaido, Taiwan, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, New Guinea,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bahrain, Cyprus.
(7) Rivers-Eupharates, Tigris, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hwang-Ho, Yang-tse, Si-kiang, Amur, LenaYenisei, Ob, Irrawady, Salween, Mekong.
(8) Plateaus-Anatolia Plateau, Plateau of Iran, Plateau of Arabia, Plateau of Tibet, Tarim Basin, Plateau of
Mongolia, Plateau of Yunnan, Deccan Plateau.
(9) Peninsulas-Kamchatka Peninsula, Peninsula of Korea, Peninsula of Indo-China, Malay Peninsula. Indian
Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula.
(10) Deserts-Arab, Thar, Ladakh.
Africa
(1) Area-30,259,680 sq Km.
(2) Straits-Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, Straits of Gibraltar.
(3) Mountains-Atlas, Drakensberg, Kilimanjaro.
(4) Highest Point- Kilimanjaro (5,894 m).
(5) Lowest Point-Lake Assai (-156.1 m).
(6) Islands-Madagascar, Cape Verde Islands, The Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles.
(7) Plateaus-The whole continent is a plateau.
(8) Deserts-Kalahari, Sahara Namib.
South America
(1) Area- 17,820,770 sq km.
(2) Straits- Straits of Magellan.
(3) Mountains- Andes.
(4) Highest Point- Aconcagua (6,960 m).
(5) Lowest-Point Valdes Penin (-39.9 m).
(6) Islands-Galapagos, Falkland, Tierra del Fuego.
(7) Rivers-Amazon, Orinoco, Paraguay, Parana, Uruguay.
(8) Plateaus- Plateau of Bolivia, Plateau of Equador.
(9) Deserts- Atacama, Pantagonia.
Eursope
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(1) Europe ranks sixth. Its boundaries are the Arctic Ocean in the west & the Mediterranean Sea in the South.
In the east, it is separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains, the Caucasus mountains & the Caspian Sea.
(2) Reykjavik is also known as The Smoking Bay.
(3) Denmark is the smallest country of Scandinavia.
(4) Greenland the world’s largest island & the Faroe islands also belong to Denmark.
(5) Copenhagen the capital of Denmark is known as the key to the Baltic.
(6) Finland is known as the Land of Forests & Lakes.
(7) The capital & the largest city of Finland, Helsinki is known as the White city of the North.
(8) Stockholm, the capital of Sweden is known as Beauty on the Sea.
(9) Milan (Italy) is known as the Manchester of Italy.
(10) Rome is known as City of Seven Hills
(11) Vatican city is the smallest Sovereign & an independent state of the world, which is completely surrounded
by Italy.
Highest point - Mt. Elbrus, Russia
Most Southerly point - Gavdos, Greece
Largest Lake - L. Ladoga, Russia
Largest river – Volga
• Russia touches fourteen other countries & crosses eight time zones.
•
Moscow is a part of five seas the Baltic Sea, Lake Ladoga, the Arctic Ocean, the Black sea & the Caspian
Sea.
•
Mt. Blanc is the highest peak of Alps (in France)
•
Important mountain ranges of Europe include Alps, Pyrenees, the Carpathian & the Caucasus.
•
The highest mountain peak of Europe, Mt. Elbrus is the Caucasus.
•
In the South - East part of Europe, there is an extensive grassland called the Steppes.
•
Rhine is the busiest inland waterway of Europe.
•
British Isles is separated from the mainland of Europe by the English Channel.
•
The Pyrenees mountains separate France from Spain.
•
The Ruhr (Germany) is the biggest & the richest coal producing area of Europe.
AUSTRALIA
• Australia is the smallest continent.
•
It lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.
•
Australia is the only country in the world that covers the entire continent.
•
It is also known as the Island Continent.
•
Tropic of Capricon passes almost through the middle of the continent.
•
Australia was discovered by captain James Cook, an English Seaman, in 1770.
•
It is surrounded by Timor Sea in the northwest, Arafura sea & Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, Great
Barrier Reef in the north east & Great Australian Bight in the South.
Highest point
Mt. Kosciusko, Australia
Lowest point : Lake Eyre, Australia
Largest Lake : Lake Eyre
• The Murray & the Darling are the major rivers of Australia.
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•
Tropical grasslands are called Savannas & the temperate grasslands found in the
•
Murray Darling basin are called Downs.
•
Sydney is the largest city & important sea port of Australia.
•
Tasman sea separates Australia from New Zealand.
•
New Zealand is divided into two islands: The Northern Island & the Southern Island. Cook strait seperates
the two islands.
•
Wellington the Capital lies in the Northern Island.
Antarctica
• Antarctica is Earth’s southernmost continent, underlying the South Pole.
•
It is situated in the Antarctica region of the southern hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic
Circle, & is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
Highest point : Vinson Massif, 4,897 m
Lowest point : Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,555 m.
Longest river : Onyx River, 25 km
FACTS
Largest total area - Russia, 17,098,242 km²
Largest land area - Russia, 17,075,200 km²
Largest water area - Canada, 891,163 km²
Longest coastline - Canada, 243,792 km
Highest coastline to area ratio - Micronesia, 8,706.553 m/km²
Most countries bordered - Russia & China
Largest forest area - Russia with area 8,087,900 km²
Hottest, Coldest, Driest, Wettest
Hottest Place - Dalol, Denakil Depression, Ethiopia, annual average temperature (93.2°F, 34°C)
Coldest Place - Plateau Station, Antarctica, annual average temperature (-56.7°C)
Wettest Place - Mawsynram, Assam, India, annual average rainfall (11,873 mm, 467.4")
Driest Place - Atacama Desert, Chile, imperceptible rainfall on a yearly basis.
Important mountain ranges
Andes - South America
Rockies - North America
Atlas - Africa
Kilimanjaro - Africa
Appalachian- America
Ural - Europe
Alps - Europe
Carpathian - Europe
Mount Erebus - Antarctica
Himalayan - Asia
Volcanoes
Vesuvius - Italy
Etna - Italy
Stromboli - Italy
Barren - India (Andaman Nicobar)
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Kilimanjaro - Tanzania
Krakatoa - Indonesia
Pina tubo - Philippines
• Most of the volcanoes found near Pacific Ocean in Ring of fire.
• Lighthouse of the Pacific - Izalco
• Lighthouse of the Mediterranean - Stromboli
Important Deserts
Atacama
Sahara
Kalahari
Nameeb
Great Sandy
Great Victoria
Takla Makan
Sahel
Thar
- South America
- Africa
- Africa
-Namibia
-Australia
- Australia
-China
-China
- India
ISLANDS
Island of the volcanoes
- Iceland
Island of the tortoise
- Galapagos
Island of the Sailors
- Samoa
Island of the inspiration
- Tasmania
Pearl of the Antilles
- Cuba
Friendly island
- Tonga
Spring island
- Jamaica
Birthplace of Napolean
- Corsica Island
Biggest island
- Greenland
Smallest island nation
- Nauru
Folkland islands, Canary islands, Kozhzikka, St. Helena, Bahamas, Burmuda islands situated in Atlantic Ocean.
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Chapter
Miscellaneous
15
Principal Peaks of India
1. Mt. Everest -8848 m (Nepal-Tibet)
2. Mt. K2-8611 m (India)
3. Kanchenjunga -8597 m (Nepal-India)
4. Dhaulagiri - 8172 m (Nepal)
5. Nanga Parbat - 8126 m (India)
6. Annapurna - 8078 m (Nepal)
7. Gasherbrum - 8068 m (India)
8. Nanda Devi - 7817 m (India)
9. Mt. Kamet - 7756 m (India)
10. Gurla Mandhata - 7728 (Tibet)
Valleys and its locations
• Araku Valley : Andhra Pradesh
• Damodar Valley : Jharkhand and West Bengal
• Darma Valley : Uttarakhand
• Dzukou Valley : North-eastern part
• Johar Valley : Uttarakhand
• Markha Valley : Ladakh
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States and Union Territories of India
States - Capital
1. Andhra Pradesh - Hyderabad
2. Arunachal Pradesh - Itanagar
3. Asom - Dispur
4. Bihar - Patna
5. Chhattisgarh- Raipur
6. Goa - Panaji
7. Gujarat - Gandhinagar
8. Haryana - Chandigarh
9. Himachal Pradesh - Shimla
10. Jammu and Kashmir - Srinagar
11. Jharkhand - Ranchi
12. Karnataka - Bangaluru
13. Kerala - Tiruvanantapuram
14. Madhya Pradesh - Bhopal
15. Mahrashtra - Mumbai
Nubra Valley : Ladakh
Sangla Valley : Himachal pradesh
Saur Valley : Uttarakhand
Suru Valley : Ladakh
Tons Valley : Uttarakhand
Yumthang Valley : Sikkim
16. Manipur - Imphal
17. Mehghalaya - Shillong
18. Mizoram - Aizawl
19. Nagaland - Kohima
20. Odisha - Bhubaneshwar
21. Punjab - Chandigarh
22. Rajasthan - Jaipur
23. Sikkim - Gangtok
24. Tamil Nadu - Chennai
25. Uttarakhand - Dehradun
26. Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow
27. Tripura - Agartala
28. West Bengal - Kolkata
29. Telangana - Hyderabad
Union Territory - Capital
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands - Port Blair
2. Chandigarh - Chandigarh
3. Dadra & Nagar Haveli - Silvassa
4. Daman and Diu - Daman
5.
6.
7.
Lakshadweep - Kavaratti
Puducherry - Puducherry
National Capital Territory of Delhi - New Delhi
River Valley Projects
• Bhakra Nangal Project on Sutlej in Punjab, Highest in India. Ht 226 m. Reservoir is called Gobind Sagar
Lake.
•
Mandi Project on Beas in HP.
•
Chambal Valley Project on Chambal in M.P. & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there : Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana
Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam.
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Damodar Valley Project on Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.
•
Hirakud Project on Mahanadi in Orissa. World’s longest dam : 4801 m.
•
Rihand Project on Son in Mirzapur. Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant reservoir.
•
Kosi Project on Kosi in Bihar.
•
Mayurkashi Project on Mayurkashi in WB.
•
Kakrapara Project on Tapti in Gujarat.
•
Nizamsagar Project on Manjra in AP.
•
Nagarjuna Sagar Project on Krishna in AP.
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Tungabhadra Project on Tungabhadra in AP & Karnataka.
•
Shivasamudram Project on Kavery in Karnataka. It is the oldest river valley project of India.
•
Tata Hydel Scheme on Bhima in Maharashtra.
•
Sharavathi Hydel Project on Jog Falls in Karnataka.
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Kundah & Periyar Project in Tamil Nadu.
•
Farakka Project on Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to remove silt for easy
navigation.
•
Ukai Project on Tapti in Gujarat.
•
Mahi Project on Mahi in Gujarat.
•
Salal Project on Chenab in J & K.
•
Mata Tila Multipurpose Project on Betwa in UP & MP.
•
Thein Project on Ravi, Punjab.
•
Pong Dam on Beas, Punjab.
•
Tehri Project on Bhagirathi, Uttarakhand.
•
Sardar Sarovar Project on Narmada, Gujarat/MP.
Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in India
1. Bandipur National Park - Mysore, Karnataka.
2. Balpakram Sanctuary - Garo Hills, Meghalaya.
3. Chandraprabha Sanctuary - Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
4. Corbett National Park - Nainital, Uttarakhand.
5. Dachigam Sanctuary - Jammu and Kashmir.
6. Dudhwa National Park - Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh.
7. Ghana Bird Sanctuary - Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
8. Gir National Park (Home of the Asiatic Lion) - Junagarh, Gujarat.
9. Hazaribagh National Park - Hazaribagh, Jharkhand.
10. Jaldapara Sanctuary - Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.
11. Kanha National Park - Mandla and Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh.
12. Kaziranga National Park - Jorhat, Asom.
13. Manas (Tiger Sancutary) - Barpeta, Asom.
14. Mudumalai Sanctuary - Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu.
15. Namdapha National Park - Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh.
16. Palamau - Daltonganj, Jharkhand.
17. Parkal - Warangal, Andhra Pradesh.
18. Periyar - Idukki, Kerala.
19. Ranganthitu Bird Sancutary - Mandya, Karnataka.
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20. Shivpuri National Park - Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh.
21. Sunderbans (Tiger Sanctuary) -West Bengal.
22. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary - Tamil Nadu.
23. Wild Ass Sanctuary - Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat.
Indian Towns on Rivers
1. Allahabad - At the confluence of the Ganga and
Yamuna.
2. Patna - Ganga
3. Varansi- Ganga
4. Kanpur- Ganga
5. Haridwar - Ganga
6. Badrinath - Alaknanda
7. Agra- Yamuna
8. Delhi - Yamuna
9. Mathura - Yamuna
10. Ferozpur - Satluj
11. Ludhiana - Satluj
12. Srinagar - Jhelum
13. Lucknow - Gomti
14. Jaunpur - Gomti
15. Ayodhya - Saryu
16. Bareillly - Ram ganga
17. Ahmedabad - Sabarmati
Nick Name of Indian Places
1. Golden City - Amritsar.
2. Manchester of India - Ahmedabad
3. Twin City Hyderabad-Sikandarabad
4. City of festivals - Mudurai
5. Deccan Queen - Pune
6. City of Buildings - Kolkata
7. Dakshin Ganga - Godavari
8. Old Ganga - Godavari
9. Egg bowls of Asia - Andhra Pradesh
10. Soya region - Madhya Pradesh
11. Manchester of the South - Coimbatore
12. City of Nawabs - Lucknow
13. Venice of the east - Kochi
14. Queen
of
the
Mountains-Mussoorie
(Uttarkhand)
15. Sacred river - Ganga
16. Hollywood of India - Mumbai
17. City of Castles - Kolkata
18. State of five rivers - Punjab
19. City of weavers - Panipat
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18. Kota - Chambal
19. Jabalpur - Narmada
20. Panji - Mandavi
21. Ujjain - Kashipra
22. Surat -Tapti
23. Jamshedpur - Subarnarekha
24. Dibrugarh -Brahmaputra
25. Guwahati -Brahmaputra
26. Kolkata -Hooghly
27. Sambalpur- Mahanadi
28. Cuttack -Mahanadi
29. Serirangapatnam -Cauvery
30. Hyderabad -Musi
31. Nasik - Godavari
32. Vijayawada - Krishna
33. Curnool - Tungabhadra
34. Tiruchirapalli - Kaveri
20. City of lakes - Srinagar
21. Steel city of India-Jamshedpur (called
Tatanagar)
22. City of Temples - Varanasi
23. Manchester of the north - Kanpur
24. City of Rallies - New Delhi
25. Heaven of India - Jammu & Kashmir
26. Boston of India - Ahmedabad
27. Garden of spices of India - Kerala
28. Switzerland of India - Kashmir
29. Abode of the God- Prayag (Allahabad)
30. Pittsburg of India -Jamshedpur
31. City of seven islands- Mumbai
32. Blue Mountains -Nilgiri
33. Queen of Arabian Sea- Kochi
34. Space City -Bengaluru
35. Garden City of India - Bengaluru
36. Silicon valley of India - Bengaluru
37. Electronic City of India - Bengaluru
38. Pink City - Jaipur
39. Gateway of India- Mumbai
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Longest, Largest, Biggest, Smallest, Tallest and Highest
1. Longest river (India) - Ganga
27. Largest cave temple - Kailash temple, Ellora
2. Longest river (World) - Nile
(Maharashtra)
3. The longest tributary river of India - Yamuna
28. Largest animal Fair - Sonepur (Bihar)
4. The longest river of the south -Godavari
29. Highest Gateway - Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur
5. Highest mountain peak -Godwin Austin (K2)
Sikri (Agra)
6. Largest lake (Fresh water)- Wular lake
30. Biggest Hotel Oberal -Sharaton (Mumbai)
(Kashmir)
31. Largest State (Area) -Rajasthan
7. Highest Dam -Tehri Dam on Bhagirathi River
32. Largest State (Population) -Uttar Pradesh
8. Largest Mosque - Jama Masjid, Delhi
33. Place of heaviest rainfall -Mawsynram
9. Longest Road - Grand Trunk Road
(Meghalaya)
10. State with longest coastline- Gujarat
34. Largest corridor - Rameshwaram temple
11. Largest railway route - Dibrugarh in Asom to
corridor (Tamil Nadu)
Kannyakumari in Tamil Nadu
35. Largest cantilever span bride-Howrah Bridge
12. Longest tunnel - Jawahar tunnel (Jammu &
(Kolkata)
Kashmir)
36. Largest forest state - Madhya Pradesh
13. Longest national highway- NH-7 which runs
37. Highest straight gravity Dam - Bhakra Dam
from Varanasi to Kanyakumari
38. Longest Railway Platform - Kharagpur (West
14. Longest Dam - Hirakud Dam (Odisha)
Bengal)
15. Longest River Bridge - Mahatma Gandhi Setu,
39. Highest Lake - Devatal (Garhwal)
Patna
40. Largest Lake (Saline water) - Chika lake, Orissa
16. Largest Museum - National Museum, Kolkata
41. Highest Civilian Award - Bharat Ratna
17. Largest Delta - Sunderban Delta, West Bengal
42. Highest Gallantry Award - Paramveer Chakra
18. Largest Dome -Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
43. Largest Gurudwara -Golden Temple, Amritsar
(Karnataka)
44. Deepest river valley - Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
19. Largest Zoo- Zoological Gardens, Alipur,
45. State with longest coastline of South India Kolkata
Andhra Pradesh
20. Largest man-made Lake- Govind Vallabh Pant
46. Longest river which forms estuary -Narmada
Sagar (Rihand Dam)
47. Largest Church - Saint Cathedral (Goa)
21. Largest Desert(India) - Thar (Rajasthan)
48. Longest Beach -Marina Beach, Chennai
22. Smallest State (Area) - Goa
50. Highest Battle field - Siachin Glacier
23. Smallest State (Population) - Sikkim
51. Highest Airport - Leh (Laddakh)
24. Highest
Waterfall
Gersoppa
52. Largest river island- Majuli (Brahmaputra
waterfall(Karnataka)
river, Assam)
25. Longest Electric railway line - From Delhi to
53. Largest Planetarium- Birla Planetarium
Kolkata via Patna
(Kolkata)
26. Densest populated State - West Bengal
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1.
Which of the following is not an example of Point
Source of pollution?
(a) Oil refinery wastewater
(b) Noise from Jet engine
(c) Air pollution from forest fire
(d) Pollutants mixed in rainwater runoff
2. Among the following states, the literacy rate is
highest in?
(a) Orissa
(b) Punjab
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Mizoram
3. The dispute over Siachin Glacier is between (a) India and China
(b) India and Afghanistan
(c) India and Pakistan
(d) India and Nepal
4. The Tuirial Hydroelectric Power Project (HEPP)
is located in which state?
(a) Kerala
(b) Mizoram
(c) Nagaland
(d) Assam
5. A wide inlet of the sea usually concave in shape,
is termed as a:
(a) Strait
(b) Sound
(c) Bay
(d) Fjord
6. Punjab has a large number of inundation canals
drawing water from?
(a) Jhelum river
(b) Chenab river
(c) Beas river
(d) Sutlej river
7. Sullage water is ______
(a) Waste water released from kitchen
(b) Waste water released from toilets
(c) Waste water released from factories
(d) Waste water released from hospitals
8. Continuous chain of mountains that rise
abruptly more or less parallel to the coastline of
India is (a) Aravalli
(b) Satpura
(c) Eastern ghats
(d) Western ghats
9. The biggest reserves of Thorium are in ____.
(a) China
(b) USA
(c) India
(d) France
10. Why the Earth is having its own atmosphere ?
(a) Winds
(b) Clouds
(c) Gravity
(d) Rotation of the Earth
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11. A level of atmosphere which is composed partly
of electrons and positive ions is called(a) Troposphere
(b) Ionosphere
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Mesosphere
12. The smallest island country in the Indian Ocean
is?
(a) Maldives
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Mauritius
(d) Madagascar
13. What is Damodar Valley Corporation?
(a) Statutory body
(b) Municipal Corporation looking after
Damodar Valley
(c) A private enterprise located in Bihar
(d) A non government organisation
14. Why is Carbon Monoxide a pollutant?
(a) Reacts with hemoglobin
(b) It inhibits glycolysis
(c) It reacts with Oxygen
(d) None of these
15. Why is Rann of Kutch of India famous for?
(a) Tidal and flats
(b) Fertile soil
(c) Dense Vegetation
(d) All are correct
16. What is the position of the Earth when it is at
the greatest distance from the sun?
(a) Aphelion
(b) Apogee
(c) Perihelion
(d) Perigee
17. Which of the following wind is blowing from
the Mediterranean sea to the North Western
parts of India?
(a) Western disturbances
(b) Norwesters
(c) Loo
(d) Mango showers
18. Which layer of the earth's atmosphere contains
the ozone layer?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Mesosphere
(c) Ionosphere
(d) Stratosphere
19. Where is the Great Barrier Reef located ?
(a) Pacific Ocean
(b) Indian Ocean
(c) Atlantic Ocean
(d) Arctic Ocean
20. Among the following States, _________has the
lowest birth rate in India.
(a) Kerala
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Bihar
(d) West Bengal
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21. The Secretariat of SAARC is set up at _________.
(a) Washington
(b) Kathmandu
(c) Hague
(d) New Delhi
22. The outermost range of Himalays is called____.
(a) Himadri
(b) Shiwaliks
(c) Himachal
(d) Kumaon
23. The longest river of peninsular India is_______.
(a) Narmada
(b) Godavari
(c) Mahanadi
(d) Cauvery
24. The atomic power station in Rajasthan is
situated at:
(a) Pokhran
(b) Suratgarh
(c) Rawatbhata
(d) Chittorgarh
25. Which of the following caused radioactive
pollution along the coast of Kerala?
(a) Plutonium
(b) Zinc
(c) Thorium
(d) Radium
26. Which of the following causes rainfall during
winters in the northwestern part of India?
(a) Western disturbances
(b) Cyclonic depression
(c) Southwest monsoon
(d) Retreating monsoon
27. Which country is separated from India by a
narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait
and the Gulf of Mannar?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Myanmar
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Pakistan
28. Where do the Western and Eastern Ghats meet?
(a) Nilgiri hills
(b) Cardamom hills
(c) Palani hills
(d) Annamalai hills
29. The natural habitat of Rhinoceros in India is (a) Bharatpur
(b) Gir forest
(c) Kaziranga
(d) Nilgiris
30. India shares longest international boundary
with which country?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) China
(c) Nepal
(d) Bhutan
31. Tsangpo is the other name in Tibet for _______.
(a) Kosi
(b) Gandak
(c) Brahmaputra
(d) Ganga
32. The largest herbarium of India is located at (a) Kolkata
(b) Lucknow
(c) Mumbai
(d) Coimbatore
229
33. At Barren Island, the only active volcano in
India is situated in (a) Andaman Islands
(b) Nicobar Islands
(c) Lakshadweep
(d) Minicoy
34. The transfer of minerals from top soil to subsoil
through soil-water is called?
(a) Percolation
(b) Conduction
(c) Leaching
(d) Transpiration
35. The Kovvada Nuclear Park project is proposed
to be setup in which State?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Karnataka
36. Molten rock below the surface of the earth is
called __________.
(a) Basalt
(b) Laccolith
(c) Lava
(d) Magma
37. The depletion in Ozone layer is caused by
___________.
(a) Nitrous oxide
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Chlorofluorocarbons (d) Methane
38. Sariska and Ranthambore are the reserves for
which of the following ?
(a) Lion
(b) Deer
(c) Tiger
(d) Bear
39. The World's largest island is (a) Greenland
(b) Iceland
(c) New Guinea
(d) Madagascar
40. The longest sea beach in India is (a) Chapora beach
(b) Diu beach
(c) Aksa beach
(d) Marina beach
41. Which one of the following region is most rich
in coal deposits?
(a) Bramhaputra Valley (b) Damodar Valley
(c) Mahanadi Valley
(d) Godavari Valle
42. Rainfall caused by intense evaporation in
equatorial areas is called _____________.
(a) Orographic rainfall
(b) Cyclonic rainfall
(c) Frontal rainfall
(d)Convectional rainfal
43. Nandadevi peak is located in ____________
State.
(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Sikkim
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44. The Andaman is separated from Nicobar by
which water body?
(a) 11° channel
(b) 10° Channel
(c) Palk Strait
(d) Gulf of Mannar
45. Which of these is a dwarf planet?
(a) Neptune
(b) Titan
(c) Eris
(d) Hydra
46. The Ghatampur thermal power plant recently
approved by Cabinet is to be setup in (a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Madhya Pradesh
47. Which one of the following is not a non
conventional source of energy?
(a) Solar Energy
(b) Natural Gas
(c) Wind Energy
(d) Tidal Power
48. The layer where the decrease in temperature
with increasing altitude is totally absent is (a) Troposphere
(b) Ionosphere
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Mesosphere
49. The term "Doab" means (a) a land between two mountains
(b) a land between two lakes
(c) a land between two rivers
(d) a land between two seas
50. What is Dakshin Gangotri?
(a) River valley in Andhra Pradesh
(b) Unmanned station located in Antarctica
(c) Second source of River Ganga
(d) Island in the Indian Ocean
51. Japan is called the 'Land of the rising sun'
because(a) Sun rises there as soon as it sets
(b) Sun always remains in the eastern part of
the sky throughout the day in Japan
(c) Japan being the Eastern most country in the
world, it has the earliest sunrise
(d) The rays of the sun get reflected from the
waters of the sea and make the sunrise beautiful
in Japan
52. The ‘Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal' was
constituted to resolve the water sharing
between(a) Gujarat and Rajasthan
(b) Gujarat and Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh
(d) Gujarat and Daman and Diu
230
53. Which place is said to be the Manchester of
South India?
(a) Coimbatore
(b) Salem
(c) Thanjavur
(d) Madurai
54. The beach sands of Kerala are rich in (a) Calcium
(b) Radium
(c) Thorium
(d) Manganese
55. The Himalayas is the example of _________.
(a) Fold mountains
(b) Block mountains
(c) Ancient mountains (d) Residual mountains
56. The largest irrigation canal in India is ________.
(a) Yamuna canal
(b) Indira Gandhi canal
(c) Sirhind canal
(d)Upper Bari Doab canal
57. Even after sunset, the air near the Earth's
surface continue to receive heat due to:
(a) Insolation
(b) Terrestrial Radiation
(c) Conduction
(d) Convection
58. A landscape which is caused due to the fissure
in the earth along which one side has moved
down with reference to the other is known as (a) Rift Valley
(b) U Shaped Valley
(c) V Shaped Valley
(d) Hanging Valley
59. One of the leading producers of asbestos in the
world is :
(a) Australia
(b) Russia
(c) Canada
(d) Armenia
60. Which of the following is the most important
raw material for generation of power in India?
(a) Mineral Oil
(b) Natural Gas
(c) Uranium
(d) Coal
61. Harvesting season of Kharif crop in India is
_________
(a) January-March
(b) February-April
(c) September-October (d) November-January
62. Spraying of DDT on crops causes pollution of
__________
(a) Air & Soil
(b) Crops & Air
(c) Soil & Water
(d) Air & Water
63. Which of the following region in India is now
regarded as an "Ecological Hot Spot"?
(a) Western Himalayas (b) Central Himalayas
(c) Western Ghats
(d) Eastern Ghats
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64. The source of energy that causes the least global
warming is (a) Coal
(b) Geothermal energy
(c) Natural Gas
(d) Petroleum
65. The constellation 'Sapta Rishi' is known to
Westerners as the (a) Seven Monks
(b) Alpha Centauri
(c) Great bear
(d) Small Bear
66. The study of relation of animals and plants to
their surroundings is called__________
(a) Ecology
(b) Ethrology
(c) Genealogy
(d) Iconology
67. The impact of Green Revolution was felt most in
the case of
(a) Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Pulses
(d) Oil seeds
68. A broad, low embankment built up along the
banks of a river channel during floods is called
(a) Delta
(b) Levee
(c) Flood Plain
(d) Dune
69. The tides in the sea are primarily due to
(a) the atmospheric effect of the Earth
(b) the gravitational effect of Venus on the Earth
(c) the gravitational effect of the mars on the
Earth
(d) the gravitational effect of the Moon on the
Earth
70. What process takes place during the youthful
stage of a river?
(a) Valley widening
(b) River rejuvenating
(c) Valley deepening
(d) Meandering
71. The region which is a water divide between the
Ganga and Indus river systems is____________.
(a) Haridwar
(b) Namcha barwa
(c) Alakananda
(d) Ambala
72. The outer most layer of Sun is known as
__________.
(a) Chromosphere
(b) Photosphere
(c) Radioactive zone
(d) Corona
73. Ring of Fire is found commonly in_________
(a) Pacific Ocean
(b) Atlantic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Arctic Ocean
74. Winds blowing constantly in one direction in
rocky deserts form
(a) Chimneys
(b) Mushrooms rocks
(c) Yardangs
(d) Demoiselles
231
75. The world's largest and deepest rail tunnel
Gotthard Base Tunnel is located in which
country?
(a) Belgium
(b) Austria
(c) Switzerland
(d) Sweden
76. One of the common forms of representing
remote sensing data as information is in the form
of
(a) Thematic Maps
(b) Political maps
(c) Distribution maps (d) Land use maps
77. Bhakra Nangal Project is constructed across
which river?
(a) Ganga
(b) Sutlej
(c) Cauvery
(d) Brahmaputra
78. A stretch of sea water, partly or fully separated
by a narrow strip from the main sea is called
(a) Bay
(b) Isthmus
(c) Lagoon
(d) Strait
79. The Daily Weather Map of India is prepared and
printed at___________
(a) Kolkata
(b) Mumbai
(c) New Delhi
(d) Pune
80. The first protocol to ban the emissions of
choloroflurocarbons in the atmosphere was
made in
(a) Montreal
(b) Osaka
(c) Geneva
(d) Florida
81. Magnetic Meridian is a
(a) Line parallel to the equator of the Earth
(b) Latitude
(c) Line joining the geographic north and
geographic south of Earth
(d) Plane passing through the magnetic north
and magnetic south of Earth
82. In a rainforest, the vegetation that grows under
the shade of a canopy is known as
(a) Crown
(b) Canopy
(c) Under storey
(d) Forest floor
83. "Great Barrier Reef", the world's largest Coral
reef is located in
(a) Caribbean Islands (b) Australia
(c) Philippines
(d) Indonesia
84. _________ is a byproduct of sewage treatment
and can be decomposed to produce biogas
(a) Sewage
(b) Sludge
(c) Sewer
(d) Scum
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85. Which one of the following cities of Iraq is
located on Tigris river?
(a) Baghdad
(b) Basra
(c) Kirkuk
(d) None of thes
86. The erosional land forms formed by wave
erosion is (a) Spit
(b) Beach
(c) Cave
(d) Barrier island
87. Growing agricultural crops between rows of
planted trees is known as (a) Social forestry
(b) Jhum Cultivation
(c) Taungya system
(d) Community Forestry
88. A drainage pattern where a river is joined by its
tributaries approximately at right angles is
___________.
(a) Dendritic
(b) Trellis
(c) Rectangular
(d) Radial
89. The core of the earth is also known as ______.
(a) Lithosphere
(b) Mesosphere
(c) Barysphere
(d) Centrosphere
90. The polar regions are sparsely populated
because of (a) lack of minerals
(b) unsuitable climatic conditions
(c) infertile land
(d) mountainous topography
91. Algal bloom results from (a) Global warming
(b) Salination
(c) Eutrophication
(d) Biomagnification
92. Among the world oceans, which ocean is having
the widest continental shelf?
(a) Antarctic ocean
(b) Arctic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Atlantic ocean
93. Which is largest peninsular river in India?
(a) Krishna
(b) Godavari
(c) Cauvery
(d) Mahanadi
94. Red soil is normally found in India in which
regions?
(a) Eastern Region only
(b) Southern Region only
(c) Eastern & Southern part of the Deccan Plateau
(d) None of these
95. Which of the following green house gases has the
greatest heat trapping ability?
(a) Chloro fluoro carbon(b) Methane
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Nitrous oxide
232
96. Which State of India is leading in solar energy
generation?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttar Pradesh
97. Ganga is a result of confluence of rivers
Bhagirathi and Alakananda at which place?
(a) Deva Prayag
(b) Karan Prayag
(c) Gangotri
(d) Rudra Prayag
98. Which country is known as 'Land of Midnight
Sun'?
(a) Sweden
(b) Norway
(c) Germany
(d) Finland
99. Which river basin is shared by more than 10
States of India?
(a) Indus
(b) Brahmaputra
(c) Ganga
(d) Damodar
100. Which of the following is not a commercial
source of energy?
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Natural Gas
(d) Firewood
101. Which of the following is the uppermost layer of
the atmosphere?
(a) Stratosphere
(b) Mesosphere
(c) Ionosphere
(d) Exosphere
102. The largest producer of Lac in India is
(a) Chattisgarh
(b) Jharkhand
(c) West Bengal
(d) Gujarat
103. A tropical deciduous plant special to the Deccan
plateau is
(a) Teak
(b) Shisam
(c) Sandalwood
(d) Sal
104. Which river does not form a delta?
(a) Ganga
(b) Brahmputra
(c) Godavari
(d) Tapi
105. Bandhavgarh National Park is located in which
State?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Gujarat
(d) Jharkhand
106. Which is called the "Lake District of India"?
(a) Nainital
(b) Shimla
(c) Gangtok
(d) Matheran
107. "Tsunami" is the name given to which of the
following?
(a) Earthquake
(b) Cyclone
(c) Tidal Waves
(d) Undersea Waves
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108. Which of the following is/are 'rain cloud'?
1. Cirrus
2. Nimbostratus
3. Cumulonimbus
4. Altocumulus
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only
109. Arrange the following cities in an order from
North to South
(1) Bhubaneshwar
(2) Chennai
(3) Hyderabad
(4) Cochin
(a) 1 3 2 4
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 1 2 4 3
(d) 1 3 4 2
110. On which river is the Tehri dam built?
(a) Alakananda
(b) Bhagirathi
(c) Ganga
(d) Hooghly
111. With which country, India has the longest
international boundary?
(a) Nepal
(b) Pakistan
(c) China
(d) Bangladesh
112. Which State in India has the largest coastline?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Gujarat
(d) West Bengal
113. Jog falls in Karnataka is located over which river?
(a) Kaveri
(b) Godavari
(c) Sharavati
(d) Krishna
114. Which one of the following areas of India is
covered by tropical evergreen forest?
(a) Semi-arid areas of Gujarat
(b) Eastern Ghats
(c) Western Ghats
(d) Central India
115. Which of the following is not an Igneous Rock?
(a) Dolomite
(b) Granite
(c) Basalt
(d) Gabbro
116. The deepest trench of the Indian Ocean is
(a) Java trench
(b) Aleutian trench
(c) Atacama trench
(d) Tizard trench
117. Which of the following is called the 'Land of the
Golden Pagoda'?
(a) Myanmar
(b) China
(c) Japan
(d) North Korea
118. Intensive cultivation refers to (a) Production with intensive use of labour
(b) Production with intensive use of fertilizer
(c) Raising production by intensive use of
existing land
(d) Raising production by large scale use of
imported inputs
233
119. Why does the west coast of India receive more
rainfall from southwest monsoon than the east
coast?
(a) Unlike the east coast this coast is straight
(b) The Western Ghats obstruct the winds
causing rainfall
(c) The east coast is broader than the west coast
(d) The Eastern Ghats extend parallel to wind
direction
120. The plateau that has both West and East flowing
drainage system is (a) Malwa
(b) Chota Nagpur
(c) Ranchi
(d) Hazaribagh
121. Which is the warmest layer of the atmosphere?
(a) Thermosphere
(b) Troposphere
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Mesosphere
122. The Siachin Glacier's melting waters are the main
source of which of the following rivers :
(a) Beas
(b) Sutlej
(c) Indus
(d) Nubra
123. Which among the following is called as 'Land of
the midnight Sun'?
(a) Norway
(b) Sweden
(c) Denmark
(d) France
124. The mountain range which divides the North
and the South India is
(a) Himalayas
(b) Western ghats
(c) Vindhyas
(d) Satpura
125. In which of the following States is Dampa Tiger
Reserve situated?
(a) Assam
(b) Karnataka
(c) Mizoram
(d) Orissa
126. The State which produces largest number of
orchids in India is
(a) Assam
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Sikkim
127. Which one of the following bio reserves of India
is not included in the World Network of
Biosphere Reserve?
(a) Sunderbans
(b) Gulf of Mannar
(c) Nandadevi
(d) Corbett
128. Which of the following State is surrounded by
Bangladesh from three sides?
(a) Nagaland
(b) Assam
(c) Arunachal Pradesh (d) Tripura
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129. Which of the following is called the Land of
White Elephants?
(a) Thailand
(b) Africa
(c) Cuba
(d) Turkey
130. The disconnected lines drawn on a map for
showing slope
(a) Bench marks
(b) Contours
(c) Form lines
(d) Hachure
131. On which date is India likely to experience the
shortest day?
(a) December 22
(b) March 21
(c) June 22
(d) September 23
132. Precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain
and snow is called (a) Drizzle
(b) Hail
(c) Sleet
(d) Snow
133. The northern part of the west coast in India is
known as (a) Konkan coast
(b) Coromandel coast
(c) Malabar coast
(d) Godavari Coast
134. Which sanctuary in India is famous for
Rhinoceros and in which state is it located?
(a) Gir, Gujarat
(b) Kaziranga, Assam
(c) Ranthambore, Rajasthan
(d) Corbett, Uttarakhand
135. Three crops that contribute maximum to global
food grain production are _________.
(a) Wheat, rice, barley
(b) Rice, maize, sorghum
(c) Wheat, maize, sorghum
(d) Wheat, rice, maize
136. Which of the following is least likely to be an
effect of global warming?
(a) Increased frequency of hurricanes
(b) Loss of fertile delta region as for agriculture
(c) Decreased rate of photosynthesis in
vegetation
(d) Shrinking of the polar ice regions
137. Which of the following sources has the largest
share in power generation in India?
(a) Atomic power
(b) Thermal power
(c) Hydro power
(d) Wind power
138. Which of these waves/winds is also known as
‘Doctor wind’?
(a) Sirocco
(b) Harmattan
(c) Loo
(d) None of thes
234
139. Which of these countries has the longest
coastline?
(a) Canada
(b) India
(c) Australia
(d) Indonesia
140. Which of these coasts receive maximum rain
during retreating monsoon ?
(a) Coromandal coast (b) Konkan Coast
(c) Malabar Coast
(d) None of these
141. In India ‘Burst of Monsoon’ refers to the
occasion when:
(a) Monsoon causes destruction
(b) first rain of monsoon is observed
(c) no rain is obsowed during monsoon
(d) None of these
142. On which date the earth experiences summer
solstice ?
(a) June 21
(b) December 22
(c) March 21
(d) September 23
143. Which of these is near international date line?
(a) Bering Strait
(b) Suez Canal
(c) Dead Sea
(d) Mariana Trench
144. The mid-continent belt including the volcanoes
of Alpine mountain chain covers which of the
following sea?
(a) Mediterranean sea (b) Red sea
(c) Dead sea
(d) Arabian sea
145. The biggest natural satellite of our solar system
is?
(a) Phobas
(b) Deimos
(c) Moon
(d) Ganymede
146. Which of the following planets revolve
clockwise?
(a) Earth and Mercury
(b) Venus and Neptune
(c) Venus and Uranus
(d) Uranus and Neptune
147. As compared to earth the gravitational pull of
moon is:
(a) 6 times
(b) 1/6 times
(c) 2 times
(d) ½ times
148. The point of origin of earth quake is known as:
(a) Seismic centre
(b) Epicentre
(c) Core centre
(d) Seismic Focus
149. Which state does not share a common border
with Haryana?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Rajasthan
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150. Which planet is also referred to as a "Dwarf
planet"?
(a) Pluto
(b) Mercury
(c) Jupiter
(d) Saturn
151. Khangchendzonga National Park is in (a) Maharashtra
(b) Orissa
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Sikkim
152. Evidence suggests that life on Earth has existed
for about_________________.
(a) 3.5 million years
(b) 35 billion years
(c) 35 million years (d) 3.5 billion years
153. Which is the longest national highway in India?
(a) NH4
(b) NH44
(c) NH10
(d) NH5
154. Which among the following is not a dwarf
planet?
(a) Mars
(b) Makemake
(c) Pluto
(d) Eris
155. Corbett National Park was established to protect
which animal?
(a) Bengal Tigers
(b) Snow Leopards
(c) Asiatic Lions
(d) One-Horned Rhinos
156. Which state does not share a common border
with Chhattisgarh?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Odisha
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Maharashtra
157. Name the longest river which flows in India.
(a) Cauvery
(b) Ganga
(c) Godavari
(d) Krishna
158. Kanha National Park is saving the rare and
almost extinct species of the Swamp Deer, also
known as(a) Barasingha
(b) Black Buck
(c) Chinkara
(d) Nilgai
159. Which state in India has the largest cover area of
forest?
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Kerala
(d) Uttar Pradesh
160. Longest day in the Northern hemisphere is ___.
(a) 21st March
(b) 21st September
(c) 21st June
(d) 21st April
161. Who coined the term "Ecology"?
(a) Ernst Haeckel
(b) G. Evelyn Hutchinson
(c) Hugo de Vries
(d) Robert Brown
235
162. Which of the following Indian chilly is
considered one of the hottest in the world?
(a) Bhut Jolokia
(b) Bhut Mahabora
(c) Lal Chitin
(d) Lal Shamak
163. Name the hottest planet?
(a) Mercury
(b) Venus
(c) Neptune
(d) Mars
164. Shortest day in the Northern hemisphere is
_______.
(a) 22nd November
(b) 22nd December
(c) 22nd March
(d) 22nd June
165. Nepali is primarily spoken in which State?
(a) Karnataka
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Sikkim
(d) Andhra Pradesh
166. Dogri is primarily spoken in which State?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Jammu & Kashmir
167. A living part of the organisms environment is
known as (a) Abiotic Factor
(b) Habitat
(c) Biotic Factor
(d) Nonliving factor
168. What percentage of India's population is
dependent on agriculture?
(a) 85%
(b) 50%
(c) 55%
(d) 40%
169. Which is the closest star to our solar system?
(a) Alpha Centauri
(b) Beta Centauri
(c) Sirius
(d) Procyon
170. Which planet is known as red planet?
(a) Mercury
(b) Pluto
(c) Mars
(d) Venus
171. The number of biogeographical zones in India
are(a) 2
(b) 10
(c) 5
(d) 6
172. In which direction does the earth rotates around
its axis?
(a) east to west
(b) west to east
(c) north to south
(d) south to east
173. Which state in India receives the highest
rainfall?
(a) Meghalaya
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttarakhand
(d) Kerala
174. Which device is used to measure earthquakes?
(a) Endoscope
(b) Thermometer
(c) Sonograph
(d) Seismograph
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175. The Gir National Park and the Sasan Gir
Sanctuary of Gujarat are the only wildlife
sanctuaries in India that have (a) Bengal Tigers
(b) Asiatic Lions
(c) One-Horned Rhinos
(d) Black Buck
176. The glowing surface of the Sun is called ______.
(a) Photosphere
(b) Chromosphere
(c) Corono
(d) Troposphere
177. ________ season is when the Sun is directly
overhead the equator.
(a) Summer
(b) Spring
(c) Winter
(d)None of these
178. Birth rate in a country is defined as (a) Number of births per 100 in 1 year
(b) Number of births per 1000 in 1 year
(c) Number of births per km of area in 1 year
(d) Number of births per 100 km of area in 1
year
179. Where is "The Geysers", the world's largest
geothermal field, containing a complex of 22
geothermal power plants, located?
(a) Rio
(b) New Orleans
(c) Moscow
(d) San Francisco
180. Which is the largest continent in the world?
(a) Africa
(b) North America
(c) South America
(d) Asia
181. Which among the following is false about
Earth?
(a) It is the densest planet
(b) It is the fifth largest planet
(c) It is also known as red planet
(d) It is the third planet from the sun
182. Who is known as the father of Green
Revolution?
(a) Dr. Robert Nucleus (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut
(c) Dr. N E Borlaug
(d) Dr. JC Bose
183. Panthera Tigris is the scientific name of (a) Panther
(b) Tiger
(c) Whale
(d) Goat
184. Dehradun is the capital city of _____.
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Tripura
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
185. Gir forest is located in ______.
(a) Kerala
(b) Gujarat
(c) Jammu & Kashmir (d) Karnataka
236
186. Carbon dioxide is produced by all of the
following except (a) Burning fossil fuels (b) Global warming
(c) Cement production (d)Deforestation
187. Melghat Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Maharashtra
188. Which atmospheric layer contains ozone layer?
(a) Mesosphere
(b) Exosphere
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Ionosphere
189. Which of the following is the highest peak of
Satpura Range?
(a) Gurushikhar
(b) Dhupgarh
(c) Pachmarhi
(d) Mahendragiri
190. Tropic of Cancer passes through which of the
following group of Indian States:
(a) Gujarat, MP, Chattisgarh, Manipur
(b) Rajasthan, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Mizoram
(c) UP, MP, Bihar, Jharkhand
(d) Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh
191. "Sirius", the brightest star outside solar system,
is also called ______.
(a) Cat star
(b) Dog star
(c) Fox star
(d) Lion star
192. In terms of size, Jupiter ranks number ___ in our
Solar System.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
193. Majuli, the largest river island in the world is
located in which among the following states of
India?
(a) Assam
(b) Manipur
(c) Nagaland
(d) Tripura
194. Pagladia Dam Project is located in which state?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Sikkim
(c) Assam
(d) West Bengal
195. ‘Gir Kesar’, which has been given the
Geographical Indication (GI) tag, is a famous
variety of which among the following?
(a) Saffron
(b) Pepper
(c) Mango
(d) Sweat
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196. What are Equinox days?
(a) When day is smaller than night
(b) When day is the longest in the year
(c) When day is greater than night
(d) When day and night are equal
197. Which is the largest Union Territory of India?
(a) Goa
(b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(c) Puducherry
(d) Chandigarh
198. The famous 'Hawa Mahal' is in which city of
Rajasthan?
(a) Ajmer
(b) Jodhpur
(c) Jaipur
(d) Kota
199. Where is Pushkar Fair held?
(a) Bihar
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Rajasthan
200. Kaziranga National Park is the only natural
habitat of the endangered?
(a) Snow Leopards
(b) One Horned Rhinos
(c) Asiatic Lions
(d) Swamp Deer
201. Which among the following is not an inner
planet?
(a) Mercury
(b) Saturn
(c) Venus
(d) Earth
202. Earth is also known as _______.
(a) Orange planet
(b) Green planet
(c) Blue planet
(d) Yellow plane
203. Nagarhole National Park is part of the
____________ Biosphere Reserve.
(a) Aravalli
(b) Vindhya
(c) Satpura
(d) Nilgiri
204. Where is the Film and Television Institute of
India located?
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Mysore
(c) Mumbai
(d) Pune
205. Raipur is the capital of which Indian State?
(a)Jharkhand
(b) Goa
(c)Himachal Pradesh (d) Chhattisgarh
206. The Great Smog of 1952 was a severe airpollution event which affected _______.
(a)Paris
(b) London
(c) New York
(d) Delhi
237
207. Which city is located on the banks of the river
Brahmaputra?
(a) Kanpur
(b) Srinagar
(c) Dibrugarh
(d) Lucknow
208. Manas National Park is in which state?
(a) Orissa
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Assam
(d) Sikkim
209. Marble is a metamorphic rock of _______.
(a) Sandstone
(b) Limestone
(c) Granite
(d) Clay
210. Which city is located on the banks of the river
Chambal?
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Ayodhya
(c) Badrinath
(d) Kota
211. What is the capital of Portugal?
(a) Lisbon
(b) Minsk
(c) Vienna
(d) Buenos Aires
212. Madrid is the Capital City of _____.
(a) Philippines
(b)Maldives
(c) Spain
(d) United Kingdom
213. Madhya Pradesh has the highest of reserves of
which of the following animals?
(a) Tiger
(b) Lion
(c) Peacock
(d) Langur
214. The highest airport in India is (a) Dharamshala airport
(b)Pithoragarh
airport
(c) Leh airport
(d) Dehradun airport
215. World’s longest land border is between which
two countries?
(a) Australia and New Zealand
(b) India and China
(c) Switzerland and Italy
(d) Canada and USA
216. Baghdad is the Capital City of ________.
(a) Iraq
(b) Thailand
(c) China
(d) Russia
217. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
(a) The fall in population of plants due to
human activity(b) It is the warming of earth's
surface due to its atmosphere
(c) The polluting effect of burning fossil fuels
(d) The heating of the atmosphere due to
depletion of the ozone layer
218. The longest railway platform in India (a) Amritsar
(b) Gorakhpur
(c) Kathgodam
(d) Kanpur
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219. In terms of size, Saturn ranks no. ___ in our
Solar System.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
220. Which of the following continents has the
smallest land area?
(a) Antarctica
(b) Australia
(c) North America
(d) South America
221. The Yellow river passes through which
country?
(a) Russia
(b) China
(c) USA
(d) Australia
222. Capital City of Myanmar is _________.
(a) Naypyidaw
(b) Yangon
(c) Rangoon
(d) Thimphu
223. What is the capital of Argentina?
(a) Buenos Aires
(b) Copenhagen
(c) Vienna
(d) Ottawa
224. The Lena river passes through which country?
(a) China
(b) USA
(c) Russia
(d) Brazil
225. Mars is the _______ planet from the Sun.
(a) 2nd
(b) 4th
(c) 6th
(d) 8th
226. Which city is located on the banks of the river
Alaknanda?
(a) Badrinath
(b) Ayodhya
(c) Allahabad
(d) Lucknow
227. The highest number of tube wells is found in
which one of the following countries?
(a)India
(b)Saudi Arabia
(c) America
(d) China
228. The soil found in the Eastern and Western
coasts of India is _____.
(a)Red Rocky
(b)Laterite
(c) Black Cotton
(d) Alluvial
229. Equal day/night in both hemispheres is on
________.
(a) 21st June and 21st March
(b) 5th July and 21st September
(c) 21st March and 23rd September
(d) 5th June and 21st September
230. Prague is the Capital City of _____.
(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) North Korea
(c) Czech Republic
(d) Trinidad and Tobago
238
231. Bandipur National Park is in which state?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Karnataka
(d) Chhattisgarh
232. Which state in India has the longest coastline?
(a)Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Gujarat
233. London is the Capital City of (a)Philippines
(b)Maldives
(c) Spain
(d) United Kingdom
234. Sunderbans Tiger Reserve is in which state?
(a) Odisha
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Assam
(d) West Bengal
235. What is the approximate circumference of
earth?
(a) 40,000 Km
(b) 60,000 Km
(c) 80,000 Km
(d) 1,00,000 Km
236. In terms of size, Mars ranks no. ___ in our Solar
System.
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
237. Which is the coldest planet?
(a) Uranus
(b) Venus
(c) Neptune
(d) Jupiter
238. What is the capital of Austria?
(a) Buenos Aires
(b) Rome
(c) Vienna
(d) Dublin
239. Earth revolves around Sun. Who was the 1st
one to present this theory?
(a) Albert Einstein
(b) Galile
(c) Copernicus
(d) Newton
240. The path of a projectile is called its ______.
(a) Altitude
(b) Range
(c) Trajectory
(d) Flight
241. Which park also shares its boundaries with
Bangladesh?
(a) Sundarbans National Park
(b) Kaziranga National Park
(c) Kanchendzonga National Park
(d) Panna National Park
242. In terms of size, Neptune ranks no. ___ in our
Solar System.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
243. Abu Dhabi is the Capital City of _____.
(a) United Arab Emirates
(b) Netherlands
(c) South Korea
(d) Italy
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244. Which planet has the maximum number of
satellites?
(a) Jupiter
(b) Earth
(c) Neptune
(d) Saturn
245. What is the capital of Norway?
(a) Buenos Aires
(b) Rome
(c) Ottawa
(d) Oslo
246. The Great Himalayan National Park is in which
state?
(a) Jammu & Kashmir (b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Sikkim
247. Mercury is the _______ planet from the Sun.
(a) 1st
(b) 3rd
(c) 5th
(d) 7th
248. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is in which state?
(a) Karnataka
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) West Benga
249. "Ganga Sagar Mela" fair is held in which state?
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) West Bengal
(d) Maharashtra
250. Which of the following is a renewable source of
energy?
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Wind energy
(d) Natural Gas
251. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is in which state?
(a) Orissa
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Karnataka
252. Khangchendzonga National Park, also known
as Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, is located
in ________.
(a) West Bengal
(b) Assam
(c) Sikkim
(d) Meghalaya
253. Shimla is the capital of which Indian State?
(a) Chhattisgarh
(b) Goa
(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Jharkhand
254. What is the capital of Denmark?
(a) Copenhagen
(b) Stockholm
(c) Vienna
(d) Oslo
255. Which planet is considered as the Dwarf planet?
(a) Earth
(b) Jupiter
(c) Pluto
(d) Saturn
256. Sandstone is which type of rock?
(a) Calcareous Rock
(b) Igneous Rock
(c) Metamorphic Rock (d) Sedimentary Rock
239
257. Earth's deepest point in water is Mariana trench.
It is located in which of the following oceans?
(a) Atlantic Ocean
(b) Arctic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Pacific Ocean
258.Masai is a tribe of which of the following
country?
(a) Kenya
(b) Germany
(c) Australia
(d) India
259. The uppermost layer over the earth's surface is
called the ______.
(a) Mantle
(b) Core
(c) Crust
(d) Exosphere
260. Bhutan does not share its border with which
Indian state?
(a) West Bengal
(b) Sikkim
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Arunachal Pradesh
261. In India, the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act came into force in 1981, but was
amended in ________ to include noise as an air
pollutant.
(a) 1987
(b) 1997
(c) 2007
(d) 2017
262. The Indian State of Sikkim does not share a
border with which neighbouring country?
(a) Nepal
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Bhutan
(d) China
263. Which Indian state is the largest in terms of the
total area covered?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu
264. Which among the following neighbouring
country of India is the largest producer of
Opium in the World?
(a) Pakistan
(b) Afghanistan
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Maldives
265. With which country India exchanged its border
maps?
(a) China
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Pakistan
(d) Bangladesh
266. Marble comes under which category of rocks?
(a) Sedimentary
(b) Igneous
(c) Metamorphic
(d) None of these
267. With which of its neighbouring country India
has Kalapani territorial dispute?
(a) Nepal
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Pakistan
(d) Sri Lanka
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268. Amazon river flows through which of the
following country?
(a) USA
(b) France
(c) Brazil
(d) Canada
269. What is the other name of Sahyadri Range?
(a) Lesser Himalayas (b) Shivaliks
(c) Western Ghats
(d) Eastern Ghats
270. In which city is the Forest Research Institute of
India located?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Dehradun
(d) Shimla
271. India has longest international border with
which country?
(a) Bhutan
(b) Nepal
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Pakistan
272. Which of the following is the most abundant
metal on Earth's crust?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Iron
(c) Copper
(d) Aluminium
273. Soil having high content of aluminum and iron
oxide is also known as _____.
(a) meadow soil
(b) pedalfer soil
(c) chernozen soil
(d) podzol soil
274. Red rot is a disease caused to which of the
following plant?
(a) Paddy
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Mustard
(d) Wheat
275. Ozone is an ______ of oxygen.
(a) Allotrope
(b) Isotope
(c) Isobar
(d) Isotone
276. Red data book contains data of which of the
following?
(a) All plant species
(b) All animal species
(c) All endangered species (d) All extinct
species
277.With which of the following country, India has a
land dispute near Tawang?
(a) Pakistan
(b) China
(c) Afghanistan
(d) Bangladesh
278. Strait of Malacca separates which two land
masses?
(a) Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Island of
Sumatra
(b) Africa and Europe
(c) India and Sri Lanka
(d) North America and South America
240
279. The latitude which passes through Sikkim also
passes through _____.
(a) Punjab
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttarakhand
(d) Himachal Pradesh
280. Which among the following is the major cause
of acid rain?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Nitrogen dioxide
(d) Oxygen
281. Which of the following country doesn't matches
to its famous tourist place?
(a) China – Great Wall of China
(b) Bhutan – Paro Taktsang
(c) Nepal – Pashupatinath Temple
(d) Sri Lanka – Padmanabhaswamy Temple
282. Which of the following region is covered by
tropical evergreen forest?
(a) Eastern Ghat
(b) Vindhyanchal
(c) Aravalli
(d) Western Ghat
283. The final boundary between the Earth and the
outer space is called _____.
(a) Magnetosphere
(b) Ionosphere
(c) Mesopause
(d) Magnetopause
284. Which neighbouring country of India is also
reffered as 'Druk Yul'?
(a) Myanmar
(b) Maldives
(c) Bhutan
(d) Afghanistan
285. 49th Parallel is the boundary line between
which two countries?
(a) USA and Canada
(b) North and South Vietnam
(c) Germany and France
(d) Brazil and Chile
286. How does La-Nina affect the Pacific Ocean?
(a) Decreases salinity of ocean
(b) Cools downs the temperature of water
(c) Maintains stable temperature of water
(d) Increases salinity of ocean
287. Which of the following country is not a member
of SAARC?
(a) Nepal
(b) Maldives
(c) China
(d) Afghanistan
288. Himalayan mountain range falls under which
type of mountains?
(a) Block Mountain
(b) Residual Mountain
(c) Accumulated Mountain
(d) Fold Mountain
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289. 'Norwesters' are thunder storms which are
prominent in _____.
(a) India and Bhutan
(b) Bhutan and Nepal
(c) India and Bangladesh
(d) Bangladesh and Myanmar
290. Kyoto Protocol's (an international treaty to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions) first meeting
was held at which country?
(a) USA
(b) Germany
(c) Japan
(d) Switzerland
291. Alps mountain range is located in which
continent?
(a) Europe
(b) North America
(c) South America
(d) Africa
292. What is the full form of ITCZ?
(a) Inter tropical converter zone
(b) Inter tropical convergence zone
(c) Inter tropical centre zone
(d) None of these
293. With which neighbouring country of India,
Kaladan multi-modal transport project has been
undertaken?
(a) China
(b) Nepal
(c) Bhutan
(d) Myanmar
294. The boundary between Earth's crust and mantle
is _____.
(a) Moho discontinuity
(b) Lehman discontinuity
(c) Conrad discontinuity
(d) Gutenberg discontinuity
295. Doldrums pressure belts lies in between which
of the following latitudes?
(a) 5 degree N to 5 degree S
(b) 35 degree to 60 degree N and S
(c) 25 degree to 35 degree N and S
(d) 35 degree to 45degree N and S
296. What is full form of BOD?
(a) Biological Oxygen Deficit
(b) Biological Oxygen Difference
(c) Biological Oxygen Demand
(d) Biological Oxygen Distribution
297. Match the following.
Country
Currency
1. Bangladesh
a. Ngultrum
2. Myanmar
b. Rufiyaa
3. Maldives
c. Taka
241
4. Bhutan
d. Kyat
(a) 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
(b) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
(c) 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
(d) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
298. Which of the following planet is also known as
'Earth's twin'?
(a) Mercury
(b) Venus
(c) Jupiter
(d) Saturn
299. Which of the following imaginary lines join
places with same level of rainfalls?
(a) Contour lines
(b) Isobaths lines
(c) Isohyets lines
(d) Isobar lines
300. How many Indian states share their boundaries
with Nepal?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 5
301. Which Indian state has the largest share of the
Wastelands in India?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Rajasthan
302. Which is the highest peak in Andaman and
Nicobar islands?
(a) Mount Koya
(b) Mount Diavolo
(c) Saddle Peak
(d) Mount Thuiller
303. Which of the following neighbouring country of
India is not a landlocked country?
(a) Nepal
(b) Myanmar
(c) Bhutan
(d) Afghanistan
304. Which type of forests majorly comprises of
lichens and mosses?
(a) Taiga forests
(b) Tundra forests
(c) Temperate mixed forests (d) Tropical ever
green forests
305. Which of the following has maximum diurnal
temperature difference?
(a) Desert
(b) Mountains
(b) Plateau
(d) Ocean
306. Which of the following state receives rainfall
due to western disturbances?
(a) Punjab
(b) West Bengal
(c) Kerala
(d) Gujarat
307. Why does Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
both receive sufficient rainfall but Deccan
Plateau receives scanty rainfall?
(a) It is a rain shadow area
(b) It is located parallel to wind direction
(c) It is away from the coast
(d) Rain bearing clouds are absent
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308. Which of the following is NOT a primary green
house gas in the earth's atmosphere?
(a) Methane
(b) Ozone
(c) Nitrous oxide
(d) Hydrogen
309. Which type of forest is most widespread in
India?
(a) Tropical Evergreen Forests
(b) Tropical Deciduous Forests
(c) Montane Forests
(d) Mangrove Forests
310. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj
and Kali rivers is known as ____________.
(a) Punjab Himalaya
(b) Nepal Himalayas
(c) Kumaon Himalayas (d) Assam Himalayas
311. Which railway station is used for immigration
and customs of passengers who travel on the
Thar Express between Pakistan and India?
(a) Jalal Marri
(b) Zero Point
(c) Lal Pir
(d) Gujar Garhi
312. How many states does India have as of June
2017?
(a) 26
(b) 27
(c) 28
(d) 29
313. The northern plain of India has been formed by
the interplay of the three major river systems,
namely– the Indus, the Ganga and the
___________.
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Krishna
(c) Kaveri
(d) Mahanadi
314. Which country is not a member of Bay of Bengal
Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)?
(a) Thailand
(b) Myanmar
(c) India
(d) Pakistan
315. The group of stars arrangedin a definite pattern
is called
(a) Milky way
(b) Constellation
(b) Andromeda
(c) Solar system
316. Which planet takes the longest time to go
around the sun?
(a)Earth
(b) Jupiter
(c) Uranus
(d) Neptune
317. The Earth is at maximum distance from the sun
on
(a) January 3rd
(b) December 22nd
(c) September 22nd
(d) July 4th
242
318. The Earth rotates around its axis from
(a) North to South
(b) South to North
(c) East to West
(d) West to East
319. The last stage in the life cycle of a star is
(a) Black Hole
(b) Supernova
(c) Red Giant
(d) White Dwarf
320. Space between Earth and Moon is known as
(a) Cislunar
(b) Fulalunar
(c) Nebula
(d) None of these
321. Our solar system is located in which Galaxy?
(a)Peroxima Centauri (b)Alpha Centauri
(c)Milky Way
(d) Andromeda
322. Which of the following stars is known as Fossil
star?
(a) Protostar
(b) Dog Star
(c) Red Giant
(d) White Dwarf
323. Which planet is surrounded by ring?
(a) Saturn
(b) Mars
(c) Venus
(d) Earth
324. On which planet would one witness sunrise in
the west?
(a) Jupiter
(b) Venus
(c) Saturn
(d) Mercury
325. Which one of the following is not a
metamorphic rock?
(a) Geneiss
(b) Conglomerate
(c) Quartzite
(d) Schist
326. Which one of the following is a temperate
desert?
(a) Arabian desert
(b) Atacama desert
(c) Kalahari desert
(d) Patagonian desert
327. The deepest lake of the world is
(a) Baikal
(b) Crater
(c) Nyasa
(d) Tanganyika
328. Which one of the following is an example of a
block mountain?
(a) Aravalli
(b) Andes
(c) Vosges Mountain
(d) Caucasus
329. The biggest island of the Indian Ocean is
(a) Maldives
(b) Madagascar
(c) Lakshadweep
(d) Sumatra
330. Which one of the following ocean currents is
different from others?
(a) Gulf stream
(b) Kuroshivo
(c) North Atlantic Drift
(d) Labrador
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331. In which of the following eras the earth was
nearly covered with snow and ice?
(a) Cretaceous Era
(b) Pliocene Era
(c) Pleistocene Era
(d) Tertiary Era
332. Ox-bow lake is a feature formed by
(a) River erosion in youthful stage
(b) Transportation action of the river
(c) River erosion in mature stage
(d) Deposition in old stage of a river
333. Which one of the following local winds is
different from the other three?
(a) Khamsin
(b) Foehn
(c) Sirocco
(d) Mistral
334. Which one of the following is not a tropical
desert?
(a) Atacama
(b) Arabia
(c) Gobi
(d) Kalahari
335. A hot local wind blowing in Sahara desert is
known as
(a) Haboob
(b) Karaburan
(c) Jooran
(d) Harmattan
336. Break up of Gondwana land mass started
during the period of
(a) Permian
(b) Jurassic
(c) Cretaceous
(d) Triassic
337. Tsunamis are mainly produced by
(a) Subaerial earthquakes
(b) Submarine earthquakes
(c) Cyclones
(d) Tides
338. Bhabar is an example of
(a) Peneplain
(b) Piedmont plain
(c) Till plain
(d) Deltaic plain
337. Where is the Blind valley found?
(a) River valley region (b) Arid region
(c) Karst region
(d) Glacier region
340. During volcanic eruption deposition of lava in
anticlines and synclines of folded mountains
accounts for formation of
(a) Phacolith
(b) Lopolith
(c) Batholith
(d) Lacolith
341. Which one of the following is a warm ocean
current?
(a)East Australian current
(b)West Australian current
(c)Benguela current
(d)Peru current
243
342. U-shaped valley develops in
(a) Karst region
(b) Glacial region
(c) Desert region
(d) All of these
343. Which of the following land forms is not formed
by wind action?
(a) Stone Lattice
(b) Mushroom or Gara
(c) Sand Bars
(d) Inselberg
344. Coral reef extending along with eastern coast of
Australia is
(a) Fringing reef
(b) Barrier reef
(c) Atoll
(d) Coral island
345. Among oceanic trenches the deepest trench is
(a) Kurile trench
(b) Japan trench
(c) Mariana trench
(d) Tonga trench
346. Jet stream is
(a) Fast blowing westerlies in upper part of
Troposphere.
(b) Ocean current
(c) Monsoon winds
(d) None of these
347. Tropical cyclones in Australia are called
(a) Willy willy
(b) Hurricanes
(c) Easterly waves
(d) Typhoon
348. Which of the following rocks is not likely to
contain fossils?
(a) Conglomerate
(b) Granite
(c) Shale
(d) Sandstone
349. Which layer of atmosphere is vital for
telecommunications?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Thermosphere
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Ionosphere
350. Which of the following countries is the largest
producer of diamond?
(a) Australia
(b) Venezuela
(c) Russia
(d) Botswana
351. The Ruhr basin is the famous industrial region
of
(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) Germany
(d) United Kingdom
352. In an area with annual rainfall of more than 200
cm and sloping hills which crop will be ideal?
(a) Jute
(b) Cotton
(c) Maize
(d) Tea
353.Monoculture is a distinct characteristic of
(a) Commercial grain farming
(b) Shifting cultivation
(c) Subsistence farming
(d) Organic farming
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354. Kimberley is famous for
(a) Gold Mining
(b)Diamond mining
(c) Steel industry
(d)Automobile industry
355. The country at the top in terms of percentage of
total coffee production in the world is
(a) Colombia
(b) Brazil
(c) India
(d) Ethiopia
356. Which one of the following is located in South
Africa?
(a) Veld
(b) Pampas
(c) Downs
(d) Steppes
357. The Death Valley in South California, USA is an
example of
(a) Anticlinal valley
(b) Synclinal valley
(c) Antecedent valley (d) Rift valley
358. Which of the following seas has the highest
salinity?
(a) Caspian sea
(b) Mediterranean sea
(c) Red sea
(d) Dead sea
359. 90° E Ridge lies in
(a) Atlantic ocean
(b) Indian ocean
(c) Pacific ocean
(d) Mediterranean ocean
360. The clouds of the highest altitude are
(a) Altocumulus
(b) Altostratus
(c) Cumulus
(d) Cirrostratus
361. The Black Mountains are located in
(a) Canada
(b) Norway
(c) Switzerland
(d) U.S.A.
362. The driest area of the Earth is
(a) Arabian desert
(b) Atacama desert
(c) Gobi desert
(d) Thar desert
363. Which river of Africa crosses the Tropic of
Capricorn twice?
(a) Congo
(b) Limpopo
(c) Niger
(d) Zambezi
364. The Groups of people inhabiting Asiatic Tundra
is known as
(a) Vedda
(b) Kirghiz
(c) Samoyed
(d) Guacho
365. The temperature increase is more marked in
northern Pacific Ocean as an influence of
Kuroshivo current in (a) Summer
(b) Winter
(c) Autumn
(d) Spring
244
366. The Yellow stone National Park is located in
(a) Canada
(b) Brazil
(c) U.S.A.
(d) France
367. Which type of soil is found in the coniferous
forests?
(a) Chestnut
(b) Podzol
(c) Chernozem
(d) Regur
368. Ebony and Mahogany trees are associated with
(a) Coniferous forests
(b) Deciduous forests
(c) Tropical Monsoon forests
(d)Tropical Evergreen forest
369. Which one of the following mountains is not
built during the Tertiary period?
(a) Rocky Mountain
(b) Atlas Mountain
(c) Andes Mountain
(d) Aravalli Mountain
370. Gaza strip lies along the coast of
(a) Dead sea
(b) Mediterranean sea
(c) Persian sea
(d) Red sea
371. The Kiel canal connects
(a) Caribbean sea and Pacific Ocean
(b) Bering sea and Chukchi sea
(c) Red sea and Mediterranean sea
(d) Baltic sea and North sea
372. Foehn is a local wind of
(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) Korea
(d) Switzerland
373. The Great Barrier Reef is located on the coast of
(a) Central Australia
(b) West Australia
(c) East Australia
(d) South Australia
374. Which one of the following volcanoes is called
the Light House of the Mediterranean?
(a) Etna
(b) Vesuvius
(c) Kilimanjaro
(d) Stromboli
375. Africa’s highest mountain peak Mt. Kilimanjaro
lies in
(a) Kenya
(b) Malawi
(c) Tanzania
(d) Zambia
376. The coldest place on the earth is
(a) Halifax
(b) Chicago
(c) Siachin
(d) Verkhoyansk
377. The wide treeless grassy plains in South
America are called
(a) Selvas
(b) Pampas
(c) Prairies
(d) Steppes
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378. Bushmen tribes are found in
(a) Atacama desert
(b) Gobi desert
(c) Patagonian desert (d) Kalahari desert
379. Doddabetta Peak is located in the
(a) Anaimalai
(b) Mahendragiri
(c) Nilgiris
(d) Shevaroy
380. The Himalyas are approximately kilometer long
(a)2000
(b) 2500
(c) 3000
(d) 1500
381. The coast that belongs to Tamilnadu is known
as
(a) Konkan coast
(b) Malabar coast
(c) Coromandel coast (d) Canara coast
382. Which of the following latitudes passes through
India?
(a) Arctic circle
(b) Tropic of Capricorn
(c) Tropic of Cancer
(d) Equator
383. Nathula Pass is in
(a) Arunachal Pradesh (b)Nagaland
(c)Sikkim
(d)Manipur
384. ‘Radcliffe line’ demarcates the boundary
between
(a) India and China
(b) India and akistan
(c) India and Afghanistan
(d) India and Bhutan
385. Which of the following rivers flows from south
to north?
(a) Son
(b) Krishna
(c) Mahanadi
(d) Ganga
386. Which one of the following rivers in India has
been declared as the National River?
(a) Ganga
(b) Yamuna
(c) Krishna
(d) Son
387. Which of the following rivers is not the
tributary of Yamuna?
(a) Chambal
(b) Betwa
(c) Ken
(d) Gandak
388. The largest delta of the world is
(a) Amazon river delta (b) Congo river delta
(c) Sunderban delta
(d) Godavari river delta
389. Which one of the following rivers of India does
not make a delta?
(a) Ganga
(b) Narmada
(c) Mahanadi
(d) Kaveri
390. The river also known as Tsangpo in Tibet is
(a) Brahmaputra
(b) Indus
(c) Sutlej
(d) Teesta
245
391. An important river of the Indian desert is?
(a) Luni
(b) Narmada
(c) Tapi
(d) Jhelum
392. The term ‘Regur’ is used for
(a) Alluvial soil
(b) Black soil
(c) Laterite soil
(d) Yellow soil
393. Which one of the following soils is suitable for
cotton production?
(a) Regur
(b) Red
(c) Bhangar
(d) Khadar
394. Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary is in the state of
(a) Assam
(b) Tamilnadu
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Kerala
395. The only National Park where Kashmiri stag is
found is
(a) Kanha
(b) Dachigam
(c) Manas
(d) Nanda devi
396. Tree cover is maximum in
(a) East Deccan
(b) Northern Plains
(c) Western ghats
(d) Eastern ghats
397. Project Tiger was launched in
(a) 1973
(b) 1980
(c) 1982
(d) 1984
398. Which one of the following is the wettest place
in India?
(a) Udhagamandalam (b) Mahabaleshwar
(c) Cherrapunji
(d) Mawsynram
399. The mineral oil was
first discovered in India
at
(a) Naharkotiya
(b) Mumbai
(c) Ankleshwar
(d) Digboi
400. ‘Jhum’ is
(a) A tribe in the North-East of India
(b) The type of cultivation
(c) A Folk dance
(d) The name of a river
401. The solar radiation coming to Earth is called
(a) radiant energy
(b) insolation
(c) sunshine
(d) terrestrial radiation
402. How does the Sun get its energy?
(a) From gravitational pressure
(b) From nuclear fission
(c) From nuclear fusion
(d) Due to attraction from earth
403. Study of the Universe is known as?
(a) Sociology
(b) Cosmology
(c) Universology
(d) Petology
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404. Diameter of Sun is?
(a) 12 Lakh kms
(b) 13 Lakh kms
(c) 14 Lakh kms
(d) 15 Lakh kms
405. The Coriolis force is maximum at __?
(a) Mountain peaks
(b) Tropics
(c) Equator
(d) Poles
406. The sea bed sloping gradually and bordering
the continent is known as:
(a) Coast
(b) Continental Shelf
(c) Continental Platform(d) Continental Slope
407. The term ‘epicentre’ is associated with
(a) Earthquakes
(b) Volcanoes
(c) Cyclones
(d) Landslides
408. What is the shape of the Earth’s orbit around
the sun?
(a) Circular
(b) Hyperbolic
(c) Elliptical
(d) Parabolic
409. Naga, Khasi and Garo hills are located in
(a) Purvanchal Ranges (b) Karakoram Ranges
(c) Zaskar Ranges
(d) Himalaya Ranges
410. An important river of the Indian desert is
(a) Luni
(b) Narmada
(c) Krishna
(d) Beas
411. "Saptarishi" is the Indian name of which
Constellation?
(a) Draco
(b) Orion
(c) Ursa Minor
(d) Ursa Major
412. Marble is the metamorphosed form of
(a) shale
(b) basalt
(c) sandstone
(d) limestone
413. Where was the first iron and steel industry of
India established?
(a) Bhadravati
(b) Bhilai
(c) Jamshedpur
(d) Burnpur
414. The highest grade and best quality coal is
(a) lignite
(b) peat
(c) bituminous
(d) anthracite
415. Major iron and Steel industries are located in
the plateau of
(a) Deccan
(b) Malwa
(c) Telangana
(d) Chhotangpur
416. Which one of the following is the highest
gravity dam in the world?
(a) Beas Dam
(b) Nangal Dam
(c) Bhakra Dam
(d) Hirakud Dam
246
417. Flash floods are associated with
(a) Thunderstorms
(b) Cyclonic storms
(c) Tsunami
(d) Tornado
418. The longest river in Asia is
(a) Indus
(b) Yangtze
(c) Hwang Ho
(d) Ganga
419. The busiest ocean trade route of the world is in
(a) Atlantic ocean
(b) Arctic ocean
(c) Indian ocean
(d) Pacific ocean
420. Atlas Mountain is in which continent?
(a) Africa
(b) Europe
(c) Asia
(d) Australia
421. Trade winds blow from the
(a) equatorial low pressure
(b) polar high pressure
(c) subtropical high pressure
(d) subpolar low pressure
422. Which of the following is the busiest navigable
river of the world?
(a) Danube
(b) Rhine
(c) Seine
(d) Volga
423. The island of Socotra is a part of which of the
following countries?
(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) Oman
(c) UAE
(d) Yemen
424. "Titan" is satellite of?
(a) Saturn
(b) Venus
(c) Earth
(d) Mercury
425. Which one of the following is a major port on
the East coast of India?
(a) Kandla
(b) Vishakhapatnam
(c) Karikal
(d) Puducherry
426. A __________ is a fan shaped tract formed at the
mouth of a river.
(a) Estuary
(b) Canyon
(c) Delta
(d) Gorge
427. World’s maximum newsprint comes from–
(a) Tropical Deciduous forest
(b) Tropical Evergreen forest
(c) Mangrove forest
(d) Rainfed forest
428. In which of the following regions is plantation
agriculture largely practiced?
(a) Semi-arid
(b) Subtropical
(c) Tropical
(d) Temperate
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429. Majid Gyre is a feature of which of the
following Oceans?
(a) Arctic Ocean
(b) Atlantic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Pacific Ocean
430. Which is correct order of Ocean sizes in
decreasing?
(a) Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean,
Pacific Ocean
(b) Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Arctic Ocean
(c) Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean
(d) Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean,
Arctic Ocean
431. The famous Lagoon lake of India is:
(a) Dal Lake
(b) Chilka Lake
(c) Bhimtal Lake
(d) Mansarover
432. Which foreign country is closest to Andaman
Islands?
(a) Sri Lanka
(b) Myanmar
(c) Indonesia
(d) Pakistan
433. Kakrapara Multipurpose project is constructed
on which of the following rivers?
(a) Tapti
(b) Narmada
(c) Godavari
(d) Krishna
434. The largest brackish water lake of India is in the
state of
(a) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Maharashtra
(c) Odisha
(d) West Bengal
435. Huge deposits of uranium were recently found
in
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Karnataka
(c) Kerala
(d) Tamil Nadu
436. The tropical grassland is called
(a) Pampas
(b) Prairies
(c) Savanna
(d) Veld
437. In which State have Indian Railways introduced
“Palace on Wheels” to promote tourism?
(a) Kerala
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Punjab
438. Which of the following cities in India is
considered cleanest according to Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan Survey 2017?
(a) Bengaluru
(b) Mysore
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Indore
247
439. The deepest ocean of the world is
(a) Atlantic Ocean
(b) Arctic Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Pacific Ocean
440. Which of the following is an organic rock?
(a) Marble
(b) Coal
(c) Granite
(d) Slate
441. In geography ‘Gulf Stream’ refers to
(a) a warm ocean current
(b) strong air current
(c) Streams joining a gulf
(d) the name of a stream
442. River Indus originates at:
(a) Hindukush range (b) Himalayan range
(c) Karakoram range
(d) Kailash range
443. The joint river valley venture of India and
Nepal is
(a) Gomati
(b) Chambal
(c) Damodar
(d) Kosi
444. Watermelons grow best in
(a) Alluvial soil
(b) Sandy soil
(c) Black soil
(d) Laterite soil
445. The first biosphere reserve that was set up in
India in 1986 is
(a) Nanda Devi
(b) Nilgiris
(c) Nokrek
(d) Manas
446. Green Revolution was started in
(a) 1960
(b) 1970
(c) 1980
(d) 1990
447. India is the largest producer and consumer of
(a) Paddy
(b) Tea
(c) Pulses
(d) Sugar
448. Black Forests are found in
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Czech Republic
(d) Romania
449. The oldest oil field in India is in
(a) Haldia
(b) Bombay High
(c) Neyveli
(d) Digboi
450. In which State is Hutti gold mine situated?
(a) Maharashtra
(b) West Bengal
(c) Orissa
(d) Karnataka
451. Jaduguda mines are famous for
(a) Iron ore
(b) Mica deposits
(c) Gold deposits
(d) Uranium deposits
452. Kharif crops are sown
(a) A the beginning of the South-West monsoon
(b) At the end of the South West monsoon
(c) At the beginning of the North-East monsoon
(d) At the end of North-East monsoon
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453. Marble is the metamorphosed form of
(a) Shale
(b) Basalt
(c) Sandstone
(d) Limestone
454. What is the International Date Line?
(a) It is the equator
(b) It is the 0° longitude
(c) It is the 90° east longitude
(d) It is the 180° longitude
455. Which from the following is a landlocked sea?
(a) Timor Sea
(b) Arafura Sea
(c) Greenland Sea
(d) Aral Sea
456. The world’s largest island is
(a) New Guinea
(b) Madagascar
(c) Greenland
(d) Iceland
457. The largest freshwater lake in the world is
(a) Lake Victoria
(b) Lake Michigan
(c) Lake Baikal
(d) Lake Superior
458. Which are the main gases present in Sun?
(a) Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide
(b) Argon and Helium
(c) Hydrogen and Argon
(d) Hydrogen and Helium
459. The cyclone that brought devastation in
Bangladesh in 2017 is named as
(a) Shary
(b) Sidr
(c) Wendy
(d) Mora
460. Which is the most stable ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Ocean
(c) Mountain
(d) Forest
461. All vital atmospheric processes leading to
various climatic and weather conditions take
place in the :
(a) Stratosphere
(b) Troposphere
(c) Ionosphere
(d) Exosphere
462. Which planet takes the longest time to go
around the sun?
(a) Earth
(b) Jupiter
(c) Uranus
(d) Neptune
463. Neap tides are
(a) Strong
(b) Weak
(c) Medium
(d) Very strong
464. About how much of the world’s land area is
tropical rainforest?
(a) 2 percent
(b) 7 percent
(c) 10 percent
(d) 15 percent
248
465. Which is the hottest planet in the Solar System?
(a) Jupiter
(b) Saturn
(c) Venus
(d) Uranus
466. The largest producer of coconut in the world is
(a) Brazil
(b)India
(c) Indonesia
(d) Philippines
467. The light from the Sun reaches the Earth in
about(a) 8 seconds
(b) 8 minutes
(c) 10 seconds
(d) 10 minutes
468. The capital of Manipur?
(a) Imphal
(b) Aizawl
(c) Dispur
(d) None of these
469. Kanchenjunga is situated in
(a) Nepal
(b) Sikkim
(c) West Bengal
(d) Himachal Pradesh
470. Which one of the following planets has no
moon?
(a) Mars
(b) Neptune
(c) Mercury
(d) Pluto
471. Which one of the following ports is located on
the Eastern coast of India?
(a) Kandla
(b) Kochi
(c) Marmugao
(d) Paradeep
472. In India, Dhariwal and Ludhiana towns are
famous for
(a) Silk textiles
(b) Woolen textiles
(c) Cotton textiles
(d) Synthetic textiles
473. Which one of the following is a Sedimentary
Rock?
(a) Granite
(b) Charnockite
(c) Basalt
(d) Arkose
474. The longest river of peninsular India is
(a) Krishna
(b) Kaveri
(c) Narmada
(d) Godavari
475. In ‘annular’ pattern, rivers flow
(a) from West to East (b) from North to South
(c) like a ring
(d) in transverse
direction
476. Which of the following is called “brown paper”?
(a) Jute
(b) Cotton
(c) Rubber
(d) Tea
477. The largest island in the world is Greenland. It
is an integral part of
(a) Norway
(b) North America
(c) Denmark
(d) Canada
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478. The “Grand Canyon” is on the river
(a) Colorado
(b) Columbia
(c) Ohio
(d) Mississippi
479. The Nagarjunasagar dam is constructed on the
river?
(a) Krishna
(b) Chambal
(c) Kosi
(d) Sutlej
480. Nathu La, a place where India-China border
trade has been resumed after 44 years, is located
on the Indian border in
(a) Sikkim
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Jammu and Kashmir
481. The latitude passing through the northern most
part of India is
(a) 35° N
(b) 36° N
(c) 37° N
(d) 38° N
482. Which hill station’s name means ‘place of the
thunderbolt’?
(a) Gangtok
(b) Shillong
(c) Aizawl
(d) Darjeeling
483. The Victoria Falls are on the river
(a) Niger
(b) Congo
(c) Zambezi
(d) Orange
484. Sunda Trench is in
(a) Indian Ocean
(b) Pacific Ocean
(c) Atlantic Ocean
(d) Gulf of Mexico
485. The wild ass is found in
(a) Kutch
(b) Assam
(c) Jammu and Kashmir (d) Tamil Nadu
486. Project tiger programme was launched in:
(a) 1975
(b) 1973
(c) 1994
(d) 1971
487. The Bhilai Steel Plant has been established with
the assistance of
(a) U.K.
(b) U.S.A
(c) Russia
(d) Germany
488. Mariana Trench is found in
(a) Atlantic Ocean
(b) Pacific Ocean
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Arctic Ocean
489. Hanging valleys are associated with
(a) winds action
(b) glacial action
(c) wave action
(d) river action
249
490. In terms of area, India is the ………. largest
country of the world.
(a) second
(b) fourth
(c) sixth
(d) seventh
491. India exports iron ore mainly to
(a) Japan
(b) Bhutan
(c) Indonesia
(d) Russia
492. Sea breeze is formed during
(a) Day time
(b) Night time
(c) Both
(d) Seasonal
493. The ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’ is associated with
(a) oil well fires
(b) thermal power station
(c) volcanoes and earthquakes
(d) forest fires
494. Dolomite is a/an
(a) Sedimentary rock (b) Plutonic rock
(c) Igneous rock
(d) Metamorphic rock
495. Taiga means:
(a) Decidious forests
(b) Coniferous forests
(c) Grass lands
(d) Deserts
496. Natural sources of air pollution are
(a) Smoke from vehicles
(b) Volcanic eruptions
(c) Dust storm
(d) Smoke from burning dry leaves
497. Which one of the following is the largest river in
the world?
(a) Amazon
(b) Yangtze-Kiang
(c) Nile
(d) Mississipi-Missouri
498. The Civilian Airport of highest altitude is in
(a) Tibet
(b) Nepal
(c) India
(d) China
499. Sahara is located in which part of Africa?
(a) Eastern
(b) Western
(c) Northern
(d) Southern
500. Which is the largest metals trading centre?
(a) Johannesburg
(b) London
(c) New York
(d) Singapore
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11.
12.
13.
(d); A point source of pollution is a single
identifiable source of air, water, thermal,
noise or light pollution. Oil refinery waste
water, noise from Jet engine and Air
pollution from forest fire are examples of
point source of pollution.
(d); Mizoram with 91.5% literacy is the second
most literate state in India after Kerala with
93.91% literacy
(c); The Siachen conflict, sometimes referred to
as the Siachen War, is a military conflict
between India and Pakistan over the
disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
(b); Tuirial dam is an earthfill and gravity dam.
Prime minister Narendra Modi inaugrated
the 60MW Tuirial hydropower project in
Aizawal, Mizoram on 16th December 2017.
(c); A wide inlet of the sea usually concave in
shape, is termed as a Bay.
(d); Punjab has a large number of inundation
canals drawing water from Satluj river
(a); Sullage is all wastewater generated in
kitchen households or office buildings from
streams without fecal contamination, i.e. all
streams except for the waste water from
toilets.
(d); Western ghats are continuous chain of
mountains that rise abruptly more or less
parallel to the coastline of India.
(c); The biggest estimated reserve of Thorium
are in India.
(c); An atmosphere, meaning is a layer of gases
surrounding a planet or other material
body, that is held in place by the gravity of
that body. Earth also has its own
environment due to gravity.
(b); Ionosphere is the layer of atmosphere which
is composed partly of electrons and positive
ions.
(a); The smallest island country in the Indian
Ocean is Maldives.
(a); Damodar Valley Corporation is a statutory
body. The corporation came into being on
250
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
July 7, 1948 by an Act of the Constituent
Assembly of India.
(a); Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,
odorless, tasteless, and toxic air pollutant. It
is produced in the incomplete combustion of
carbon-containing fuels, such as gasoline,
natural gas, oil, coal, and wood. Breathing
the high concentrations of CO leads to
reduced oxygen (O2) transport by
hemoglobin.
(a); The Great Rann of Kutch is a salt marsh
located in the Thar Desert in the Kutch
District of Gujarat, India. It is famous for
tidal and flats
(a); The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an
object where it is farthest from the Sun.
(a); A Western Disturbance is an extratropical
storm originating in the Mediterranean
region that brings sudden winter rain to the
northwestern
parts
of
the
Indian
subcontinent.
(d); About 90% of the ozone in the Earth’s
atmosphere is found in the region called the
Stratosphere. This is the atmospheric layer
between 16 and 48 kilometers (10 and 30
miles) above the Earth’s surface.
(a); The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest
coral reef system. The reef is located in the
Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland,
Australia in Pacific Ocean.
(a); Kerala has lowest birth rate 14.7, according
to the latest official data. Bihar has highest
birth rate.
(b); The SAARC Secretariat is based in
Kathmandu, Nepal. It coordinates and
monitors implementation of activities,
prepares for and services meetings, and
serves as a channel of communication
between the Association and its Member
States as well as other regional
organisations. SAARC was founded in
Dhaka on 8 December 1985.
(b); The outermost range of Himalayas is called
Shiwaliks.
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23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
(b); Godavari is the longest river of peninsular
India. It originates from Triambakeshwar,
Nasik (Maharashtra) and covers a total of
1465 kilometers during its journey through
states of Chhattisgarh, Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh, before discharging into
Bay of Bengal.
(c); The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station is
located at Rawatbhata in the state of
Rajasthan, India.
(d); Thorium causes radioactive pollution along
the coast of Kerala.
(a); Western Disturbances causes rainfall during
winters in the northwestern part of India.
(c); Srilanka is separated from India by a narrow
channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and
the Gulf of Mannar.
(a); Western ghats and Eastern ghats meet at
Nilgiri hills.
(c); Kaziranga National Park is a national park
in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the
state of Assam, India. The sanctuary, which
hosts two-thirds of the world's great onehorned rhinoceroses, is World Heritage Site.
(a); India share 4,096 km long international
border with Bangladesh. India shares
longest border with Bangladesh
(c); The
Brahmaputra's
source
is
the
Chemayungdung Glacier, which covers the
slopes of the Himalayas. Tsangpo is the
other name in Tibet for Brahmaputra.
(a); The largest herbarium in India is Indian
Botanical Garden, Kolkata. It consists of
1000000 number of specimens.
(a); At Barren Island, the only active volcano in
India is situated in Andaman Islands. Barren
Island is situated in the Andaman Sea, and
lies about 138 km (86 mi) northeast of the
territory's capital, Port Blair. It is the only
active Volcano along the chain from
Sumatra to Myanmar and also the only
active volcano in India.
(c); The transfer of minerals from top soil to
subsoil through soil-water is called leaching.
(c); The Kovvada Nuclear Park project is
proposed to be setup in Andhra Pradesh.
251
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
(d); Molten rock below the surface of the earth is
called Magma.
(c); The ozone layer is a region of Earth's
stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The depletion in
Ozone
layer
is
caused
by
Chlorofluorocarbons.
(c); Sariska National Park and Ranthambore
National Park are situated in Rajasthan.
Both of them are tiger reserves
(a); Greenland is the worlds largest island with
an total area of 836,109 sq mi (2,166,086 sq
km).
(d); Marina Beach in Chennai is the longest
natural beach in India
(b); Damodar Valley region is most rich in coal
deposits.
(d); Rainfall caused by intense evaporation in
equatorial areas is called Conventional
rainfall
(b); The Nanda Devi National Park, established
in 1982, is a national park situated around
the peak of Nanda Devi (7816 m) in the state
of Uttarakhand in northern India.
(b); The Ten Degree Channel is a channel that
separates the Andaman and Nicobar in the
Bay of Bengal.
(c); A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object
that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.
That is, it is in direct orbit of a star, and is
massive enough for its gravity to crush it
into a hydrostatically equilibrious shape
(usually a spheroid), but has not cleared the
neighborhood of other material around its
orbit. Eris is a dwarf planet.
(b); Ghatampur Thermal Power Station is an
upcoming coal-based thermal power plant
located in Ghatampur in Kanpur district,
Uttar Pradesh.
(b); Natural Gas is a conventional source of
energy and not a non-conventional source of
energy.
(c); The layer where the decrease in temperature
with increasing altitude is totally absent is
Stratosphere.Temperature rise as one move
upward through the stratosphere.
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49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
(c); Doab is a term used for tract of land lying
between two rivers.
(b); Dakshin Gangotri was the first scientific
base station of India situated in Antarctica,
part of the Indian Antarctic Program. It is an
unmanned station. Dakshin Gangotri was
built in 1983 but was buried in ice and
abandoned around 1991.
(c); Japan is called the 'Land of the rising sun'
because Japan being the Eastern most
country in the world, it has the earliest
sunrise
(c); The ‘Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal' was
constituted to resolve the water sharing
between Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh in 6th october 1969.
(a); Coimbatore is referred to as the "Manchester
of South India" due to its cotton production
and textile industries.
(c); The beach sands of Kerala are rich in
Thorium.
(a); Fold mountains are mountains formed from
the folding of the earth's crust. Fold
mountains are formed when two plates
move together (a compressional plate
margin). This can be where two continental
plates move towards each other or a
continental and an oceanic plate. The
Himalayas is the example of Fold
mountains.
(b); The Indira Gandhi Canal is the longest canal
in India and one of the largest irrigation
project in the world. Indira Gandhi Canal is
649 km long and consists of Rajasthan feeder
canal and Rajasthan main canal and runs
through 167 km in Punjab and Haryana and
remaining 492 km in Rajasthan.
(b); Even after sunset, the air near the Earth's
surface continue to receive heat due to
Terrestrial Radiation.
(a); A landscape which is caused due to the
fissure in the earth along which one side has
moved down with reference to the other is
known as Rift Valley.
(b); Russia is the leading producer of Asbestos
(d); Coal is the most important raw material for
generation of power in India.
252
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
(c); Crops that are sown during the southwest
monsoon season are called kharif or
monsoon crops. These crops are sown at the
beginning of the season around end May to
early June and are harvested post the
monsoon rains beginning SeptemberOctober.
(c); Spraying of DDT on crops causes pollution
of Soil and Water pollution.
(c); Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs
parallel to the western coast of the Indian
peninsula, located entirely in India. It is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of
the eight "hottest hot-spots" of biological
diversity in the world.
(b); Geothermal energy is the heat from the
Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources
of geothermal energy range from the
shallow ground to hot water and hot rock
found a few miles beneath the Earth's
surface, and down even deeper to the
extremely high temperatures of molten rock
called magma.
(c); The constellation 'Sapta Rishi' is known to
Westerners as the Great Bear.
(a); Ecology is the study of the relationships
between plants, animals, people, and their
environment, and the balances between
these relationships.
(a); Green Revolution impact is mostly felt on
wheat. The Green Revolution in India refers
to a period when agriculture in India
improved due to the adoption of novel
methods and technology in agriculture
(b); It is an embankment built to prevent the
overflow of a river. It is a ridge of sediment
deposited naturally alongside a river by
overflowing water.
(d); The tides in the sea are primarily due to the
gravitational effect of the Moon on the
Earth.
(c); A valley formed by flowing water, is usually
V-shaped. The exact shape will depend on
the characteristics of the stream flowing
through it.
(d); Ambala separates the Ganges river network
from the Indus river network and is
surrounded by two rivers.
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72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
(d); The corona is the outermost part of the sun's
atmosphere. The corona is usually hidden
by the bright light of the sun's surface
(a); The Ring of Fire is a 25,000 mile (40,000 km)
horseshoe-shaped area of intense volcanic
and seismic (earthquake) activity that
follows the edges of the Pacific Ocean. The
Ring of Fire includes 75% of the world's
active volcanoes.
(c); yardang is a sharp irregular ridge of sand
lying in the direction of the prevailing wind
in exposed desert regions, formed by the
wind erosion.
(c); The world’s longest and deepest railway
tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel was
inaugurated in Switzerland.The Gotthard
Base Tunnel is 57-kilometer long and
connects northern and southern Europe and
also shortens travel time for many rail
routes.
(a); One of the common forms of representing
remote sensing data as information is in the
form of thematic maps.
(b); Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across
the Sutlej River and is near the border
between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in
northern India.
(c); A shallow body of salt water close to the sea
but separated from it by a narrow strip of
land, such as a barrier island, or by a coral
reef is called Lagoon.
(d); The Daily Weather Map of India is prepared
and printed at Pune.
(a); The Montreal Protocol is an international
treaty on Substances that Deplete the Ozone.
Monetreal protocol gradually eliminate the
production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances to limit their damage
to the earth’s ozone layer. Chlorofluro
carbon is one of the Ozone depleting
substance.
(d); The magnetic meridian is an equivalent
imaginary line connecting the magnetic
south and north poles. A compass needle
will be parallel to the magnetic meridian.
253
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
(c); The understory is the underlying layer of
vegetation in a forest or wooded area,
especially the trees and shrubs growing
between the forest canopy and the forest
floor.
(b); The Great Barrier Reef runs along the coast
of Queensland from the Tropical North to
Bundaberg of Australia.
(b); Biogas is produced from the anaerobic
digestion of organic matter, such as manure,
MSW, sewage sludge, biodegradable
wastes, and agricultural slurry, under
anaerobic conditions with the help of
microorganism.
(a); Baghdad is locate on the bank of Tigris river
(c); The land forms formed by wave erosion is
Cave.
(c); Taungya forestry is a form of agroforestry
system in which short term crops are grown
in the early years of the plantation of a
woody perennials species in order to utilize
the
land,
control
weeds,
reduce
establishment costs, generate early income
and stimulate the development of the
woody perennials species.
(b); A drainage pattern where a river is joined by
its tributaries approximately at right angles
is Trellis Pattern.
(c); The core of the earth is also known as
Barysphere
(b); The polar regions are sparsely populated
because of unsuitable climatic conditions.
(c); Eutrophication is one of the most
widespread environmental problems of
inland waters, and is their unnatural
enrichment with two plant nutrients,
phosphorus and nitrogen. One important
result of lake and reservoir enrichment is
increased growth of microscopic floating
plants, algae, and the formation of dense
mats of larger floating plants such as water
hyacinths and Nile cabbage.
(b); The widest continental shelf in the world
extends 1,210 km off the coast of Siberia,
Russia, into the Arctic Ocean.
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93.
(b); The godavari river is the largest river of
south india, it has length of 1465 Kilometers,
it originates from Triambakeshwar in
Maharashtra.
94. (c); Red soil is formed as a result of weathering
of metamorphic and igneous rocks. The red
colour of the soil comes from the high
percentage of iron content. It is found on
eastern and southern part of Deccan plateau.
95. (c); Carbon di oxide is the green house gas
having the greatest heat trapping ability.
96. (b); Tamil Nadu leads all other Indian states in
solar power generation.
97. (a); Bhagirathi and Alaknanda meet at
Devaprayag and the joint stream is called
Ganga. Devaprayag is situated in Tehri
Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
98. (b); Norway is called the land of the midnight
sun because the northern part of the country
is located above the arctic circle, where the
sun shines 24 hours a day from Mid-May to
Mid-July.
99. (c); The Ganga basin covers 10 states viz.,
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar,
West Bengal.
100. (d); Firewood is a non-commercial source of
energy.
101. (d); The exosphere is the uppermost layer,
where the atmosphere thins out and merges
with interplanetary space. It is located
directly above the thermosphere
102. (b); Jharkhand has the largest number of host
trees and ranks first in the country for
production of Lac.
103. (c); The Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous
forests in India are an integral part of the
Deccan Plateauthat is a large triangular
plateau, situated in southern India and
sandalwood is a special feature of deccan
plateau
104. (d); Tapi river does not form a delta, it form an
estuary. An estuary is a partially enclosed
coastal body of brackish water with one or
more rivers or streams flowing into it, and
with a free connection to the open sea.
254
105. (b); Bandhavgarh National Park is one of the
wild life sanctuaries in the Indian state
Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh was
declared a national park in 1968. The density
of the tiger population at Bandhavgarh is
one of the highest known in India.
106. (a); Nainital famously referred to as the 'Lake
District of India'.
107. (c); A tsunami or tidal wave, also known as a
seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a
water body caused by the displacement of a
large volume of water, generally in an ocean
or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and other underwater explosions.
108. (b); Two types of cloud which are Nimbostratus
and Cumulonimbus are mainly rain bearing
clouds
109. (a); Cities arranged from North to South areBhubaneshwar-Hyderabad-ChennaiCochin.
110. (b); The Tehri Dam is one of the highest dam in
India. It is a multi-purpose rock and earthfill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi
River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India.
111. (d); India has the longest international boundary
of 4,096 Km with Bangladesh.
112. (c); Gujarat has the longest coastline of 1214.7
km among all the states.
113. (c); Jog falls in Karnataka is located over
Sharavati river. Jog Falls is situated on the
borders of Shimoga and North Kannada
district.
114. (c); In India, evergreen forests are found on the
eastern and western slopes of the Western
Ghats in such states as Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra. And
also found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal
and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
115. (a); Dolomite is a common rock-forming
mineral. It is a calcium magnesium
carbonate with a chemical composition of
CaMg(CO3)2. It is the primary component
of the sedimentary rock known as dolostone
and the metamorphic rock known as
dolomitic marble.
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116. (a); Java trench is at a depth of 7,725 m and this
trench is the deepest part of Indian Ocean.
117. (a); In the heart of Asia, there lies a small
country called Myanmar (formerly known
as Burma). It is the country of Golden
Pagodas and rich Buddhism tradition.
118. (c); Intensive
farming
(also
intensive
agriculture) is the practice where a lot of
labor and capital is employed to maximize
agricultural produce or yields. It is
distinguished from traditional agriculture
by a high ratio of inputs to land area.
119. (b); The west coast of India receive more rainfall
from southwest monsoon than the east coast
because the Western Ghats obstruct the
winds.
120. (a); The Malwa plateau has both West and East
flowing drainage system. This plateau has
two systems of drainage; one towards the
Arabian sea i.e. towards west (The
Narmada, the Tapi and the Mahi), and the
other towards the Bay of Bengal i.e. towards
east(Chambal and Betwa, joining the
Yamuna).
121. (a); The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's
atmosphere directly above the mesosphere.
It extends from about 90 km to 1,000 km
above our planet. In thermosphere
temperature can reach up to 4,500 degrees
Fahrenheit. Thus making it the warmest
layer of the atmosphere.
122. (d); The Nubra River originates from the Siachin
glacier. The Nubra River is a tributary of the
River Shyok that flows through the Nubra
valley in the northern part of Ladakh and
then joins the Indus River in Skardu,
Pakistan.
123. (a); Norway is called as ‘Land of the midnight
sun’
124. (c); The range parallels the Vindhya Range to
the north, and these two east-west ranges
divide Indian Subcontinent into the IndoGangetic plain of northern India and the
Deccan Plateau of the south
125. (c); The Dampa Tiger Reserve occupies an area
of 500 sq. km.and it lies in west Mizoram in
northeastern India, along the border
between India and Bangladesh.
255
126. (b); Arunachal Pradesh has the largest number
of orchids in India.
127. (d); Corbett is not in the list of World Network
of Biosphere Reserve.
128. (d); Tripura is a hilly state in northeast India,
bordered on 3 sides by Bangladesh.
129. (a); Thailand is the country which is called the
land of White Elephants, as it has a large
number of White Elephants and the White
Elephants are the symbol of royal power in
Thailand.
130. (d); Hachure is the short lines used on maps to
shade or to indicate slopes and their degree
and direction.
131. (a); In the Northern Hemisphere, the December
Solstice is the winter solstice and the
shortest day of the year. The December
solstice is on either December 21 or 22.
132. (c); Sleet is the Precipitation that falls to earth in
the form of frozen or partially frozen
raindrops, often when the temperature is
near the freezing point. In other words,
Precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain
and snow is called Sleet
133. (a); Konkan coastal plain of western India, lying
between the Arabian Sea (west) and the
Western Ghats (east). The plain stretches
approximately 330 miles (530 km) from the
Daman Ganga River north of Mumbai
(Bombay) to the Terekhol River between
Maharashtra and Goa states and Daman and
Diu union territory in the south.
134. (b); Kaziranga National Park situated in Assam
state of India, is a UNESCO world heritage
sites of India and known for Great Indian
one horned Rhinoceros. Kaziranga also
boasts the highest density of tigers among
the protected areas in the world and was
declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006.
135. (d); Three crops that contribute maximum to
global food grain production are Wheat,
rice, maize.
136. (c); Some important effects of Global Warming
are rising seas and increased coastal
flooding, more destructive hurricanes, more
frequent and intense heat waves, an increase
in extreme weather events, more severe
droughts, melting ice, destruction of coral
reefs, loss of fertile delta region as for
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agriculture.
Decreased
rate
of
photosynthesis in vegetation is least likely to
be an effect of global warming.
137. (b); Thermal power is the biggest contributor of
electricity generation in India. India had a
thermal power generating capacity of
220570 MW at the end of Apr 2017.
138. (b); ‘Harmattan’ winds that flow in Africa are
known as doctor winds as these winds are
dry and help in reducing the level of
humidity.
139. (a); Canada has the longest total coastline
among all of the countries of the world. It ha
202,080km long coastline.
140. (a); The coromandal coast receives maximum
rainfall from retreating monsoon but during
south-west monsoon it hardly receiver any
rain as it falls in rain shadow area.
141. (b); When the first rain of Monsoon is observed
in India on 1st June at the Konkan coast then
this even is called ‘Burst of Monsoon’.
142. (a); Summer Solstice is the day when Northern
hemisphere faces the longest day as Sun is
on tropic of cancer. It is observed on June 21
every year.
143. (a); Bering strait (America) is the closest strait to
the international date line.
144. (a); The mid continent belt including the
volcanoes of Alpine mountain chain covers
Mediterranean sea.
145. (d); Ganymede is the largest natural satellite of
our solar system. It is a satellite of Jupiter.
146. (c); Venus and Uranus are only planets of our
solar system which revolve in clockwise
direction.
147. (b); The Gravitational pull of moon is about 1/6
times of earth.
148. (d); Seismic focus is the origin point of
earthquake.
149. (b); Madhya Pradesh doesn’t share boundary
with Haryana
150. (a); A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object
that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.
Pluto is a dwarf planet.
151. (d); Kanchenjunga National Park is a National
Park and a Biosphere reserve located in
Sikkim, India. It was inscribed to the
256
UNESCO World Heritage Sites list on July
17, 2016, becoming the first "Mixed
Heritage" site of India.
152. (d); From fossil evidence it appears that life may
have existed on Earth as early as 3.5 billion
years ago.
153. (b); NH 44 covers the North-South Corridor of
NHDP and it is officially listed as running
over 3,745 km (2,327 mi) from Srinagar to
Kanyakumari. It is the longest national
highway in India.
154. (a); A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object
that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.
Mars is not a Dwarf planet.
155. (a); Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest
national park in India and was established
in 1936 as Hailey National Park to protect
the endangered Bengal tiger. It is located in
Nainital district of Uttarakhand.
156. (a); Chhattisgarh doesn’t share boundary with
Tamil Nadu.
157. (b); Ganga is the longest river that flows in India,
it flows around 2500km.
158. (a); Kanha National park saves rare and almost
extinct species of Barasingha or swamp deer
159. (b); Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover
of 77,522 sq. km. in terms of area in the
country followed by Arunachal Pradesh
with forest cover of 67,321 sq. km.
160. (c); June 21 is the longest day in the northern
hemisphere
161. (a); "Ecology" term is coined by Ernst Haeckel.
162. (a); The Bhut jolokia also known as ghost
pepper, ghost chili, U-morok, red naga, naga
jolokia and ghost jolokia, is an inter specific
hybrid chilli pepper cultivated in the Indian
states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Nagaland and Manipur.
163. (b); Venus is the hottest planet because it has
atmosphere made of carbon dioxide
164. (b); 22nd December is the shortest day in the
northern hemisphere.
165. (c); Nepali is primarily spoken in Sikkim.
166. (d); Dogri is primarily spoken in Jammu and
Kashmir.
167. (c); Living part of the organisms environment is
known as Biotic factor.
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168. (b); Approximately 50% of india population is
employed in Agriculture sector.
169. (a); Alpha centauri is the closest star to our solar
system.
170. (c); Mars is known as Red palnet.
171. (b); Biogeographic classification of India is the
division of India according to biogeographic
characteristics. There are ten biogeographic
zones in India.
172. (b); Earth rotates around its axis from west to
east.
173. (a); The wettest place is Mawsynram,
Meghalaya, India, with11,873 mm (467 in) of
rain per annum.
174. (d); A seismometer is an instrument that
measures motion of the ground, caused by,
for example, an earthquake, a volcanic
eruption, or the use of explosives.
175. (b); The Gir National Park and the Sasan Gir
Sanctuary of Gujarat are the only wildlife
sanctuaries in India that have Asiatic lions.
176. (a); The photosphere is the lowest layer of the
solar atmosphere. It is essentially the solar
"surface" that we see when we look at the
Sun in "white".It is the Glowing surface of
the sun.
177. (b); The Sun is directly overhead at "high-noon"
on the equator twice per year, at the two
equinoxes. Spring Equinox is usually March
20, and Autumnal equinox is usually
September 22.
178. (b); The birth rate is the total number of live
births per 1,000 of a population in a year or
period.
179. (d); The Geysers is the world's largest
geothermal field, containing a complex of 22
geothermal power plants, it is located in San
Francisco.
180. (d); Asia is the largest continent in the world.
181. (c); Red Planet is a nickname for the planet
Mars, due to its surface color
182. (c); Dr. N E Borlaug is father of Green
Revolution.
183. (b); Panthera Tigris is the scientific name of
Tiger.
184. (a); Uttarakhand capital is Dehradun.
257
185. (b); Gir Forest National Park is a wildlife
sanctuary in Gujarat, western India. It was
established to protect Asiatic lions.
186. (b); Global warming, also referred to as climate
change, is the observed century-scale rise in
the average temperature of the Earth's
climate system and its related effects.
Carbon dioxide is a one of the Green House
gas which cause global warming. Carbon
dioxide is not produced by Global warming.
187. (d); Melghat was declared a tiger reserve and
was among the first nine tiger reserves
notified in 1973-74 under the Project Tiger. It
is located at in northern part of Amravati
District of Maharashtra State in India.
188. (c); The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region
of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of
the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Stratosphere contains high concentrations of
ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the
atmosphere.
189. (b); Dhupgarh is the highest peak of Satpura
Range.
190. (b); The Tropic of Cancer divided India into
almost 2 equal parts. It passes through 8
Indian States of India – Gujarat, Rajasthan,
MP, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Tripura and Mizoram.
191. (b); Sirius is also known as the Dog Star. It is the
brightest star outside our Solar System.
192. (a); Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and
the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant
planet with a mass one-thousandth that of
the Sun.
193. (a); Majuli the largest river island of the world is
on Brahmaputra river in state of Assam.
194. (c); Pagladia dam is situated in state of Assam.
195. (c); Gir Kesar which recently got GI tag is a
famous variety of mango.
196. (d); On the day of the equinox, the center of the
Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time
above and below the horizon at every
location on the Earth, so night and day are
equal on Equinox.
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197. (b); Largest union territory is Andaman &
Nicobar island and smallest island is
Lakshadweep
198. (c); Hawa Mahal is a palace in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
It is constructed of red and pink sandstone.
The structure was built in 1799 by Maharaja
Sawai Pratap Singh.
199. (d); The Pushkar Fair, also called the Pushkar
Camel Fair is an annual multi-day livestock
fair and cultural fete held in the town of
Pushkar in state of Rajasthan, India
200. (b); Kaziranga National Park is a national park
in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the
state of Assam, India. The sanctuary, which
hosts two-thirds of the world's great onehorned rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage
Site and is the only natural habitat of the
endangered One-horned rhinoceroses.
201. (b); The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars. After an asteroid belt comes the
outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune.
202. (c); Earth is also known as blue plane
203. (d); Nagarhole National Park, also known as
Rajiv Gandhi National Park, is a wildlife
reserve in the South Indian state of
Karnataka. Part of the Nilgiri Biosphere
Reserve, the park is backed by the
Brahamagiri Mountains and filled with
sandalwood and teak trees.
204. (d); The Film and Television Institute of India is
an autonomous institute under the Ministry
of Information and Broadcasting of the
Government of India and aided by the
Central Government of India. It is located at
Pune
205. (d); Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh.
206. (b); The Great Smog of London, or Great Smog
of 1952 was a severe air-pollution event that
affected the British capital of London in
early-December 1952. A period of cold
weather, combined with an anticyclone and
windless conditions, collected airborne
pollutants – mostly arising from the use of
coal – to form a thick layer of smog over the
city.
258
207. (c); Dibrugarh is located on the banks of the
river Brahmaputra.
208. (c); Manas National park is situated in the
foothills of Himalayas in Assam, India and
was designated as a tiger reserve in 1973.
209. (b); Marble is a metamorphic rock formed when
limestone is exposed to high temperatures
and pressures.
210. (d); Kota is located on the bank of Chambal
River.
211. (a); Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of
Portugal.
212. (c); Madrid is the capital of Spain. It is the thirdlargest city in the European Union (EU) after
London and Berlin
213. (a); Madhya Pradesh has highest number of
tiger reserve in India
214. (c); Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport is an
airport in Leh, Jammu and Kashmir. It is one
of the highest commercial airports in the
world at 3,256 m (10,682 ft) above mean sea
level. It is highest airport in India.
215. (d); Canada is the world’s second largest
country, and the United States (fourth
largest) share the longest international
border between two countries in the world.
216. (a); Baghdad is the capital of Iraq.
217. (b); Greenhouse Effect is the warming of earth's
surface due to its atmosphere. The
greenhouse effect is a natural process that
warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's
energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere,
some of it is reflected back to space and the
rest is absorbed and re-radiated by
greenhouse gases.
218. (b); Gorakhpur railway station platform in Uttar
Pradesh (1,366.33 m) is longest Platform in
the world.
219. (b); In terms of size, Saturn ranks no. two in our
Solar System after Jupiter.
220. (b); Australia with 2,967,909 square miles
(7,686,884 square km) total area, is the
smallest Continent.
221. (b); Yellow river passes through China.
222. (a); Capital City of Myanmar is Naypyidaw.
223. (a); Capital of Argentina is Buenos Aires.
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224. (c); The Lena is the easternmost of the three
great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic
Ocean and it pass through Russia.
225. (b); Mars is the 4th planet from sun.
226. (a); Badrinath is in the Garhwal Himalayas, on
the banks of the Alaknanda River.
227. (a); India has the highest number of tubewells.
228. (b); Laterite soils in India are found in the
Eastern Ghat of Orissa, the Southern parts of
Western Ghat, Malabar Coastal plains and
Ratnagiri of Maharashtra and some part of
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Meghalaya, western part of West Bengal.
229. (c); "Equinox" literally means "equal night",
giving the impression that the night and day
on the equinox are exactly the same length.
It takes place twice a year on March 21 and
September 23.
230. (c); Prague is the capital and largest city in the
Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the
European Union and also the historical
capital of Bohemia.
231. (c); Bandipur National Park is located in
Karnataka, South India. Bandipur National
Park covers an area of about 874.2 sq km.
232. (d); Gujarat forms the longest coastline of all
Indian states. The total length of coastline of
Gujarat is 1214.7 Km.
233. (d); London is the capital and most populous
city of England and the United Kingdom.
London is situated on bank of river Thames
in the south east of the island of Great
Britain.
234. (d); Sunderban National Park is a world heritage
site, tiger reserve and biosphere reserve
located in the Sunderban delta of West
Bengal in India.
235. (a); The approximate circumference of earth is
40,000 Km.
236. (c); Mars is the 7th largest planet in our solar
system. Mars is the fourth planet from the
Sun and the seventh largest. Mars is also
referred to as the Red Planet
237. (c); Neptune is the coldest planet within our
Solar System because it is the furthest planet
from the Sun. The Sun is the ultimate source
259
of energy for the Solar System. The
temperature of a planet is affected by its
distance from the Sun. Radiation from the
Sun is lost to its surroundings as it travels
through space.
238. (c); Vienna, the capital of Austria, plays a
double role as city and "Bundesland",
meaning that the mayor serves as governor
and the city council as Landtag at the same
time
239. (c); Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish
astronomer who put forth the theory that
the Sun is at rest near the center of the
Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its
axis once daily, revolves annually around
the Sun. This is called the heliocentric, or
Sun-centered,
system.
Copernican
heliocentrism is the name given to the
astronomical model developed by Nicolaus
Copernicus and published in 1543.
240. (c); Trajectory is the path followed by a
projectile flying or an object moving under
the action of given forces, a curve or surface
cutting a family
241. (a); The Sundarbans forest is about 10,000 sq km
across India and Bangladesh, of which 40%
lies in India, and is home to many rare and
globally threatened wildlife species such as
the estuarine crocodile, royal Bengal tiger,
Water monitor lizard, Gangetic dolphin, and
olive ridley turtle. The forest in India is
divided into the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve
and 24 Parganas (South) Forest Division,
and together with the forest in Bangladesh is
the only mangrove forest in the world where
tigers are found.
242. (d); Neptune is the fourth largest planet.
Neptune is the last of the planets in our solar
system. It's more than 30 times as far from
the sun as Earth is. Neptune is very similar
to Uranus. Its atmosphere is made of
hydrogen, helium, and methane. The
methane gives Neptune the same blue color
as Uranus.
243. (a); Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab
Emirates and is the largest Emirate taking
up 80% of the country's landmass.
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244. (a); Jupiter has 69 moons with known orbits, of
which 60 have confirmed orbits and have
thus received permanent designations; of
these, 51 have been named.
245. (d); Oslo is the capital and the most populous
city in Norway.
246. (c); The Great Himalayan National Park
(GHNP), is one of India's national parks, is
located in Kullu region in the state of
Himachal Pradesh. The park was
established in 1984.
247. (a); Mercury is the first planet from the Sun.
Mercury is the smallest and innermost
planet in the Solar System.
248. (b); The Dudhwa Tiger Reserve is a protected
area in Uttar Pradesh that stretches mainly
across the Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich
districts and comprises the Dudhwa
National
Park,
Kishanpur
Wildlife
Sanctuary and Katarniaghat Wildlife
Sanctuary. It covers an area of 1,284.3 km2.
249. (c); Ganga Sagar Mela festival is celebrated at
Sagar which is about 105 km south of
Kolkata where the Ganga and the Bay of
Bengal form a nexus. Hence the name
Gangasagar Mela.The fair is a six-day fair
held in the month of January and on the day
of Makar Sankranti
250. (c); Wind provide renewable source of energy in
form of wood.
251. (d); Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in
Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.
252. (c); Kanchenjunga National Park is a National
Park and a Biosphere reserve located in
Sikkim, India. It was inscribed to the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites list on July
17, 2016, becoming the first "Mixed
Heritage" site of India
253. (c); Shimla is the capital of the northern Indian
state of Himachal Pradesh, it is in the
Himalayan foothills.
254. (a); Copenhagen is the capital and most
populous city of Denmark.
255. (c); A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object
that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.
That is, it is in direct orbit of a star, and is
260
massive enough for its gravity to crush it
into a hydrostatically equilibrious shape
(usually a spheroid), but has not cleared the
neighborhood of other material around its
orbit. The International Astronomical Union
(IAU) currently recognizes five dwarf
planets: Ceres; Pluto; Haumea; Makemake;
and Eris.
256. (d); Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed
of sand-size grains of mineral, rock, or
organic material.
257. (d); The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is
the deepest part of the world's oce
It
reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994
metres (36,070 ft). It is in the pacific ocean.
258. (a); The Maasai are a Nilotic ethnic group
inhabiting southern Kenya and northern
Tanzania.
259. (c); A crust is the outermost layer of a Earth.The
crust of the Earth is composed of a great
variety of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks. The oceanic crust of the
Earth is different from its continental crust.
The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6
mi) thick and is composed primarily of
basalt, diabase, and gabbro. The continental
crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km
(30 mi) thick, and it is mostly composed of
less dense rocks than is the oceanic crust.
260. (c); Bhutan is a land locked country. Bordered
by Indian states- Sikkim in west, Arunachal
Pradesh in east and West Bengal in south.
261. (a); The Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act 1981 is amended in 1987 to
include noise as an air pollutant. According
to amendmemt "air pollutant" means any
solid, liquid or gaseous substance (including
noise) present in the atmosphere in such
concentration as may be or tend to be
injurious to human beings or other living
creatures or plants or property or
environment.
262. (b); The Indian State of Sikkim share its border
with three neighbouring countries Bhutan,
China (Tibet) and Nepal.
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263. (c); Rajasthan is the largest state in India (in
terms of area). It covers an area of 342, 239
square kilometres. This represents 10.4% of
the whole India.In terms of area, Rajasthan
is followed by Madhya Pradesh (308,245
square kilometres), Maharashtra (307,713
square kilometres), Uttar Pradesh (240,928
square kilometres).
264. (b); Afghanistan has been the world's greatest
illicit opium producer, ahead of Burma
(Myanmar), Thailand & Laos.
265. (d); India and Bangladesh signed agreement for
transfer of enclaves in May 2015. The prime
ministers of India and Bangladesh signed
the Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to
exchange enclaves and simplify their
international border maps.
266. (c); Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of
recrystallized carbonate minerals, most
commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble may
be foliated.
267. (a); Kalapani is a territory disputed between
India and Nepal administered however as
part of Pithoragarh district in the
Uttarakhand state of India. It is situated on
the Kailash Manasarovar route, at an
altitude of 3600 meters.
268. (c); The Amazon River flows in South America
is the largest river by discharge volume of
water in the world and the second longest in
length after Nile.The Amazon and its
tributaries flow through the countries of
Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Brazil before emptying into
the Atlantic Ocean 6,437 kilometers (4,000
miles) from the Amazon's headwaters high
in the Andes mountains of Peru.
269. (c); The Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri
Hills(in Maharashtra) is a 1600 km long
mountain range running all along the west
coast of India. It covers the states of Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharastra
and Gujarat. Covering approximately
1,40,000 sq km, these mountains are home to
number of endemic plants and animal
species.
261
270. (c); The Forest Research Institute (FRI) is an
institute of the Indian Council of Forestry
Research and Education and is a premier
institution in the field of forestry research in
India. It is located at Dehradun in
Uttarakhand, and is one of the oldest
institutions of its kind.
271. (c); India share longest border with Bangladesh
a
4,096-kilometer
(2,545-mile)-long
international border followed by China
(3380 km), Pakistan (3323 km), Myanmar
(1643 km), Nepal(1236 km),Bhutan(699 km)
and Afganistan(106 km).
272. (d); Aluminum is the most abundant metal in
the earth's crust, it is never found free in
nature. All of the earth's aluminum has
combined with other elements to form
compounds.
273. (b); Pedalfer is composed of high amount of
aluminum and iron oxides. It is a
subdivision of the zonal soil order
comprising a large group of soils in which
sesquioxides increase relative to silica
during soil formation. Pedalfers usually
occur in humid areas
274. (b); Red rot is a disease caused to Sugarcane.
Red rot is one of the major constraints in the
profitable cultivation of sugarcane in many
states of India. It is caused by the fungus
Glomerella tucumanensis
275. (a); Ozone(O3) is a very reactive allotrope of
oxygen that is destructive to materials like
rubber and fabrics and is also damaging to
lung tissue if present in lower atmosphere.
But in upper atmosphere Ozone absorbs
ultraviolet and functions as a shield for the
biosphere against damaging effects of solar
UV radiation.
276. (c); The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
(also known as the IUCN Red List or Red
Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's
most comprehensive inventory of the global
conservation status of all endangered
biological species.
277. (b); Tawang Tract situated in Arunanchal
Pradeh is disputed land between India and
China.
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278. (a); The Strait of Malacca or Straits of Malacca is
a narrow, 550 mile stretch of water between
the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian
island of Sumatra.
279. (b); The 27 degree North Latitute which passes
through Sikkim also passes through
Rajasthan.
280. (c); Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into
the atmosphere and transported by wind
and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react
with water, oxygen and other chemicals to
form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then
mix with water and other materials before
falling to the ground.
281. (d); Padmanabhaswamy Temple is located in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The
temple is built in an intricate fusion of the
indigenous Kerala style and the Dravidian
style of architecture.
282. (d); In India, tropical evergreen forests are found
in the western slopes of the Western Ghats
in States such as Kerala and Karnataka.
283. (d); The final boundary between the Earth and
the outer space is called Magnetopause.
284. (c); Bhutan is called Druk Yul - Land of Thunder
Dragon. Because of the violent and large
thunderstorms that whip down through the
valleys from the Himalayas, Bhutan is
known as the Land of Thunder Dragon.
285. (a); 49th Parallel is the boundary line between
United States of America and Canada.
286. (b); During a period of La Nina, the sea surface
temperature across the equatorial Eastern
Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than
normal by 3 to 5 °C. Thus it cools downs the
temperature of water.
287. (c); The South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional
intergovernmental
organization
and
geopolitical union of nations in South Asia.
Its member states include Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the
Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
288. (d); Fold mountains are created where two or
more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed
262
together. At these colliding, compressing
boundaries, rocks and debris are warped
and folded into rocky outcrops, hills,
mountains, and entire mountain ranges.
Himalayan mountain range falls under this
type of mountain.
289. (c); Norwesters or the Kalbaishakhi is a local
rain fall and thunder storm which occurs in
India and Bangladesh. Kalbaishakhi occurs,
with increasing frequency, from March till
monsoon establishes over North-East India
290. (c); The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty
which extends the 1992 United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It was
adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11,
1997 and entered into force on February 16,
2005. There are currently 192 parties
(Canada withdrew effective December 2012)
to the Protocol.
291. (a); The Alps are the highest and most extensive
mountain range system that lies entirely in
Europe, stretching approximately 1,200
kilometres across eight Alpine countries:
France,
Switzerland,
Italy,
Monaco,
Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and
Slovenia.
292. (b); The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, or
ITCZ, is a belt of low pressure which circles
the Earth generally near the equator where
the trade winds of the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres come together. It is
characterised by convective activity which
generates often vigorous thunderstorms
over large areas.
293. (d); The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport
Project is a project that will connect the
eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with
Sittwe seaport in Rakhine State, Myanmar
by sea. Thus, Kaladan Multimodal transport
project has been undertaken between India
and Myanmar.
294. (a); The Mohorovicic Discontinuity, or "Moho,"
is the boundary between the crust and the
mantle.
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295. (a); Doldrums, also called equatorial calms,
equatorial regions of light ocean currents
and winds within the Intertropical
convergence zone (ITCZ), a belt of
converging winds and rising air encircling
Earth near the Equator. The doldrums,
usually located between 5° north and 5°
south of the equator, are also known as the
Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ.
296. (c); Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, also
called biological oxygen demand) is the
amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e.,
demanded) by aerobic biological organisms
to break down organic material present in a
given water sample at certain temperature
over a specific time period.
297. (c); Bangladesh currency is Taka, Myanmar
currency is Burmese Kyat, Maldives
currency is Maldivian Rufiyaa and currency
of Bhutan is Ngultrum.
298. (b); Venus is sometimes called Earth's twin
because Venus and Earth are almost the
same size, have about the same mass (they
weight about the same), and have a very
similar composition (are made of the same
material). They are also neighboring planets.
299. (c); A line drawn on a weather map connecting
points that receive equal amounts of
precipitation (rainfall, snow etc) during a
given period of time is called Isohyets.
300. (d); Five Indian state share their boundaries
with Nepal. The Indian states that touch the
border with Nepal are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Sikkim
301. (d); Rajasthan has the largest share of wasteland
in India with an area of 84,929 sq.km in
wasteland.
302. (c); Saddle Peak is the highest point of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
303. (b); Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan are India’s
neighbouring
landlocked
countries.
Myanmar is not a landlocked country.
304. (b); Tundra is a type of biome where the tree
growth is hindered by low temperatures
and short growing seasons. In tundra, the
vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs,
sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens.
263
305. (a); The diurnal temperature range (DTR) is the
difference between the daily maximum and
minimum temperature. Desert areas
typically have the greatest diurnal
temperature variations.
306. (a); Western disturbance refers to a system of
low pressure that moves from west to east,
bringing moisture from Eurasian water
bodies, and is responsible for winter rain in
northwestern India and snowfall in the
Himalayan tracts. It usually brings rain
during the winters but also during the premonsoon period. Punjab receives rainfall
due to western disturbances.
307. (a); A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward
side of a mountainous area (away from the
wind). Deccan Plateau falls in a rain shadow
area thus it receives scanty rainfall.
308. (d); A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an
atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation
within the thermal infrared range. This
process is the fundamental cause of the
greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse
gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and
ozone.
309. (b); Tropical Deciduous Forest is most
widespread in India (about 65% of total
forest area).
310. (c); Kumaun Himalayas is west-central section
of the Himalayas in northern India,
extending 200 miles (320 km) from the Sutlej
River to the Kali River
311. (b); Zero Point railway station is used for
immigration and customs of passengers
who travel on the Thar Express between
Pakistan and India. It is situated 8 km east of
Khokhrapar, Sindh and lies on the Pakistan–
India border. The station was constructed in
February 2006.
312. (d); India have 29 states on June 2017.
313. (a); The northern plain of India has been formed
by the interplay of three main rivers of the
Northern plains are the Indus, Ganga and
Brahmaputra.
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314. (d); The Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral
Technical
and
Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international
organisation involving a group of countries
in South Asia and South East Asia. These
are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. The BIMSTEC
states are among the countries dependent on
the Bay of Bengal.
315. (b); The group of stars
arranged in a
definite pattern is called constellation.
In modern
astronomy, a constellation
is an internationally defined area of the
celestial sphere.
316. (d); Neptune takes the longest time to go around
the sun. Neptune orbits the Sun at an
average distance of 4.5 billion km. Like all
the planets in the Solar System, Neptune
follows an elliptical path around the Sun,
varying its distance to the Sun at different
points along its orbit.
317. (d); The Earth becomes maximum distance from
the sun on 4th July. The aphelion is the point
in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is
farthest from the Sun. The Earth reaches its
aphelion when the Northern Hemisphere is
experiencing summer.
318. (d); The Earth rotates around its axis from west
to east. Earth’s rotation is the rotation of the
solid Earth around its own axis. The Earth
rotates from the west towards the east. As
viewed from the North Star or polestar
Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise.
319. (d); The last stage in the life circle of a star is
white dwarf. Small stars, like the Sun, will
undergo a relatively peaceful and beautiful
death that sees them pass through a
planetary nebula phase to become a white
dwarf.
320. (a); Space between Earth and Moon is known as
Cislunar. Pertaining to the space between
the earth and the orbit of the moon.
321. (c); Our solar system is located in Milky Way
Galaxy. The Milky Way is the galaxy that
contains our Solar
System. Its name
“milky” is derived from its ppearance
264
as a dim glowing band arching across the
night sky in which the naked eye cannot
distinguish individual stars.
322. (d); White Dwarf is known as Fossil star.
323. (a); Saturn is surrounded by ring. Saturn has a
ring around it because it is believed to be
very big and has lots of moons, meaning it
has a strong pull of gravity. Another major
reason is that the asteroids fling into its orbit
and the rings are not solid.
324. (b); The direction of the sunrise depends upon
the direction of the rotation of the earth on
its axis. Any planet rotation on its axis from
west to east will experience sunrise in the
east and viceversa. Venus rotates on its axis
from east to west and thus experiences
sunrise in the west.
325. (b); Conglomerate is not a metamorphic rock.
Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks
consisting of rounded fragments and are
thus differentiated from
breccias,
326. (d); Patagonian desert is a temperature desert.
The Patagonian
Desert, also known as
the Patagonia Desert or the Patagonian
Steppe, is the largest desert
in
Argentina and is the 7th largest desert in the
world
by area.
327. (a); The deepest lake of the world is Baikal. Lake
Baikal is a rift lake in the south of the
Russian region
of Siberia.
328. (c); Vosges mountain is an example of a block
mountain.
329. (b); The biggest Island of the Indian ocean is
Madagascar. Madagascar, officially the
Republic of Madagascar and previously
known as the Malagasy Republic,
is
an island country in the Indian Ocean,
off the coast of Southeast Africa
330. (d); Labrador is different from other ocean
currents. It is cold in nature. The Labrador
Current is a cold current in the North
Atlantic Ocean which flows from
the
Arctic Ocean south along the coast of
Labrador
and
passes
around
Newfoundland, continuing south along the
east coast of Nova Scotia.
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331 (c); The earth was nearly covered with snow
and ice in pleistocene Era. The Pleistocene is
the geological epoch which lasted
from
about 2,588,000 to11,700 years ago, spanning
the world’s recent period of repeated
glaciations.
332. (c); Ox-bow lake is a feature formed by River
erosion in mature stage. An ox-bow is a
crescentshaped lake lying alongside a
winding river. The ox-bow lake is created
over time as erosion and deposits of soil
change the river’s course.
333. (d); Mistral the local wind is different from the
others. The mistral is a
strong,
cold
and usually dry regional wind
in
France, coming
from
the north or
northwest, which accelerates when it
passes
through the valleys of the Rhone
and the Durance Rivers to the coast of the
Mediterranean around the Camargue
region.
334. (c); Gobi is not a tropical desert. It is a temperate
desert partly located in northern China and
partly in Mongolia
335. (d); A hot local wind blowing in sahara desert is
known as Harmattan. The Harmattan is a
dry and dusty West African trade wind
336. (c); During the period of cretaceous era break up
of Gondwana land mass started.
337. (b); Tsunamis are mainly produced by
submarine earthquakes
338. (b); Bhabar is an example of piedmont plain.
339. (c); The Blind valley is found in the karst region.
Karst topography is a geological formation
shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers
of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock
such as limestone or dolomite, but also
in gypsum.
340. (a); During volcanic eruption deposition of lava
in anticlines and synclines of folded
mountains accounts for formation of
phacolith.
341. (a); East Australian current is a warm ocean
current that moves warm
water
from the tropical Coral
Sea,
where
it
splits
from
the South
Equatorial
Current, down the east coast
of Australia.
265
342. (b); U-shaped valley develops in the Glacial
region. Ice causes friction on the sides of the
valley.
343. (c); Sand Bars is not formed by wind action. A
long mass or low ridge of submerged or
partially exposed sand built up in the water
along a shore or beach by the action of
waves or currents.
344. (b); Coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef extending
along with eastern coast of Australia.
345. (c); Mariana trench is the deepest trench located
in the pacific ocean near Japan.
346. (a); Jet stream is fast blowing westerlies in upper
part of troposphere. Jet streams
are
fast flowing, narrow air currents found in
the atmospheres of someplanets, including
Earth.
347. (a); Tropical cyclones in Australia are called
Willy-willy. Willy-willy is a small
windstorm that mostly occurs
in dry,
outback areas. The
termWilly-Willy
is of Aboriginal origin. Willy willies are
normally tropical cyclones.
348. (b); Fossils are found only in the sedimentary
rocks or the metamorphic rocks made from
the sedimentaries. Granite is an igneous
rock and hence contains no fossils.
349. (d); The
ionosphere
makes
the
radio
communications possible by virtue to the
fact that this layer reflects the radio
signals back to the earth.
350. (c); Russia is the largest producer of diamond.
In September 2012, Russia officially stated
there are massive diamond reserves under
the mines containing “trillions of carats”
(hundreds of thousands of tons) and
claimed there are enough diamonds in the
field to supply global requirements for 3,000
years.
351. (C); The Ruhr basin is the famous Industrial
region of Germany. Formerly Germany’s
coal-mining region, the Ruhrgebiet forms
one of the largest conurbations in Europe
with 5 million residents and is now known
for its diverse and vibrant cultural scene.
352. (d); In an area with annual rainfall of more than
200 cm and sloping hills will be the ideal for
tea plantation.
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353. (a); Monoculture is a distinct characteristic of
commercial grain farming. Monoculture is
the agricultural practice of producing or
growing a single crop or plant species over
a wide area and for a large number of
consecutive years.
354. (b); Kimberley is famous for diamond mining.
The Big Hole, Open Mine or Kimberley
Mine is an open-pit and underground mine
in Kimberley, South Africa, and claimed to
be the largest hole excavated by hand
355. (b); The country at the top in terms of percentage
of total coffee production in the world is
Brazil. Coffee production in Brazil is
responsible for about a third of all coffee
produced in world making Brazil the
world’s largest producer, a position the
country has held for the last 150 years
356. (a); Veld are grasslands located in South Africa.
Afrikaans “field” name given to various
types
of open country in Southern
Africa that is used for pasturage and
farmland.
357. (d); The Death Valley in South California, USA
is an example of Rift valley. Death Valley is
a desert valley located in Eastern California.
Situated within the Mojave Desert, it is the
lowest and driest area in North America,
and currently the hottest in the world.
358 (d); Dead sea has the highest salinity. The Dead
Sea is 306 m (1,004 ft) deep, the deepest
hypersaline lake in the world. With 34.2%
salinity (in 2011), it is also one of the world’s
saltiest bodies of water.
359. (b); 90°E Ridge lies in Indian Ocean. The Ninety
East Ridge (also rendered as Ninetyeast
Ridge, 90E Ridge or 90°E Ridge) is a linear,
age-progressive seamount chain in the
Indian Ocean and is named for its nearparallel strike along the 90th meridian.
360. (d); The clouds of the highest altitude are
Cirrostratus. Cirrostratus cloud is a high,
thin, generally uniform stratiform genustype, composed of ice-crystals. It is
difficult to detect
and is capable of
forming halos when the cloud takes the form
266
of thin cirrostratus nebulosus.
The
cloud
has a
fibrous texture with no
halos if it is thicker cirrostratus fibratus.
361. (d); The Black Mountains are located in USA.
The Black Mountains are a mountain range
in western North Carolina, in the
southeastern United States.
362. (b); The driest area of the earth is Atacamadesert. The Atacama Desert is a plateau in
South America, covering a 1,000-kilometre
strip of land on the Pacific coast,
west
of the Andes mountains. It is the
driest hot desert in the world.
363. (b); Limpopo, River of Africa crosses the tropic
of Capricorn twice. The Limpopo River rises
in central southern Africa, and flows
generally eastwards
to the
Indian
Ocean
364. (c); The group of people inhabiting Asiatic
Tundra is known as Samoyed. The
Samoyedic people are those groups that
speak Samoyedic languages,
365. (b); The temperature increase is more marked in
northern pacific ocean
as an
influence of Kuroshivo
current
in
winter.
366. (c); The yellow stone National Park is located in
USA. Yellow Stone National Park is a
national park located primarily in the U.S.
state of Wyoming, although it also extends
into Montana and Idaho.
367. (b); Podzol type of soil is found in the coniferous
forests. In soil science, podzols are the
typical soils of coniferous, or boreal forests.
368. (d); Ebony and Mahogany trees are associated
with Tropical evergreen forests. Tropical
evergreen forests are usually found in areas
receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall and
having a temperature of 15 °C to 30 °C.
369. (d); Aravalli Mountain is not built during the
tertiary period. The Aravalli Range literally
meaning ‘line of peaks’, is a range of
mountains in western India running
approximately 800 km in a northeastern
direction across Indian states of Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi.
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370. (b); Gaza strip lies along the coast of
mediterranean sea. The Gaza Strip is a selfgoverning entity on the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea that borders Egypt on
the southwest and Israel on the east and
north.
371. (d); The Kiel canal connects Baltic sea and North
sea. The Kiel Canal, known as the KaiserWilhelmKanal until 1948, is a 98-kilometre
long canal in the German state of SchleswigHolstein. The canal links the North Sea at
Brunsbüttel to the Baltic Sea at KielHoltenau.
372. (d); Foehn is a local wind of Switzerland. A
foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope
wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side)
of a mountain range. It is a rain shadow
wind that results from the subsequent
adiabatic warming of air that has dropped
most of its moisture on windward slopes
(see orographic lift).
373. (c); The Great Barrier Reef is located on the coast
of East Australia.
374. (d); Stromboli is called the lighthouse of the
Mediterranean. Stromboli is a small island
in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of
Sicily, containing one of the three active
volcanoes in Italy.
375. (c); Africa’s highest mountain peak mt.
Kilimanjaro lies in Tanzania.
376. (d); The coldest place on the earth is
Verkhoyansk. Verkhoyansk is a town in
Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha
Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River
near the Arctic Circle, 675 kilometers from
Yakutsk.
377. (b); The wide treeless grassy plains in South
America are called Pampas.
378. (d); Bushmen tribes are found in Kalahari desert.
The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid
sandy savannah in southern Africa
379. (c); Nilgiri Hills are a range of mountains with
at least 24 peaks above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft)
in the Westernmost part of Tamil Nadu state
at the junction of Karnataka and Kerala
states in Southern India. They are part of the
larger Western Ghats mountain chain
making up the southwestern edge of the
Deccan Plateau.
267
380. (b); The Himalayas are approximately 2400 km
in length with an average width of about 320
to 400 km. The Himalayas are the enormous
mountain system of Asia. They are the
highest mountain range found in the world.
381 (c); The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern
coast of the Indian Subcontinent between
Kanyakumari and False Divi Point.
382. (c); The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the
Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on
the Earth that marks the most northerly
position at which the Sun may appear
directly overhead at its zenith.
383. (c); Nathu La is a mountain pass in the
Himalayas. It connects the Indian state of
Sikkim with China’s Tibet Autonomous
Region
384. (b); The Radcliffe Line was published on 17
August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line
between India and Pakistan upon the
partition of India.
385. (a); The Son originates near Amarkantak in
Madhya Pradesh, just east of the headwater
of the
Narmada
River. It flows from North to
South. The Son river at 784 kilometres (487
mi) long, is one of the largest rivers of India.
Its chief tributaries are the Rihand and the
North Koel.
386. (a); The Ganges is a trans-boundary river of
India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569
mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in
the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows
south
and east through the Gangetic
Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where
it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It has been
declared as the National River of India.
387. (d); The Kali Gandaki or Gandaki River is one of
the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank
tributary of the Ganges in India. It is also
called Krishna Gandaki in Nepal.
388. (c); The Sunderban forest lies in the vast delta on
the Bay of Bengal formed by the super
confluence of the Padma, Brahmaputra and
Meghna
rivers
across
southern
Bangladesh.
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389. (b); The Narmada is a river in central India
and the fifth longest river in the Indian
subcontinent. It is the third longest river that
flows entirely within India, after the
Godavari and the Krishna. It does not form
but form estuary.
390. (a); About 1,800 miles (2,900 km) long, the
Brahmaputra is an important river for
irrigation and transportation
391. (a); The Luni is a river of western Rajasthan
state, India. It originates in the Pushkar
valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and
ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch
in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 495
km. It is important river of Indian desert.
392. (b); The term regur is used for black soil.
393. (a); Black soil is a rich soil that is good for crops
like cotton. It is found in various places
around the world. It is most abundantly
found in western central India.
394. (a); Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary is in the state
of Assam.
395. (b); Dachigam National Park is located 22
kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and
Kashmir. It covers an area of 141 square
kilometers. It is only National Park where
Kashmiri Stag is found.
396. (c); The Western Ghats or the Sahyadri
constitute a mountain range along the
western side of India. It is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and is one of the eight “hottest
hotspots” of biological diversity in the
world.
397. (a); Project Tiger was launched by Kailash
Sankhala in India in 1973. The project aims
at ensuring a viable population of Bengal
Tigers in their natural habitats and also to
protect them from extinction.
398. (d); Mawsynram is a village in the East Khasi
Hills district of Meghalaya state in northeastern India, 65 kilometers from Shillong. It
is the wettest place in India.
399. (d); Digboi is a town and a town area committee
in Tinsukia district in the north-eastern part
of the state of Assam, India. Crude oil was
first discovered in India at Digboi.
268
400. (b); Jhum or Jhoom cultivation is a local name
for slash and burn agriculture practised by
the tribal groups in the northeastern states of
India like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland and also in the
districts of Bangladesh like Khagrachari and
Sylhet.
401. (b); Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches
the earth's surface. It is measured by the
amount of solar energy received per square
centimetre per minute. Insolation affects
temperature. The more the insolation, the
higher the temperature.
402. (c); The Nuclear Fusion Reaction is the basis on
which sun releases light and heat. Inside the
Sun, this process begins with protons which
is simply a lone hydrogen nucleus and
through a series of steps, these protons fuse
together and are turned into helium. This
fusion process occurs inside the core of the
Sun.
403. (b); cosmology is the branch of physics and
astrophysics that deals with the study of the
physical origins and evolution of the
Universe. It also includes the study of the
nature of the Universe on a large scale.
404. (c); The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar
System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot
plasma, with internal convective motion
that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo
process. It’s diameter is around 14lakh kms.
405. (d); The Coriolis effect influences the paths of
moving objects on Earth and is caused by
Earth s rotation. Earth surface rotates at
different velocities at different latitudes,
objects in motion tend to move right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect is
nonexistent at the equator but increases with
latitude, reaching a maximum at the poles.
406. (b); The term "continental shelf" is used by
geologists generally to mean that part of the
continental margin which is between the
shoreline and the shelf break or, where there
is no noticeable slope, between the shoreline
and the point where the depth of the
superjacent water is approximately between
100 and 200 metres.
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407. (a); The epicenter is the point on the Earth's
surface that is directly above the hypocenter
or focus, the point where an earthquake or
underground explosion originates.
408. (c); Earth's orbit is not a perfect circle. It is
elliptical, or slightly oval-shaped. This
means there is one point in the orbit where
Earth is closest to the Sun, and another
where Earth is farthest from the Sun.
409. (a); Naga, Khasi and Garo hills are located in
purvanchal range of North eastern states of
India.
410. (a); The river Luni is the only natural water
source that drains inside a lake in the desert.
It originates in the Pushkar valley of the
Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and ends in the
marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
411. (d); The Saptarishi are the seven rishis who are
extolled at many places in the Vedas and
Hindu literature. The names of the current
Saptarshis are: Kashyapa, Atri, Vasistha,
Vishvamitra,
Gautama
Maharishi,
Jamadagni and Bharadvaja. It is Indian
name of Ursa Major.
412. (d); Marble is a metamorphic rock that
developed from limestone. Most of the
material is calcite (a crystalline form of
calcium carbonate, CaCO3) and dolomite. It
is often used for sculpture, as a building
material, and for many other purposes.
413. (c); The iron and steel industry is one of the most
important industries in India. Jamshedpur
was the first city where iron and steel
industry of India established by Jamsetji
Nusserwanji Tata.
414. (d); The ranks of coal quality are as follows
anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous
coal, and lignite. Anthracite is a hard, black,
shiny form of coal that contains virtually no
moisture and very low volatile content.
Because of this, it burns with little or no
smoke and is sold as a “smokeless fuel”.
415. (d); Chota Nagpur, plateau in eastern India, in
northwestern Chhattisgarh and central
Jharkhand states. The Chota Nagpur area
has the most valuable concentration of
mineral resources in India. It is famous for
coal reserve and iron and steel industries.
269
416. (c); Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the
Sutlej River in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh
in northern India. The dam forms the
Gobind Sagar reservoir. The dam, located at
a gorge near the (now submerged) upstream
Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of
Himachal Pradesh. The dam, at 741 ft (226
m), is one of the highest gravity dams in the
world
417. (a); A flash flood is a rapid flooding of
geomorphic low-lying areas: washes, rivers,
dry lakes and basins. It may be caused by
heavy rainassociated with a severe
thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or
meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice
sheets or snowfields.
418. (b); The Yangtze River is the third longest
worldwide and the longest river in the Asia
with a length of 6,300 km. The other long
Asian rivers are the Yellow River of 5,464
km, River Mekong of 4,909 km and
Brahmaputra and Indus Rivers with a
length of 2,900 km.
419. (a); The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean of all
Oce It connects the South Amrica to North
America (Panama Canal), Africa to Europe
and Europe to Asia (through Gibraltar Strait
connecting Mediterranean Sea). It is the
trade route between the continents and is
always full of cargo ships being carried
around continent
420. (a); Atlas Mountains, series of mountain ranges
in northwestern Africa, running generally
southwest to northeast to form the geologic
backbone of the countries of the Maghrib
(the western region of the Arab world)—
Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
421. (c); The surface air that flows from these
subtropical high-pressure belts toward the
Equator is deflected toward the west in both
hemispheres by the Coriolis effect. These
winds blow predominantly from the
northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and
from the southeast in the Southern
Hemisphere.
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422. (b); The Rhine, which flows in Switzerland,
Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France
and Netherlands, is the most important and
busiest waterway in Europe. Other busy
waterways include Seine and Loire rivers of
France, Danube river of eastern Europe and
Volga river of Russia.
423. (d); socotra, is an archipelago of four islands
located in the Arabian Sea, the largest island
of which is also known as Socotra. The
territory is part of Yemen.
424. (a); Titan is the largest moon of Saturn. It is the
only moon known to have a dense
atmosphere, and the only object in space
other than Earth where clear evidence of
stable bodies of surface liquid has been
found.
425. (b); Visakhapatnam Port is one of 12 major ports
in India and the only major port of Andhra
Pradesh. It is India's second largest port by
volume of cargo handled. It is one of the
major port of eastern india.
426. (c); A delta is a body of sediment deposited at
the mouth of a river or stream where it
enters an ocean or lake.
427. (a); The term deciduous means "falling off at
maturity" in this type of forest trees shed
their leaves at maturity. These forests are
found in many areas worldwide and have
distinctive ecosystems, understory growth,
and soil dynamics. World’s maximum
newsprint comes from Deciduous forest.
428. (c); The specialized commercial cultivation of
cash crops on estates or plantations is a very
distinctive type of tropical agriculture and is
found in many parts of Asia, Africa and
tropical and sub-tropical America.
429. (c); The Indian Ocean consists of one gyre, the
Indian Ocean (Majid) Gyre, which exists
mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is
named after Ahmad Bin Majid, the 15thcentury Arab mariner.
430. (b); The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest
of Earth's oceanic divisions and the second
largest is Atlantic Ocean.
270
431. (b); Chilika lake is a brackish water lagoon,
spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam
districts of Odisha state on the east coast of
India, at the mouth of the Daya River,
flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an
area of over 1,100 km2.
432. (b); Andaman & Nicobar is a group of islands,
so for each island in the group, there will be
a country which is close to it. Myanmar is
the most nearest country to Andaman &
Nicobar following with India, Bangladesh,
Thailand and Malaysia.
433. (a); Kakrapara Project is situated on the Tapti
near Kakrapara, 80 km upstream of Surat.
The project is financed by the Gujarat
Government.
434. (c); The brackish water lagoon or Chilika Lake
of Odisha is largest coastal lagoon in India
which is home to a number of threatened
species of plants and animals. Chilika Lake
is the second largest lagoon in the world and
largest wintering ground for migratory
birds, it also supports a unique life of
marine, brackish and freshwater species.
435. (a); Huge deposits of natural uranium, which
promise to be one of the top 20 of the world's
reserves, have been found in the
Tummalapalle belt in the southern part of
the Kadapa basin in Andhra Pradesh.
436. (c); Tropical Grasslands are located near the
equator, between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Tropic of Capricorn. Most of the Tropical
Grasslands are found in the interior part of
continents between the Tropical Rain
Forests and Tropical Deserts. Tropical
Grasslands are also known as ' Savannas'.
437. (c); With a noble motive to promote tourism in
Rajasthan,
the
Rajasthan
Tourism
Development Corporation along with
Indian Railway launched the first Indian
luxury train Palace on Wheels on 26th
January' 1982.
438. (d); Indore is the cleanest city in India according
to Swachh Survekshan 2017 report released
by the Government.
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439. (d); Pacific Ocean ranks number one when it
comes to the deepest oceans in the world. It
has an average depth of 3,939 meters with
the World ocean division area of 169.2
million square kilometers. The Mariana
Trench is the deepest area of the Pacific
Ocean which is about 10,911 meters deep in
the Blue Sea.
440. (b); Organic sedimentary rocks form from the
action of organisms. Examples include
fossiliferous
limestone
and
coal.
Fossiliferous limestone and coal are two
examples
of
organically-formed
sedimentary rocks.
441. (a); The Gulf Stream is a warm and swift
Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the
Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of
Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of
the United States and Newfoundland before
crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
442. (d); Indus River originates in Tibet in northern
slopes of Mount Kailash near lake
Mansarovar. Running via Ladakh, it enters
into Pakistan through Gilgit-Baltistan and
ends in Arabian Sea near Karachi.
443. (d); The Joint river venture of India and Nepal is
Kosi Project.
444. (b); Watermelon grows best in fertile, welldraining, sandy loam soils. Most soils
benefit from incorporating a few inches of
organic compost before planting, and
perhaps some fertilizer as well
445. (b); The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an
International Biosphere Reserve in the
Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills ranges of
South India. It was constituted as first
Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in
September 1986 under Man and Biosphere
Programme.
446. (a); Green Revolution Intensive plan of the
1960s to increase crop yields in developing
countries by introducing higher-yielding
strains of plant and new fertilizers. The
scheme began in Mexico in the 1940s, and
was successfully introduced in parts of India
in 1960s.
271
447. (c); India is the world's largest producer as well
as consumer of pulses. In case of tea, largest
producer is China.
448. (b); The Black Forest is a large forested
mountain range in the state of BadenWürttemberg in southwestern Germany. It
is bounded by the Rhine valley to the west
and south.
449. (d); Digboi has the distinction of being India's
oldest continuously producing oilfield.
Digboi refinery, now a division of Indian Oil
Corporation, had a capacity of about 0.65
MMTPA as of 2003. Digboi is now
Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of
Indian Oil Corporation Limited
450. (d); Hutti Gold Mines Limited (HGML) is a
company located in the state of Karnataka,
India and engaged in the mining and
production of gold.
451. (d); The Jaduguda Mine is a uranium mine in
Jaduguda village in the Purbi Singhbhum
district of the Indian state of Jharkhand. It
commenced operation in 1967 and was the
first uranium mine in India. The deposits at
this mine were discovered in 1951.
452. (a); The kharif cropping season is from July –
October during beginning of the south-west
monsoon.
453. (d); Marble is metamorphosed limestone,
composed of fairly pure calcite (a crystalline
form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3). It is
extensively used for sculpture, as an
building material, and in many other
applications.
454. (d); The IDL is roughly based on the meridian of
180° longitude, roughly down the middle of
the Pacific Ocean, and halfway around the
world from the Greenwich meridian.
455. (d); Aral Sea is a landlocked sea lying between
Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in the middle of
a semi-arid and desert region.
456. (c); Greenland is the world's largest island
covering 2,175,597 square kilometers.
457. (c); Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in
the world.
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458. (d); The Sun is a big ball of gas and plasma. Most
of the gas is hydrogen or helium, but there
are also small amounts of other elements
such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
magnesium and iron.
459. (b); Cyclone Mora was a tropical cyclone that
resulted in one of the worst natural disasters
in Bangladesh.
460. (b); A stable ecosystem is the ecosystem in
which the structure and function remain
unaltered over a long period of time. Oceans
are considered to be the most stable
ecosystem in nature.
461. (b); The troposphere is the lowest portion of
Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly
all weather proceeds takes place.
462. (d); Neptune takes the longest time to go around
the sun. Neptune orbits the Sun at an
average distance of 4.5 billion km. Like all
the planets in the Solar System, Neptune
follows an elliptical path around the Sun,
varying its distance to the Sun at different
points along its orbit.
463. (b); During the moon's quarter phases the sun
and moon work at right angles, causing the
bulges to cancel each other. The result is a
smaller difference between high and low
tides and is known as a neap tide. Neap tides
are especially weak tides. They occur when
the gravitational forces of the Moon and the
Sun are perpendicular to one another (with
respect to the Earth).
464. (b); Tropical forests comprise approximately 7
percent of the earth's dry land surface (2% of
total surface) and sustain over 50 percent of
all species. The Amazon River basin
contains 20% of the world's fresh water.
465. (c); Venus is the second planet from the Sun,
orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the
longest rotation period (243 days) of any
planet in the Solar System and rotates in the
opposite direction to most other planets. It
has no natural satellites. Venus is by far the
hottest planet in the Solar System, with a
mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C;
863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the
Sun.
272
466. (c); Indonesia is largest producer of coconut in
the world.
467. (b); It takes sunlight an average of 8 minutes and
20 seconds to travel from the Sun to the
Earth.
468. (a); Manipur is a state in northeastern India,
with the city of Imphal as its capital.
469. (b); Kanchenjunga is world’s third highest
mountain, with an elevation of 28,169 feet
(8,586 metres). It is situated in the eastern
Himalayas on the border between Sikkim
state, northeastern India, and eastern Nepal,
46 miles (74 km) north-northwest of
Darjiling, Sikkim
470. (c); Mercury and Venus have no moons.
471. (d); Paradip Port is an artificial, deep-water port
on the East coast of India in Jagatsinghpur
district of Odisha. It is situated at confluence
of the Mahanadi river and the Bay of Bengal
472. (b); Dhariwal is a 5th largest town and a
municipal council in Gurdaspur district in
the state of Punjab, India. Dhariwal is most
famous for its woolen mill and Ludhiana is
famous all over India for its woollen
sweaters and cotton T-shirts.
473. (d); Arkose is a detrital sedimentary rock,
specifically a type of sandstone containing at
least 25% feldspar.
474. (d); Godavari, also known as ‘Dakshin Ganga’ –
the South Ganges, the second longest river
of India after the Ganges, is the longest river
of peninsular India
475. (c); In an annular drainage pattern streams
follow a roughly circular or concentric path
along a belt of weak rock, resembling in plan
a ring like pattern.
476. (a); Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that
can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Jute
is in great demand due to its cheapness,
softness, length, lustre and uniformity of its
fiber. It is called the 'brown paper bag' as it
is also used to store rice, wheat, grains, etc.
It is also called the 'golden fiber' due to its
versatile nature.
477. (c); Greenland is an autonomous constituent
country within the Kingdom of Denmark
between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east
of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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478. (a); The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon
carved by the Colorado River in the U.S.
state of Arizona in North America.
479. (a); Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was built across the
Krishna river at Nagarjuna Sagar where the
river forms the boundary between
Nalgonda District in Telangana and Guntur
district in Andhra Pradesh states in India.
480. (a); Nathu La is a mountain pass in the
Himalayas. It connects the Indian state of
Sikkim with China's Tibet Autonomous
Region.
481. (c); The mainland stretches from Latitude 804'
North to 3706' North and from Longitude
6807' East to 97025' East.
482. (d); The name Darjeeling comes from the
Tibetan words, Dorje (thunderbolt) and
Ling (place or land), meaning the land of the
thunderbolt.
483. (c); Victoria Falls, or Mosi-oa-Tunya is a
waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi
River at the border between Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
484. (a); Sunda Trench is the second deepest trench
in the Indian Ocean and is located several
hundred kilometers off of the southern and
western shores of Indonesia.
485. (a); The wild ass is locally known as ghudkhar
and found only in the Little Rann of Kutch
in Gujarat in India.
486. (b); Project Tiger is a tiger conservation
programme launched in 1973 by the
Government of India during Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi's tenure.
487. (c); Bhilai Steel Plant was set up with the help of
the USSR in 1955.
488. (b); The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is
the deepest part of the world's oce It is
located in the western Pacific Ocean, an
average of 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the
east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western
Pacific East of Philippines.
489. (b); A hanging valley can be formed when the
lower valley has a greater rate of erosion.
This can be cause by 2 glacier flows, one
feeding the other
490. (d); India is the seventh largest country on the
basis of land area of 32,87,263 sq.km.
273
491. (a); India is the fifth largest exporter of iron ore
in the world. We export about 50 to 60 per
cent of our total iron ore production to
countries like Japan, Korea, European
countries and lately to Gulf countries. Japan
is the biggest buyer of Indian iron ore
accounting for about three-fourths of our
total exports.
492. (a); During the day, the land surface heats up
faster than the water surface. The air above
the land is warmer than the air above the
ocean. As the warm air over the land is
rising, the cooler air over the ocean is
flowing over the land surface to replace the
rising warm air. This is the sea breeze.
493. (c); The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin
of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. It
is associated with a nearly continuous series
of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and
volcanic belts and/or plate movements.
494. (a); Dolomite, also known as "dolostone" and
"dolomite rock," is a sedimentary rock
composed primarily of the mineral
dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2. Dolomite is found
in sedimentary basins worldwide.
495. (b); Taiga also known as boreal forest or snow
forest is a biome characterized by coniferous
forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces
and larches.
496. (b); One of the most important natural causes of
air pollution is volcanic eruption. Volcanic
eruptions can generate so much polluting
gases and ash into the air that the sun’s rays
could be blocked, and land temperature in
the affected area lowered. The ash can cause
respiratory problems for young children,
the elderly or those already with respiratory
ailments.
497. (a); Amazon is the first largest river and second
longest river in the world.
498. (d); Daocheng Yading Airport (China), which
opened in September 2013, is the highestaltitude airport in the world. It is located at
an elevation of 4,411m.
499. (c); The Sahara desert is located in the northern
portion of Africa.
500. (b); London is the largest metal trading centre.
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Chapter
1
Framing of Indian Constitution
Indian Polity
Indian Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949. It came into full operation
with effect from 26 January 1950. The Constitution originally had 22 Parts, 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.
Framing of the Constitution:
(a) The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was set up under the Cabinet
mission plan (1946).
(b) The Constituent Assembly took almost 3 years (2 years, 11 months, & 18 days) to complete its historic task
of drafting the Constitution for an Independent India.
(c) During this period it held 11 sessions covering a total of 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the
consideration of & discussion on the Draft Constitution.
(d) As for the composition of the Assembly, members were chosen by indirect election by the members of the
Provincial Legislative Assemblies, following the scheme recommended by the Cabinet Mission. The total
membership of the assembly thus was to be 389.
(e) However, as a result of the partition, a separate Constituent Assembly was set up for Pakistan &
representatives of some provinces ceased to be members of the Assembly. As a result, the membership of
the Assembly was reduced to 299.
The Cabinet Mission
World War II in Europe came to an end on May 9,1945. Three British cabinet ministers were sent to find a
solution to the question of India's independence. This team of ministers (Lord Pethick Lawrence, Stafford
Cripps, A V Alexander) was called the Cabinet Mission. The Mission was in India from March 1946 to May
1946.The Cabinet Mission discussed the framework of the constitution & laid down in some detail the
procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. The Assembly began work on 9 December 1946.
First Interim National Government
The Government was constituted on 2 September, 1946. It was leaded by Pandit Nehru. All the members of the
interim Government were members of Viceroy's Executive Council. The Viceroy continued to be the head of
the Council. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was designated as the Vice-President of the Council.
The Constituent Assembly
(a)
The people of India elected members of the provincial assemblies, who in turn elected the constituent
assembly.
(b)
Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community.
(c)
Dr. Sachidanand Sinha was the first president of the Constitituent Assembly. Later, Dr. Rajendra
Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly while B.R. Ambedkar was appointed the
Chairman of the Drafting Committee.
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Sources of our Constitution
The Indian Constitution is borrowed from almost all the major countries of the world but has its own unique
features too. Major sources are:
1.
Government of India Act of 1935 - Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service
Commission, Emergency provisions & administrative details.
2.
British Constitution – Parliamentary System, Rule of law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship,
Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges & Bicameralism.
3.
US Constitution – Fundamental rights, Independence of Judiciary, Judicial review, Impeachment of
president, removal of Supreme Court & High Court judges & Post of Vice President.
4.
Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members of Rajya Sabha & method
of election of President.
5.
Canadian Constitution- Federation with a strong centre, vesting of residuary power in the centre,
appointment of State Governor by the centre & advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
6.
Australian Constitution- Concurrent list, Joint Sitting of two houses of Parliament, Freedom of trade &
commerce & intercourse.
7.
Constitution of Germany- Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency.
8.
French Constitution- Republic & ideals of liberty, equality & fraternity in the Preamble.
9.
South African Constitution- Procedure for amendment of the constitution & election of members of Rajya
Sabha.
10. Japanese Constitution- Procedure established by Law.
11. Constitution of former USSR: Fundamental duties, ideals of justice (social, economic & political) in
Preamble.
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Chapter
2
Parts & schedules of Indian Constitution
PARTS DESCRIBED IN THE CONSTITUTION
Subject
Articles
Part I
Part
The Union and its territory
Art. 1 to 4
Part II
Citizenship
Art. 5 to 11
Part III
Fundamental Rights
Art. 12 to 35
Part IV
Directive Principles
Art. 36 to 51
Part IVA
Fundamental Duties
Art. 51A
Part V
The Union
Art. 52 to 151
Part VI
The States
Art. 152 to 237
Part VII
Repealed by Const. (7th Amendment)
Act, 1956
Part VIII
The Union Territories
Art. 239 to 242
Part IX
The Panchayats
Art. 243 to 243O
Part IXA
The Muncipalities
Art. 243P to 243ZG
Part IXB
The Co-operative Societies
Art. 243ZH to 243ZT
Part X
The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Art. 244 to 244A
Part XI
Relations between the Union and the States
Art. 245 to 263
Part XII
Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Art. 264 to 300A
Part XIII
Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of
India
Art. 301 to 307
Part XIV
Services under the Union and the States
Art. 308 to 323
Part XIVA
Tribunals
Art. 323A to 323B
Part XV
Elections
Art. 324 to 329A
Part XVI
Special provisions relating to certain classes
Art. 330 to 342
Part XVII
Official Language
Art. 343 to 351
Part XVIII
Emergency Provisions
Art. 352 to 360
Part XIX
Miscellaneous
Art. 361 to 367
Part XX
Amendment of the Constitution
Art. 368
Part XXI
Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Art. 369 to 392
Part XXII
Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and
repeals
Art. 393 to 395
Important Schedules in The Constitution
Schedules 1 to 12
First schedule contains the list of states and union territories and their territories.
Second schedule contains provisions as to the President, Governors of States, Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of
the House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker
and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Legislative Council of a State, the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts and the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India, the list of states and union territories and their territories.
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Third Schedule contains the Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
Fourth Schedule contains provisions as to the allocation of seats in the Council of States.
Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled
Tribes.
Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule contains the Union list, State list and the concurrent list.
Eighth Schedule contains the list of recognised languages.
Ninth Schedule contains provisions as to validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
Tenth Schedule contains provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
Eleventh Schedule (73rd amendment) contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
Twelfth Schedule (74th amendment) contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.
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Chapter
3
Preamble, Union & its Territories, Citizenship
PREAMBLE - A preamble is a brief introduction to a speech, like the Preamble to the Indian Constitution
which states “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT
AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
It was amended by 44th Amendment Act, 1976.
PART-I : THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORIES
Part I of Indian Constitution is titled The Union and its Territory.
Article 1 : Name and territory of the Union.
Article 2 : Admission or establishment of new States.
Article 3 : Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
Article 4 : Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth
Schedule and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.
PART-II : CITIZENSHIP
A citizen is a person who enjoys full membership of the community or State in which he lives or ordinarily
lives. The State demands extra duty from its citizen which cannot be asked to non-citizens. 42nd Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 1976 has inserted 10 Fundamental Duties in Article 51-A.
Ways to acquire Indian Citizenship
Constitution of India under Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1986 provides five ways to acquire citizenship of
India. These five ways are:
(a) Citizenship by Birth
(b) Citizenship by Descent
(c) Citizenship by Registration
(d) Citizenship by Naturalization
(e) Citizenship by incorporation of Territory
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Chapter
4
Fundamental Rights & Duties
PART-III : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
• They are justiciable, allowing persons to move the courts for their enforcement, if & when they
•
are violated.
They are defended & guaranteed by the Supreme Court. Hence, the aggrieved person can
directly go to the Supreme Court. They can be suspended during the operation of a National
Emergency except the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 & 21. More, the six rights guaranteed by
Article 19 can be suspended only when emergency is declared on the grounds of war or
external aggression.
Originally the Constitution provided for seven fundamental rights:
1. Right to equality [Art. 14-18]
2. Right to freedom [Art. 19-22]
3. Right against exploitation [Art. 23-24]
4. Right to freedom [Art. 25-28]
5. Cultural & educational rights [Art. 29-30]
6. Right to property [Art. 31]
7. Right to constitutional remedies [Art. 32]
However, the ‘right to property’ was deleted from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1978. It has been made a legal right under Article 300A in the Constitution. So, at present,
there are only six fundamental rights.
FORMS OF WRITS
HABEAS CORPUS
•
Literally means ‘to have the body’. It implies that a person imprisoned or detained by the law can enquire
under what authority he has been imprisoned or detained. The Court issues the writ against the authority
concerned if the executive arrests someone without the authority of law or in contravention of procedure
established by law.
MANDAMUS
• Literally means a ‘command’ issued by the court commanding a person or a public authority to do, or
forbear to do something in the nature of public duty. The writ of mandamus can be issued by the Court to
enforce Fundamental Rights; whenever a public officer or a Government has committed an act violating a
person’s Fundamental Rights, the Court can restrain that authority from enforcing such orders or
committing such an act.
• The writ is issued against a private individual or organization unless the State is in collusion with such a
party in contravening a Constitutional provision or a statute.
QUO WARRANTO
• An order issued by the court to prevent a person from holding office to which he is not entitled and to oust
him from that office.
• For the writ of quo warrant to be issued, the office must be public, created by statute or by the Constitution,
the office must be a substantive one, and there should have been a contravention of the Constitution or a
statute in appointing the person to that office.
PROHIBITION
• The writ of prohibition is issued by the Supreme Court or a High Court to an inferior Court forbidding the
latter to continue proceedings in a case in excess of its jurisdiction or to usurp a jurisdiction with which it
is not legally vested.
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•
The writ is not available against a public officer not vested with judicial or quasi-judicial functions. The
Supreme Court can issue the writ only where a Fundamental Right is affected.
CERTIORARI
• The writ of certiorari is issued to a lower Court after a case has been decided by it, quashing the decision
or order. The objective to secure that the jurisdiction of an inferior Court or tribunals is properly exercised
and that it does not usurp the jurisdiction which it does not possess.
• In short, while prohibition is available during the pendency of the proceedings and before the order is
made, certiorari can be issued only after the order has been made, under similar circumstances.
PART-IV: Directive Principles of State Policy [Article 36 to 51]
The phrase ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while
formulating policies & enacting laws. It includes the legislative & executive organs of the central & state
governments, all local authorities & all other public authorities in the country. The Directive Principles are nonjusticiable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the
government cannot be compelled to implement them. They aim at providing social & economic justice of the
people.
PART-IV A : FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
A list of ten fundamental duties was included in the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 in
the form of Article 51 A. For this a new part was created in the Constitution in the form of Part IV-A. It is based
on the Japanese model. The idea of including a separate chapter on duties was recommended by the Swaran
Singh Committee in view of the fact that duties & rights are inseparable. Moreover, subsequently 11th duty has
been added by Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 in the form of 51 A (k). It reads:
"It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education
to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six & fourteen years."
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Chapter
5
Union Executive
The President
Article 52 – There shall be a President of India.
Article 53 – The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President.
Thus the President is:
(1) Executive head of the Republic.
(2) All the executive actions are taken in his name. The executive power vested in the President is to be
exercised on the aid & advice of the Council of Ministers [Article 74(1)]. It is obligatory on the part of
President to accept the advice of the council of ministers as per the 42nd and 44th Constitutional
Amendment Acts.
(3) He is the first citizen of India & occupies the first position under the warrant of precedence. Warrant of
Precedence indicates the hierarchy of positions occupied by various dignitaries attending a state function.
(4) He is the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces.
Election of the President
The President of India is elected by indirect election. He is elected by an electoral college in accordance with
the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote & the vote being secret.
Article 54 –
The Electoral College consists of:
(a) The elected members of both houses of Parliament (nominated members are not the members of electoral
college)
(b) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (including National Capital Territory of
Delhi & the Union Territory of Puducherry)
Manner of Election of the President
The provisions dealing with the manner of election of the President of India are provided in Article 55. He is
elected following the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
Article 62 of the Constitution provides that an election to fill a vacancy shall be held as soon as possible after &
in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy (if such occurrence of vacancy is
caused by resignation or death or impeachment or otherwise).
Qualification for election as President
(a) He must be a citizen of India.
(b) He must have completed the age of 35 years.
(c) He must be qualified for election as a Member of the House of the People.
(d) He must not hold any office of Profit under the Govt. of India or the Govt. of any State or under any
local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Govt. However, following persons are not
deemed to be holding any office of profit & hence they cannot be disqualified for election as the President.
A sitting President or Vice-President of India/Governor of any state/A minister of the Union or of any
State.
Eligibility for re-election
A person, who holds or who has held office as President shall be eligible for re-election to that office.
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Impeachment of the President (Article 61)
(1) The President can be removed from his office before the expiry of his term by the process of impeachment.
(2) The President can be impeached only for the violation of the Constitution.
(3) It is a quasi-judicial procedure.
(4) The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament. The resolution must be
signed by at least 1/4th of the total membership of the House. Before the resolution could be passed, a 14day notice must be given to the President. Such a Resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than
2/3rd of the total membership of the House.
(5) Then, the other House of Parliament called the “Investigating House” investigates the charges by itself or
cause the charge to be investigated.
(6) The President has the right to appear & to be represented at such investigation to defend him.
(7) If, as a result of the investigation the other House also passes a resolution supported by not less than 2/3rd
of the total membership of House, the President stands removed from his office from the date on which the
investigating House passed the resolution.
Note:
(a) The elected members of the legislative assemblies of States have no role in the impeachment
proceedings, while they elect the President.
(b) The nominated members of the Parliament have the
right to deliberate & vote when the resolution of impeachment is under consideration while they have no
vote in the election of the President.
Vacancy filled up with Acting President
(1) In case the office of the President falls vacant due to death, resignation or impeachment the Vice-President
or in his absent. Chief Justice of Supreme Court or on his absence, senior most Judge of the Supreme Court
becomes President till the fresh election for the Post & new incumbent assumes office.
(2) If the President is not able to discharge his duties due to sickness or absence due to any other reasons, the
Vice-President discharges the functions of the President & is entitled to the same salary, allowances &
privileges which are available to the President under the constitution.
Legislative powers of President
The legislative Powers of President are as follows:
1. The President summons both the Houses of the Parliament & prorogues them. He or she can dissolve the
Lok Sabha according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
2. President inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections & also at the beginning of
the first session each year.
3. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President. The
President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is not a money bill or a constitutional amendment bill, for
reconsideration. When after reconsideration, the bill is passed & presented to the President, with or without
amendments; President is obliged to assent to it.
4. The President can also withhold his assent to the bill thereby exercising pocket veto.
5. When both Houses of the Parliament are not in session & if Government feels the need for immediate
action, President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force & effect as laws passed by
Parliament.
Executive powers of President
The executive powers of President are as follows:
1. The President appoints the PM, the President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers,
distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the PM.
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3.
The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:
Governors of States/The Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court & High Courts of India/The
Attorney General/The Comptroller & Auditor General/The Chief Election Commissioner & other
Election Commissioners/ The Chairman & other Members of the Union Public Service Commission/
Ambassadors & High Commissioners to other countries.
The President is the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.
Financial powers of President
1. All money bills originate in Parliament, but only if the President recommends it.
2. He or she causes the Annual Budget & supplementary Budget before Parliament.
3. The President appoints a finance commission every five years.
Judicial powers of President
1. The president appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary & other judges on the advice of the Chief
Justice.
2. The President dismisses the judges if & only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that
effect by two-thirds majority of the members present.
3. He/she has the right to grant pardon. The President can suspend, remit or commute the death sentence
of any person.
Pardon - completely absolves the offender
Reprieve - temporary suspension of the sentence
Commutation - substitution of one form a punishment for another form which is of a lighter character
Respite - awarding a lesser sentence on special ground
Remission - reducing the amount of sentence without changing its character
Diplomatic powers of President
All international treaties & agreements are negotiated & concluded on behalf of the President. However, in
practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the PM along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign
Minister).
Military powers of President
The President is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India. The President can declare war or
conclude peace, subject to the approval of parliament. All important treaties & contracts are made in
president's name.
Emergency powers of President
The President can declare three types of emergencies: national, state & financial. Under Article 352, 356 & 360.
Vice President of India
The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, in
accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote & the
voting in such election is by secret ballot. The Electoral College to elect a person to the office of the VicePresident consists of all members of both Houses of Parliament. He is ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
The Vice-President should not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of
any state. If a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of a Legislature of any state is elected as
Vice-President, he is deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date he/she enters his office as
Vice-President.
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A person cannot be elected as Vice-President unless she/he➢
➢
➢
is a citizen of India has completed the age of 35 years.
is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
Holds any office of profit under the Government of India or a State Government or any subordinate local
authority.
Removal of Vice President
The Constitution states that the Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by
an absolute majority (more than 50% of total membership) & agreed to by a simple majority (50% of voting
members) of the Lok Sabha [Article 67(a)].
Powers & functions of a Vice President
The functions of Vice-President are two fold:
1. He acts as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. In this capacity, his powers & functions are similar to
those of the Speaker of Lok Sabha.
2. He acts as President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President due to his resignation, removal,
death or otherwise. He can act as President only for a maximum period of six months, within which a
new President has to be elected. Further, when the sitting President is unable to discharge his functions
due to absence, illness or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges his functions until the President
resumes his office.
While acting as President or discharging the functions of President, the Vice-President does not perform the
duties of the office of the chairman of Rajya Sabha. During this period, those duties are performed by the
Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
➢ If the offices of both the President & the Vice-President fall vacant by reason of death, resignation,
removal etc the Chief Justice of India or in his absence the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court acts as
President.
➢ For the first time, during the 15-day visit of Dr. Rajendra Prasad to the Soviet Union in June 1960, the then
Vice- President Dr. Radhakrishnan acted as the President.
➢ For the first time, in 1969, when the President Dr. Zakir Hussain died & the Vice-President V.V. Giri
resigned, the Chief Justice Md. Hidayatullah acted as President.
Prime Minister
In the scheme of parliamentary system of government provided by the Constitution, the President is the
nominal executive (de Jure) authority & PM is the real executive (de Facto) authority. The President is the
head of the State while PM is the head of the government.
Appointment of the PM
Article 75 says that the PM shall be appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the
majority party in the Lok Sabha as the PM. But, when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, then the
President may exercise his personal discretion in the selection & appointment of the PM.
Term
The term of the PM is not fixed & he holds office during the pleasure of the President. So long as the PM
enjoys the majority support in the Lok Sabha, he cannot be dismissed by the President. However, if he loses
the confidence of the Lok Sabha, he must resign or the President can dismiss him.
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Powers & functions of PM
➢ He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers by the President.
➢ He can recommend dissolution of the Lok Sabha to the President at any time.
➢ He is the chairman of the NITI Aayog, National Development Council, National Integration Council,
Inter-State Council & National Water Resources Council.
The Union Council of Ministers
As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government modelled on the British
pattern, the council of ministers headed by the PM is the real executive authority. Article 74 deals with the
status of the council of ministers while Article 75 deals with the appointment, tenure, responsibility,
qualification, oath & salaries & allowances of the ministers.
Note:
The total number of ministers, including the PM, in the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total
strength of the Lok Sabha (91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003)
The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. A person who is not a member of
either House can also become a minister but he cannot continue as minister for more than six months unless
he secures a seat in either House of Parliament (by election/ nomination). [Art. 75(5)]
The council of ministers consists of three categories: Cabinet ministers, Ministers of State, & Deputy ministers.
Cabinet Ministers: The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the Central government like home,
defence, finance & external affairs.
Ministers of State: The ministers of state can either be given independent charge of ministries/departments
or can be attached to cabinet ministers.
Deputy Ministers: The deputy ministers are not given independent charge of ministries/departments &
always assist the Cabinet or State Minister or both. They are not members of the cabinet & do not attend
cabinet meetings.
Minister may be taken from members of either House & minister who is member of one House has the right
to speak & take part in the proceedings of the other House but cannot vote in the House of which he is not
member. [Art. 88]
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Chapter
6
Parliament
PARLIAMENT OF INDIA
The House of the People (Lok Sabha)
The Lok Sabha is the popular house of the parliament because its members are directly elected by the common
electorates of India. All the members of this House are popularly elected, except not more than two from the
Anglo-Indian community, who can be nominated by the President. In the Constitution, the strength of the Lok
Sabha is provisioned under Art. 81 to be not more than 552 (530 from the States, 20 from the Union Territories
& 2 may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community). The Government has extended this freeze in the
Lok Sabha seats till the year 2026 by Constitution (84th Amendment Act, 2001).
Special Powers of the Lok Sabha
1. Money & Financial Bills can only originate in the Lok Sabha.
2. In case of a Money Bill, the Rajya Sabha has only the right to make recommendation & the Lok Sabha may
or may not accept the recommendation. Lok Sabha enjoys exclusive legislative jurisdiction over the passage
of the Money Bills.
3. The Council of Ministers are responsible only to the Lok Sabha & hence the Confidence & No-confidence
motions can be introduced in this House only.
4. Under Art. 352, the Lok Sabha in a special sitting can disapprove the continuance of a national emergency
proclaimed by the President, even if the Rajya Sabha rejects such a resolution.
Tenure of the Lok Sabha
The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years. But the House can be dissolved by the President even before
the end of the normal tenure. Also, the life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the fiveyear term during the period of national emergency proclaimed under Art. 352.
Qualifications for the membership of Lok Sabha
1. be a citizen of India.
2. be not less than 25 years of age.
3. be a registered voter in any of the Parliamentary constituencies in India.
4. should not hold any office of profit.
5. Should not be insolvent.
6. Should not be mentally unsound.
Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
(1) Chief presiding officer of the Lok Sabha.
(2) The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House & his rulings on the proceedings of the House are
final.
(3) The Speaker & Deputy Speaker may be removed from their offices by a resolution passed by the House by
an effective majority of the House after a prior notice of 14 days to them.
(4) The Speaker, to maintain impartiality of his office, votes only in case of a tie i.e to remove a deadlock & this
is known as the Casting Vote.
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Special powers of the Speaker
1. Whether a Bill is Money Bill or not is certified only by the Speaker & his decision in this regard is final &
binding.
2. The Speaker, or in his absence, the Deputy Speaker, presides over the joint-sittings of the parliament.
3. The committees of parliament function essentially under the Speaker & their chairpersons are also
appointed or nominated by him. Members of the Rajya Sabha are also present in some of these
committees.
4. If the Speaker is a member of any committee, he is the ex-officio chairman of such a committee.
Special position of the Speaker
1. Though he is an elected member of the Lok Sabha, he continues to hold his office even after the
dissolution of the House till a new Lok Sabha is constituted. This is because he not only presides &
conducts the parliamentary proceedings but also acts as the Head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat which
continues to function even after the House is dissolved.
2. The Speaker presides over the joint sitting of the two Houses of the Parliament.
3. Speaker certifies a Bill as Money Bill & his decision is final in this regard.
4. The Speaker is ex-officio President of Indian Parliamentary Group which in India functions as the
national group of Inter parliament Union.
Pro tem Speaker
As provided by the Constitution, the Speaker of the last Lok Sabha vacates his office immediately before the
first meeting of the newly elected Lok Sabha. Therefore, the President appoints a member of the Lok Sabha as
the Pro tem Speaker. The President himself administers oath to the Pro tem Speaker.
The Pro tem Speaker has all the powers of the Speaker. He presides over the first sitting of the newly elected
Lok Sabha. His main duty is to administer oath to the new members.
RAJYA SABHA
The Rajya Sabha (RS) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited
to 250 members, 12 of whom are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature,
science, & social services.
The remainder of the body is elected by the state & territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with
one third of the members retiring every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike
the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. The Vice President of India
(currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The
Deputy Chairman who is elected from amongst the RS members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the
house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.
Leader of the House
Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) & the Deputy Chairman, there is also a function called Leader
of the House. This is a cabinet minister - the PM if he is a member of the House, or another nominated minister.
The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.
Qualifications for the membership of Rajya Sabha
(a) be a citizen of India.
(b) be 30 years of age or more.
(c) not be holding any office of profit under the central or state Government or local body &
possess all other qualification prescribed by the act of parliament from time to time.
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Powers of Rajya Sabha
It enjoys co-equal power with the Lok Sabha in respect of all bills other than money bill. In case of Money
Bills, Rajya Sabha has no powers.
Exclusive Functions of Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha, under Article 249, may by a special majority of two-thirds votes adopt a resolution asking the
Parliament to make laws on subjects of the State list, in the national interest.
This resolution gets due attention from the Parliament. The resolution remains valid for one year only which
however can be extended further in terms of another one year.
Secondly, Rajya Sabha can take steps to create All India Services by adopting resolutions supported by special
majority in the national interest.
Thirdly, Rajya Sabha has the exclusive right to initiate a resolution for the removal of the Vice-President. This
becomes the exclusive right of the Rajya Sabha because the Vice-President happens to be its Chairman & draws
his salary as such.
DIFFERENT TERMS RELATED TO PARLIAMENT
(a) Summoning
The President from time to time summons each House of Parliament to meet. But, the maximum gap
between two sessions of Parliament cannot be more than six months. In other words, the Parliament
should meet at least twice a year. There are usually three sessions in a year:
• the Budget Session (February to May);
• the Monsoon Session (July to September); and
• the Winter Session (November to December).
The period between the prorogation of a House & its reassembly in a new session is called ‘recess’.
(b) Joint Sitting
Under Article 108, there is a Provision of Joint sitting of both the Houses of the Parliament.
The Lok Sabha speaker presides over the joint sitting [Art. 118(4)].
There are only three occasions in the history of Indian Parliament that the joint sessions of the Parliament
took place. They are as follows:
(i) In May 1961, for Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1959.
(ii) In May 1978, for Banking Services Commission.
(iii) In 2002 for POTA (Prevention of Terrorism Act).
Joint sitting of both Houses can be convened on two occasions:
(i) For resolving any deadlock over the passage of a Bill.
(ii) Special address by the President at the commencement of the first session after each general election of
the Lok Sabha; First Session of each year (the Budget Session).
Note: Joint sitting cannot be called for resolving deadlock regarding “Money Bill” & “Constitution
Amendment Bill”.
(c) Prorogation
The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) declares the House adjourned sine die, when the business of
a session is completed. Within the next few days, the President issues a notification for prorogation of the
session. However, the President can also prorogue the House while in session.
(d) Adjournment
This is a short recess within a session of the Parliament, called by the presiding officer of the House. Its
duration may be from a few minutes to days together.
(e) Adjournment sine die
When the House is adjourned without naming a day for reassembly, it is called adjournment sine die.
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Grounds for disqualification of members of Parliament
There are five grounds for disqualification of Member of Parliament.
❖ Article 102(1) (a): A Member of Parliament shall be disqualified from being a member of House,
if he holds any office of profit under state other than an office declared by Parliament by law
not to disqualify its holder.
❖ Article 102(1) (b): If the Member of Parliament is of unsound mind & stands so declared by the court of
law
❖ Article 102(1) (c): If he is a discharged insolvent declared by court of law.
❖ Article 102(1) (d): If he is not a citizen of India or has acquired the citizenship of a foreign state or is under
any acknowledgement of allegiance to a foreign state.
❖ Article 102(2): If a person is disqualified being a Member of Parliament under anti-Defection Law (Tenth
Schedule).
Legislative procedures in Parliament
The legislative procedure is identical in both the Houses of Parliament. Every bill has to pass through the same
stages in each House. A bill is a proposal for legislation & it becomes an act or law when duly enacted.
Bills introduced in the Parliament are of two kinds: public bills & private bills (also known as government bills
& private members bills respectively). Though both are governed by the same general procedure & pass
through the same stages in the House, they differ in various respects.
BILLS IN PARLIAMENT
The four kinds of bills mentioned in the Constitution are:
❖ Ordinary Bill
❖ Money Bill
❖ Financial Bill
❖ Constitutional Amendment Bill
• Ordinary Bill
Any bill other than Money, Financial or Constitution Amendment bill is called an Ordinary bill. It can be
introduced in either Houses of the Parliament. It does not need the recommendation of the President for
its introduction in Parliament (except a bill under article 3). It is passed by a simple majority by both the
Houses. They enjoy equal legislative powers over the passage of an ordinary bill. If there is a deadlock over
the bill it can be resolved in a joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament.
•
Money Bill
A bill that deals exclusively with money matters that are mentioned in Article 110 in Constitution is
called a Money Bill. These Money matters are:
(1) Imposition, abolition or alternation of any tax.
(2) The borrowing of any money or giving any guarantee by the Govt. of India.
(3) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or Contingency fund of India or deposition or
withdrawal of any money from any such funds.
(4) The appropriation of the money out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
(5) Declaring any expenditure as charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
(6) The receipt of money on the account of consolidated Fund of India or Public Account of India.
(7) Any matter that is incidental to the above matters.
A money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha on the recommendation of the President. It is passed by a
simple majority by both the Houses of Parliament. The Lok Sabha enjoys overriding legislative power in the
passage of a money bill & Rajya Sabha cannot reject or approve a money bill by virtue of its own legislative
power. Any money bill shall bear the certificate of speaker that it is a money bill. The Speaker’s decision in this
regard is final & binding & cannot be questioned in any court of law.
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A money bill is transmitted to Rajya Sabha after it has been passed by Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can
exercise any of the following four options:
(i) It can pass the bill.
(ii) It rejects the bill outright – upon being rejected the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the
Houses.
(iii) The Rajya Sabha does not pass the bill for 14 days, then on the expiry of 14th day after having received
the bill it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses.
(iv) The Rajya Sabha suggests amendments to the bill, the bill then goes back to the Lower House. If the Lok
Sabha accepts one or more of the amendment then the bill is deemed to have been passed in that form on
the other hand if Lok Sabha rejects the amendment then the bill is deemed to have been passed in its
original form.
There is no deadlock between the Houses over the passage of a money bill. When a money bill is presents to
the President, under the Constitution he shall declare that he give assent or withhold assent.
•
Financial Bill
A Bill apart from dealing with one or more money matters if also deals with one or more non-money
matters then it is called a financial Bill. It is introduced in the same manner as that of money Bill. Since it
contains non-money matters after its introduction, it is passed in same manner an ordinary bill is passed.
Constitutional Amendment Bill
A bill introduced under article 368 to amend one or more provisions of the Constitution is called a
Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either House of the Parliament. It does not require the
recommendation of President for its introduction. It shall be passed by both the House of the Parliament sitting
separately by majority of not less than 2/3rd of members present & voting & a majority of total strength of the
House. The Constitution does not provide for a joint sitting of both the Houses of the Parliament if a deadlock
develop between the two Houses over the passage of a Constitutional Amendment Bill.
The 101st Amendment Act : Amendment of article 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368, sixth schedule,
seventh schedule. Deletion of Article 268A. It was enforced since 8 September 2016. It is related to the Goods
and Services Tax Bill.
Veto power of the President:
A bill passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. However, the
President has the veto power over the bills passed by the Parliament, i.e. he can withhold his assent to the bills.
•
Absolute Veto
It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill passed by the Parliament. The bill
then ends & does not become an act. Usually, this veto is exercised in the following two cases:
(a) With respect to private members bills; &
(b) With respect to the government bills when the cabinet resigns (after the passage of the bills but
before the assent by the President) & the new cabinet advises the President not to give his assent to such
bills.
•
Suspensive Veto
The President exercises this veto when he returns a bill for reconsideration of the Parliament. However, if
the bill is passed again by the Parliament with or without amendments & again presented to the
President, it is obligatory for the President to give his assent to the bill. The President does not possess
this veto in the case of money bills.
•
Pocket Veto
In this case, the President neither ratifies nor rejects nor returns the bill, but simply keeps the bill pending
for an indefinite period. This power of the President not to take any action (either positive or negative) on
the bill is known as pocket veto. There is no time limit for the President to give comment on bills under
this veto.
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Chapter
7
Emergency Provisions in India
Emergency provisions in India
Emergency provisions are adopted in India from Weimar Constitution of Germany.
In Indian constitution there are three kind of emergency provisions:
(1) Article 352 – National Emergency
(2) Article 356 – President’s Rule
(3) Article 360 – Financial Emergency
National Emergency (Article 352)
(a) If the President is satisfied that there exist a grave emergency whether due to war or external aggression or
armed rebellion, then President can proclaim emergency to that effect. Such a proclamation can be made
for the whole of India or any part thereof. The President can proclaim National Emergency only on the
written advice of the Cabinet.
(b) The President has power to revoke or modify the National Emergency. All such proclamations of
Emergency shall have to be sent to Parliament for approval & it ceases to be operational if not approved
within 1 month of the proclamation of Emergency. Such approval by Parliament is to be on the basis of
Special Majority of not less than 2/3rd of members present & voting & the majority of the House.
Emergency shall be imposed for not more than 6 months from the date of approval.
(c) At the expiry of 6 months it ceases unless approved by Parliament again. If Lok Sabha is dissolved then
proclamation of Emergency, it must be approved by the Rajya Sabha within 1 month & reconstituted Lok
Sabha must approve within 1 month of its reconstitution.
(d) Lok Sabha enjoys powers to disapprove continuation of Emergency at any stage. In such case if not less
than 1/10th of members (55) of Lok Sabha give in writing to the Speaker if Lok Sabha is in session or to the
President if Lok Sabha is not in the session, expressing intention to more resolution for the disapproval of
National Emergency. Then special session of Lok Sabha shall be convened within 14 days. If Lok Sabha
disapproves continuance of National Emergency then President shall have to revoke National Emergency.
Emergency in States on President’s Rule (Article 356)
Under Article 356 if the President is satisfied on the report of Governor or otherwise that there exists a grave
situation in a State where the administration of the State cannot be carried out in accordance with provisions
of Constitution, than he can:
(a) Takeover the administration of the State himself and
(b) Notify that the Parliament shall exercise jurisdiction over State subject for the State concerned, the President
cannot take over the powers conferred on the High Courts of State concerned.
Every proclamation made under Article 356 ceases to be in operation unless approved by both Houses of the
Parliament within 2 months after its proclamation. Once, approved by Parliament, Emergency shall be enforced
for not more than 6 months from the date of proclamation by the President.
Such an approval by the Parliament needs only simple Majority. If Lok Sabha stands dissolved then Rajya
Sabha shall have to approve it within 2 months & Lok Sabha shall approve it within 1 month of its
reconstitution. However, Parliament can extend it for a further period of 6 months only.
If it has to approve beyond 1 year then two conditions shall have to be satisfied.
➢ There shall be National Emergency in force either in whole of the State concerned on in part thereof.
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➢ Election Commission is satisfied that under prevailing conditions general election to State Legislative
Assembly of the State concerned cannot be held.
But under no circumstances, State Emergency cannot be extended beyond 3 years. To extend it further,
constitutional amendment is required.
Financial Emergency
Under Article 360 the President enjoys the power to proclaim the financial Emergency. If he is satisfied that a
situation has arisen that financial stability & credit of India or any part thereof is threatened he may proclaim
emergency to that effect.
All such proclamations:
(a) Can be varied or revoked by the President.
(b) Financial Emergency must be approved by the Parliament within 2 months after its proclamation. Once it
is approved, it will remain till the President revokes it.
Effects of Financial Emergency
(1) President is empowered to suspend the distribution of financial resources with States.
(2) President can issue directions to States to follow canons of financial propriety.
(3) He can direct State Govt. to decrease salaries allowances of Civil Servants & other Constitutional
dignitaries.
(4) President can direct the Govt. to resume all the financial & Money Bills passed by legislature for his
consideration. The President can issue directions for the reduction of salaries & allowances of Judges of
the Supreme Court & the High Courts.
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Chapter
8
State Legislature
State Legislature
The State Legislature Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
The Vidhan Sabha or the Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the state legislature in the different states
& for the two of the union territories, Delhi & Pondicherry. Members of a Vidhan Sabha are direct
representatives of the people of the particular state as they are directly elected by the adult suffrage. Each
Vidhan Sabha is formed for a five year term after which all seats are up for election. The maximum size of
Vidhan Sabha is not more than 500 members & not less than 60. However, the size of the Vidhan Sabha can be
less than 60 members through an Act of Parliament, such is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim & Mizoram.
The Governor can appoint one member to represent the Anglo-Indian community if he or she finds that
community to not be adequately represented in the House.
Qualification to be a member of Vidhan Sabha
1. To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha.
2. A person must be a citizen of India.
3. She/he must have attained 25 years of age.
4. She/he should be mentally sound & should not be bankrupt.
5. She/he should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him.
Comparing Vidhan Sabha & Lok Sabha
The position of Vidhan Sabha is relatively stronger than Lok Sabha when it comes to the relation with the
respective upper houses. The following are differences in the legislative procedures:
1. In case of Bills other than money Bills the position of Vidhan Sabha is stronger as compared to Lok Sabha.
While disagreement between the two Houses of the Union Parliament is resolved by “Joint Sitting”, there
is no such provision of solving the deadlock at the state level. The upper house at the state level can just
delay the bill for the maximum period of 4 months i.e. 3 months in first journey & 1 month in second
journey.
2. While the period for passing a Bill (other than money Bill) from Rajya Sabha is six months is the case of
Legislative Councils it is just three months.
Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad)
The Legislative Council is a permanent body that cannot be dissolved; each Member of the Legislative Council
(MLC) serves for a six-year term, with terms staggered so that the terms of one-third of a Council's members
expire every two years. This arrangement parallels that for the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament
of India. Six states in India have a Legislative Council: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka,
Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh.
Qualification to be a member of Vidhan Parishad
•
She/he must be citizen of India.
•
•
•
•
She/he must have attained at least 30 years of age.
She/he must be mentally sound.
She/he must not be a bankrupt.
She/he must be listed the voters' list of the state for which he or she is contesting an election.
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Election of members of Legislative Council
•
One-third of the members are elected by members of local bodies such as corporations, municipalities, &
Zilla Parishads.
•
One-third of the members are elected by members of Legislative Assembly from among the persons who
are not members of the Assembly.
•
One-twelfth of the members are elected by the persons who are graduates of three years standing residing
in that state.
•
One-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in educational institutions
within the state not lower than secondary schools, including colleges & universities.
•
One-sixth are nominated by the governor from persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields
such as literature, science, arts, the co-operative movement & social service.
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Chapter
Governor
9
Governor
The Governor is merely appointed by the President which really means, by the Union Council of Ministers.
The Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President, there is no security of his tenure. He can be
removed by the President at any time. There is no impeachment process for removal of Governors as
prescribed in constitution in the case of President.
The powers of Governors
Executive Powers of Governor
➢ The Governor appoints the Chief Minister who enjoys the support of the majority in the Vidhan Sabha.
➢ The Governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers & distributes portfolios to
them on the advice of the Chief Minister.
➢ He/she also appoints the Advocate General & the chairman & members of the State Public Service
Commission.
➢ The Governor appoints the judges of the District Courts.
Legislative Powers of Governor
➢ Summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature & prorogues them.
➢ Inaugurates the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections & also at the beginning of
the first session every year.
➢ Can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha. These powers are formal & the Governor while using these powers
must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
➢ The Governor's address on these occasions generally outlines new policies of the state Government.
➢ A bill that the state legislature has passed can become a law only after the Governor gives assent.
➢ Can return a bill to the state legislature, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration.
➢ Has the power to reserve certain bills for the President.
➢ When the state legislature is not in session & the Governor considers it necessary to have a law, then the
Governor can promulgate ordinances.
Financial Powers of Governor
➢ Money bills can be introduced in the State Legislative Assembly only on the prior recommendation of the
Governor.
➢ Governor also causes to be laid before the State Legislature the annual financial statement which is the
State Budget.
➢ Further no demand for grant shall be made except on his/her recommendation.
➢ He can also make advances out of the Contingency Fund of the State to meet any unforeseen expenditure.
➢ Governor constitutes the State Finance Commission.
Discretionary Powers of Governor
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There are situations when the Governor has to act as per his/her own judgment & take decisions on his own.
Such powers are called discretionary Powers:
➢ When no party gets a majority in the Vidhan Sabha, the Governor can either ask the leader of the single
largest party or the consensus leader of two or more to form the Government. The Governor then
appoints the leader of the largest party to Chief Minister.
➢ The Governor can send a report to the President informing him or her that the State's constitutional
functioning has been compromised & recommending the President impose "President's rule" upon the
state.
➢ Governor can reserve any Bill for the President.
Governor’s power of Veto
When a Bill is presented before the Governor after its passage by the house(s) of the state legislature, the
Governor may take any of the following steps:
1.
He may declare his assent to the Bill
2.
He may declare that he withholds his assent to the Bill
3.
He may (in case of a Bill other than money Bill), return the Bill with a message
4.
The Governor may also reserve a Bill for the consideration of President
The President enjoys absolute veto in the case of Bills reserved for him by the Governors. The president may
act in the following manner:
1.
In case of money Bill President may either declare his assent or withhold his assent.
2.
In the case of Bills other than money Bill the President apart from declaring his assent or refusing it, direct
the Governor to return the Bill to the Legislature for recommendations in such cases.
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Chapter
10
Local-Self Governance
Local Self-Governance
Panchayati Raj
❖ The Panchayati Raj System is the first tier or level of democratic government.
❖ The term Panchayati Raj in India signifies the system of rural local self-government. It was
constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992.
❖ The development of the village was the immediate problem faced by our country after independence.
Hence the Community Development Programme was launched in 1952 with a view to carrying out the
integral rural development work.
❖ Rajasthan was the first state to set up Panchayati Raj System in 1959 followed by Andhra Pradesh.
Main Provisions of 73rd Amendment Act
❖ This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India.
❖ It is entitled as ‘The Panchayats’ & consists of provisions from Articles 243(A) to 243 (O). In addition, the
act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. It contains 29 functional items of the
Panchayats.
❖ Fixing tenure of five years for Panchayats at all levels & holding fresh elections withing six months in the
event of super session of any Panchayat.
❖ Reservation of 1/3 seats (both members & chairpersons) for women in Panchayats at all the levels.
❖ The Act provides for a three-tier system of the Panchayati Raj in the states namely:
(i) Gram Panchayat at the Village level.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti at the Block level.
(iii) Zila Parishad at the District level.
Compulsory Provisions for Panchayati Raj Institutions
1.
Organisation of Gram Sabha in a village or group of villages.
2.
Establishment of Panchayats at the village, intermediate & district levels.
3.
4.
5.
21 years to be the minimum age for contesting elections to Panchayats.
Reservation of seats (both members & chairpersons) for SCs & STs in Panchayats at all the three levels.
Reservation of one-third seats (both members & chairpersons) for women in Panchayats at all the three
levels.
Fixing tenure of five years for Panchayats at all levels & holding fresh elections within six months in the
event of supersession of any Panchayat.
Establishment of a State Election Commission for conducting elections to the Panchayats.
Constitution of a State Finance Commission after every five years to review the financial position of the
panchayats.
6.
7.
8.
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Organisational Structure
(i) Gram Panchayat at the Village level
The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. The Pradhans (Presidents) of the
Gram Sabha are the ex-officio members of the Gram Panchayat.
Note: Gram Sabha means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral roles relating to a village
comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti at the Block level
The Panchayat Samiti has many Gram Panchayats under it. All the Presidents of the Panchayats within
the Block are the ex officio members of the ‘Panchayat Samitis’.
(iii) Zila Parishad at the District level
❖ Zila Parishad is an apex body under the Panchayati Raj. It co-ordinates the activities of the various
Panchayat Samitis.
❖ Zila Parishad actually makes developmental plans at the district level.
❖ With the help of Panchayat Samitis, it also regulates the money distribution among all the Gram
Panchayats.
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Chapter
11
Judiciary
Judiciary
Supreme Court of India
Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum & final court of appeal. According to the Constitution of
India, the role of the Supreme Court is that of a federal court & guardian of the Constitution.
Composition of Supreme Court
Under Article 124(1) the constitution originally provided for 1 Chief Justice of India & not more than 6 other
judges. The constitution authorizes the Parliament to provide by law in fixing the Strength of the judges of the
Supreme Court.
The Parliament passed the Supreme Court (Number of Judges), a Constitutional Amendment Act in 2008, it
has increased the strength of Supreme Court to 31 (1 Chief Justice + 30 other judges).
Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court
1. A person must be a citizen of India
2. He/she must have been, for at least five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in
succession
3. Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten years
4. Or the person must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
Removal of judges of Supreme Court
Article 124(4) provides for the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court. He is removed by the President upon
an address by both the Houses of the Parliament supported by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of members
present & voting & a majority of total strength of the House on the ground of misbehavior or incapacity.
The President shall pass the order of removal in the same session in which the Parliament passed the resolution.
Article 124(5) confers the power on the Parliament to provide by law for the procedure for the Presentation of
an address & for the investigation for proof of misbehavior or incapacity of a judge. Accordingly the Parliament
passed Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968 which states that a resolution seeking the removal of a judge of Supreme
Court can be introduced in either House of Parliament.
It is the highest judicial forum & final court of appeal as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution
of India. Articles 124 to 147 of the Constitution of India lay down the composition & jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court of India. The Supreme Court has Original jurisdiction, Appellate jurisdiction & Advisory jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court is the highest appellate court which takes up appeals against the verdicts of the High Courts
& other courts of the states & territories.
The Supreme Court has the power to transfer the cases from one High Court to another & even from one
District Court of a particular state to another District Court of the other state. The Supreme Court has the
power of Constitutional review. The Supreme Court of India held its inaugural sitting on 28 January 1950
ome Important Points on SC 1. The first woman judge of the Supreme Court was Justice Fatima Bibi in 1987. However, there has been no
female Chief Justice.
2.
Ad hoc Judges:
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(a) Ad hoc Judges are non-Supreme Court judges who sit in the Supreme Court when there is insufficient
quorum to perform the judicial duties.
(b) Ad hoc Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice after obtaining consent from the President.
(c) Serving(HC) & retired (SC & HC) judges of the Supreme Court (and High Courts) can sit & act as ad hoc
Judges of the Supreme Court.
(d) Only such persons can be appointed as ad hoc Judges who are qualified to be appointed as a regular Judge
of the Supreme Court
3. The Chief Justice administers the oath in front of the President.
4. The first Chief Justice of India was H J Kania (1950 – 1951).
5. The shortest tenure was for K N Singh (Nov 1991 – Dec 1991, UP)
6. The longest tenure was for Y V Chandrachud (1978 – 1985, Bombay)
JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT
(a) Original Jurisdiction:
1.
Original Jurisdiction means that certain types of cases can originate with the Supreme Court only.
2.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in :
(a) Disputes between the Centre & one or more states.
(b) Disputes between the Centre & any state(s) on one side & one or more states on the other side.
(c) Disputes between two or more states.
(d) Disputes regarding the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
(b) Appellate Jurisdiction:
Appellate Jurisdiction means that appeals against judgements of lower courts can be referred to SC as the
Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in the country.
(c) Advisory Jurisdiction:
1. Advisory Jurisdiction refers to the process where the President seeks the Court’s advice on legal matters.
2. If the President asks for advice from the Supreme Court, the Court is duty-bound to give it. However, it
is not binding on the President to accept the advice.
HIGH COURT
1.
The High Court is at the apex of the judicial administration of the state.
2.
Art 214 of the Constitution provides that there shall be a High Court for each state of the Indian union. But
the Indian Parliament is empowered to establish a common High Court for two or more states & to extend
the jurisdiction of a High Court to a union territory. Similarly, Parliament can also reduce the area of
jurisdiction of a High Court.
3.
The High Court consists of a Chief Justice & some other Judges. The number of judges is to be determined
by the President of Indian from time to time.
4.
The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court & the Governor of the state concerned. The procedure for appointing other judges is the
same except that the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted. HC JUDGE hold office
until they attain the age of 62 years & are removed from office in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme
Court.
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Qualification
A person shall be qualified for appointment as a judge of the High Court if
(a) he is a citizen of India,
(b) has for at least ten yeas held a judicial office in the territory of India, or
(c) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court, or of two or more such courts in succession.
Every judge of the High Court before entering upon his office shall make & subscribe before the Governor of
the state, an oath of affirmation in the form prescribed by the Constitution.
Removal of judges
A judge of the High Court shall hold office until he attains the age of 62 years. A judge may resign from his
office by writing under his hand to the president of India. He can also be removed by the President of India on
the ground of proved misbehavior or inefficiency if a resolution to that effect is passed by both the Houses of
Parliament by a two-thirds majority of the total members present & voting, supported by a majority of the total
membership of each house.
Jurisdiction of a HC:
The High Court has Original jurisdiction in such matters as writs & Appellate jurisdiction over all subordinate
courts in their jurisdiction. Every High court has the power to issue to any person or authority including any
Govt. within its jurisdiction, direction, or orders including writs which are in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus prohibition, quo-warranto & certiorari or any of them for enforcement of fundamental rights
conferred by part III of the constitution & for any other purpose.
(1) Election petitions challenging the elections of Members of Parliament or member of State Legislative
Assembly or other local bodies can be filed in the concerned High Court.
(2) The High Courts have Appellate jurisdiction in both civil & criminal cases against the decisions of lower
courts.
Under Revisory jurisdiction, the High Court is empowered to call for the records of any court to satisfy itself
about the correctness of the legality of the orders passed. This power may be exercised on the petition of the
interested party or it can suo moto call for the records & pass necessary orders.
All Courts excepting tribunals dealing with the Armed forces, are under the supervision of the High
Court.Tribunals dealing with the Armed forces are not under the supervision of HC.
This power is enjoyed under Art 227 of the Constitution. Thus administration of the state's judiciary is the
essential function of the High Court.
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Chapter
12
Union Territories
Union Territories
❖ Articles 239 to 241 in Part VIII of the Constitution deal with the union territories. Even though all the union
territories belong to one category, there is no uniformity in their administrative system.
❖ Every union territory is administered by the president acting through an administrator appointed by him.
An administrator of a union territory is an agent of the president & not head of state like a governor.
❖ The president can specify the designation of an administrator; it is Lieutenant Governor in the case of Delhi,
Puducherry & Andaman & Nicobar Islands & Administrator in the case of Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli, Daman & Diu & Lakshadweep.
❖ The Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists (including the State List) for the union
territories. This power of Parliament also extends to Puducherry & Delhi, which have their own local
legislatures but the legislative assembly of both (Delhi & Puducherry) can also make laws on any subject
of the State List & Concurrent List. This means that the legislative power of Parliament for the union
territories on subjects of the State List remain unaffected even after establishing a local legislature for them.
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Chapter
13
Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir
Special Status of Jammu & Kashmir
Article 370 in Part XXI of the Constitution grants a special status to it. Accordingly, all the provisions of the
Constitution of India do not apply to it. It is also the only state in the Indian Union which has its own separate
Constitution.
The important features of the special state are as follows:
1. Contrary to the case with the other states, the residuary power lies with the legislature of the Jammu &
Kashmir (and not the Parliament).
2.
The state has its own Constitution. This also implies that ‘dual citizenship’ principle is followed in this
state.
3.
Part-IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) & Part- IV(A) (Fundamental Duties) are not applicable to the
state.
4.
The National Emergency proclaimed only on the ground of war or external aggression shall have automatic
extension to the state of J&K. This means that the National Emergency proclaimed on the ground of armed
rebellion shall not have automatic extension to J&K.
5.
Financial Emergency (Art 360) cannot be imposed on the state.
6.
Art. 19(1) & 31(2) have not been abolished for this state & hence “right to property” still stands guaranteed
to the people of J&K.
7.
The Parliament is not empowered to make laws on the subjects of state list (7th schedule) for the state of
J&K under any circumstance.
8.
The Governor of the state is to be appointed only after consultation with the Chief Minister of that state.
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Chapter
14
Government Bodies
GOVENRNMENT BODIES
(1) Election Commission
➢ The Election Commission is a permanent, independent body established by the Constitution of India
directly to ensure free & fair elections in the country. Article 324 of the Constitution provides that the power
of superintendence, direction & control of elections to parliament, state legislatures, the office of president
of India & the office of vice-president of India shall be vested in the election commission.
➢ Elections are conducted according to the constitutional provisions supplemented by laws made by
Parliament.
➢ The major laws are Representation of the People Act, 1950, which mainly deals with the preparation &
revision of electoral rolls, & the Representation of the People Act, 1951, which deals in detail with all aspects
of conduct of elections & past election disputes.
➢ The electoral system in India in borrowed from the one operating in Great Britain. Presently, the Election
Commission consists of one Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) & two Election Commissioners.
➢ The Commission works under the overall supervision of the Chief Election Commissioner.
➢ The tenure of the CEC & the Election Commissioners has been fixed as six years, subject to the maximum
age limit of 65 years (whichever is earlier).
➢ The Chief Election Commissioner & the Election Commissioners are placed at par in matters of salary &
allowances & they are the same as those of a judge of Supreme Court.
➢ The Chief Election Commissioner is not eligible for reappointment.
➢ The Election Commission is not concerned with the elections to Panchayats & municipalities in the states.
➢ The elections to the Panchayats & the municipalities in the states are conducted by ‘State Election
Commissions’.
Independence of CEC
Article 324 of the Constitution has made the following provisions to safeguard & ensure the independent &
impartial functioning of the Election Commission:
1. The Chief Election Commissioner is provided with the security of tenure. He cannot be removed from his
office except in same manner & on the same grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court.
2. The Election Commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the recommendation of the Chief
Election Commissioner.
Powers & functions
1. To determine the territorial areas of the electoral constituencies throughout the country on the basis of the
Delimitation Commission Act of Parliament.
2. To prepare & periodically revise electoral rolls & to register all eligible voters.
3. To notify the dates & schedules of elections & to scrutinize nomination papers.
4. To grant recognition to political parties & allot election symbols to them.
5. To act as a court for settling disputes related to granting of recognition to political parties & allotment of
election symbols to them.
6. To determine the code of conduct to be observed by the parties & the candidates at the time of elections.
7. To advise the President on matters relating to the disqualification of the members of Parliament.
8. To advise the governor on matters relating to the disqualification of the members of state legislature.
9. To cancel polls in the event of rigging, booth capturing, violence & other irregularities.
10. To register political parties for the purpose of elections & grant them the status of national or state parties
on the basis of their poll performance.
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Union Public Service Commission
➢ With the promulgation of the new Constitution for independent India on 26th January, 1950, the Federal
Public Service Commission was accorded a constitutional status as an autonomous entity & given the title
– Union Public Service Commission.
➢ The UPSC has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India. The Commission consists of
a Chairman & ten Members.
➢ The chairman & members of the commission hold office for a term of six years or until they attain the age
of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
➢ It is an independent constitutional body.
➢ The main function of UPSC is Recruitment to services & promotions on the posts under the Union through
conduct of competitive examinations.
State Public Service Commission
➢ A state public service commission consists of a chairman & other members appointed by the governor of
the state. But they can be removed only by the President.
➢ It is an independent constitutional body.
➢ The chairman & members of the commission hold office for a term of six years or until they attain the age
of 62 years, whichever is earlier.
➢ The main function of SPSC is to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the state.
Joint State Public Service Commission
➢ The Constitution makes a provision for the establishment of a Joint State Public Service Commission
(JSPSC) for two or more states.
➢ A JSPSC can be created by an act of Parliament on the request of the state legislatures concerned. Thus, a
JSPSC is a statutory & not a constitutional body.
➢ The chairman of JSPSC is appointed by the President.
Comptroller & Auditor General
➢ The Constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an independent office of the Comptroller & Auditor
General of India (CAG).
➢ It is the supreme audit institution of India.
➢ He is the head of the Indian Audit & Accounts Department & the guardian of the public purse & controls
the entire financial system of the country at both the levels—the Centre & the state.
Appointment & term
➢ The CAG is appointed by the President of India. He holds office for a period of six years or up to the age
of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
➢ He can resign any time from his office by addressing the resignation letter to the president. He can also be
removed by the President on same grounds & in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
Main function of the CAG
1. He audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India & consolidated
fund of each state.
2. He audits all expenditure from the Contingency Fund of India & the Public Account of India as well as
the contingency fund of each state & the public account of each state.
3. He audits the accounts of any other authority when requested by the President or Governor.
Note: He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of the Centre to President & relating to the
accounts of a state to governor.
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Attorney General of India
➢ Art. 76 states that the President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the
Supreme Court to be the Attorney General of India.
➢ He is the first legal officer of the Government of India.
➢ The term of office of the AGI is not fixed by the Constitution of India.
➢ He holds office during the pleasure of the President & receives remuneration as the President may
determine. Although, he is not a member of either House of Parliament, he enjoys the right to attend &
speak in the Parliamentary deliberations & meeting (of both the Lok Sabha & the Rajya Sabha), without a
right to vote.
➢ He advises the Government of India on any legal matter.
➢ He performs any legal duties assigned by the President of India.
➢ He discharges any functions conferred on him by the Constitution or the President.
➢ In the performance of his official duties, the Attorney General has the right of audience in all courts in the
territory of India.
➢ He is entitled to all the privileges & immunities as a Member of Parliament.
Note: The Constitution (Article 165) has provided for the office of the advocate general for the states. He is
the highest law officer in the state. Thus he corresponds to the Attorney General of India. He is appointed by
the Governor of the state.
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Chapter
15
Parliamentary Funds
Parliamentary Funds
Consolidated Fund of India
1. Article 266 has established Consolidated Fund of India.
2. It is a constitutional fund.
3. All the receipts received, loans raised & the income of the Government of India are deposited into a Fund
called the Consolidated Fund of India.
4. It is the largest fund of the Government of India & any amount of money can be deposited into this account.
5. It is a regular fund of Government of India.
6. All expenditures of the Government of India are spent out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
7. It has been placed at the disposal of the Parliament. No money can be deposited into withdrawn or
appropriated out of the Consolidated Fund of India without the prior sanction of the Parliament. Article
266 has also created a separate Consolidated Fund for each State.
Public Account of India
Under Article 266 any money other than the receipts, loans & the income received by the Govt. of India is
deposited into an account called the Public Account of India. The Public Account of India is placed at the
disposal of the President article 266 has also created public account for each states.
Contingency Fund of India
Article 267 empowers the Parliament to provide by law for the establishment of a public fund called the
Contingency Fund of India. Accordingly, the Parliament enacted the Contingency Fund of India (Misc.
Provisions Act) 1950, which has created the contingency Fund of India with an upper limit of Rs. 50 Cr. It is not
a regular fund of Govt. of India & it is used to meet on unforeseen expenditures of the Govt. of India. It is placed
at the disposal of President who can provide the sanction for meeting an emergency expenditure out of
contingency Fund of India.
The Fund is used when the Parliament is not in a position to sanction money out of Consolidated Fund of India
to meet an unforeseen expenditure. The money so sanctioned out of contingency fund of India by the President
is placed before the Parliament for its approval subsequently. If the Parliament approves the expenditure then
the equal amount of money is transferred from Consolidated Fund of India to Contingency Fund of India. Thus
the Contingency Fund is replenished by the Contingency Fund. The Parliament by law may increase the upper
limit of Contingency Fund either permanently or temporarily.
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Chapter
16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Some Important Points
The estimate of expenditure in respect of a Ministry/Department not charged upon the Consolidated
Fund of India, placed for approval before the House on the recommendations of the President -Demand
for Grant.
A Bill passed annually (or at various times of the year) providing for the withdrawal or appropriation
from & out of the Consolidated Fund of India of moneys by Lok Sabha & moneys charged on the
Consolidated Fund for the services of a financial year or a part thereof-Appropriation Bill.
A motion for reduction of a demand for grant by or to a specified amount-Cut motion.
Cut motion can be of three types ‐ Disapproval of policy cut, Economy cut & Token cut.
A grant made by Lok Sabha in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure of the Government of
India for a part of a financial year pending the voting of Demands for Grants for the financial year. A
Motion for Vote on Account is dealt with in the same way as if it were a demand for grant-Vote on
Account.
The first hour of a sitting of the House normally allotted for asking & answering of questions-Question
Hour.
Motions in Parliament
(1) Private Member’s business
Every member who is not a Minister is called a Private Member. The Private Member’s business includes
Private Member’s Bills & Private Member’s Resolutions. The period of notice for introduction of Bill is
one month unless the Presiding officer allows introduction at a shorter notice.
(2) Question Hour
Normally, the first hour of the business of a House everyday is devoted to questions & is called Question
Hour (11:00 AM to 12:00 Noon).
(3) Starred & Unstarred Questions
A starred question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House. Answer to such a
question may be followed by five supplementary questions by other members. An unstarred question is
one to which written answer is desired by the Member. No supplementary questions can be asked
thereon.
(4) Short Notice Questions
These are related to matter of urgent public importance & can be asked by members with notice shorter
than the 10 days prescribed for an ordinary question. It is for the Speaker to determine whether the
matter is of real urgent nature or not.
(5) Adjournment Motions
An adjournment motion is an extra-ordinary procedure which if admitted leads to setting aside the
normal business of the House for discussing a definite matter of Urgent Public importance.
(6) Calling Attention
It is a notice by which a member with the prior permission of the Speaker, Calls the attention of a
Minister of any matter of urgent public importance & the Minister may make a brief statement or ask for
time to make a statement at a later hour or date it is an Indian Innovation.
There is no calling attention Notice in the Rajya Sabha. Instead there exists a motion called ‘Motion for
Papers.’
(7) Privilege Motion
This motion is moved by a member if in his opinion any minister or any of the members commits a
breach of privilege of the House by withholding any fact.
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Chapter
17
GST & Union Budget
A Brief on GST
GST is one indirect tax for the whole nation, which will make India one unified common market. GST is a
single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. Credits of input
taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stage of value addition, which makes GST
essentially a tax only on value addition at each stage. The final consumer will thus bear only the GST charged
by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all the previous stages.
It will be a national sales tax that will be levied on either consumption of goods or use of services. It will
replace 16 current levies -seven central taxes like excise duty and service tax and nine state taxes like VAT
and entertainment tax, this will lead to one market with one tax rate. France was the first country to
implement the GST in 1954.
GST Council finalises the tax rates on Goods & Services under the 4-slab structure
GST Council finalised tax rates on goods and services under the four-slab structure with essential items of
daily use being kept in the lowest bracket of 5 percent.
Key Points on Union Budget
In a parliamentary democracy like India, where the Constitution is the supreme document with defined roles
for the government to function effectively, it is imperative for the government to work for the welfare of the
state and its citizens. To discharge these functions effectively and upgrade the country’s economic and social
structure, the government requires adequate resources.
Article 112: A statement of estimated receipts and expenditure of Govt. of India has to be laid before the
parliament.
Article 77 (3): The union Finance Minister of India has been made responsible by the President of India to
prepare the annual financial statement and present it in Parliament.
Article 114: The government can withdraw money from the Consolidated Fund of India only on approval
from Parliament.
There are three major categories of government accounts:
1. Consolidated Fund
2. Contingency Fund
3. Public Account
Nodal agency responsible for producing the Union Budget: The department of economic affair under the
Ministry of Finance.
The Annual Financial Statement or The Budget contains:
➢ Estimates of expenditure.
➢ Ways and means to raise the revenue.
➢ Actual figures for preceding year.
➢ Budget and revised figures for the current year.
➢ Budget estimates for the following year.
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In parliament, the budget goes through 5 stages:
1. Presentation of budget with Finance Minister’s speech.
2. General discussion of the budget.
3. Voting on demand for grants in Lok Sabha
4. Passing of appropriation bills.
5. Passing of Finance bills.
The Parts of Budget:
(1) Revenue Budget: All ‘current receipts’ such as taxation, surplus of public enterprises, and ‘expenditures’
of the Government.
(2) Capital Budget: All ‘Capital receipts’ and ‘expenditure’ such as domestic and foreign loans, loan
repayments, foreign aid etc.
The inspection of budget proposals:
❖ Committee on Estimates
❖ Constituted for the first time in 1950, is a Parliamentary Committee consisting of 30 Members
❖ Term of office of the Committee is one year.
❖ The functions of the Estimates Committee are:
(a) To report what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reform, consistent
with the policy underlying the estimates may be effected.
(b) To suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration;
(c) To examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates;
(d) To suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament.
Cut Motion:
❖ A veto power given to the members of the Lok Sabha to oppose a demand in the financial bill discussed
by the government.
❖ There are three types of Cut Motions:
(1) Disapproval or Policy Cut: The amount of the demand be reduced by Re. 1.
(2) Economy Cut: the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount to affect economy in the
expenditure.
(3) Token Cut: The amount of the demand be reduced by Re. 100.
The bills are forwarded to the Rajya Sabha for comment.
Rajya Sabha is bounded to return the bill within 14 days.
The Lok Sabha, however, is not obligated to accept the comments and the Rajya Sabha cannot delay
passage of these bills.
Important Facts related to Budget:
➢ The first Union Budget of Independent India was presented by the first Finance Minister of Independent
India, Sir R.K. Shanmugham Chetty, on November 26, 1947.
➢ Indira Gandhi, the then prime minister who also held the finance portfolio, she became the first woman
finance minister of India to present a Budget in Parliament.
➢ In 2001, Yashwant Sinha, broke the colonial practice of announcing the Union Budget at 5 in the evening.
Instead, he delivered his Budget speech at 11 am on the last working day of February.
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➢ Former prime minister of India Morarji Desai, who presented 10 Union Budgets in his role as finance
minister, is crediting with presenting the highest number of Union Budgets in the history of Independent
India.
➢ The Budget presented by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley for the financial year 2017-18 was unprecedented
in that, for the first time ever, a Railway Budget was not presented separately. This practice was
discontinued and both Union Budget and Railway Budget were merged and presented together.
ARTICLES RELATED TO BILLS
Article 107 : Provisions as to introduction & passing of Bills
Article 108 : Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
Article 109 : Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
Article 110 : Definition of “Money Bills”
Article 111 : Assent to Bills
Article 112 : Annual financial statement
Article 113 : Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
Article 114 : Appropriation Bills
Article 115 : Supplementary, additional or excess grants
Article 116 : Votes on account, votes of credit & exceptional grants
Article 117 : Special provisions as to financial Bills
Article 118 : Rules of procedure
Article 119 : Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
Article 120 : Language to be used in Parliament
Article 121 : Restriction on discussion in Parliament
Article 122 : Courts not inquire into proceedings of Parliament
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Chapter
Index
18
Name
Tenure
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
Dr. Zakir Hussain
V.V. Giri (Vice-President) #
Justice M. Hidayatullah*
V.V. Giri
F. Ali Ahmed
B.D. Jatti#
N. Sanjiva Reddy
Gaini Jail Singh
R. Venkataraman
Dr. S.D. Sharma
K.R. Narayanan
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Mrs. Pratibha Patil
Mr. Pranab Mukherjee
Mr. Ram Nath Kovind
#Acting; *First Chief-Justice to be appointed President.
From
1950
1962
1967
1969
1969
1969
1974
1977
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
2012
2017
To
1962
1967
1969
1969
1969
1974
1977
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
2012
2017
Till Date
VICE-PRESIDENTS OF INDIA
Name
Tenure
From
1952
1962
1967
1969
1974
1979
1984
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
2017
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Dr. Zakir Hssain
V.V. Giri
Bal Swaroop Pathka
Dr. M. Jatti
Justice Mohd. Hidayatullah
S. Venkataraman
Dr. shankar Dayal Sharma
K.R. Narayanan
Krishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Sekhawat
Hamid Ansari
Venkaiah Naidu
To
1962
1967
1969
1974
1979
1984
1987
1992
1977
2002
2007
2017
Till Date
PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA
Name
Tenure
From
1947
1964
1964
1966
1966
1977
1979
Jawahar Lal Nehru
Gulzari Lal Nanda
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Gulzari Lal Nanda
Indira Gandhi
Morarji Desai
Charan Singh
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To
1964
1964
1966
1966
1977
1979
1970
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Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
V.P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
P.V. Narasimha Rao
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
H.D. Deve Gowda
I.K. Gujral
Atabl Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Dr. Manmohan Singh
Dr. Manmohan Singh
Narendra Damodardas Modi
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1980
1984
1989
1990
1991
1996
1996
1997
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
1984
1989
1990
1991
1996
1996
1997
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
Till Date
TABLE OF PRECEDENCE (GOVT. OF INDIA)
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Governors of States within their respective States
Former Presidents
Deputy Prime Minister
Chief Justice of India
a. Speaker of Lok Sabho
Cabinet Ministers of the Union
a. Chief Minister of States within their respective States
b. Dy. Chairman, Planning Commission
c. Former Prime Ministers
d. Leaders of opposition in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
Holders of Bharat Ratna decoration
LIST OF IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS
❖ First Amendment 1951 : Added Ninth Schedule.
❖ Seventh Amendment 1956 : Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic basis.
❖ Eighth Amendment 1959: Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and AngloIndians in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 gears from 1960 to 1970.
❖ The Ninth Amendment 1960 Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 IndoPak agreement.
❖ The Tenth Amendment 1961 : Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.
❖ Twelfth Amendment 1962 Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.
❖ Thirteenth Amendment 1962 : Created Nagaland as a State.
❖ S. Fourteenth Amendment 1963 : Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French terrritories
were included in the I schedule as UT of Pondicherry.
❖ Eighteenth Amendment 1966 : Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.
❖ Twenty first Amendment 1967 : Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.
❖ Twenty second Amendment 1969 : Created a sub-state of Meghalaya within Assam.
❖ Twenty third Amendment 1969: Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of AngloIndians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).
❖ Twenty sixth Amendment 1971: Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely
states.
❖ Twenty seventh Amendment 1971 : Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh as UTs.
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❖ Thirty first Amendment 1973 : Increased the elective strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit of
representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.
❖ Thirty sixth Amendments 1975 : Made Sikkim a State.
❖ Thirty eighth Amendment 1975 : Provided that the President can make a declaration of emergency, and
the promulgation of ordinances by the President, Governors and the Administrative Heads of UTs would
be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorised the President to declare different kinds
of emergencies.
❖ Thirty ninth Amendment 1975: Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election to Parliament of a person
holding the office of PM or Speaker and election of the President and Prime Minister.
❖ Forty second Amendment 1976 : Provided supremacy of Parliament and gave primacy to Directive
Principles over Fundamental Rights. It also added 10 Fundamental Duties. New wards- Socialist, Secular
and Unity and Integrity of the Nation, were added in the preamble.
❖ Forty fourth Amendment 1978 : The Right to Property was deleted from Part Ill. Article 352 was amended
to provide ‘Armed Rebellion’ as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency.
❖ Forty fifth Amendment 1985 Extended reservation for SC/ST by another 10 years (till 1990).
❖ Fifty second Amendment 1985 : Added the Tenth Schedule (regarding anti-defection).
❖ Fifty third Amendment 1986 : Mizoram was made a state.
❖ Fifty fifth Amendment 1986: Conferred statehood to Arunachal Pradesh.
❖ Fifty sixth Amendment 1987 : Hindi version of the Constitution of India was accepted for all purposes.
The UT of Goa, Damon and Diu was divided and Goa was made a State. Daman and Diu remained as a
UT.
❖ Sixty first Amendment 1989: Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for the LS as well as Assemblies.
❖ Sixty first Amendment 1989 : Also extended reservation of seats for SC/ST till 2000 AD.
❖ Seventy first Amendment 1992 : Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule.
❖ Seventy third Amendment 1993 : (Panchayati Raj Bill) Provided among other things Gram Sabha in
Villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in panchayats
and reservation of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.
❖ Seventy fourth Amendment 1993 : (Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, constitution of
three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the
backward classes.
❖ Eighty second Amendment 2000 : Reinstaled the provision of reservation of SC and STs in matters related
to promotion. Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them has also been lowered.
❖ Eighty fourth Amendment 2001 : Extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly seats till 2026.
❖ Eighty sixth Amendment 2002 : Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 614 years.
❖ Eighty seventh Amendment 2003 : Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of the
Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas).
❖ Ninety first Amendment 2003 : Amended the Anti-Defection Law and also mode a provision that the
number of ministers in the Central & State Govts. cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha &
respected Vidhan Sabha.
❖ Ninety second Amendment 2003: Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Dogri added into the VIII Schedule.
❖ Ninety third Amendment 2005: To reserve seats for socially and educationally backward classes, besides
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, in private unaided institutions other than those run by
minorities.
❖ Ninety fourth Amendments 2006: To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand
and Chhattisgarh.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is the minimum age required to become
vice-president of India?
(a) 30 years
(b) 35 years
(c) 40 years
(d) 37 years
Which of the following "writ" of the High Court
or the Supreme Court is issued to restrain a
person from holding a public office which he is
not entitled to?
(a) Centiorari
(b) Mandamus
(c) Prohibition
(d) Quo Warranto
NITI Aayog has been formed to replace which of
the following institution?
(a) Planning Commission
(b) IRDA
(c) Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
(d) Department of Information Technology
How many fundamental Rights are mentioned in
Indian constitution?
(a) Five
(b) Six
(c) Seven
(d) Eight
Which of the following Article/Articles cannot
be suspended even during emergency?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 20 and 21
(c) Article 22 and 23
(d) Article 24 and 25
In which year was Communist Party of India Marxist (CPI-M) founded?
(a) 1885
(b) 1980
(c) 1984
(d) 1964
Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labour,
and children working under 14 years of age?
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Right to Freedom of Religion
In which year was Nationalist Congress Party
(NCP) founded?
(a) 1949
(b) 1999
(c) 1972
(d) 1997
Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution states that every person has the
right to practice, profess and propagate the
religion of their choice.
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Right to Freedom of Religion
316
10. Whose recommendation is mandatory to
impeach the President of India from his office
5before the completion of his/her term?
(a)The Prime Minister
(b)The Speaker of the LokSabha
(c) The Chief Justice of India
(d) Two houses of the parliament
11. How many types of writ are there in the Indian
Constitution?
(a)5
(b)4
(c) 3
(d) 2
12. Which of the following is not included in the
Directive Principles of State Policy?
(a) Prohibition of Liquor
(b) Right to Work
(c) Equal Wage for Equal Work
(d) Right to Information
13. How many Fundamental Duties are mentioned
in Indian constitution?
(a) Five
(b) Seven
(c) Nine
(d) Eleven
14. Part IV of constitution of India deals with which
of the following?
(a) The Union
(b) The States
(c) Fundamental Rights
(d) Directive Principles of State Policy
15. In Indian constitution, the method of election of
President has been taken from which country?
(a) Britain
(b) USA
(c) Ireland
(d) Australia
16.What is the literal meaning of the term "QuoWarranto"?
(a) We command
(b) To forbid
(c) By what authority (or) warrant
(d) None of these
17. Who administers the oath of the President of
India?
(a) Governor General of India
(b) Chief Justice of India
(c) Prime Minister of India
(d) Vice President of India
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18. Who among the following gave monistic theory
of sovereignty?
(a) Austin
(b) Darwin
(c) Aristotle
(d) Marx
19. Which of the following are constituents of Indian
Parliament?
(i) The President
(ii) The Council of States (RajyaSabha)
(iii) The House of the People (LokSabha)
OPTIONS
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
20. Who among the following is the executive head
of state in India?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Cabinet Secretary
(d) Finance Secretary
21. Which of the following has the supreme
command of the Indian Defence Forces?
(a) Prime Minister of India
(b) Defence Minister of India
(c) Council of Ministers of India
(d) President of India
22. Anti-defection law is given in which schedule of
Indian constitution?
(a) Second Schedule
(b) Tenth Schedule
(c) Third Schedule
(d) Fourth Schedule
23. The function of the judiciary is:
(a) To enforce laws
(b) To interpret laws
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of the above
24. Who appoints Governor of a state in India?
(a) Prime Minister of India
(b) Council of Minister
(c) Judge of Supreme Court
(d) President of India
25. What is the literal meaning of 'Certiorari'?
(a) We command
(b) To have the body of
(c) To forbid
(d) To be certified (or) to be informed
26. Who among the following is not a member of any
of the two houses of our country?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Finance Minister
(c) President
(d) Railway Minister
27. Which article of Indian constitution has the
provision for National Emergency?
(a) Article 350
(b) Article 352
(c) Article 312
(d) Article 280
317
28. Fundamental duties are mentioned in which of
the following part of Indian Constitution?
(a) Part II
(b) Part III
(c) Part V
(d) Part IV A
29. What is the minimum age for becoming a
Governor of state in India?
(a) 30 years
(b) 25 years
(c) 35 years
(d) 45 years
30. Which of the following is a feature of federal
Government?
(a) Supremacy of Parliament
(b) Supremacy of Judiciary
(c) Division of powers between federal and state
Government
(d) Single citizenship
31. Under which article, President of India can
proclaim financial emergency?
(a) Article 32
(b) Article 349
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 355
32. Under which article, President of India
can proclaim constitutional emergency?
(a) Article 32
(b) Article 349
(c) Article 356
(d) Article 360
33. How many members of upper house
(RajyaSabha) can be nominated by
President of India?
(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 14
(d) 16
34. Which of the following is justiciable in
nature?
(a) Fundamental Duties
(b) Directive principles of state policy
(c) Fundamental Rights
(d) None of these
35. Which of the following Amendments is
also known as the 'Mini Constitution' of
India?
(a) 7th Amendment
(b) 42nd Amendment
(c) 44th Amendment
(d) 74th Amendment
36. Which of the following right has been removed
from fundamental rights and converted to a
simple legal right?
(a) Right to life and personal liberty
(b) Right to property
(c) Right to education
(d) Right to freedom of religion
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37. Which of the following does not come under
Fundamental Duty?
(a) To safeguard public property
(b) To protect and improve the natural
environment
(c) To promote harmony
(d) To protect freedom of speech and expression
38. Comptroller and Auditor General of India is
appointed for how many years?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 5
39. Who is the custodian of Contingency Fund of
India?
(a) The Prime Minister
(b) Judge of Supreme Court
(c) The President
(d) The Finance Minister
40. Which of the following Country doesn't have a
written Constitution?
(a) United Kingdom
(b) Australia
(c) United States of America
(d) Bangladesh
41. In the Indian Parliamentary System, 'Vote on
Account' is valid for how many months (except
the year of elections)?
(a) 2 months
(b) 3 months
(c) 6 months
(d) 9 months
42. India has taken the concept of 'Judicial Review'
from which country's constitution?
(a) United States
(b) United Kingdom
(c) Canada
(d) Ireland
43. How many times a person can be elected as the
President of India?
(a) One time
(b) Two times
(c) Three times
(d) No bar
44. Which article was referred to as the 'the heart and
soul' of the constitution by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar?
(a) Article 4
(b) Article 32
(c) Article 28
(d) Article 30
45. Which of the following provision needs a special
majority in Parliament?
(a) Change in Fundamental Rights
(b) Creation of New States
(c) Abolition of Legislative Councils in State
(d) Rules and Procedures in Parliament
318
46. Which of the following is not a fundamental
duty?
(a) To abide by constitution and respect the
National Flag
(b) To promote harmony and brotherhood
(c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty
(d) Abolition of titles except military and
academic
47. Which article can be used by the President of
India to declare financial emergency?
(a) Article 32
(b) Article 349
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 365
48. ______________ means that the Supreme Court
will reconsider the case and the legal issues
involved in it.
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(b) Writ Jurisdiction
(c) Appellate Jurisdiction
(d) Advisory Jurisdiction
49. Which amendment of the Constitution of India
increased the age of retirement of High Court
judges from 60 to 62 years?
(a) 10th
(b) 12th
th
(c) 15
(d) 245th
50. "United Nations Organization" is listed in the
__________ list given in the Seventh Schedule in
the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
51. Constituent Assembly of India was founded in
the year ________.
(a) 1940
(b) 1946
(c) 1947
(d) 1950
52. Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution allows citizens to move the court if
they believe that any of their Fundamental Rights
have been violated by the State?
(a) Cultural and Educational Rights
(b) Right to Constitutional Remedies
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Right to Freedom of Religion
53. _____________ means cases that can be directly
considered by the Supreme Court without going
to the lower courts before that.
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(d) Writ Jurisdiction
(c) Appellate Jurisdiction
(d) Advisory Jurisdiction
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54. Under which of the following jurisdiction any
individual whose fundamental right has been
violated, can directly move the Supreme Court
forremedy?
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(b) Writ Jurisdiction
(c) Appellate Jurisdiction
(d) Advisory Jurisdiction
55. ________ means that the President of India can
refer any matter that is of public importance or
that
which
involves
interpretation
of
Constitution to Supreme Court for advice.
(a) Original Jurisdiction
(b) Writ Jurisdiction
(c) Appellate Jurisdiction
(d) Advisory Jurisdiction
56. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Rajya Sabha constituency) in Sikkim.
(a) 11
(b) 19
(c) 10
(d) 1
57. "Trade unions" is listed in the __________ list
given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution
of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
58. __________writ is issued by a higher court (High
Court or Supreme Court) when a lower court has
considered a case going beyond its jurisdiction.
(a) Habeas Corpus
(c) Mandamus
(c) Prohibition
(d) Quo Warranto
59. In which year was All India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) founded?
(a) 1949
(b) 1999
(c) 1972
(d) 1997
60. Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution includes equal access to shops,
bathing, ghats, hotels etc?
(a) Right to Liberty and Personal Freedom
(b) Right to Freedom of Religion
(c) Right to Equality
(d) Cultural and Educational Rights
61. President of India can refer any matter that is of
public importance or that which involves
interpretation of Constitution to ____________
(a) loksabha
(b) Cabinet
(c) Parliament
(d) Supreme Court
319
62. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Rajya Sabha constituency) in Tripura.
(a) 7
(b) 1
(c) 18
(d) 10
63. "Taxes on lands and buildings" is listed in the
__________ list given in the Seventh Schedule in
the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
64. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Rajya Sabha constituency) in Maharashtra.
(a) 11
(b) 19
(c) 10
(d) 1
65. "Forests" is listed in the __________ list given in
the Seventh Schedule in the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
66. Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution states that all persons shall be
equally protected by the laws of the country?
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Right to Freedom of Religion
67. "Foreign jurisdiction" is listed in the __________
list given in the Seventh Schedule in the
Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
68. Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution
includes
abolition
of
untouchability?
(a) Right to Liberty and Personal Freedom
(b) Right to Freedom of Religion
(c) Right to Equality
(d) Cultural and Educational Rights
69. "Betting and gambling" is listed in the __________
list given in the Seventh Schedule in the
Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
70. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Lok Sabha constituency) in West Bengal.
(a) 42
(b) 2
(c) 14
(d) 40
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71. "Prevention of cruelty to animals" is listed in the
__________ list given in the Seventh Schedule in
the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
72. ___________ makes laws on matters included in
Union List and Concurrent List.
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Ministry of Defence
(c) Prime Minister's Office
(d) Securities and Exchange Board of India
73. "Population control and family planning" is listed
in the __________ list given in the Seventh
Schedule in the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
74. _______ is issued when the court finds that a
particular office holder is not doing legal duty
and thereby is infringing on the right of an
individual.
(a) Habeas Corpus
(b) Mandamus
(c) Prohibition
(d) Quo Warranto
75. "Central
Bureau
of
Intelligence
and
Investigation" is listed in the __________ list
given in the Seventh Schedule in the Constitution
of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
76. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Rajya Sabha constituency) in Odisha.
(a) 11
(b) 19
(c) 10
(d) 1
77. "Reserve Bank of India" is listed in the __________
list given in the Seventh Schedule in the
Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
78. _________ can give the Union parliament power
to make laws on matters included in the State list.
(a) Ministry of Defence
(b) Prime Minister's Office
(c) Securities and Exchange Board of India
(d) Rajya Sabha
79. "Naval, military and air force" is listed in the
__________ list given in the Seventh Schedule in
the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
320
80. There are total _________ parliamentary seats
(Lok Sabha constituency) in Uttarakhand.
(a) 14
(b)5
(c) 80
(d) 2
81. "Taxes on agricultural income" is listed in the
__________ list given in the Seventh Schedule in
the Constitution of India.
(a) Union
(b) State
(c) Global
(d) Concurrent
82. __________can
approves
constitutional
amendments.
(a) Rajya Sabha and loksabha
(b) Ministry of Defence
(b) Prime Minister's Office
(d) Securities and Exchange Board of India
83. Which of the following is not provided in the
constitution?
(a) Election Commission
(b) Finance Commission
(c) Public Service Commission
(d) Planning Commission
84. Right to Privacy comes under______________.
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 20
(c) Article 21
(d) Article 18
85. Right to Constitutional Remedies comes under
________________
(a) Legal rights
(b) Fundamental rights
(c) Human rights
(d) Natural rights
86. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
submits his report relating to the accounts of the
Union to the ______________.
(a) Finance Minister
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
(d) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
87. The Residuary powers of legislation under
Indian Constitution rests with (a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Parliament
(d) States
88. Appointments for all India Services are made by(a) UPSC
(b) President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Parliament
89. The Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative
Assembly has a tenure of _____________
(a) Six years
(b) Five years
(c) Four years
(d) Seven years
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90. Which one of the following Committees is
described as the 'twin sister' of the Estimates
Committee?
(a) Public Accounts Committee
(b) Committee on Public Undertakings
(c) Departmental Standing Committee
(d) Privilege Committee
91. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by (a) Elected members of the Legislative Assembly
(b) Elected members of Legislative Council
(c) The people
(d) Lok Sabha
92. In the 42nd Constitutional Amendment 1976,
which word was added to the Preamble?
(a) Democratic
(b) Equality
(c) Secular
(d) Federal
93. The Comptroller and Auditor General is closely
connected with which of the following
Committees of Parliament?
(a) The Estimates Committee
(b) The Committee on Public Undertakings
(c) The Public Accounts Committee
(d) All of these
94. The Speaker of Lok Sabha addresses his letter of
resignation to the (a) President of India
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
(d) The Chief Justice of India
95. Subordinate courts in state are supervised
by___________.
(a) Supreme Court
(b) District Court
(c) High Court
(d) Parliament
96. How many Constitutional Amendments to the
Constitution of India have been made so far?
(a) 101
(b) 100
(c) 102
(d) 99
97. The Chairman of the National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) is:
(a) National Security Advisor
(b) Prime Minister of India
(c) Chief of DRDO
(d) Home Minister of India
98. When the offices of the President and VicePresident fall vacant simultaneously, who acts as
President?
321
(a) Prime Minister of India
(b) The Chief Justice of India
(c) The Speaker of Lok Sabha
(d) The Comptroller and Auditor General of
India
99. A Unitary form of government is that in which all
the powers are concentrated in the hands of (a) Local government
(b) Central government
(c) Provincial government
(d) Panchayats
100. What is the minimum age for membership to
Rajya Sabha?
(a) 20 years
(b) 25 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 35 years
101. The minimum age limit for the membership of
the Vidhan Parishad is _____.
(a) 21 years
(b) 25 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 35 years
102. The largest committee of Parliament of India is (a) Public Accounts Committee
(b) Estimates Committee
(c) Committee on Public Undertakings
(d) Joint Parliamentary Committee
103. Which of the following State has bicameral
legislature?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Punjab
(c) Sikkim
(d) Jammu and Kashmir
104. Who has the power to prorogue the Lok Sabha ?
(a) The Speaker
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
(d) The President
105. Who has the right to decide whether a Bill is a
money bill or not?
(a) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
(d) Finance Minister
106. The members of the All India Services serve the (a) Central Government only
(b) State Government only
(c) Union Territories only
(d) both the Union and State Governments
107. The term of office of the Vice-President of India
is (a) 4 years
(b) 5 years
(c) 2 years
(d) 6 years
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108. After question hour, a motion moved by a
Member of Parliament to draw the attention of
Executive for discussing a definite matter of
public importance is:
(a) Privilege motion
(b) Calling attention Motion
(c) Adjournment motion
(d) Non confidence motion
109. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India
does not audit usually the receipts and
expenditure of (a) Central Government
(b) Local Bodies
(c) State Government
(d) Government Companies
110. In a Parliamentary form of Government
___________
(a) The Legislature is responsible to the Judiciary
(b) The Executive is responsible to the Legislature
(c) The Legislature is responsible to the Executive
(d) The Judiciary is responsible to the Legislature
111. Which of the following statements is correct
about the President of India?
(a) Addresses first session of Parliament after
each General Election
(b) Addresses last session of Parliament at the
end of each year
(c) Addresses every session of Parliament
(d) Never addresses Parliament
112. Who among the following is not a member of the
National Development Council?
(a) The Prime Minister
(b) The Member of NITI Aayog
(c) The Chief Ministers of States
(d) The President of India
113. Which
of
the
following
constitutional
Amendment Act, deals with the Elementary
Education as a Fundamental Right?
(a) 84th Amendment Act
(b) 85th mendment Act
(c) 86th Amendment Act
(d) 87th Amendment Act
114. Which of the following was not advocated by
Mahatma Gandhi?
(a) Prohibition of liquor (b) Heavy Industries
(c) Village Panchayat (d) Dignity of Labour
322
115. The term of a Governor is
(a) 4 Years
(b) 5 Years
(c) 6 Years
(d) 3 Years
116. Indian Citizenship is granted by
(a) The President of India
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The Ministry of Home Affairs
(d) The Ministry of External Affairs
117. Lok Sabha Secretariat comes under the direct
control of
(a) Ministry of Home Affairs
(b) Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
(c) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(d) President
118. An amendment of the constitution may be
initiated _____
(a) by introduction by the President of India.
(b) by introduction of a Bill in Rajya Sabha.
(c) by the Governors of States.
(d) by the introduction of a bill in either House of
Parliament.
119. Which of the following Article of Indian
Constitution deals with the Right to Equality
before Law?
(a) Article - 13
(b) Article -14
(c) Article - 15
(d) Article – 17
120. Who among the following is the Chairman of the
National Integration Council?
(a) The President
(b) The Vice President
(c) The Prime Minister
(d) the Chief Justice of India
121. Who was the Defence Minister of India during
the Indo China War of 1962?
(a) R.N. Thapar
(b) V.K. Krishna Menon
(c) Govind Ballabh Pant
(d) Jagjivan Ram
122. The first Law Minister of Independent India was–
(a) M.C. Sitalwar
(b) B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Kailashnath Katju (d) Rafi Ahmad Kidwai
123. Which colours are included in the National
Flag—
(a) Deep Saffron
(b) White
(c) Dark Green
(d) All the above
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124. In the National Flag, which colour is used in the
wheel—
(a) Blue
(b) Navy Blue
(c) Red Green
(d) Green-White
125. In the National Flag, what shall be the Ratio of the
width to the length—
(a) 2 : 3
(b) 2 : 4
(c) 2 : 5
(d) 2 : 6
126. What was the important landmark judgement
regarding amendment of the Constitution
(Article 368)
(a) Shankari Prasad vs. Union of India
(b) Golak Nath vs State of Punjab
(c) Kesavananda vs State of Kerala
(d) All the above
127. Administrative Tribunal is related which article
(a) Article - 356
(b) Article - 249
(c) Article - 339
(d) Article- 323
128. Who was the first Foreign Minister of free India?
(a) Gulzari Lal Nanda (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(c) Lal Bahadur Shastri (d) John Mathai
129. Japan’s Parliament is known as –
(a) Diet
(b) Dail
(c) Yuan
(d) Shora
130. National Commission for SC and ST shall be
made by which constitutional institution—
(a) Parliament
(b) Executive
(c) Judiciary
(d) State Legislature
131. Who was the Chairman of the States
Reorganization Commission?
(a) Shri H.N. Kunzru
(b) Shri. K.M. Pannikar
(c) Syed Fazel Ali
(d) None of the above
132. When
was
the
States
Reorganization
Commission constituted?
(a) December 29, 1953 (b) December 29, 1952
(c) December 29, 1951 (d) None of the above
133. When did India become a fully Sovereign
Democratic Republic—
(a) 26th Nov. 1949
(b) 26th Nov. 1930
(c) 26th Jan. 1950
(d) 26th Nov. 1951
134. In India who amended the Constitution through
the first Amendment Bill 1951—
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Rajya Sabha
(c) Provisional Parliament
(d) Parliament
323
135. Who among the following holds office during the
pleasure of the President?
(a) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Election Commissioner
(d) Governor
136. Under the British Rule, who was the First Deputy
President of Central Legislative Assembly—
(a) Shri Sachchidananda Sinha
(b) Shri Abdul Matia Chaudhary
(c) Sir Muhammad Yakub
(d) Shri R. R. Shamnukhaym Chetty
137. Who said ‘As President, I have no eyes but
constitutional eyes. I cannot see you’—
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (b) Dr. Radhakrishnan
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
138. Who has ample powers under Article 324(1) to
make appropriate orders as to the conduct of
Elections and cancellation of poll ?
(a) Regional Election Commissioner
(b) Election Committee of Government
(c) Electoral Officer
(d) Election Commission
139. Under Article 365 what are the duties of the
Union Government with respect to State
Governments—
(a) Ensure that every State Minister should act in
accordance with the advice of Chief Minister
(b) Ensure that Governor acts under advice of the
Chief Minister
(c) Ensure that Governance in the State is in
accordance with the Constitution
(d) All of the above
140. After declaration of financial emergency by the
President, what is the period of operation
without approval by the Parliament—
(a) Three Months
(b) Four Months
(c) Two Months
(d) One Month
141. Within what period, the Parliament has to
approve Financial emergency declared by the
President—
(a) Six Months
(b) Two Months
(c) Three Months
(d) Four Months
142. What is the meaning of State in the
Constitution—
(a) Union and state governments
(b) State legislatures
(c) Parliament
(d) All the above
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143. Who decides allotment of symbols to Political
Parties—
(a) Political Party leader
(b) Political Party Governing Committees
(c) Election Committee of Political Party
(d) Election Commission
144. Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 was made by the
Central Govt. in consultation with which
commission—
(a) Parliamentary Members Inquiry Commission
(b) Regional Election Commissioners
(c) Election Commission
(d) None of the above
145. In which months and year, the President notified
that besides the Chief Election Commisioner the
Commission should have two other members
called as Election Commissioner—
(a) Nov. 1989
(b) Feb. 1989
(c) Oct. 1989
(d) Dec. 1989
146. Who among the following enjoys the rank of a
Cabinet Minister of the Indian Union?
(a) Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha
(b) NITI Aayog Vice Chairman
(c) Secretary to the Government of India
(d) None of the above
147. The administrative and operational control of the
Armed Forces is exercised by the
(a) Ministry of Defence
(b) Three Chiefs of the Army, Navy and Air Force
Staff
(c) Chief minister
(d) Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs with
Prime Minister as the Chairman
148. What is the position of a 'Minister of State' in the
Central Government?
(a) He is the nominee of the State Governor.
(b) He is the nominee of the State Cabinet.
(c) He looks after the interests of the State
Cabinet.
(d) He is a Minister of Central Government but
not a member of the Cabinet.
149 .Who among the following is directly responsible
to Parliament for all matters concerning the
Defence Services of India?
(a) Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs
(b) President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Defence Minister
324
150. Which of the following is not correct?
(a) The Supreme Command of the Defence Forces
is vested in the President.
(b) The three Chiefs of Staff (Army, Navy & Air
Force) are under the direct control of the
governor.
(c) The responsibility of National Defence rests
with the Union Cabinet
(d) All important questions having a bearing on
defence are decided by the Cabinet Committee
on Political Affairs under the Chairmanship of
the Prime Minister.
151. The Jurisdiction of CAT extends to:
1.Secretarial staff of Parliament.
2.Civilian employees of Defense Services.
(a) 1 only.
(b) 2 only.
(c) Both.
(d) None.
152. Which of the following statement/s is/are
correct:
1.Right to Vote is not a FR but a Constitutional
right.
2.Prisoners and under trials in India do not have
the Right to Vote.
(a) 1 only.
(b) 2 only.
(c) Both.
(d) None.
153. In which year was the Keshavananda Bharati
Case implemented in the basic structure of the
Constitution?
(a) 1973
(b)1976
(c) 1978
(d) 1980
154. Who among the following stood for total
revolution in the country?
(a) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Jyotiva Phule
(c) Anne Besant
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
155. Which of the following is true about statutory
bodies?
(a) Statutory bodies are set up by statutes which
Parliament and State Legislatures can pass
(b) Statutory bodies are set up by statutes of the
constitution
(c) Statutory bodies are set up by statutes which
Parliament and State Legislatures cannot pass
(d) Statutory bodies must exist even if Parliament
is unhappy with.
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156. The University Grants Commission (UGC) of
India is a
(a) Constitutional Body
(b) Quasi-Statutory Body
(c) Neither statutory nor Constitutional
(d) Statutory body set up by the Union
government in 1956
157. Securities and Exchange Board of India is a
(a) Quasi Judicial body (b)Regulatory body
(c)Advisory body
(d) Constitutional body
158. The Election Commission of India has a
(a) Quasi Judicial Power (b)Advisory power
(c) Military power
(d) Regulatory power
159. Which constitutional article abolished the Privy
Purses—
(a) Article 374
(b) Article 392
(c) Article 363A
(d) Article 364
160. Which one of the following matters stands
excluded from the jurisdiction of Inter-state
Council India?
(a) Enquiring into and advise upon disputes
which may have arisen between the States.
(b) Adjudication of any dispute or compliant
with respect to the use, distribution or control of
water, or in any inter-state river or river-valley.
(c) Investigation and discussion of subjects in
which some or all of the States or the Union and
one or more States, have common interest
(d) Recommendation on any such subject and, in
particular, recommendation for a better
coordination of policy and action with respect to
that subject.
161. Who headed the Second Administrative Reform
Commission appointed by the UPA Government
in 2005?
(a) Dr. Karan Singh
(b) VeerappaMoily
(c) H.D. Kumaraswamy (d) None of the above
162. The Lt. Governor of a Union Territory
(a) can issue an ordinance only after obtaining
instruction from the President
(b) can issue ordinances on the recommendation
of Legislative Assembly, if any
(c) can issue ordinances of his own discretion
(d) cannot issue any ordinance
163. For the Union Territories that do not have
legislative assemblies, laws are passed by
(a) the Union Ministry
(b) the President of India
(c) the Parliament
(d) the Administrator of the respective Union
Territories
325
164. The minimum age limit for the membership of
the Vidhan Parishad is _____.
(a) 21 years
(b) 25 years
(c) 30 years
(d) 35 years
165. The Estimates Committee of Parliament has how
many members (a) 35
(b) 30
(c) 25
(d) 20
166. Which of the following State has bicameral
legislature?
(a) Jammu and kashmir (b) Uttar pradesh
(c) Bihar
(d) All the above
167. According to the Indian Constitution, who has
the power to declare emergency ?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Chief Justice
(d) Parliament
168. What is the retirement age of the Prime Minister
of India?
(a) 60 years
(b) 70 years
(c) 80 years
(d) No limit
169. In case State emergency is declared, it needs
Parliamentary approval after every _____.
(a) 6 months
(b) 1 year
(c) 2 years
(d) 3 years
170. How many maximum terms, a person can serve
as Prime Minister of India?
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) No limit
171. If the president declares emergency then this
proclamation must be approved by the
Parliament within _____.
(a) 1 year
(b) 6 months
(c) 3 months
(d) one month
172. The Governor takes the oath of office by (a) Chief Justice of High Court
(b) Chief Justice of India
(c) President of India
(d) Vice President of India
173. Which fundamental right is abolished by the 44th
Amendment?
(a) Right to Liberty
(b) Right to Property
(c) Right to Equality
(d) Right to Religion
174. What is the maximum number of Members of the
Rajya Sabha?
(a) 150
(b) 200
(c) 250
(d) 300
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175. What does the wheel in the National Flag
represent?
(a) Speed
(b) Truth
(c) Growth
(d) Future
176. The Objective Resolution to guide the
deliberations of the Assembly was moved by (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Kiran Desai
(c) K Natwar Singh
(d) K.M. Munshi
177. Rajya Sabha member has tenure of ______ years.
(a) 8
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 2
178. During an emergency all of the following
fundamental rights are suspended, except (a) Freedom of association
(b) Freedom of speech and expression
(c) Right to Life and Personal Liberty
(d) Freedom of assembly without arms
179. From which of the following are the
Fundamental duties adopted?
(a) French Constitution
(b) Indian Constitution
(c) Spanish Constitution
(d) USSR Constitution
180. Republic means ultimate power is held by (a) The monarch
(b) The people
(c) The winning party (d) Ministers
181. How many Rajya Sabha members, the President
of India can nominate?
(a) 6
(b) 10
(c) 12
(d) 15
182. Which bill cannot originate in Rajya Sabha?
(a) Constitutional Amendment Bill
(b) Ordinary Bill
(c) Fundamental Bill
(d) None of these
183. Who can initiate the process of removal of the
President before the expiry of his term?
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Supreme court
(c) Common man
(d) Member of parliament
184. Bicameral Legislature means (a) Primary and secondary legislature
(b) Lower and Upper Chamber
(c) Lok Adalats and Courts
(d) Elected as well as selected members
326
185. The Article 343 of the Indian Constitution is
about (a) Number of seats for the Lok Sabha
(b) Number of seats for the Rajya Sabha
(c) Hindi as official language
(d) Special status to Kashmir
186. How many members of the Rajya Sabha are
elected every two years?
(a) all
(b) one fourth
(c) half
(d) one third
187. The Indian Constitution declares India as all of
the following, except (a) Communist
(b) Democratic republic
(c) Socialist
(d) Secular
188. To become a member of the Rajya Sabha a person
should be at least _____ years old.
(a) 18
(b) 30
(c) 35
(d) 25
189. How many schedules does the Indian
Constitution have?
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 18
(d) 24
190. The drafting committee wrote the Indian
Constitution in which language?
(a) English and Hindi
(b) Only English
(c) English and Urdu
(d) English, Hindi and Urdu
191. Fundamental duties are included in the Indian
Constitution by the __________ Amendment.
(a) 44th
(b) 42nd
(c) 26th
(d) 25th
192. Who elects the members of Rajya Sabha?
(a) Elected members of the Legislative Council
(b) The People
(c) Elected members of the Legislative Assembly
(d) Lok Sabha
193. What is the full form of MLA in the Indian
Constitution?
(a) Member of Legislative Assembly
(b) Master of Legislative Assembly
(c) Member of Left Assembly
(d) Master of Left Assembly
194. The Rajya Sabha members elected for _____
years.
(a) 15
(b) 12
(c) 9
(d) 2
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195. The National Anthem was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly in (a) 24th May 1949
(b) 24th November 1949
(c) 24th January 1950
(d) 24th June 1950
196. Which country's constitution is the world's
longest?
(a) United States of America
(b) China
(c) India
(d) Great Britain
197. Who among the following is addressed as the
Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Chief Justice
(c) Vice President
(d) Attorney General
198. The constitution of India was framed by :
(a) Planning Commission
(b) Constituent Assembly
(c) President
(d) Working Committee
199. What is the minimum age to qualify for Lok
Sabha Elections?
(a) 25 years
(b) 30 years
(c) 21 years
(d) 18 years
200. As per John Locke, an English philosopher and
physician, which is not a Natural Right?
(a) Liberty
(b) Equality
(c) Property
(d) Right to Vote
201. How many seats are reserved for representatives
of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok
Sabha?
(a) 39
(b) 85
(c) 109
(d) 131
202. What is the full form of the Indian Political Party,
"AITC"?
(a) All India Trinamool Congress
(b) All India Telugu Congress
(c) All India Telugu Communist
(d) All India Trinamool Communist
203. The number of parliamentary seats (Rajya Sabha)
of Karnataka is _____.
(a) 12
(b) 16
(c) 18
(d) 31
204. Constitution Day of India is on ________.
(a) 26th January
(b) 23rd June
(c) 15th August
(d) 26th November
327
205. Article 44 of the Indian Constitution "Uniform
civil code for the citizens" deals with _____.
(a) the directive principles of state policy
(b) the Union Government
(c) the State Government
(d) the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen
206. Call sign of any aircraft carrying the Indian
President is (a) Air India One
(b) Air Force one
(c) Code Eagle
(d) Flight 101
207. Article 32 of the Indian Constitution “Remedies
for enforcement of right conferred by this Part”
deals with?
(a) the Union Government
(b) the State Government
(c) the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen
(d) the directive principles of state policy
208. What is the total number of members in Rajya
Sabha from States and Union Territories?
(a) 218
(b) 228
(c) 238
(d) 248
209. The Look East Policy in India was started by
which of the following Prime Ministers?
(a) Rajiv Gandhi
(b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(c) P.V. Narasimha Rao (d) Manmohan Singh
210. The First written constitution of any sovereign
country in the world?
(a) Russia
(b) United Kingdom
(c) USA
(d) India
211. The number of parliamentary seats (Lok Sabha)
of Karnataka is (a) 10
(b) 26
(c) 28
(d) 48
212. The form of power structure in which power
effectively rests with a faction of persons or
families is called (a) Tyranny
(b) Fascism
(c) Oligarchy
(d) Plutocracy
213. The number of parliamentary seats (Lok Sabha)
of Haryana is (a) 10
(b) 26
(c) 28
(d) 48
214. Nationalist Congress Party was founded in
______.
(a) 1925
(b) 1955
(c) 1984
(d) 1999
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215. Bharatiya Janata Party is a part of which political
group?
(a) United Progressive Alliance
(b) National Democratic Alliance
(c) Janata Parivar
(d) Rashtra Parivar
216. The tenure of the members of Lok Sabha is for
how many years?
(a) 11
(b) 9
(c) 7
(d) 5
217. Article 41 of the Indian Constitution "Right to
work, to education and to public assistance in
certain cases" deals with?
(a) The Union Government
(b) The directive principles of state policy
(c) The State Government
(d) The fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen
218. Who was the second woman to become the
president of the Indian National Congress in 1925
and the first Indian woman to do so?
(a) Vijaylakshmi Pandit (b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Padmaja Naidu
(d) Fathima Bibi
219. The number of parliamentary seats (Lok Sabha)
of Gujarat is (a) 10
(b) 26
(c) 28
(d) 48
220. Bahujan Samaj Party was founded in (a) 1925
(b) 1955
(c) 1984
(d) 2001
221. In which language original Lok Sabha debates
are printed?
(a) Hindi
(b) English
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Both Hindi & English
222. Who is the Chairman of NITI Aayog?
(a) President
(b) RBI Governor
(c) Finance Secretary
(d) Prime Minister
223. Animal Welfare Board of India a statutory
advisory body under which ministry?
(a) Wildlife Board of India
(b) Ministry of Environment
(c) Ministry of forest and climate
(d) Ministry of water and resource
224. The number of parliamentary seats (Rajya Sabha)
of Uttar Pradesh is (a) 12
(b) 16
(c) 18
(d) 31
328
225. Article 222 of the Indian Constitution "Transfer of
a Judge from one High Court to another" deals
with?
(a) the directive principles of state policy
(b) the Union Government
(c) the State Government
(d) the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen
226. What is the full form of the Indian Political Party,
"CPI"?
(a) Common Party of India
(b) Commonly Party of India
(c) Communist Party of India
(d) Community Party of India
227.How many members can be nominated by the
President of India in the lok sabha?
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 2
(d) 16
228. Indian Constitution is made up of how many
words?
(a) 40000
(b) 698000
(c) 117369
(d) 120456
229. Article 43A of the Indian Constitution
"Participation of workers in management of
industries" deals with?
(a) the State Government
(b) the Union Government
(c) the directive principles of state policy
(d) the fundamental rights of the Indian Citizen
230. What is the full form of the Indian Political Party
"BSP"?
(a) Bharatiya Samaj Party
(b) Bahujan Samaj Party
(c) Bharatiya Sangh Party
(d) Bahujan Sangh Party
231. The number of parliamentary seats (Rajya Sabha)
of Tamil Nadu is
(a) 12
(b) 16
(c) 18
(d) 31
232. Narendra Modi is the ___ Prime Minister of
India.
(a) 5th
(b) 10th
(c) 14th
(d) 18th
233. Who was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha?
(a) G. V. Mavalankar
(b) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(c) M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar
(d) Dr P V Cherian
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234. Indian Constitution has how many parts?
(a) 24
(b) 18
(c) 25
(d) 16
235. Who was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha?
(a) G. V. Mavalankar
(b) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(c) M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar
(d) Dr P V Cherian
236. In the presence of which of the following, does
the Vice President takes Oath?
(a) President
(b) Lok Sabha Speaker
(c) Chief Justice of India (d) Attorney General
237.All India Trinamool Congress was founded in the
year ______.
(a) 1925
(b) 1955
(c) 1984
(d) 1998
238. Indian National Congress is a part of which
political group?
(a) United Progressive Alliance
(b) National Democratic Alliance
(c) Janata Parivar
(d) Rashtra Parivar
239. Who was the first indian Chief Election
Commissioner?
(a) Morarji Desai
(b) Sukumar Sen
(c) Sardar Patel
(d) V.S Ramadevi
240. Article 356 of the Indian Constitution is about (a) Directive Principles of state policy
(b) Imposition of President’s Rule in states
(c) Hindi as official language
(d) Special status to Kashmir
241. The number of parliamentary seats (Lok Sabha)
of Maharashtra is (a) 10
(b) 26
(c) 283
(d) 48
242. All of the following are the aims of Lok Adalat,
except
(a) Secure justice to the weaker sections
(b) Mass disposal of the cases
(c) Give the power to rule in the hands of the
common man
(d) Minimize cost and delay
243. The Proclamation of National Emergency ceases
to operate unless approved by the Parliament
within
(a) one month
(b) two months
(c) three months
(d) six months
329
244. The President can declare constitutional
emergency in state
(a) only on the recommendation of the Union
Council of Ministers
(b) only on the recommendation of the Governor
(c) only on the recommendation of the council of
ministers of the state
(d) if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in
which the government of the state cannot be
carried on in accordance with the Constitution
245. Which one of the following three types of
emergencies has been declared by the President
maximum number of times?
(a) national emergency
(b)state emergency
(c) financial emergency
(d) all the three emergencies have been declared
equal number of times
246. A national emergency remains in operation, with
the approval of the Parliament, for
(a) a maximum period of three years
(b) a maximum period of one year
(c) a maximum period of six months
(d) an indefinite period
247. The President can declare financial emergency
(a) if there is a threat to the financial stability or
credit of India
(b) to meet the extraordinary expenses of
conducting a war
(c) on the recommendation of the Comptroller
Auditor General
(d) if the majority of the state legislatures so
recommend
248. During financial emergency, the President can
(a) order the reduction of salaries of Supreme
Court and High Court Judges
(b) order the reduction of salaries and allowances
of all central and state civil servants
(c) ask states to reserve the money or financial
bills passed by the state legislature for his
consideration
(d) do all these things
249. How many times has the President of India
declared financial emergency so far?
(a) only once
(b) only twice
(c) only thrice
(d) never
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250. At present, India consists of
(a)25 states and 9 union territories
(b)24 states and 7 union territories
(c)29 states and 7 union territories
(d) 21 states and 11 union territories
251. The states were reorganised on linguistic basis in
(a) 1947
(b) 1951
(c) 1956
(d) 1966
252. The first commission appointed by the
Government in 1948 to examine the case for the
reorganisation of states on linguistic basis was
headed by
(a) Justice Wanchoo
(b) Justice M C Mahajan
(c) Justice S K Dhar
(d) None of the above
253. The famous JVP Committee consisting of
Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and
Pattabhi Sitaramayya, was appointed in
December 1948 to
(a) examine the case of establishment of secular
polity in the country
(b) examine the issue of reorganisation of states
on linguistic basis
(c) determine the compensation to be paid to the
rulers of Indian states consequent to the merger
of their states with India
(d) None of the above
254. Which of the following formed the State
Reorganisation Commission group (1953)?
(a) Fazl Ali and Kanzru (b) Kanzru and Katju
(c) Katju and Fazl Ali (d) Pannikar and Katju
255. The States Reorganisation Commission, set up in
1953 to consider the demand for linguistic states,
was headed by
(a) Fazal Ali
(b) K M Pannikkar
(c) H N Kunzru
(d) M C Mahajan
256. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956, divided the
entire country into
(a)22 states and 9 union territories
(b)14 states and 6 union territories
(c)17 states and 7 union territories
(d) four categories of states
257. The correct chronological order in which the
following states of India were created is
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Maharashtra
3. Punjab
4. Nagaland
(a) 1, 2, 4, 3
(b) 1, 2, 3, 4
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3
(d) 4, 3, 2, 1
330
258. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, which created
the states of Punjab and Haryana in 1966, was
enacted on the basis of the recommendations of
the
(a) Dhar Commission
(b) Dass Commission
(c) Shah Commission
(d) Mahajan Commission
259. Which of the following states were initially given
the status of autonomous state and subsequently
made full-fledged states?
(a) Meghalaya and Sikkim
(b)Assam and Bihar
(c) Meghalaya and Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Nagaland and Assam
260. The following states were created after 1960.
Arrange them in ascending chronological order
of their formation.
1. Haryana
2. Sikkim
3. Nagaland
4. Meghalaya
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(b) 2, 3, 4, 1
(c) 2, 4, 1, 3
(d) 3, 1, 4, 2
261. The reference to the National Capital Territory of
Delhi is found in
(a) Article 239A
(b) Article 239AA
(c) Article 239B
(d) Article 239BB
262. Which one of the following was inserted as per
Bihar Reorganisation Act (2000)?
(a)Uttaranchal (now renamed Uttrakhand)
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Chhattisgarh
(d) None of the above
263. Which one of the following was a Union Territory
before it was accorded the status of a full-fledged
state?
(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Tripura
(c) Manipur
(d) all the above
264. Which one of the following has been wrongly
listed as a Union Territory?
(a) Chandigarh
(b) Pondicherry
(c) Tripura
(d) none of these
265. Which Constitutional Article empowers the State
Legislature to adopt Hindi or any state language
as the official language of that state—
(a) Article 345
(b) Article 350
(c) Article 348
(d) Article 349
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266. Whose
satisfaction
is
required
under
Constitutional Article 347 regarding special
provision for creating language spoken by a
section of the population of a state—
(a) Parliament
(b) Judiciary
(c) President
(d) Prime Minister
267. Which Constitutional Article defines official
language for communication between the state
and another state and the Union—
(a) Article 349
(b) Article 346
(c) Article 243
(d) Article 305
268. The Constitution of India, was drafted and
enacted in which language—
(a) Hindi
(b) English
(c) Tamil
(d) Telugu
269. In which State a separate district has been
reserved for Scheduled Tribes—
(a) Assam
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Kerala
270. Before which Constitutional Amendment, 20
years were fixed for reservation of seats for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Lok
Sabha and State Legislature—
(a) 23rd Amendment Act 1969
(b) 8th Amendment Act 1960
(c) 44th Amendment Act 1978
(d) 45th Amendment Act 1980
271. Through which Constitutional Amendment,
reservation of seats for SC and ST in Lok Sabha
and State Assembly extended—
(a) 45th Amendment Act 1980
(b) 50th Amendment Act 1984
(c) 23rd Amendment Act 1969
(d) 51st Amendment Act 1984
272. Which Constitutional Article mentions ‘Claims of
SC and ST in Govt. services and post’—
(a) Article 336
(b) Article 335
(c) Article 338
(d) Article 339
273. The tribal areas in the states of Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are separately
dealt with the provisions for their administration
are to be found in which of the following
schedules of the Indian Constitution?
(a) 5th Schedule
(b) 2nd Schedule
(c) 3rd Schedule
(d) 6th Schedule
331
274. Which of the following schedules of the
constitution deals with the administration and
control of scheduled areas as well as of scheduled
tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya and
Tripura.
(a) 3rd and 4th schedule
(b) 7th and 8th schedule
(c) 5th schedule
(d) None of these
275. In which of the following article makes special
provisions for the administration of certain areas
called "Scheduled areas" in other than Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
(a) Art 243B
(b) Art 244
(c) Art 245
(d) Art 334
276. In which part of the Indian Constitution is
concerned with the administration of scheduled
areas and tribal areas?
(a) Part XII
(b) Part X
(c) Part III
(d) Part IV
277. A government is classified as federal or unitary
on the basis of
(a) relations between Centre and States
(b) relations between the executive and the
legislature
(c) relations between three organs of government
(d) none of the above
278. Which one of the following statements regarding
distribution of powers between the Centre and
the States is correct?
(a)powers have been divided into three lists
(b)powers of the Centre have been specified and
the remaining powers have been allotted to the
States
(c)powers of the States have been specified in the
Constitution and the remaining powers belong to
the Centre
(d) powers have been divided into two lists
279. The Union Government has exclusive powers on
subjects in
(a) the union list
(b) the concurrent list
(c) state list
(d) both (a) and (b)
280. The states enjoy exclusive jurisdiction on subjects
in the
(a) concurrent list
(b) state list
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
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281. The Constitution of India vests the residuary
powers in
(a) Parliament
(b) the states
(c) the Union and State governments jointly
(d) None of the above
282. The union list contains:
(a) 66 items
(b) 97 items
(c) 47 items
(d) 100 items
283. The state list contains
(a) 61 items
(b) 66 items
(c) 47 items
(d) 99 items
284. The concurrent list contains
(a) 47 items
(b) 52 items
(c) 66 items
(d) 97 items
285. In case of conflict between the central and state
law on a subject in the concurrent list
(a) the law which was passed first prevails
(b) the law of the state prevails
(c) the law of the centre prevails
(d) both laws stand nullified
286. A law passed by a state on a concurrent subject
gets precedence over the law of the centre
(a) if it was passed earlier than the central law
(b) if it was passed by the state legislature and
approved by the President before enactment of
the central law
(c) if the Supreme Court so decides
(d) if the majority of state legislatures so decide
287. The Constitution of India has created
(a) a very weak centre
(b) a very strong centre
(c) a Centre which is weak during normal times
but very strong during emergencies
(d) none of the above
288. The Parliament can legislate on any subject in the
state list
(a) if the Rajya Sabha declares by a two-third
majority resolution that it is expedient to do so in
national interest
(b) for the implementation of international
treaties or agreements
(c) if two or more states make a request to
Parliament to do so
(d) in all the above cases
332
289. The central government can issue directions to
the state with regard to subjects in
(a) the union list
(b) the state list
(c) the concurrent list (d) all these lists
290. The central government can assign any function
to the state with the consent of
(a) the President
(b) the Chief Justice of India
(c) the Parliament
(d) the state government
291. The Constitution has vested the ‘residuary
powers’ in which article
(a) Article 248
(b) Article 256
(c) Article 249
(d) None of these
292. What the Indian Federation has been called in the
Indian Constitution
(a) Union of States
(b) The Indian Union
(c) Union of India
(d) Indian Federal Union
293. India is a union of states means
(a) It is more centralised
(b)It is more decentralised
(c)It is a confederation
(d) None of the above
294. The Centre provides grants-in-aid to the states
(a) to maintain friendly relations between the
centre and the states
(b) for use in centrally sponsored schemes
(c) to cover gaps on revenue accounts so that
states can undertake various beneficial activities
(d) for meeting expenses of state plan project
295. Who was the Chairman of the Commission
appointed by the Government of India to review
the question of Centre-State relations
(a) S C Sarkar
(b) Manmohan Singh
(c) Swaran Singh
(d) R S Sarkaria
296. The Sarkaria Commission was appointed
(a) to find a solution to the Punjab crisis
(b) to examine Centre-State relations
(c) to resolve dispute over sharing of Cauveri
waters
(d) to examine the working of the public sector
undertakings
297. Which of the following states put forth demand
for greater autonomy for the states?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Punjab
(d) all the above
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298. India has adopted a federal system of
government which is based on division of
powers between the Union and the States.
However, which of the following powers has not
been divided between them
(a) executive
(b) legislative
(c) judicial
(d) financial
299. A new state can be created in India
(a) by a simple majority of Parliament
(b) by a simple majority of Parliament and
approval of majority of the states
(c) by a two-thirds majority in Parliament
(d) by two-thirds majority in each house of
Parliament and approval by a majority of states
300. Which of the following is a feature common to
both the Indian Federation and the American
Federation ?
(a) a single citizenship
(b) three lists of powers in the Constitution
(c) Dual judiciary
(d) a Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.
301. Which one of the following taxes is not shared by
the Central Government with the state
governments?
(a) customs duty
(b) excise duties
(c) income tax
(d) all the above
302. Which of the following subjects was transferred
by the 42nd amendment of 1976 from the state list
to the concurrent list?
(a) Health
(b) Education
(c) Irrigation
(d) all the above
303. Which of the following has been wrongly listed
as recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission?
(a) It favoured formation of inter-governmental
council consisting of the Prime Minister and chief
ministers of states.
(b) It favoured liberal use of Article 356 of the
Constitution in the interest of unity and integrity
of the country.
(c)It turned down the demand for the abolition of
the office of the governor.
(d) It favoured implementation of the threelanguage formula in the interest of unityand
integrity of the country.
304. Which of the following is a leading
recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission?
(a) abolition of All India Services
(b) activation of Zonal Councils
333
(c) drastic changes in the present division of
functions between the finance commission and
the Planning Commission
(d) abolition of Zonal Councils
305. The Central Government derives maximum
revenue from
(a) Income tax
(b) Excise duties
(c) Customs
(d) None of these
306. Which of the following is the largest contributor
to the total tax revenue of the government
(Central
state
and
union
territory
administrations)?
(a) Income tax
(b) Corporation tax
(c) Customs duties
(d) Excise duties
307. If a financial emergency is declared, what is its
impact on the relations between the Centre and
the state?
(a) The President can reduce the salaries of all the
states’ servants except the judges of High Courts.
(b) The President can reduce the salaries of state
civil servants including those of the judges of
High Courts.
(c) The state legislatures are deprived of the right
to enact Money Bills.
(d) None of the above.
308. Which among the following factors are
responsible for increasing control of the Centre
over the states in India?
1.lack of strong leadership in the states
2.enforcement of party discipline
3.economic dependence of the states on the
Centre
4.emergence of regional parties
Choose the correct answer from the codes given
below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c)1, 2 and 4
(d) all the above
309. Which of the following machineries is most likely
to be effective in solving inter-state disputes?
(a)Central Council of Health and Local SelfGovernment
(b)Finance
Commission
and
Planning
Commission
(c)Zonal Councils and meetings between
ministers and chief ministers of states
(d) Inter-State Council, as recommended by the
Administrative Reforms Commission
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310. The Central Government gives grants-in-aid to
the states out of the Consolidated Fund of India
on the basis of the recommendations of
(a) the Planning Commission
(b) the Union Finance Minister
(c) the Finance Commission
(d) None of the above
311. The following is the centralising features of the
Indian federalism
(a) single citizenship
(b) decentralisation of powers
(c) dual polity
(d) none of the above
312. Which of the following statements correctly
depicts the true nature of the Indian Federal
System?
(a) the Indian federation is more a functional than
an institutional concept
(b) a one-dominant-party regime which is in
conflict with the principle of federalism
(c) the Indian federation is not the result of an
agreement between the units
(d) it is a unitary state with subsidiary federal
features rather than a federal state with
subsidiary unitary features
313. Which of the following legislative powers is
enjoyed by the Governor of a state?
(a) he can summon or prorogue the state
legislature
(b) he can nominate certain members of the
legislative council
(c) he can nominate certain members of the
Anglo-Indian community to the legislative
assembly
(d) all the above powers
314. The Governor of a state can issue ordinances
(a) only in the event of breakdown of
constitutional machinery in the state
(b) only when the Chief Minister asks him to do
so
(c) only during the recess of the State legislature
(d) only after taking formal approval of the
President
315. The Ordinances issued by the Governor are
subject to approval by
(a) the President
(b) the state council of ministers
(c) the state legislature
(d) none of the above
334
316. The Contingency Fund of the state is operated by
(a) the Governor
(b) the State Finance Minister
(c) the Chief Minister
(d) all the above jointly
317. The Governor of a state is accountable for all his
actions to
(a) the state legislature
(b) the state council of ministers
(c) the Chief Minister of the state
(d) the President
318. Which of the following enjoys Constitutional
authority to decide the share of the states in the
taxes?
(a)the Union Finance Minister
(b)the Finance Commission
(c)the Planning Commission
(d) the Union Cabinet in consultation with the
President
319. Which of the following is in the concurrent list?
(a)population control and family planning
(b)public health and sanitation
(c)capitation taxes
(d) treasure trove
320. Who enacts the laws for the those Union
Territories which do not have Legislative
Assembly?
(a)The Chief Administrative Officer of the
territory
(b)The Parliament
(c)The President
(d) Union Home Minister
321. Zonal Councils were provided under
(a)the original Constitution
(b)the State Reorganisation Act, 1956
(c)the 42nd Amendment
(d) 44th Amendment
322. The entire country has been divided into
(a) three Zonal Councils (b) four Zonal Councils
(c) five Zonal Councils (d) six Zonal Councils
323. The main objective of the Zonal Councils is to
ensure
(a) greater cooperation amongst states in the field
of planning and other matters of national
importance
(b) that the laws passed by various states do not
conflict with each other
(c) better utilisation of the limited resources of the
states
(d) all the above
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324. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of a Zonal
Council?
(a)the Union home minister
(b)the Governor of the state where the Zonal
Council meets
(c)the Union Minister associated with the Zonal
Council
(d) None of these
325. Two or more Zonal Councils can hold joint
meetings. Such meetings are presided over by the
(a) Chairman of the Planning Commission
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Union Home Minister
(d) the seniormost governor of the member states
326. Zonal Councils are
(a) advisory bodies
(b)administrative bodies
(c) consultative bodies (d) lawmaking agencies
327. How long a person should have practiced in a
High Court to be eligible to be appointed as a
Judge of Supreme Court of India?
(a) 10 Years
(b) 15 Years
(c) 12 Years
(d) 5 Years
328. Under Constitutional Articles 327 or 328, which
subject shall not be called to be questioned in any
Court—
(a) Delimitation of Constituencies
(b) The allotment of seats to such Constituency
(c) A & B
(d) None of the above
329. Usually each state has a High Court, but a
common High Court for two or more states or for
two or more states and union territories can be
established by
(a) the Parliament
(b) the President
(c) the Chief Justice of India
(d) all the above jointly
330. Generally, the High Court of a state consists of a
Chief Justice and
(a) nine other judges
(b) 11 other judges
(c) 15 other judges
(d) such other judges as may be determined by
the President
331. Which of the following states/union territories
have a common High Court?
(a) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
(b) Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir,
(c) Andaman nicobar and West Bengal
(d) Assam and Bengal
335
332. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by
(a) the President
(b) the Governor of the state
(c) the Chief Justice of India
(d) the President in consultation with the Chief
Justice of India and the Governor of the state
333. The judges of the High Court are appointed by
the President in consultation with
(a) the Chief Justice of the High Court
(b)the Chief Justice of India
(c)the Governor of the state
(d) all the above
334. The Chief Justice and other judges of the High
Court retire at the age of
(a) 60 years
(b) 62 years
(c) 65 years
(d) 70 years
335. Judges of the High Court can be removed from
office before expiry of their term by the President
(a) at his discretion
(b) on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of
the High Court
(c) on the recommendation of the Chief Minister
of the state
(d) on a request of Parliament made through a
resolution passed by a two-third majority of its
members
336. The Chief Justice of a High Court receives a
moodily salary of
(a) 2 lakh
(b) 3.50 lakh
(c) 2.80 lakh
(d) 2.50 lakh
337. The ordinary Judges of High Courts receive a
monthly salary of
(a) Rs 1.50 lakh
(b) Rs 2.75 lakh
(c) Rs 2.50 lakh
(d) Rs 2.25 lakh
338. The salaries and allowances of the High Court
judges are charged to
(a) the Consolidated Fund of the State
(b) the Consolidated Fund of India
(c) the Contingency Fund of India
(d) the Consolidated Fund of India and the
Consolidated Fund of the State in equal
proportion
339. The pension of the judges of the High Court is
charged to
(a) the Consolidated Fund of the State
(b) the Contingency Fund of state
(c) the Consolidated Fund of India
(d) none of the above funds
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340. The jurisdiction of the High Court can be
extended or restricted by
(a) the President
(b) the Parliament
(c) the Chief Justice of India
(d) the legislature of the concerned state
341. The High Courts are empowered to issue writs
for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights
under
(a) Article 225
(b) Article 226
(c) Article 227
(d) Article 228
342. Under which of the following writs can the High
Court direct public official or the government not
to enforce a law which is unconstitutional?
(a) Certiorari
(b) Quo Warranto
(c) Mandamus
(d) Prohibition
343. The High Court of a State is directly under
(a) the President
(b) the Supreme Court of India
(c) the Governor of the state
(d) the Chief Justice of India
344. The number of judges of High Court is
determined by
(a) the Chief Justice of India
(b) the President of India
(c) the Governor of the state
(d) the Parliament
345. On what ground can a judge of a High Court be
removed?
(a)proved misbehaviour or incapacity
(b)insolvency
(c)insanity
(d) all the above
346. The Legislature of which one of the following
states passed a resolution in December 2005
demanding creation of a separate High Court for
the state
(a) Haryana
(b) Sikkim
(c) Punjab
(d) None of the above
347. Who has said that basic features of the Indian
Constitution do not amount to a change—
(a) Prime Minister
(b) Parliament
(c) Supreme Court of India
(d) Government
336
348. Which Constitutional Article was very much
affected in the Supreme Court Judgement of
Kesavanand Bharti vs. State of Kerala—
(a) Article 352
(b) Article 368
(c) Article 351
(d) Article 342
349. Who curbed the Judicial Review power of
Judiciary
through
Amendment
of
the
Constitution by 42nd amendment?
(a) State Legislature
(b) Parliament
(c) Council of State
(d) Legislative Council
350. What is full form of PIL?
(a) Under Article 32
(b) Under Article 229
(c) Special leave petition
(d) Public Interest Litigation
351. Under which Constitutional Article, Special leave
to appeal lies with the Supreme Court—
(a) Article 136
(b) Article 137
(c) Article 138
(d) Article 139
352. Under which Constitutional Article review of
Judgements or orders lies with the Supreme
Court—
(a) Article 139
(b) Article 137
(c) Article 140
(d) Article 141
353. Under which Constitutional Article enlargement
of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is
mentioned—
(a) Article 145
(b) Article 148
(c) Article 138
(d) Article 143
354. Which
Constitutional
Article
mentions
conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to
issue certain writs—
(a) Article 145
(b) Article 168
(c) Article 169
(d) Article 139
355. Which Constitutional Article mentions transfer
of certain cases for Supreme Court—
(a) Article 139A
(b) Article 139B
(c) Article 139C
(d) Article 138
356. Which Constitutional Article defines law
declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all
courts—
(a) Article 142
(b) Article 141
(c) Article 143
(d) Article 144
357. Under which Constitutional Article, Civil and
Judicial authorities are to act in aid of the
Supreme Court—
(a) Article 245
(b) Article 248
(c) Article 146
(d) Article 144
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358. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed
by
(a) The Prime Minister of India
(b) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
(c) The President of India
(d) The Indian parliament
359. Under which Supreme Court Judgment, action of
the President to summon, prorogue and dissolve
either of the Houses of the Parliament shall be
unconstitutional if acted without advice of
Council of Ministers—
(a) Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain A.I.R. 1975 S.C.
2299
(b) Rao vs. Indira Gandhi A.I.R. 1971 S.C. 1002
(c) Anandan vs. Chief Secretary, A.I.R. 1966 S.C
657
(d) None of the above
360. In which Supreme Court Judgement, it has been
pronounced that Parliament cannot enlarge its
own powers by making itself new Constitution—
(a) Sasanka vs. Union of India
(b) Kesavananda vs. State of Kerala
(c) Minerva Mills vs. Union of India
(d) Sankari Prasad vs. Union of India
361. While imparting justice, the Supreme Court relies
on the principle of
(a) Rule of Law
(b) Due Process of Law
(c) Procedure established by Law
(d) all the above
362. The concept of Public Interest Litigation, which
has become quite popular in India in recent years,
originated in
(a) the United Kingdom
(b) The United States
(c) Australia
(d) Canada
363. Given below are two statements, one labeled as
Assertion (A) and the other labeled as Reason (R)
Assertion (A): Wilful disobedience or noncompliance of court orders and use of derogatory
language about judicial behavior amount to
contempt of court.
Reason (R): Judicial activism cannot be practised
without arming the judiciary with punitive
powers to punish contemptious behaviour.
(a) both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
337
(b) both A and R are true but R is not a correct
explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
364. Which of the following amendments curtailed
the Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review?
(a) 42nd Amendment (b) 44th Amendment
(c) 29th Amendment
(d) none of the above
365. The concept of ‘judicial activism’ term in India
famous during
(a) the 1960s
(b) the 1970s
(c) the 1980s
(d) the 1990s
366. Judicial activism has led to increase in the powers
of
(a) the executive
(b) the legislature
(c) the judiciary
(d) all the above organs
367. Judicial activism has enhanced the powers and
prestige of
(a) the Supreme Court (b) the political parties
(c) the President
(d) the Parliament
368. Which of the following defects of judicial
activism has been wrongly listed?
(a) it has added to the arrears of the courts
because the courts have tended to entertain
public interest litigations even on trivial matters
(b) the courts have tended to assume a positive
policy-making role which has actually been
assigned by the Constitution to the
representatives of the people
(c) it has greatly undermined the position of the
judiciary
(d) none of the above
369. Ad hoc judges can be appointed in the Supreme
court
(a) by the President on the advice of the Union
Law Minister.
(b) by the Chief Justice of India after consulting
other judges
(c) by the Chief Justice of India with the prior
consent of the President.
(d) by the Union Law Minister, but such
appointments must be ratified by the Parliament
within two months.
370. How many judges of the Supreme Court have
been removed from their office before the expiry
of their normal term through impeachment
(a) only one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) none
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371. Which of the following conditions does not
contribute to the independence of the judiciary in
India?
(a) No change in salary and service condition of
judges can be made which operates against their
interest after their appointment.
(b) Once appointed, the judges cannot be
removed from their office before the date of
retirement.
(c) The salary and allowances of the judges are
charged to the Consolidated Fund of India and
are not subject to Parliamentary vote.
(d) Retired judges are not permitted to carry on
practice before any court or tribunal in India.
372. Which of the following statements regarding the
Supreme Court of India is not correct?
(a) It acts as the guardian of the liberties of the
people of India.
(b) It acts as the guardian of the Constitution.
(c) It acts as the protector of the Directive
Principles of State Policy.
(d) It has final power to investigate disputes
regarding election of the President and the VicePresident.
373. Which group of judges took interest in Public
Interest Litigation?
(a) Kania and Sastri
(b)Ray and Beg
(c) Bhagwati and Krishna Iyer
(d) Shah and Sikri
374. Which of the following judges of the Supreme
Court first judge against whom impeachment
process starts ?
(a) Justice HR Khanna (d) Justice Ramaswami
(c) Justice Wanchoo
(d) Justice Hidayatullah
375. Which of the following comes under the
jurisdiction of both the High Courts and the
Supreme Court?
(a)disputes between the Centre and the States
(b) disputes between the states inter se
(c) protection of the Fundamental Rights
(d)protection
against
violation
of
the
Constitution
376. Which of the following has been wrongly listed
as criteria for appointment as a judge of the
Supreme Court
338
(a) must have been a judge of a High Court for
atleast five years
(b) must have been an advocate of a High Court
for not less than 10 years
(c) must have attained the age of 55 years
(d) must, in the opinion of the President, be a
distinguished jurist
377. Which article of the Constitution permits the
Supreme Court to review its own judgement or
order?
(a) Article 130
(b) Article 137
(c) Article 138
(d) Article 139
378. Consider the following statements with regard to
the Supreme Court of India.
1.The Supreme Court has been created under the
Constitution of India.
2.The Supreme Court at present comprises of a
Chief Justice and 30 other judges.
3.The Supreme Court has its permanent seat at
New Delhi
4.The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
extends over disputes between India and foreign
countries of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 4 are correct (b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
379. The theory of ‘basic structure of the Constitution’
implies
(a) that certain features of the Constitution are so
basic to the Constitution that they cannot be
changed.
(b) those features of the Constitution which can
be changed by the Parliament with the prior
approval of the majority of the state legislatures
(c) those features of the Constitution which can
be changed only after seeking prior approval of
the majority of the judges of the Supreme Court
(d) none of the above
380. At present, the Chief Justice of India draws a
monthly salary of
(a) Rs 2.25 lakh
(b) Rs 3.2 lakh
(c) Rs 2.5 lakh
(d) Rs 2.8 lakh
381. Every other of the Supreme Court, other than the
Chief Justice, at present, draws a monthly salary
of
(a) Rs 2.25 lakh
(b) Rs 3.2 lakh
(c) Rs 2.5 lakh
(d) Rs 2.8 lakh
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382. The Supreme Court propounded the theory of
‘basic structure of the Constitution’ in
(a) Gopalan v. State of Madras case
(b) Golak Nath case
(c) Keshavananda Bharati case
(d) Minerva Mills case
383. The judges of the Supreme Court have to take an
oath or affirmation before entering upon their
office, which is conducted to them by
(a) the President
(b) the Cheif Justice of India
(c) the Vice-President
(d) the Attorney General of India
384. A judge of the Supreme Court can relinquish
office before the completion of his tenure by
addressing his resignation to
(a) the President
(b) the Chief Justice of India
(c) the Union Law Minister
(d) none of the above
385. How many types of writs can be issued by the
Supreme Court?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6
386. The Supreme Court of India enjoys
(a) original jurisdiction,
(b) advisory jurisdiction,
(c) appellate and advisory jurisdictions,
(d) original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions
387. The salary and allowances of the Governor are
charged to
(a) the Consolidated Fund of India
(b) the Consolidated Fund of the State
(c) the Contingency Fund of India
(d) none of the above
388.Can a person act as Governor of more than one
state?
(a) yes
(b) no
(c) only for a period of six months
(d) only for a period of one year
389. What makes the Judiciary the guardian of the
Constitution
(a) Independence,
(b) Service conditions,
(c) Salary,
(d) Judicial Review
339
390. In the Supreme Court of India the number of
Judges including the Chief Justice is now
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 25
(d) 31
391. On which of the following ground can a judge of
the Supreme Court be impeached?
(1) Violation of the Constitution,
(2) Proved misbehaviour,
(3) Incapacity to act as a judge
Select the correct answer using the code given
below
(a) 1 only,
(b) 2 only,
(c) 1, 2, and 3,
(d) 2 and 3 only
392. Who holds the power to increase the number of
judges in the Supreme Court
(a) Prime Minister,
(b) President,
(c) Parliament,
(d) Ministry of law
393. Indian parliament law can be declared as
unconstitutional by ?
(a) Powers of the President of India,
(b) Judicial review,
(c) Powers of the Prime Minister of India,
(d) Leader of the Opposition
394. Who of the following Chief Justices of India acted
as the president of India also
(a) Justice M. Hidayatullah,
(b) Justice P.N. Bhagwati,
(c) Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan,
(d) Justice B.K. Mukherjee
395. Which Article of the Constitution permits the
Supreme Court to give advice to president?
(a) Article 143,
(b) Article 138,
(c) Article 139,
(d) Article 140
396. Who administers the oath of the Prime minister
of India?
(a) Governor General of India
(b) Chief Justice of India
(c) President of India
(d) Vice President of India
397. Under Constitutional Article 243, what is the
meaning of Panchayat—
(a) Self Gram Panchayat Raj
(b) Government of Village
(c) Rural Self Government
(d) None of the above
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398. Under Constitutional Article 243D, in Panchayat
who gets reservation—
(a) Scheduled Caste
(b) Scheduled Tribes
(c) A & B
(d) None of the above
399. Who make composition of Panchayat under
Constitutional Article 243(C)—
(a) State Assembly
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) Council of State
(d) Legislature of State
400. Which
Constitutional
Article
define
`Municipalities'—
(a) Article 243P
(b) Article 243Q
(c) Article 243T
(d) Article 343U
401. Where wards Committees are found—
(a) Gram Sabha
(b) Gram Panchayat
(c) Municipalities
(d) None of the above
402. Under Constitutional Article 243U, what is the
maximum duration of Municipalities—
(a) 4 years
(b) 6 years
(c) 5 years
(d) 3 years
403. The election of Sarpanch held(a) direct
(b) Indirect
(c) both ‘a’ and ‘b’
(d) none of these
404. The description of District Planning Council in
Article_______ of the Constitution .
(a) 143
(b) 243
(c) 236
(d) 240
405. The state government entrusts the development
works of district to(a) District Planning Committee
(b) State Committee
(c) Sate Planning Committee
(d) Panchayati Raj
406. Which was first state to implement Panchayat Raj
three tier system according to Panchayat Raj
(73rd Amendment) Act 1992?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Karnataka
(d) None of these
407. District Planning Committee meeting is held at
least every(a) Quater
(b) Six months
(c) Fortnight
(d) Year
408. Which article of the constitution of India directs
its states to initiate for Panchayati Raj?
(a) Art. 352
(b) Art. 40
(c) Art. 51
(d) Art.25
340
409. What are the Panchayats in three-tier Panchayati
Raj System?
(a) Gram Panchayat
(b) Janpad Panchayat
(c) Jila Parishads
(d) all of the above
410. G V K Rao committee on Panchayat raj is
constituted on (a) 1980
(b) 1985
(c) 1980
(d) 1985
411. Who appoints the Chief Minister?
(a) The Governor of the State
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The Legislative Assembly
(d) The Supreme Court
412. Chief Minister of a State is responsible to
(a) Governor
(b) Legislative Assembly
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Rajya Sabha
413. Which of the following situation will bring about
the collapse of the council of ministers of a state.
1.Resignation by Chief Minister.
2.Death of Chief Minister.
(a)1 only.
(b)2 only.
(c)Both.
(d) None
414. Revenue of the state governments are raised from
the following sources, except
(a) entertainment tax
(b) expenditure tax
(c) agricultural income tax
(d) land revenue
415. Who of the following ladies served as Chief
Ministers in different states of India?
1.Janaki Ramachandran
2.Nandini Satpathy
3.Rajinder Kaur Bhattal
4.Syeda Anwar Taimur
Select the correct answer using following codes
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
416. The person who is appointed as Chief Minister
(a) should not be a member of either house of
state legislature
(b) must be a member of either house of state
legislature
(c) must possess the qualifications to be elected as
member of state legislature but not be a member
of the legislature
(d) should be a member of the legislative council
only
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417. Who of the following is regarded as the head of
the state council of ministers?
(a)the Chief Minister
(b)the Governor
(c)the Speaker
(d) none of the above
418.A member of the council of ministers can hold
office without being a member of the state
legislature for a maximum period of
(a) three months
(b) six months
(c) one year
(d) two years
419.The portfolios to the various members of the
council of ministers in a state are allocated by
(a) the Governor
(b)the Chief Minister
(c) the Speaker of legislative assembly
(d) The Governor on the advice of the Chief
Minister
420. The salaries and allowances of the members of
the council of ministers in a state are determined
by
(a) the state legislature
(b) the Governor in consultation with President
(c) the Parliament
(d) the Governor in consultation with the state
legislature.
421. Who presides over the meetings of the council of
ministers in a state
(a) the Governor
(b)the Chief Minister
(c) Speaker of legislative assembly
(d) none of the above
422. Who among the following enjoys the distinction
of being the first woman Dalit Chief Minister of a
state?
(a) Nandani Satpati
(b) Padmaja Naidu
(c) Mayawati
(d) Sarojani Naidu
423. In the event of the death or resignation of a Chief
Minister
(a) the senior most member of the council of
ministers takes over as the Chief Minister
(b) the Chief Justice of the High Court assumes
the duties of Chief Minister
(c) the council of ministers automatically stands
dissolved
(d) the Governor immediately appoints a new
Chief Minister
424. The council of ministers hold office during the
pleasure of
(a) the legislative assembly
(b) the legislative council
(c) both the houses of the state legislature
(d) the Governor
341
425.Who among the following was not a member of
the state legislature at the time of appointment;
as Chief Minister of the state?
(a) Bansi Lal in Haryana
(b) ND Tewari in Uttar Pradesh
(c) SB Chavan in Maharashtra
(d) all the above
426. Who among the following enjoys the distinction
of serving as the Chief Minister of a state in India
for the longest period?
(a) BD Jatti
(b) Jyoti Basu
(c) Sharad Pawar
(d) Bhajan Lal
427. The Chief Minister of a state can be removed if
1.a no-confidence motion is passed by the
legislative assembly
2.a no-confidence motion is passed by both the
houses of parliament against the chief minister of
state
3.a resolution is passed by two-third of the
members of the legislative council or the Rajya
Sabha
4.in the opinion of the Governor, there is a break
down of constitutional machinery in the state
Choose the correct answer from the following
codes:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
428. Who administers the oath of office to the
members of council of ministers in a state?
(a)the Governor
(b)the Chief Justice of the State High Court
(c) the Attorney General of the state
(d) none of the above
429. The Chief Minister of a state can get rid of any
member of his council of ministers by
(a)asking him to tender his resignation
(b)getting him dismissed through the Governor
(c)dropping him from the council by reshuffling
the same
(d) all the above methods
430. Some of the Indian states have bi-cameral
legislatures. The names of the two houses of state
legislature are
(a) Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
(b) Sabha and Samiti
(c) Lok Sabha and Legislative Council
(d) the Legislative Assembly and Senate
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431. The Jammu & Kashmir legislative council has the
following number of members
(a) 40
(b) 90
(c) 60
(d) 36
432. The legislative council in a state can be abolished
by the Parliament on the recommendation of
(a) the Governor
(b) the state legislative assembly
(c) the President
(d) none for the above
433. The membership of the legislative assembly of a
state varies between
(a) 60 and 500
(b) 100 and 300
(c) 150 and 450
(d) 100 and 400
434. The members of the legislative assembly are
(a)elected by the people
(b)elected by the local bodies
(c)nominated by the Governor
(d) returned through all three methods
435. The members of the legislative assembly are
elected for a term of
(a) three years
(b) four years
(c) five years
(d) six years
436. Which of the following states/union territory has
a legislative assembly consisting of only 30
members?
(a) Pondicherry
(b) Mizoram
(c) Goa
(d) all the above
437. Money bills can be introduced in the state
legislature with the prior consent of
(a) the Speaker
(b) the Chief Minister
(c) the Governor
(d) the President
438. Members of the state legislature can focus the
attention of the government on matters of public
importance through
(a)no-confidence motion
(b)censure motion
(c)cut motion
(d) adjournment motion
439. A money bill can be introduced in the state
(a) in either house of the state legislature
(b) only in the legislative assembly
(c) only in the legislative council
(d) in both the houses at a joint sitting
440. In December 2005, the Parliament passed a bill
which seeks to revive the Legislative Council in
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Bihar
(d) All the above states
342
441. The maximum strength of the elected members in
a state legislative assembly can be
(a) 250
(b) 300
(c) 450
(d) 500
442. The strength of the legislative council of a state
cannot exceed ¬__________ of the membership of
the legislative assembly.
(a) one-half
(b) one-third
(c) one-fourth
(d) one-fifth
443. The legislative council of a state is
(a) elected for a term of four years
(b) elected for a term of five years
(c) a permanent house, and is not subject to
dissolution
(d) elected for a term of six years
444. The chairman of the legislative council is
(a) The governor
(b) Elected by the members of legislative council
(c) An ex-officio presiding officer
(d) Appointed by the speaker of legislative
assembly
445. The members of the state legislative assembly
participate in the election of
(a) the President
(b) the Vice-President
(c) Members of the legislative council
(d) both (a) and (c)
446. The qualifications essential to become a member
of the Legislative Assembly do not include:
(a) citizenship of India
(b) age of 25 years
(c) non-holding of office of profit under central or
State government
(d) being a graduate
447. The minimum age for the membership of the
Council of States is:
(a) 45 years
(b) 30 years
(c) 35 years
(d) 21 years
448. Which of the following matters can never be
discussed in a State Legislature?
I.The autonomy of States
II.The conduct of any High Court Judge
III.The conduct of the Governor
(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) II and III
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449. The Governor of a State is appointed by
(a) The State legislature
(b) The Prime Minister
(c) The President
(d) The Parliament
450. The chief executive head of state under the Indian
Constitution is—
(a) President
(b) Governor
(c) A & B
(d) None of the above
451. Which constitutional article provides personal
immunity for President and Governors for
official act—
(a) Article 362
(b) Article 363
(c) Article 368
(d) Article 361
452. What is the minimum age for appointment as a
Governor?
(a) 25 years
(b) 30 years
(c) 35 years
(d) 40 years
453. Which of the following qualifications are laid
down by the constitution for a person to be
appointed as the Governor of a state:
1.He should be a citizen of India.
2.Must have completed the age of 35 years.
3.He shall not belong to the state where he is
appointed.
(a)1 only.
(b)1 & 2 only.
(c)1, 2 & 3.
(d) None of the above.
454. The Governor recommends the imposition of the
President’s rule in a state
(a) On the recommendation of the state
legislature
(b) On the recommendation of the Chief Minister
(c) On the recommendation of the council of
minister
(d) If he is satisfied that the government of the
state cannot be carried in accordance with the
provisions of the Constitution of India
455. Which one of the following immunities of the
Governor or the state has been wrongly listed ?
(a) He is not answerable before any court for
anything done in the exercise of his official duties
(b) No criminal proceedings can be launched
against Governor during his term of office
(c) No legal proceeding can be instituted against
the Governor during the last year of his term
(d) The Governor is entitled to rent-free official
residence.
343
456. The salary of the Governor is
(a) 3.8 lakh
(b) 3.5 lakh
(c) 4.5 lakh
(d) 2.5 lakh
457. The Governor of a state enjoys
(a) No discretionary powers
(b) Very extensive discretionary powers
(c) Discretionary powers in certain circumstances
(d) None of the above.
458. Who of the following is the executive head of a
state?
(a) the Chief Minister (b) the Governor
(c) the President
(d) none of the above
459. Generally, the Governor belongs to
(a) the state where he is posted
(b) some other state
(c) the Indian Administrative Service
(d) none of the above
460. The Governor of a state holds office
(a) during the pleasure of the President
(b) as long as he enjoys the confidence of the
Chief Minister
(c) as long as he enjoys the confidence of the state
council of ministers
(d) as long as he enjoys the confidence of the state
legislature.
461. As a matter of convention, while appointing the
Governor of a state, the President consults
(a) the Chief Minister of the state
(b)the Chief Justice of India
(c) the State Council of Ministers
(d) none of the above
462. If the Governor of a state wishes to relinquish his
office before the expiry of his term, he has to
address his resignation to
(a) the President
(b) the Prime Minister
(c) the Union Home Minister
(d) Chief Justice of India
463. In India, the Prime Minister remains in office so
long as he enjoys the –
(a) Support of armed forces
(b) Confidence in Rajya Sabha
(c) Confidence in Lok Sabha
(d) Support of the people
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464. What is the tenure of the Prime Minister of India?
(a) Conterminous with the tenure of the Lok
Sabha
(b) Conterminous with the tenure of the
President
(c) As long as he enjoys the support of a majority
in the Lok Sabha
(d) Five Years
465. Who excercises the actual executive power under
the Parliamentary form of Government?
(a) Parliament
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
(d) Bureaucracy
466. The Council of Ministers does NOT include –
(a) Cabinet Ministers
(b) Prime minister
(c) Ministers of States
(d) Ministers without Portfolio
467. The Council of Ministers of Indian Union is
collectively responsible to the –
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) President
(c) Rajya Sabha
(d) Prime Minister
468. Who was the first woman to become the Prime
Minister of a country?
(a) Golda Meir
(b) Margaret Thatcher
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) Sirimavo Bandarnaike
469. ‘Shakti – Sthal’ is related to whom?
(a) Smt. Indira Ghandhi
(b) Rajiv Gandhi
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru
470. Which one of the following Prime Minister never
faced the Parliament during the tenure?
(a) Chaudhary Charan Singh
(b) V.P Singh
(c) Chandra Sekhar
(d) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
471. In the First Lok Sabha, what was the
Representation of Women—
(a) 27
(b) 34
(c) 22
(d) 39
472. Which Prime Minister of India imposed
President Rule for more number of times—
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru (b) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(c) N. D. Deva Gowda (d) Indira Gandhi
344
473. During the time of Indira Gandhi, what was the
number of President's Rule imposed—
(a) 16
(b) 50
(c) 4
(d) 6
474. What are the basis principles of the Cabinet
Government?
(a) Political homogeneity
(b) Ministerial responsibility
(c) Leadership of the Prime Minister
(d) All of the above
475. Is the Prime Minister bound to advise the
President on matters on which his advice is
sought
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) It is discretionary
(d) If the Council of Ministers so desires
476. Who among the following can attend meetings of
the Union Cabinet?
(a) Cabinet Ministers
(b) State Minister
(c) Deputy Ministers
(d) All the above
477. Who of the following became Prime Minister of
India without becoming a Union Cabinet
Minister?
(a) Chaudhary Charan singh
(b) H.D. Deve Gowda
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) I.K. Gujral
478. The members of the Council of Ministers are
(a) appointed by the Prime Minister
(b) appointed by the President on the
recommendation of the Parliament
(c) appointed by the President on the advice of
the Prime Minister
(d) appointed by the President at his discretion
479. The Council of Ministers is collectively
responsible to
(a) the President of India
(b)the loksabha
(c)the Prime Minister
(d) the Rajya Sabha
480. The portfolios among the members of the Council
of Ministers are allocated by
(a) the Prime Minister
(b) the President in his discretion
(c) the President on the recommendations of the
Prime Minister
(d) the Speaker in consultation with the Prime
Minister
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481. Who presides over the meetings of the Council of
Ministers?
(a) the Prime Minister
(b) the President
(c) Cabinet Secretary
(d) Different ministers by rotation
482. A person can be a member of the Council of
Ministers without being a member of the
Parliament for a maximum period of
(a) one year
(b) six months
(c) three months
(d) one month
483.The members of the Council of Ministers can be
dismissed by the President
(a) on his own
(b) on the recommendation of the Prime Minister
(c) on the recommendation of the Lok Sabha
(d) on the recommendation of the Speaker of the
Lok Sabha
484. In the event of the resignation or death of the
Prime Minister
(a) The Ministry is dissolved
(b) Fresh general elections must take place
(c) The Cabinet may choose another leader
(d) The President decides what to do
485. Though the Council of Ministers is collectively
responsible to the Lok Sabha, the individual
ministers are constitutionally responsible to
(a) the President
(b) the Prime Minister
(c) the Speaker
(d) None of the above
486. The Prime Minister is(a) the head of the state
(b) the head of the government
(c) the head of the state as well as government
(d) None of the above
487. The office of the Prime Minister in India
(a) has been created by the Constitution
(b) is extra-constitutional growth
(c) has been created by a Parliamentary Statute
(d) is the combination of all the above
488. The Prime Minister is
(a) elected by the Lok Sabha
(b) elected by the two houses of Parliament at a
joint sitting
(c) appointed by the President
(d) appointed by the President in consultation
with the Speaker
345
489. Generally, the Prime Minister is
(a) the senior most member of the Parliament
(b) the leader of the majority party in the
Parliament
(c) a close friend of the President
(d) not a member of Parliament
490. The council of minister holds office
(a) for a fixed term of five years
(b) during the pleasure of the President
(c) as long as he enjoys the confidence of
Parliament especially the Lok Sabha
(d) as long as he enjoys the confidence of the
Council of Ministers
491. Which of the following is not the power of the
Prime Minister?
(a) Recommend the names of the ministers for
appointment
(b) Advise the President
(c) Appoint the Speaker of the Lok Sabha
(d) Head the government
492. Who enjoys the distinction of having held the
office of the Prime Minister for the longest
duration?
(a)Jawaharlal Nehru
(b)Lal Bahadur Shastri
(c)Indira Gandhi
(d) Rajiv Gandhi
493. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a)The Prime Minister of India chooses his
ministers only from members of either house of
the Parliament
(b) The Prime Minister chooses his Cabinet
colleagues after due consultation with the
President of India
(c) The Prime Minister has full discretion in the
choice of persons to be included in the Council of
Ministers
(d) The Prime Minister has only limited power in
the choice of the Cabinet colleagues because of
the discretionary powers vested with the
President
494. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) a nominated member of the Parliament cannot
be appointed as Minister
(b) the leader of the largest party in the Rajya
Sabha is invariably appointed as Prime Minister
(c) a person appointed as a minister has to
become a member of either house of Parliament
within six months
(d) all the above
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495. The first BJP ministry which was formed under
Atal Behari Vajpayee remained in office for only
(a) 10 days
(b) 16 days
(d) one month
(d) 40 days
496. Which one of the following functions of the Prime
Minister has been wrongly listed?
(a) he presides over the meeting of the Cabinet
(b) he prepares the agenda for the meetings of the
Cabinet
(c) he coordinates the working of various
departments
(d) he chairs the meetings of the various standing
and ad hoc committees of Parliament
497. Who of the following was a member of Rajya
Sabha at the time of appointment as Prime
Minister?
(a)Charan Singh
(b)Indira Gandhi
(c)Lal Bahadur Shastri (d) Narasimha Rao
498. The salaries and allowances of the members of
the Council of Ministers
(a)have been stipulated in the Constitution
(b)are determined by the President in
consultation with the Prime Minister
(c)are determined by the Parliament from time to
time
(d) are fixed by the President in consultation with
the Speaker
499. The Prime Minister of India occupies a superior
position than the British Prime Minister because
(a) his office has been created by the Constitution
(b) the procedure for his removal is much
tougher than that of the British Prime Minister
(c) his office cannot be abolished
(d) he heads the largest democracy of the world
500. In the event of the resignation or death of the
Prime Minister
(a) the Council of Ministers stands automatically
dissolved
(b) the senior most member of the Council of
Ministers automatically becomes the Prime
Minister
(c) The Lok Sabha stands automatically dissolved
and fresh elections must be held within six
months
(d) the President can take any of the above actions
346
501. Which of the following is not a member of
National Human Rights Commission?
(a)Chairperson of National Commission for
Scheduled Castes
(b) Chairperson of National Commission for
Scheduled Tribes
(c) Chairperson of NITI Aayog
(d) Chairperson of National Commission for
women
502. The last of the Charter Act concerning India was
the Act of (a) 1773
(b) 1813
(c) 1853
(d) 1793
503. Who was the first Indian to become member of
the British Parliament?
(a) Badruddin Tyabji
(b) W.C. Bannerjee
(c) D.N. Wacha
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji
504. Number of elected members in Legislative
Assembly of M.P. is :
(a) 230
(b)232
(c)225
(d) 216
505. Article 17 of India Constitution deals with (a) Education
(b) Health
(c) Abolition of untouchability
(d) Food guarantee
506. ‘Human Rights Day’ is observed on :
(a) 10, December
(b)9, December
(c) 10, November
(d) 10, October
507. When the Supreme Court in India was
inaugurated ?
(a) 27 January, 1950
(b)28 January, 1950
(c) 29 January, 1950
(d) 30 January, 1950
508. Which Act introduced a bicameral legislature in
the Centre?
(a)1961 Act
(b)1917 Act
(c) 1919 Act
(d) 1915 Act
509. The term ‘Socialist’ was brought into the
Preamble of the Indian Constitution by which
amendment (a) 32nd
(b)42nd
(c) 44th
(d) 74th
510. The ‘Directive Principles’ are what?
(a) Justiciable
(b)Non-justiciable
(c) Rigid
(d) Flexible
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511. ‘National Planning Committee’ was set up by :
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b)A. Dalal
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Lal Bahadur Shastri
512. Who amongst the following drafted the
‘Sarvodaya Plan’?
(a) M.N. Roy
(b)Jai Prakash Narain
(c) Morarji Desai
(d) Shriman Narayan
513. First Five Year Plan was started in :
(a) 1951-52
(b)1956-57
(c) 1961-62
(d) 1966-67
514. The basic objective of fifth five year plan was
(a) Poverty removal
(b) Reforms in Public distribution system
(c) Inclusive growth
(d) Exclusive growth
515. The second five year plan was based on which
model?
(a) Solow model
(b) Domar model
(c) Robinson’s model (d) Mahalanobis model
516. The first general election under the Indian
Constitution was held in
(a) 1949
(b) 1950
(c) 1952
(d) 1953
517. Who has termed Constitution a sacred
document?
(a) B. R. Ambedkar
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Deendayal Upadhyay
(d) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
518. Which Amendment of the Constitution relates to
Anti-defection Law?
(a) 51st
(b) 52st
(c) 53st
(d) 54st
519. Who is called the custodian of the Constitution in
India?
(a) Parliament
(b) The President
(c) The Supreme Court (d) None of the above
520. From which country tradition of written
Constitution began?
(a) Japan
(b) India
(c) Britain
(d) America
521. NITI Aayog full form of ?
(a) National Institution for Transforming India
(b) National Institution for Technology
developed India
(c) National Institution for Training India
(d) None of these
347
522. Who is second state to adopt The Panchayati Raj
System?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Punjab
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Rajasthan
523. Who is not a member of the committee for the
appointment of Chairperson and members of the
National Human Rights Commission?
(a) Speaker of the House of People
(b) Chairman of the Council of States
(c) Leader of opposition in the House of People
(d) Leader of opposition in the Council of States
524. Age for voting was reduced from 21 years to 18
years by which Constitutional Amendment Act?
(a) 61st
(b) 62st
(c) 63rd
(d) 64th
525. In which article of Indian Constitution the
provision of Election Commission is mentioned?
(a) Article 320
(b) Article 322
(c) Article 324
(d) Article 326
526. After establishment of Bharatiya Janata Party,
who became its first President?
(a) L. K. Advani
(b) A.B. Vajpayee
(c) M.M. Joshi
(d) Sikandar Bakt
527. In which year was the Communist Partly of India
divided into two parties- CPI and CPIM?
(a) 1962
(b) 1964
(c) 1966
(d) 1969
528. Which Committee recommended for three tier
Panchayati Raj system in India?
(a) Balwant Rai
(b) Ashok Mehta
(c) Hanumant Rao
(d) G.B.K. Rao
529. Under which ‘Five Year Plan’ was the decision to
establish a socialistic pattern of society taken?
(a) 1 Five Year Plan
(b) II Five Year Plan
(c) III Five Year Plan
(d) IV Five Year Plan
530. The formal beginning of 12th five year Plan from?
(a) 2011-2016
(b) 2012-2017
(c) 2013-2018
(d) 2015-2020
531. What does stand for VVPAT?
(a) Voter Verification Paper Audit Trail
(b) Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
(c) Voter Variable Paper Audit Trail
(d) Voter Volatile Paper Audit Trail
532. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act was passed in
(a) 2004
(b) 2005
(c) 2007
(d) 2010
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533. Which kind of Panchayati Raj system was
recommended by the Balwant Rai Mehta
Committee?
(a) Two-tier
(b) Three-tier
(c) Village level
(d) None of the above
534. Which is the first ever state constituted on
linguistic basis?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Karnataka
535. Who among the following is associated with
‘NITI Aayog’?
(a) Rajiv kumar
(b) Kaushik Basu
(c) Amartya Sen
(d) P. Chidambaram
536. When were the Fundamental Duties of the Indian
citizens incorporated in the Constitution?
(a) 1952
(b) 1976
(c) 1979
(d) 1981
537. By which bill the government propose collection
of revenue for a year ?
(a) Supplementary bill (b) Economic bill
(c) Finance bill
(d) None of the above
538. What is the minimum age laid down for
candidate to seek election to lok sabha
(a) 21
(b)25
(c) 22
(d) 30
539. Who will decide the office of profit ?
(a) President
(b)Prime minister
(c) Supreme court
(d) Parliament
540. Which of the following "writ" issued by the High
Court ?
(a) Centiorari
(b) Mandamus
(c) Prohibition
(d) All the above
541. Which of the following Article/Articles cannot
be suspended even during emergency?
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 20 and 21
(c) Article 22 and 23
(d) Article 24 and 25
542. In which year Bharatiya Janata Party was
formed?
(a) 1885
(b) 1980
(c) 1984
(d) 1964
543. Which Fundamental Right in the Indian
Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labour,
and children working under 14 years of age?
(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Right to Freedom of Religion
348
544. In Indian constitution, Members nomination to
the Rajya Sabha has been taken from which
country?
(a) Britain
(b) USA
(c) Ireland
(d) Australia
545. What is the literal meaning of the term "QuoWarranto"?
(a) We command
(b) To forbid
(c) By what authority (or) warrant
(d) None of these
546. Manner of election of President is mentioned in
which article ?
(a) Article 110
(b) Article 29
(c) Article 65
(d) Article 55
547. Who among the following is the executive head
of state in India?
(a) Prime Minister
(b) President
(c) Cabinet Secretary
(d) Finance Secretary
548. Which of the following is a feature of federal
Government?
(a) Supremacy of Parliament
(b) Supremacy of Judiciary
(c) Division of powers between federal and state
Government
(d) Single citizenship
549. Under which article, President of India can
proclaim financial emergency?
(a) Article 32
(b) Article 349
(c) Article 360
(d) Article 355
550. In the Indian Parliamentary System, 'Vote on
Account' is valid for how many months (except
the year of elections)?
(a) 2 months
(b) 3 months
(c) 6 months
(d) 9 months
551. In the Constituent Assembly, when was the adhoc Committee appointed for the National Flag—
(a) 23rd June 1947
(b) 23rd July 1947
(c) 23rd Jan. 1947
(d) 23rd Feb. 1947
552. Who curbed the Judicial Review power of
Judiciary
through
Amendment
of
the
Constitution—
(a) State Legislature
(b) Parliament
(c) Council of State
(d) Legislative Council
553. Who was the last Indian Governor-General of
India?
(a) Pt Jawahar lal nehru (b) Rajagopalachari
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (d) Sarojini Naidu
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554. Provincial Constitution Committee of the
Constituent Assembly had been chaired by:
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru. (b) Sardar Patel.
(c) Bishwanath Das.
(d) None of these
555. Which among the following are correct about the
provisions of the Government of India Act, 1858?
(a) It ended the system of double government by
abolishing the Board of Control and Court of
Directors
(b) It also provided for the establishment of new
legislative councils for Bengal
(c) It reconstituted the Council of the GovernorGeneral
(d) The number of additional member in the
Provincial Legislative Councils was also
increased
556. Which among the following Act marked a second
milestone towards a completely responsible
government in India?
(a)1909 Act
(b)1935 Act
(c)1858 Act
(d) 1919 Act
557. Who among the following members were present
in the drafting Committee of the Constitution of
India?
(a) N Gopalaswamy Ayyangar
(b)B. Kripalani
(c) H.C. Mukherjee
(d) Sardar Patel
558. Which article of the Indian Constitution
mentioned the posts of Speaker and Deputy
Speaker of the House of People—
(a) Article 95
(b) Article 93
(c) Article 91
(d) Article 96
559. The amendment procedure of the Indian
Constitution has been modelled on the
constitutional pattern of
(a) Union of South Africa
(b) Canada
(c) USA
(d) Switzerland
560. Part III of the Constitution of the India relates
to—
(a) fundamental Rights
(b) Directive Principles of State Policy
(c) Fundamental Duties
(d) Citizenship
349
561. Under which Article of the Constitution of India
can the President of India be impeached?
(a) Article 61
(b) Article 75
(c) Article 76
(d) Article 356
562. The Government of India instituted Bharat Ratna
and Padma Shri awards under
(a) Article 14 of the Constitution
(b) Article 18 of the Constitution
(c) Article 25 of the Constitution
(d) none of the above Articles
563. The Sikhs in India are permitted to carry Kirpan.
Under which one of the following Fundamental
Rights are they permitted to do so?
(a) right to freedom
(b) right to freedom of religion
(c) right to life and liberty
(d) none of the above.
564. The main objective of the cultural and
educational rights granted to the citizens is
(a)to preserve the rich cultural heritage of India
(b)to evolve a single integrated Indian culture
(c)to help the minorities to conserve their culture
(d) all the above
565. The Preamble was for the first time amended by
the
(a) 24th Amendment
(b) 42nd Amendment
(c) 44th Amendment
(d) none of the above
566. What is the chief source of political power in
India ?
(a) the people
(b)the Constitution
(c) the Parliament
(d) the Parliament and State Legislatures
567. Who among the following has the Constitutional
authority to make rules and regulations fixing the
number of members of the UPSC?
(a) Home Ministry
(b) President
(c) Cabinet Secretary
(d) Vice-President
568. The name of the candidate for the office of the
President of India has to be proposed by
(a) any 50 citizens
(b) any five members of the Electoral College
(c) any five members of Parliament
(d) any 50 members of the Electoral College
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569. Who is legally competent to declare war or
conclude peace?
(a) the President
(b) the Parliament
(c) the Council of Ministers
(d) Prime Minister
570. After a bill is passed by the Parliament and sent
to the President for his consideration, he can
(a) refuse to sign it
(b) sleep over it
(c) change certain clauses of the bill
(d) send back the bill to Parliament for
reconsideration
571. The President can make laws through ordinances
(a) during the recess of the Parliament
(b) on certain subjects even when Parliament is in
session
(c) only on subjects contained in the concurrent
list
(d) under no circumstances
572. The President can grant pardon in
(a) all cases of punishment by Court Martial
(b) all offences against laws in the union and
concurrent list
(c) all cases involving death sentence
(d) all the above cases
573. Which one of the following financial powers is
enjoyed by the President?
(a) Ordinary bills can be introduced in the
Parliament only on the recommendation of the
President
(b) the President can advance money out of the
Consolidated Fund of India
(c) the President appoints a Finance Commission
to recommend the distribution of taxes between
the Union and the State governments (d) all the
above
574. Which one of the following emergencies can be
declared by the President on his own?
(a) Emergency due to external aggression or
armed rebellion
(b) Emergency due to failure of the constitutional
machinery in a state
(c) Emergency due to threat to the financial
stability or credit of India
(d) None of the above
350
575. In the appointment of which official the President
has no say?
(a) judges of the Supreme Court
(b) judges of High Courts
(c) judges of District and Session Courts
(d) Attorney General of India
576. Which group of Articles relate to the relationship
of the President and the Council of Ministers?
(a) 71, 75 and 78
(b) 72, 75 and 78
(c) 74, 75 and 78
(d) 73, 75 and 78
577. The President can declare national emergency
(a) only in the event of foreign invasion
(b) only in the event of armed rebellion
(c) in both (a) and (b)
(d) in none of the above cases
578. How many times has the President declared
national emergency so far?
(a) only once
(b) twice
(c) thrice
(d) never
579. In what respect does the Ordinance issued by the
President differ from the Acts of Parliament
(a) It cannot be used for the amendment of the
Constitution
(b) It has a temporary character
(c) It cannot be replaced by a law of the
Parliament.
(d) All the above
580. The President of India is elected on the basis of
(a) proportional representation
(b) proportional representation by a singletransferable vote
(c) single member territorial representation
(d) none of the above methods
581. Which one of the following was elected President
of India unopposed?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Dr. S Radhakrishnan
(c) Dr. NeelamSanjiva Reddy
(d) K R Narayanan
582. The procedure for the election of the President of
India can be modified through an amendment in
the Constitution which must be passed by
(a) two-thirds majority by the Lok Sabha
(b) two-thirds majority by the Lok Sabha as well
as the Rajya Sabha
(c) two-thirds majority by the Rajya Sabha
(d) two-thirds majority by both Lok Sabha and
Rajya Sabha and be ratified by legislatures of at
least one half of the states
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583. The President can proclaim national emergency
only on the written advice of
(a) the Prime Minister
(b) the Union Cabinet
(c) the Chief Justice of India
(d) the Speaker of Lok Sabha
584. Which one of the following Vice-Presidents resigned from his office to contest for the office of
President?
(a) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
(b) Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
(c) VV Giri
(d) both (b) and (c)
585. What can be the maximum interval between two
sessions of parliament?
(a) 3 months
(b) 4 months
(c) 6 months
(d) 9 months
586. Which of the following non-member of
Parliament has the right to address it?
(a) Attorney General of India
(b) Solicitor General of India
(c) Chief Justice of India
(d) Chief Election Commissioner
587. In the Parliament, Lower House is called as—
(a) Legislative Assembl
(b) Legislative Council
(c) Rajya Sabha (Council of states)
(d) Lok Sabha (House of People)
588. When did the first Lok Sabha function—
(a) 1952-1956
(b) 1953-1957
(c) 1952-1957
(d) None of the above
589. In the Parliament of India Upper House in known
as—
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Rajya Sabha
(c) Legislative Council
(d) Legislative Assembly
590. Normally, what kind of session does the
Parliament hold—
(a) Budget session
(b) Monsoon session
(c) Winter session
(d) All the above
591. In the Parliament, what is the meaning of the
Government Bill—
(a) Bill presented by Ruling Party member
(b) Bill approved by the Government
(c) Only the Prime Minister presents the Bill
(d) A Bill introduced by any Minister in either of
the Houses of the Parliament
351
592. Under which Schedule of the Constitution every
member of Parliament takes oath or
affirmation—
(a) First
(b) Third
(c) Fifth
(d) Sixth
593. Committees in parliament are ?
(a) Business Advisory Committee & Committee
of Privileges
(b)Estimate committee
(c) Public account committee
(d) All the above
594. Who appoints Ad hoc Committee on
Parliament—
(a) Speaker of Lok Sabha
(b) Chairman of Rajya Sabha
(c) A & B
(d) None of the above
595. Which constitutional organ has the power to
amend Constitution of India—
(a) Judiciary
(b) Executive
(c) Legislature
(d) Parliament
596. How many members are fixed for Lok Sabha—
(a) 501
(b) 552
(c) 530
(d) 506
597. In the Second Reading, what kind of process is
adopted to approve the Bill—