Unit 1 Key Notes
Text 1A
Propaganda
Propaganda is the deliberate and systematic spread of information or ideas, often biased or
misleading, to influence public opinion and promote a particular cause or viewpoint
Literary Devices
Couplet: made up of 2 rhyming lines
Syntactical Devices
Balanced Phrases - Words or phrases with similar meanings, grammartical structure (e.g. It was hard to
eat, it was easy to feast)
Rhetorical Devices
Antithesis - Words or phrases put together as opposites (e.g. love and hate)
Simile - Comparing something using 'like' or 'as' (e.g. He's as brave as a lion)
Metaphor - Comparing something directly (e.g. He has the bravery of a lion)
Euphemism - Making something sound more pleasant because it's unpleasant to say the word directly
(e.g. 'She passed away' instead of 'she died')
Juxtaposition - Placing two ideas next to each other (e.g. The red door was closed, the blue door was
opened)
Rule of three - Using three of a kind (e.g. 'I raid, I take, I slay' or 'Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me
your ears')
Bathos - An abrupt shift from serious tone to humorous one. (e.g. He was a man of great courage, a
brilliant strategist, a loving father... and a terrible cook.)
Hyperbole - Deliberately Exaggerating something (e.g. I'm so fast that I could run a thousand miles)
Meiosis - Understatement of something (e.g. 'a bit of weather' eventhough there's a huge storm)
Tautology - Saying the same thing twice in another way (e.g. They spoke in turn, one after another)
Deliberate Repetition - Using the same words or phrases multiple times in a row intentionally (e.g.
Simple steps, Simple instructions, Simple results, Simple Consequences)
Onomatopoeia - Words that sound like their meaning (e.g. chirp, click)
Text 1C
Vocabularies
Vast - Extremely large (Monster, Giant)
Zoo - A group of animals kept in a cage (Menagerie)
Outlines - Giving informations relating with something (Shapes, marking)
Marvellous - extremely good (Magnificent)
Intrigue -
Making somebody feel very interested about something (Tentalise)
Colons
1. Introducing a list (e.g.I need to buy several things at the grocery store: milk, bread, eggs, and
cheese.)
2. Explaining or clarifying something (e.g. Photosynthesis: the process by which plants convert light
energy into chemical energy.)
3. Introducing a quotation (e.g. She whispered: "I'm scared.")
4. Separating clauses in certain sentence structures (e.g. The results were clear: the experiment had
failed.)
5. In time notation (e.g. The meeting starts at 2:30 PM.)
Semi-colons
1. Connecting two independent clauses (e.g. The cat sat on the mat; the dog slept peacefully on the
floor.)
2. Separating items in a complex list (e.g. The conference attendees came from various places: Dr.
Smith, from New York City; Professor Jones, from Boston, Massachusetts; and Ms. Davis, from San
Francisco, California.)
3. (Less common) Before a conjunctive adverb (e.g. She studied diligently; therefore, she passed the
exam with flying colors.)
Prefix - pre-view, un-happy, dis-agree, re-write
Suffix - teach-er, quick-ly, happi-ness, care-ful
Text 1D
Reflexive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Text 1E
Vocabularies
Contemporary - Belonging to the present time; current; modern
Architect - design buildings, overseeing the project from concept to construction, ensuring they are
functional, safe, and aesthetically pleasing
Quirkiness - having unusual and interesting traits that make someone or something unique and
memorable. It's a charming kind of oddness.
Poignant - Poignant means deeply touching the heart, often with sadness or regret.
Silhouettes - a dark outline against a light background.
Plague - a fast-spreading, deadly disease causing widespread death and disruption.
Autioned - sold at a public sale to the highest bidder.
Phenomenon - something observed happening, especially if unusual or hard to explain.
Controversial - causing disagreement and argument.
Subversive - undermining or overthrowing established authority.
Pioneer - someone who is first to explore or develop something new.
Rebel - someone who opposes established authority.
Vandal - someone who destroys or damages property.
Fictitious - imaginary; not real.
Initiator - someone who starts something.
Apparition - a ghost or a ghostly appearance.
Wilful - deliberate and intentional, or stubbornly self-willed.
Unit 2 Key Notes
Text 2B
Binomial Pairs
A phrase consisting of two words or phrases joined by a conjunction (usually 'and' or 'or') or a
preposition (e.g. 'safe and sound')
Vocabulary
Cliche - an overused, unoriginal phrase or idea.
Text 2C
Vocabularies
Infractions -
violations of rules or laws. (Infringement, Violation)
Detrimental - causing damage or harm. (Harmful, damaging)
Alleviate - to lessen suffering or pain. (Ease, Lighten)
Autonomy -
he ability to act independently and make one's own choices. (Independence, Freedom)
Emulate - to imitate, often to equal or surpass.
Text 2D
Vocabularies
Advent - the arrival or beginning of something new. (Coming, Approach, Arrival)
Advances - progress or a loan given beforehand. (Enhancements, Improvements)
Vigilance - being watchful and alert for danger.
Profiles - short biographies, outlines, or user accounts. (Figures,
Shapes)
Prospective - likely to happen in the future; expected. (Future, Upcoming, Possible)
Prevalence - how common or widespread something is.
Dubious - doubtful or questionable.
Connotation -
the implied or emotional meaning of a word.
Assertiveness - expressing your needs and opinions clearly and respectfully.
Unit 3 Key Notes
Text 3A
Vocabularies
Unprecedented -
never done or known before.
Exposed - uncovered, revealed, or subjected to something.
Precedent - a past action that serves as a guide for similar future situations.
Pondering - thinking deeply and carefully.
Epigram -
a short poem or phrase that expresses an idea in a clever or humorous way
Ambiguous - having more than one possible meaning; unclear.
Universal - relating to or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; applicable to
all cases.
Decay - rotting or deterioration.
Prophesied - foretold the future.
Surging - Increasing rapidly and powerfully.
Cliched Imagery
an overused expression, idea, or image that has lost its original meaning or novelty due to overuse.
(e.g. a red rose to symbolize love)
Text 3B
Vocabularies
Eluded - escaped/avoided or failed to be understood. (Avoided, Evaded, Escaped)
Pragmatic - dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical
considerations rather than theoretical ones. (Realistic)
Accelerating -
getting faster. (fast)
Fundamental - forming a necessary base or foundation; of central importance. (Necessary, Important,
Basic)
Distinctions - a difference or a mark of excellence. (difference, contrast)
Rationalising (Justifying)
justifying behavior with reasons, even if untrue, or making something more logical.
Innovation - creating something new or improving existing things. (Revolution, Transform)
Illogicalities - things that are not logical; contradictions.
Text 3C
Vocabulary
Indigenous -
native to a place.
Text 3E
Vocabularies
Quizzical - expressing puzzled curiosity or amusement. (Puzzled)
Standard - a level of quality, a rule, or something typical. (Usual, Normal)
Deviate - to depart from a norm or standard. (Differ, diverge)
Emulating - imitating, often to try to equal or surpass. (copying, replicating)
Vocal - relating to the voice or being outspoken. (Vociferous, Articulate)
Vociferous - making or given to making a loud or vehement outcry.
Articulate - expressing clearly or (of a joint) flexible.
Feat - an act or deed that shows daring, skill, or strength (Achievement)
Emit - to send out or give off. (Transmit)
Vicinity - the surrounding area; nearby. (Locality)
Discourse Markers
Affirming Adverbials - Furthermore, What is more, Moreover, Consequently, In addition, Therefore,
Similarly, As a result, At the same time, Besides, For this reason, Likewise
Refuting Adverbials - However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, On the other hand, Yet, Whereas, On the
contrary, Conversely, Instead, Even so
Unit 4 Key Notes
Text 4C
Propaganda
d
Text 4E
Vocabularies
Tremulous - shaking or quivering slightly, typically as a result of nervousness, weakness, or illness.
(Shaking, trembling, quivering, timid)
Glowered - to have a sullen or scowling look. (glared, scowled, frowned)
Menace -
a threat/danger or to threaten. (Danger, Threat)
Humiliating - causing someone to feel ashamed and foolish by injuring their dignity and self-respect,
especially publicly.
Blundered - made a stupid mistake. (Stumbled, Shuffled, Floundered)
Connotation
The emotional or cultural association of a word. For example, the word "home" has a denotation of
"a place where one lives." However, it has connotations of warmth, comfort, and family.
Connotations can be positive, negative, or neutral.