PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF BANANA PEEL AND LEMON EXTRACT AS AN
ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE COMMERCIAL SHOE POLISH
An Experimental Study
Submitted to: Ms. Zoya Ramos
Senior High School
PHINMA-University of Iloilo
Iloilo City, Philippines
A Final Requirement in
STM 009 - Research in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics
APP 007 - Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
Presented by
Apio, Mitch
Cuison, Deanne Mhabelle M.
De Asis, Jasmine H.
Eran, Shanine
Estribor, Florence
Hojilla, Dustine
Lapidante, JM
Magsuling, Luiden
Pacino, JL
FA2-STEM12-2
April 2024
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “Investigating The Use Of Banana
Peel And Lemon Extract An Eco-Friendly Alternative Commercial Shoe Polish”.
Prepared and submitted by MITCH APIO, CUISON DEANNE, JASMINE DE ASIS, SHANINE
ERAN, FLORENCE ESTRIBOR, DUSTINE HOJILLA , JM LAPIDANTE, LUIDEN MAGSULING, JL
PACINO, as a final requirement in STM 009 – Research in Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics and APP 007 – Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion are hereby
accepted.
DINA TOMO-MALBAN, MAEd
Research Adviser and STM 009 – Research in Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics Instructor
ALFER JAKE A. RICO, LPT
Statistician and APP 007 – Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
Instructor
IAN RAYMOND D. MOMBAY, MATM
Grade 12 Coordinator
BERNARDO S. ALMERIA, Ph.D.
Principal
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wish to express their sincerest gratitude and appreciation to the
following persons whose valuable support and guidance helped in the completion of the
study. We have learned a lot in this journey, even in times of difficult circumstances and
failures. These precious people have been with us throughout our journey and the time that
we’ve studied to pursue our vision and for all these successes.
First and foremost, to the Almighty God, Our risen Lord Jesus Christ, All glory and
praises be to you! Alleluia! And to His loving mother, Our Mother of Perpetual Help. This
journey of our research would be impossible without the graces and merits of our Lord, and
the intercession of our beloved Mama Mary. He has given us the grace of strength,
perseverance, and guidance to complete this study. He has given us the people who helped
us with this study. To Him, we draw from our faith and our journey with Him in this research
has made us grow deeper in our appreciation and love for Him. To Him, we offer back all of
our work for the greater glory and honor of His name.
To our families and our loved ones, We deeply appreciate all the support they have
given us, whether it be financially or morally.
To Dr. Bernardo S. Almeria, for giving us permission to conduct our study, and for his
unwavering support
ILOILO CITY
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
To Ma’am Dina Tomo-Malban, who stood as our Research Adviser and STM 009 – Research
in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Instructor, We thank you for your
guidance and support, and for pushing us always to strive for challenges which you know
we can take on in order for us to learn more and become the best version of ourselves.
To Sir Alfer Jake A. Rico, who served as our Statistician and APP 007 –
Inquires, Investigations, and Immersion Instructor as well as being our APP 006 –
Practical Research 2 Instructor since last semester from which we started this study, our love
and deep appreciation and gratitude goes to you sir for your unwavering support and
guidance. May you always be blessed Sir Alfer! All of these would have never been possible
without the help of all the mentioned people. May everyone continue to be blessed and
loved by our loving, merciful, and gracious Lord, that in everything we do, His name maybe
glorified.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACTACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope and Delimitation
1.6 Definition of terms
1.7 Theoretical framework
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Shoe Polishing Products
2.1.1 Overview of Commercial Shoe Polishes
2.1.2 Environmental Issues with Traditional Shoe Polishes
2.1.3 Alternative Shoe Polish Products
2.2 Banana Peel and Lemon extract as a Natural Resource
2.2.1 Chemical Composition of Banana Peels and Lemon Extract
2.2.2 Environmental Advantages of Banana Peel Wasteand Lemon Extract
2.3 Banana Peel Extract as a Polishing Agent
2.3.1 Traditional and Modern Applications of Banana Peeland Lemon Extract
2.3.2 Scientific Studies on Banana Peel and Lemon Extract
2.4 Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Alternatives in Polishing
2.4.1 Effectiveness of Natural Polishes vs. Commercial Polishes
2.4.2 Consumer Perception towards Eco-Friendly Shoe Polishes
2.5 Environmental Impact of Shoe Polishes
2.5.1 Environmental Issues with Commercial Shoe Polishes
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
2.5.2 Sustainability of Natural Alternatives 2.6 Cost-Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly
Shoe Polishes
2.6.1 Cost Analysis of Commercial vs. Eco-Friendly Shoe Polishes
2.6.2 Economic Potential of Banana Peel Waste and lemon extract
2.7 Research Gaps and Future Directions
2.7.1 Determining Gaps in the Literature
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Locale
3.3 Materials and Equipment
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
3.5 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Overview of Experiment Design
4.2 Properties of Banana Peel and Lemon Extract
4.3 Visual and Textural Results
4.4 Durabilty and Longevity of the Treatment
4.5 Environmental and Health Benefits
4.6 Comparative Analysis with Commercial Shoe Polish
4.7 Limitations and Challenges
4.8 Implications and Future Research
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Chapter 1 is composed of seven parts, namely: (1) Background of the Study, (2)
Statement of the Problem, (3) Purpose of the study,
(4) Significance of the study, (5) Scope and Delimitation, (6) Definition of Terms, and (7)
Theoretical Framework.
Part One, Background of the
Study, presents the introduction and
justifies the need for the investigation.
Part Two, Statement of the Problem, presents the general problem that the study
sought to answer.
Part Three, Purpose of the study, presents the specific problems that the study
sought to answer.
Part Four, Significance of the Study, spells out the recipients of the study and clearly
discusses how each of them will benefit from the result of the
study.
Part
Five, Scope and Delimitation, sets the scope of the research in terms
of participants, research design, data gathering instruments, research variables as well as
its categories and statistical tools employed in the analysis of the data.
Part six, Definition of Terms, defines important
terms and
variables in the study, conceptually and operationally.
Part Seven, Theoretical Framework
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
CHAPTER 1
Introduction of the study
The increasing environmental issues regarding the application of chemical-based
products across industries have driven the quest for sustainable alternatives. One
such product that has attracted interest as a possible eco-friendly alternative is
banana peel and lemon extract. Conventionally, shoe polish has been produced using
synthetic chemicals that not only destroy the environment but also pose health
hazards. Yet, the use of natural, biodegradable materials has been a prospective
answer in managing both environmental and health issues.
Banana peel, which is mostly regarded as waste, is rich in nutrients, antioxidants,
and other organic chemicals that can help develop a green shoe polish. Meanwhile,
the citric acid in lemon helps remove dirt and grime, leaving shoes with a natural
shine. Banana peel and lemon extract is especially attractive as a result of its natural
qualities, including the fact that it softens, shines, protects and conditions leather as
well as the fact that it is biodegradable. The phenolic substances, tannins, and
potassium found in banana peels, and the citric acid on lemon extract which is a
natural disinfectant and preservative keeps the beauty and the leather’s durability
while keeping environmental damage low.
As a result, this research aims to investigate the potential of banana peel and lemon
extract as an eco-friendly alternative to commercial shoe polish by evaluating its
effectiveness, durability, and overall impact on both leather and the environment.
The significance of this research is not only in the encouragement of sustainable
operations in the shoe industry but also in minimizing the use of toxic chemicals and
promoting a circular economy. With this study, we aim to prove that banana peel
and lemon extract can be a sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative in
shoe care products, thus helping the world move towards pollution reduction and
green innovation.
1.1 Background of the Study
An Inquiry into the Application of Banana Peel and Lemon extract
as a Green Alternative to Commercial Shoe Polish
is generally applied to keep leather shoes and other footwear looking good, shiny, an
d long-lasting. Conventional commercial shoe polishes,
however, contain dangerous chemicals such as petroleum-based chemicals, waxes,
and dyes. Not
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
only do these chemicals pose an environmental risk, but they are also dangerous to
the health of people who come into contact with them. Widespread application of
these products leads to the generation of non-biodegradable
waste, adding to environmental pollution.
In the wake of increasing environmental concerns for sustainability, there has
been an international trend towards developing environment-friendly
alternatives for popular household products, such as shoe polish.
One such option that has attracted attention is utilizing natural,
biodegradable products that are inexpensive, harmless,
and renewable. Of these products, banana peels and lemon extract
have also come into focus.
Banana peels and Lemon Extract, which are frequently wasted,
are full of bioactive constituents including tannins, flavonoids, antioxidants (banana
peels) and citric acid and phenolic acid (lemon
extract). Such constituents are already found to be useful in the cleaning, polishing,
and conditioning of leather goods. Banana peels as well as lemon extract
have been traditionally applied in many traditional remedies
and common uses, among which are the natural polish of shoes, furniture, and
silver. Their high nutritional content, such as potassium and natural oils, indicate that
they could potentially be used as a good substitute for chemical shoe polishes.
With the growing need for sustainable products,
this research will explore the efficiency of banana peel and lemon extract as
an environmentally friendly substitute for commercial shoe polish.
This study will examine the possibility of using banana peel and lemon extract
to make leather shine and last longer and providing a non-toxic and biodegradable
alternative for consumers. Through an examination of the physical and chemical
properties of banana peel and lemon extract,
this research aims to determine whether it can be a viable natural alternative to tradi
tional shoe polishes and thereby help address the global effort to cut down on the
use of harmful chemicals and protect the environment.
Alongside its ecological value, the use of banana peels and lemon extract
for such an intention would also potentially diminish food waste. Being a banana by
product, banana peels and lemon juice extracted from lemon
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
tend to end up as throwaways due to banana and lemon juice
consumption. The research should illustrate how these normally discarded banana p
eels would become a highly valued, naturefriendly commodity meant for daily applications.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The chemicals in traditional commercial shoe polishes are typically detrimental to the
ecosystem as well as human health. Such polishes are normally made from
petroleum which also has other synthetic ingredients that aid in pollution and waste.
With the increasing concern for the environment, there is an urgent need for a more
sustainable and natural approach towards these products. One of these approaches
could be making use of banana peels and lemon extract. Banana peels have natural
oils and antioxidants while lemon extract have citric acid that can naturally preserve
and disinfect which makes them a very effective and biodegradable solution for shoe
polishing. Currently, very little research has been done to test the effectiveness,
durability, and overall impact on the environment that banana peel and lemon
extract could make as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional oil based shoe polish.
This study seeks to determine the benefits of using banana peel and lemon extract
to protect the environment while analyzing its polishing abilities, safety, and overall
positive effects on and around the normal polishes. Effectiveness: Is banana peel
and lemon extract effective in cleaning, polishing, and protecting leather shoes?
Longevity: How durable is the shine and protective impact of the banana peel and
lemon extract when compared to conventional shoe polishes? Environment Impact:
What is the cumulative environmental impact of using banana peel and lemon
extract as a shoe polish relative to traditional products, including considerations for
waste output, water usage, and emissions of chemicals? Cost-Effectiveness: Is the
manufacture and use of banana peel and lemon extract as a shoe polish costeffective compared to available commercial products?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Exploring the Application of Banana Peel and lemon Extract as a Green Shoe
Polish Alternative" is to analyze the possibility of banana peel and lemon extract as
a sustainable, natural, and environmentally sound alternative to synthetic shoe
polishes, which frequently include toxic substances. The research will assess banana
peel and lemon extract for its cleaning power, polishing efficiency,
and shoe conditioning ability for shoes, alongside its
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
environmental contribution. The work also aims to add to increasing interest
in making use of agro-wastes as products with innovative and environmentalfriendly solutions that minimize the usage of synthetic
and toxic materials on daily products.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The importance of research on the application of banana peel extract as a green
substitute for industrial shoe polish comprises the following:
1. Environmental Protection: Industrial shoe polishes tend to comprise dangerous
chemicals that contribute to environmental pollution. Employing banana peel extract,
being biodegradable and free from toxins, decreases chemical waste and promotes
sustainability in the environment.
2. Waste Management and Resource Utilization: Banana peels are normally
discarded as waste. This research encourages waste-to-resource practices by
converting banana peels into a worthwhile product, contributing to the decrease in
organic waste in landfills.
3. Cost-Effective Alternative: Manufacturing shoe polish from banana peels can be
more affordable than commercial ones, which can benefit low-income groups and
encourage sustainable living.
4. Health Benefits: Natural banana peel extract contains no harmful chemicals used
in traditional shoe polishes, making it a safer choice for users, particularly those with
chemical sensitivities.
5. Renewable Resource: Bananas are used extensively, so their peels are an
abundant and renewable resource. Their use promotes sustainable practice and
helps avoid reliance on petroleum-based products.
6. Promoting Eco-Friendly Innovations: This research promotes the creation of green
products and indicates that natural waste materials could be used as raw materials
for everyday products, guiding manufacturers and consumers towards making more
sustainable decisions.
7. Educational and Scientific Contribution: This research contributes to green
chemistry and sets a good example of how normal waste can be converted into
meaningful products, enabling sustainability education. In general, the research
illustrates the viability of banana peel and lemon extract as an inexpensive, green,
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
and waste-reducing substitute for conventional shoe polish that supports the
international push toward environmental conservation.
1.5 Scope and Delimitations
This research seeks to explore the utilization of banana peel extract
as a green substitute for commercial shoe polish. This research will
be implemented in Barangay Balabago Jaro, Iloilo City, to identify whether banana
peel and lemon extract is more effective in polishing shoes than commercial shoe
polish. This research utilizes a quantitative approach. The respondents for
this research will be chosen using a purposive sampling technique.
The study samples are five (5) members who are the
owners of the shoes, the local shoemakers, and people with special knowledge of
how to care for shoes. In addition, the prime consideration of this study
is assessing how effective, useful, and quality banana peel and lemon extract can be
used as an alternative shoe polish with measurable criteria.
The study excludes the analysis of the chemical makeup of the
extract and the effects of prolonged exposure to the extract on various types of
shoes. The data will be collected using experimental procedures
and questionnaires, and it will be verified by the research adviser. The
statistical method to be used is descriptive statistics in order to study the
quantitative data.
1.6 Definition of Terms
•Operational Definition: Banana Peel – A natural product derived from
the outside covering of a banana (Musa spp.), which is rich in oils, waxes, and
other chemicals that can give shine and protection to surfaces such as leather.
Lemon Extract – A juice that is extracted from lemon. It has antibacterial properties
that help eliminate odors from shoes. The oils in lemon extract can help keep leather
supple and prevent cracking. It’s a natural, chemical-free alternative to synthetic
shoe polish.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
•Conceptual Definition:
Banana - a long typically tapering tropical fruit with soft pulpy interior contained in a
soft typically yellow rind (MERIAM WEBSTER).
Lemon - acid fruit that is botanically a many-seeded pale yellow oblong berry
produced by a small thorny citrus tree (Citrus limon) and that has a rind from which
an aromatic oil is extracted (MERIAM WEBSTER).
•Operational Definition: Eco-Friendly – Describes products or practices that are
not detrimental to the environment and are sustainable.
• Conceptual Definition: A master gardener from Volusia
County will present University of Florida guidelines for guarding your
garden with sustainable, eco-friendly pest control. (MERIAM WEBSTER)
•Operational Definition: Commercial Shoe Polish – A massproduced product usually consisting of waxes, dyes, and solvents applied to restore
shine and color to shoes and give them a protective coating.
• Conceptual Definition: Boot polish, shoe polish, and shoeshine refer to a waxy
paste, cream, or liquid used to polish, shine, and waterproof leather boots or shoes.
(WIKIPEDIA)
Alternative – A replacement or substitute for a product, in this instance, banana peel
and lemon extract being used as a natural alternative to regular shoe polish.
•Conceptual Definition: proposition or set of circumstances providing an alternative
among two or more things only one of which can be selected (MERIAM WEBSTER)
•Operational Definition: Researching – The process of conducting research,
analyzing, and testing in order to establish the effectiveness of banana peel and
lemon extract in shoe polishing.
• Conceptual Definition: to look at or examine closely and systematically. (MERIAM
WEBSTER)
•Operational Definition: Shoe Polish – A topical applied to footwear made
of leather in order to make it appear more attractive, safeguard against injury,
and strengthen durability.
•Conceptual Definition: Shoe polish or boot polish or shoeshine is waxy
paste or cream or
liquid which is employed for polishing and shining and making leather shoes or
boots waterproof (WIKIPEDIA)
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
•Operational Definition: Sustainability – Use of resources not so as to consume
them,
but in order to sustain their continued availability, while promoting ongoing environm
ental health.
•Conceptual Definition: pertaining to, or being a technique of harvesting
or utilizing a resource in such a way that the resource is
not exhausted or irreparably harmed (MERIAM WEBSTER)
•Operational Definition: Biodegradable – A substance that can break down naturally
without doing damage to the environment.
•Conceptual Definition: able to be decomposed particularly into harmless products
by the action of living organisms like microorganisms. (MERIAM WEBSTER)
1.7 Theoretical Framework
Examining the Application of Banana Peel and Lemon Extract as a Green Substitute
for Commercial Shoe Polish
1. Introduction The investigation of using banana peel extract as a green option for
industrial shoe polish can rely on green chemistry, waste valorization, and natural
product utilization principles. The model takes into account the chemical composition
of banana peels, the application of banana peels as a polish compound, and the
advantages of utilizing natural compounds over synthetic materials.
2. Theoretical Foundations
2.1. Green Chemistry Theory: Developed to reduce or even eliminate the usage
and production of toxic substances, green chemistry targets the development of
sustainable and environmentally friendly products (Anastas & Warner, 1998). The
use of banana peel and lemon extract adheres to this concept by minimizing
chemical pollutants and incorporating biodegradable materials. Principles Utilized:
Use of renewable feedstocks (banana peels and lemon as crop waste). Safer
products and chemicals (natural waxes and oils in banana peels and natural
disinfectant and preservatives in lemon than man-made chemicals in commercial
polish). Design for degradation (biodegradable nature of banana peel and lemon).
2.2. Waste Valorization Theory: This theory is about utilizing waste materials to
generate useful products, hence a circular economy. Banana peels, which are most
times regarded as a waste product, contain natural oils, potassium, with wax-like
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
substances and lemon extract that can be used for shoe polish. Key Concepts:
Resource efficiency: Maximization of the utilization of agricultural by-products.
Economic and environmental benefits: Avoidance of waste disposal costs and
minimizing environmental impacts.
2.3. Natural Product Chemistry: This hypothesis explores the extraction and
utilization of bioactive materials from nature. Banana peels contain essential oils,
potassium, and polysaccharides. Meanwhile, lemon that contains citric acid, vitamin
C, malic acid, β-pinene, limonene, α-terpineol, linalyl acetate, and carbohydrates
which can enhance shine and protection of leather. Compound of Interest in Banana
Peels: Potassium: Enhances shine. Natural oils: Provides conditioning effects.
Polysaccharides: Forms protective layer. Compound of Interest in Lemon Extract:
citric acid: disinfects and preserves.
3. Hypotheses Development H1: Banana peel and Lemon Extract may provide
the same shine as commercial shoe polish due to its natural oils and potassium
content and the acidity of lemon extract can help keep leather supple and prevent
cracking. H2: Banana peel polish is greener than commercial polish since it is
biodegradable and contains no synthetic chemicals. Lemon Extract has antibacterial
properties that help eliminate odors from shoes naturally. H3: Utilizing banana peels
and lemon extract as shoe polish can reduce waste and encourage sustainable waste
management strategies.
4. Conceptual Framework Independent Variable: Banana Peel (composition
and concentration) Lemon Extract (concentration and exposure). Dependent
Variables: Shine and shoe appearance. Environmental sustainability (biodegradability,
non-toxicity). Cost efficiency compared to commercial polish. Mediating Variables:
Application method. Type and quality of leather.
5. Conclusion: This conceptual framework argues that banana peel and lemon
extract can be a green and sustainable substitute for commercial shoe polish.
Drawing on green chemistry, waste valorization, and natural product chemistry, the
study aims to evaluate the efficacy and environmental sustainability of this green
alternative.
Hypothesis
Banana peel and Lemon extract can effectively serve as an eco-friendly alternative to
commercial shoe polish, providing comparable or superior results in terms of
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SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
cleaning, polishing, and conditioning properties, while being environmentally safer
and more sustainable."
This hypothesis suggests that the banana peel and lemon extract will not only work
well as a shoe polish but may also offer environmental advantages over traditional,
chemical-based shoe polishes.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter discusses the literature and studies pertinent to the research on banana
peel and lemon extract as a green substitute for commercial shoe polish. It
will deliver the proper background, efficacy of natural and commercial shoe polish,
and environmental concerns associated with using both alternatives. The chapter will
also discuss the possibility of using banana peel and lemon extract in polishing
products, the chemical characteristics that make it suitable for such a use,
and whether the use of banana peel waste and lemon extract is sustainable.
2.1 Introduction to Shoe Polishing Products
2.1.1 Overview of Commercial Shoe Polishes
Commercial shoe polishes have been in widespread use for centuries to improve the
aesthetic appeal and durability of shoes. Such products are usually made up of
waxes (beeswax, carnauba), solvents (petroleum-based), oils, and dyes.
These act to condition, shine, and protect leather surfaces. The application of
chemical solvents and synthetic additives poses environmental issues, though.
For example, petroleum-based solvents may have detrimental impacts on
ecosystems upon their release into the environment, while waxes tend to be nonbiodegradable. Aside from these environmental issues, most commercial shoe
polishes are in aerosol cans or plastic containers that add to plastic waste.
2.1.2 Environmental Issues with Traditional Shoe Polishes
The traditional shoe polishes pose a major environmental concern because of the
non-renewable resources involved in their manufacture and
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
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ILOILO CITY
packaging. Most traditional shoe polishes are made up of harmful chemicals
like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other chemicals that are harmful to
human health and the environment. Upon application, these chemicals might be
absorbed through the skin or leach into the ground upon improper disposal. In
addition, the manufacture of petroleum-based products leads to large amounts
of carbon emissions, which is a factor in climate change.
2.1.3 Alternative Shoe Polish Products
In a response to increased environmental awareness, there has been
a move towards more
natural, environmentally friendly substitutes for traditional shoe polish. Plantbased oil products (e.g., beeswax, coconut oil, and jojoba oil) and natural waxes
have become effective substitutes. These are biodegradable, non-toxic,
and tend to be packaged in
recyclable materials. With all their popularity, some doubts linger over their
effectiveness compared to commercial shoe polish products.
Research into natural substitutes tends to concentrate on products like carnauba
wax, a product which has
been found to provide the same characteristics as conventional polishes but at a
lower environmental cost.
2.2 Banana Peel and Lemon extract as a Natural Resource
2.2.1 Chemical Composition of Banana Peels and Lemon Extract
Banana peels, which are normally regarded as waste products,
have attracted interest on account
of their possible utilization in different uses, such as in natural product formulations.
The peel contains a number of compounds that can make it valuable as a shoe
polish. These include:
Tannins: Polyphenolic substances whose antioxidant properties make them useful in
conditioning leather and giving some protection against environmental factors.
Pectin: A complex carbohydrate with moisture-retaining and protective properties,
which can be useful in preserving the look and quality of leather.
Natural Oils: Banana peels have a minute quantity of oils that
can be used for polishing and shine. These oils can fill up the minute pores of
leather surfaces, giving a smooth and shiny finish.
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Lemon extract, derived from lemon peel and juice, contains a variety of chemical
compounds that contribute to its characteristic flavor, aroma, and health benefits.
These chemicals are:
citric acid: primarily used as a mild acid to help soften old layers of wax, allowing for
easier removal and application of new polish, while also slightly conditioning the
leather by balancing its pH level.
Research has indicated that banana peel and lemon extracts have a range of
antioxidant compounds, which may be beneficial in preventing the degradation of
leather over time.
2.2.2 Environmental Advantages of Banana Peel Waste and Lemon Extract
The use of banana peel extract as a shoe polish is an example
of the increasing trend of minimizing food waste and recycling discarded materials.
Bananas are one of the most popular fruits in the world, with bananas peels being
discarded by millions of tons every year. By turning these peels into a effective
and environmentally friendly shoe polish, we not only minimize wastage but
also support circular economy strategies. Moreover, the process of extracting useful
compounds from banana peels can produce a more sustainable product
without the use of non-renewable resources. Meanwhile, lemon extract
2.3 Banana Peel Extract as a Polishing Agent
2.3.1 Traditional and Modern Applications of Banana Peel and Lemon
Extract
The application of banana peel and lemon extract as a polish or cleaning agent is
not new. Various cultures have used banana peels for polishing wood and other
materials, surface cleaning, and shoe care. There are also many people that uses
Lemon extract for deep cleaning due to it’s high concentration of
acidity. Although anecdotal reports indicate that banana peel and lemon
extract is effective for these applications, scientific research exploring its use as a
shoe polish is comparatively limited.
Recent studies have, however, yielded encouraging results. For instance, Smith et al.
(2020) established that banana peel and lemon extract combined is capable of giving a
natural gloss and enhancing the texture of leather. The extract has
been proved to offer similar advantages as conventional commercial polishes but with
the added benefit of being biodegradable and not containing harmful chemicals.
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2.3.2 Scientific Studies on Banana Peel and Lemon Extract
Experiments have shown that banana peel is rich in antioxidants, tannins, and
flavonoids, which all possess protective properties when used on leather. Meanwhile,
Lemon extract has citric acid, vitamin C, phenolic acids, and other compounds that
can protect and clean shoes by creating a thin protective layer on the leather
surface, shielding it from water absorption and deterioration due to external
conditions. Banana peel and lemon extract could also serve as a
natural conditioner for leather, keeping it soft and preventing cracking.
Other studies have also pointed to the antimicrobial activity of banana peel and
lemon extracts, which may assist in inhibiting bacterial growth on leather
surfaces, thereby ensuring better hygiene and
durability. The exact mechanisms through which these activities operate in banana
peel and lemon extract as a polish, however, are still an area for further research.
2.4 Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Alternatives in Polishing
2.4.1 Effectiveness of Natural Polishes vs. Commercial Polishes
Some studies have also contrasted the performance of natural shoe polishes
(such as beeswax, coconut oil, and banana peel extract) with that
of conventional commercial polishes. Natural alternatives have
been shown to be just as effective in imparting shine and
conditioning, although they are occasionally less effective in the long term as water
or abrasion protection. For instance, Jones and Phillips
(2019) reported that although coconut oil and beeswax leave a pleasant finish, their
protective benefits were shorter-lasting compared to commercial
products made with synthetic oils and waxes.
On the other hand Banana peel and lemon extract is yet to be fully examined in
this case. Preliminary findings indicate banana peel contains a good polishing ability
and ecologically friendly component. Meanwhile, lemon extract has natural
disinfectant and preservatives. More examinations are required in
order to estimate its durability in comparison to mass-produced products.
2.4.2 Consumer Perception towards Eco-Friendly Shoe Polishes
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
With continued awareness of environmentally related issues, consumers
are growing more interested in ecofriendly materials in common usage. Research has indicated that consumers
are prepared to pay a premium for
products labeled as natural and sustainable. For shoe
polish, environmentally friendly versions have become increasingly appealing to
a market sector interested in both green credentials and the absence of toxic
materials. However, consumer adoption of banana peel and lemon extract as a
mainstream alternative will depend on several factors, including the availability,
effectiveness, and affordability of the product.
2.5 Environmental Impact of Shoe Polishes
2.5.1 Environmental Issues with Commercial Shoe Polishes
Most traditional shoe
polishes also include dangerous chemicals, including petroleum-based
solvents and synthetic waxes, that harm the environment. The chemicals
are hard to degrade and end up in
ecosystems, polluting water sources and injuring animals. Commercial shoe polishes
are also packed in non-reusable containers, adding to the rampant plastic pollution.
Research has revealed that the environmental burden of shoe polish can
be appreciable, particularly when one views the full production-to-disposal lifecycle
of the product. Williams et al. (2021) identified more than 60%
of sample commercial shoe polishes contained water pollutants harmful to
aquatic organisms.
2.5.2 Sustainability of Natural Alternatives
Banana peel together with lemon extract, in contrast, offers a more sustainable
solution due to its biodegradability, low toxicity, and minimal carbon footprint. Unlike
petroleum-based products, banana peel extract does not release harmful chemicals
into the environment. Furthermore, banana peels are a byproduct of the banana
industry, and lemon juice is extracted from lemon utilizing them in shoe polish
production helps reduce food waste promoting sustainability.
Research has indicated that the
environmental advantage of employing natural products such as banana peel and
lemon
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
extract significantly outweighs the adverse effects of commercialized alternatives.
Green et al. (2020) proved that
natural, degradable shoe polish exhibits a notably smaller environmental footprint w
hen it comes to toxicity and waste production.
2.6 Cost-Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Shoe Polishes
2.6.1 Cost Analysis of Commercial vs. Eco-Friendly Shoe Polishes
Whereas commercial shoe polishes are usually touted to be very effective and longlasting, they might be costly and not worth their price in the long run. On the other
hand, natural products like banana peel extract have the potential to be more costefficient, particularly when one looks at the low-cost raw material (banana peels and
lemons). Furthermore, the manufacturing process of banana peel and lemon extract
is less resource-requiring and environmentally friendly.
There are still difficulties with mass production and consumer awareness, though. If
banana peel and lemon extract were sold as a mainstream alternative, initial costs
of production may be greater since specialized extraction techniques would be requir
ed. With time, however, economies of scale
could render it cheaper and more accessible.
2.6.2 Economic Potential of Banana Peel Waste and lemon extract
The economic potential for using banana peels together with lemon extract in shoe
polish manufacture is considerable. With the enormous amounts of banana
peels wasted every year, there is potential to develop a
profitable, environmentally friendly product. Smallscale trials have shown that it is possible to extract valuable compounds from
banana peels, and lemons. A largescale production could lead to an affordable, environmentally friendly shoe polish
product. Banana peel and Lemon juice
extraction methods could also create new jobs in developing nations, where
banana cultivation is a significant industry.
2.7 Research Gaps and Future Directions
2.7.1 Determining Gaps in the Literature
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
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ILOILO CITY
Though the potential of banana peel and lemon extract as a shoe
polish is promising, there remains insufficient scientific study of its longterm performance and effectiveness under actual use conditions. Further research
is required to identify the most effective extraction techniques, the polish's durability,
and its relative performance over time when compared with commercial polishes.
2.7.2 Possible Areas for Future Research
The future research could involve streamlining the extraction
process to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness, and subjecting banana
peel and lemon extract to varying environmental conditions (e.g., water exposure,
heat, and sunlight). Further consumer
surveys can also be undertaken to determine willingness to use eco-friendly
alternatives at a larger level.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 3 includes six (6) parts: (1) Research Design, (2) Research
Locale, (3) Materials and Equipment, (4) Data Analysis, (5) Data Gathering
Procedure, and (6) Ethical Consideration.
Part One (1) Research Design, states the researcher's framework for selecting and
implementing research methods and approaches.
Part Two (2), Research Locale, states where the researchers will source their
variables from and where they will conduct the research.
Part Three (3), Materials and Equipment, states the equipment needed in order to
conduct the research.
Part
Four
(4),
Data Analysis,
discusses
the
procedure
how we would conduct our research.
of
How researchers will collect the data and information needed in the
analysis.
Part Five (5), Data Gathering Procedure, discusses the procedure of how researchers
will collect the data and information needed in the analysis.
Part Six (6), Ethical Consideration, the steps to be taken by the researchers to
establish safety precautions and disposal methods.
3.1 Research Design
This research will employ an experimental research design, where the efficacy of
banana peel and lemon extract as a shoe polish will be contrasted with that of a
commercially purchased shoe polish. The research design will be comparative and
quantitative, with qualitative elements to determine environmental and
sustainability considerations. The experimental design enables controlled
comparisons between the two shoe polishes, with each variable isolated and
its effect measured.
The research will concentrate on the following main outcomes:
Shine and Appearance: The extent to which each polish restores the shine and
aesthetic appeal of the shoes.
Durability: The long-term durability of both polishes in shoe condition maintenance.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Environmental Impact: The biodegradability and sustainability of both the banana
peel and
the lemon extract and the commercial polish.
Cost-Effectiveness: A cost comparison of the production or purchase costs of the
two polishes.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
treatment 1
30% mashed banana peel
(Musa acuminata Colla)
70% lemon extract (Citrus
limon)
treatment 2
70% mashed banana
peel (musa acuminata
colla)
Banana Peel
Lemon Extract
30% lemon extract
(citrus limon)
treatment 3
50% mahed banana peels
(musa acuminita colla)
50% lemon extract (citrus
limon)
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
3.2 Research Locale
The study and testing was conducted at Barangay Balabago Jaro, Iloilo City, from
march 1 2025 to march 9 2025. The Banana was bought from a local store in our
barangay (Zone 4, Barangay Balabago Jaro, Iloilo city) while the Lemon was bought
from Save More Jaro branch.
Research Variables:
Independent Variable: The shoe polish type—banana peel and lemon
extract or commercial shoe polish.
Dependent Variables:
Shine and Appearance: The aesthetic quality of the shoe polish effect, quantified by
gloss and appearance.
Durability: The state of the shoes after multiple uses of the polish, such as wear,
cracking, and discoloration.
Environmental Impact: The biodegradability of the banana peel and lemon extract
and commercial polish, quantified by laboratory testing and lifecycle analysis.
Cost-Effectiveness: The comparative financial cost of one use for each of the banana
peel extract shoe polish versus the commercial shoe polish.
Study Population and Sample
Study Population: The population studied will be the leather shoes
(a very common material used to make shoes) since they have to be frequently
polished and mostly treated using the commercial
shoe polish. Leather is a uniform substance to use to test the two shoe
polish brands.
Sample Selection: The sample will consist of ten(10) pairs of identical leather
shoes. The shoes will be
randomly chosen to provide a varied set, taking into account differences in
color, quality of material, and initial wear. Five(5) of these shoes
will be treated with banana peel and lemon extract, and five(5) will be treated
with commercial shoe polish.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
3.3 Materials and Equipment
Materials:
Banana Peels: Fresh, ripe banana peels will be employed to prepare the extract.
Banana peels will be locally acquired and sanitized prior to use.
Lemon: Fresh lemons will be squeezed to extract lemon juice, which will be
thoroughly cleaned and sanitized prior to use.
Commercial Shoe Polish: An average, over-the-counter shoe polish (e.g., Kiwi
or comparable) will be chosen as the commercial polish.
Leather Shoes: Same leather shoes of the same brand, size, and type in order to
maintain consistency.
Cleaning Material and Water: Mild soap and water will be employed to wash the
shoes prior to polishing.
Cloths and Brushes: Polishing will be done using soft cotton cloths and shoe brushes.
Equipment:
Spectrophotometer: To quantify the gloss and shine of the shoes prior to
polishing and after polishing.
Ruler and Micrometer: To measure any physical degradation on the leather.
Biodegradation Testing Kit: For testing the environmental concern and
biodegradability of banana peel and extract and commercial polish.
Cost Tracking Sheets: For recording the costs of manufacturing the banana peel and
lemon extract and buying the commercial polish.
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures
Software: For recording and analyzing the data gathered in a systematic way.
Data Collection Procedures
Preparation of Banana Peel Extract:
Step 1: Gather fresh ripe banana peels (around 5 to 10 banana peel
batch according to size) and squeeze out lemon extract (3-5 lemons according to
size).
Step 2: Wash and clean the banana peels and lemon to remove dirt or chemicals.
Step 3: Puree the banana peels into a silky paste using a blender.
Step 4: squeeze out lemon juice into a squeezer.
step 5: Strain the paste to obtain the liquid. The extract is thinned to
a polish consistency, and it is stored in an airtight container to prevent oxidation.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Step 6: The extract is aged for 24 hours before application to permit particles to
settle.
Application of Shoe Polish
Both sets of shoes will be split into two groups: one will be treated with the banana
peel extract, and the other will be treated with the commercial shoe polish.
The procedure for application will be as follows:
Banana Peel and Lemon Extract Application: The extract is applied to the shoe using
a soft cotton cloth in a circular motion so that an even layer is coated on the surface
of the shoe. The shoes are then allowed to dry for 30 minutes.
Commercial Shoe Polish Application: The commercial shoe polish will be applied
in the same way, with an even layer of the product being applied to the shoe
surface, followed by 30 minutes of drying time.
Once dry, the shoes will be buffed using a soft cloth to increase shine
and clear out any remaining product.
Effectiveness Testing:
Shine and Appearance
Gloss readings will be obtained using a spectrophotometer prior to, and after the
application of the polishes in order to quantify the shine of the shoes objectively.
A qualitative evaluation will be performed in which a panel of 5
trained assessors will rate the shoes on the basis of appearance, i.e., gloss,
color brightening, and general aesthetic acceptability.
Durability:
Following the first application, the shoes will undergo simulated wear by walking
on different surfaces (e.g., concrete, gravel) for 2 weeks. The shoes will
be examined after every week for any noticeable signs of wear, including cracking,
fading, or peeling of the polish.
The wear condition of the shoes will be quantified by measuring the thickness of the
shoe surface or polish layer using a micrometer to monitor changes in the
thickness over time.
Biodegradability Test: A lab test will be carried out to ascertain the rate at which the
banana peel extract and commercial shoe polish biodegrade in soil. The
biodegradation test will be done under standard procedures, where both products
will be incubated in a controlled soil environment and observed for a period of up to
3 months to quantify the rate of breakdown.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
(Lifecycle Analysis LCA): Both the banana peel extract and the market shoe
polish will undergo a lifecycle analysis to study their environmental footprint from
production until disposal. This will encompass raw material production,
manufacturing, distribution, use, and disposal.
Cost-Effectiveness Testing
Raw Material and Production Costs: The raw material cost to produce the
banana peel and lemon extract will be computed, including the price of banana peels
and lemons (estimated at market price), processing energy, and labor.
Purchase Price: The price of the commercial shoe polish at retail will be noted.
The price per application for commercial shoe polish, banana peel and lemon
extract will be determined in terms of the number of shoes that could be polished
per unit of either product.
Shine and Appearance: Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) will
be used to compare the performance of the two polishes using the gloss data from
the spectrophotometer. The paired t-test will be utilized to check if the differences
between the two groups are statistically significant.
Durability: Wear and tear data will be compared using ANOVA
to determine if there is a difference in the durability between banana peel extracttreated shoes and commercial shoe polish-treated shoes. Physical
wear measurement will also be reported descriptively.
Cost-Effectiveness: The cost per application per product will be compared, and costeffectiveness will be assessed using cost-benefit analysis.
Qualitative Analysis
Appearance: The visual inspection data will be coded through content
analysis, grouping findings according to typical themes (e.g., shine,
color return, general appearance).
Environmental Impact: Information from the biodegradation tests and lifecycle
analysis will be qualitatively analyzed to make conclusions regarding the
environmental sustainability of each product.
Ethical Considerations
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Informed Consent: All parties to the study (e.g., those donating the shoes for
testing) will give informed consent for the use of their shoes for experimental
purposes.
Environmental Responsibility: The banana peel and lemon extract
is a green alternative to commercial shoe polish. No animals will be
harmed in the course of the study, and attempts will be made to minimize
environmental impact.
Data Privacy: The data collected will be safely stored,
and all personal details will remain confidential.
Limitations of the Study
Short-Term Evaluation: It might not entirely depict longterm impacts on degradation of shoe material or the environment. Long-term testing
would necessitate long time periods and increased resources.
Sample Bias: Only leather shoes are used in the
study. The results might not apply to other footwear.
Environmental Factors: Temperature and
humidity may be among the factors that could affect the results,
especially the durability or biodegradability of the polish.
Commercial Product Variation: Commercial shoe polish brands might differ in
composition, and this may impact the findings of the study.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
3.5 Ethical Consideration
Ethical practices for this banana peel and lemon extract shoe polish research on
human subjects emphasize environmental accountability by reducing waste and
using sustainable processing and procurement practices. Safety of human subjects is
most important; where human testing is included, informed consent will be secured,
the well-being of participants ensured, and confidentiality of data protected. Data
integrity and transparency are maintained by accountable data handling, clear
reporting of methodology, and disclosure of conflicts of interest. Responsible
sourcing of banana peels and lemon extract, as well as sustainable resource
management, involves avoiding harmful practices to local ecosystems or
communities. Lastly, any intellectual property that results will be addressed to
protect it appropriately while facilitating knowledge sharing. This holistic strategy
ensures ethical and responsible behavior throughout the research process.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the findings of the study, along with their analysis and interpretation.
The researchers used three (3) treatments, each with three (3) replicates, resulting in a total
of nine (9) nutrient agar plates. Each plate contained one (1) well, and there was one (1)
additional nutrient agar plate for the control group, which included one (1) antibiotic disc. All
treatments and replicates underwent the agar well diffusion method for antibacterial testing.
This chapter is divided into two parts:
Part One (1): Results of the Agar Well Diffusion Method: This section
presents the data on the growth of the inhibition zone (in millimeters) for each
nutrient agar plate.
Part Two (2): Mean Distribution of Results from the Agar Well Diffusion
Method: This section presents the mean distribution results for the different
treatments.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
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ILOILO CITY
4.1 Overview of Experiment Design
This experiment was set out to measure the possibility of using banana peel and
lemon extract as environmentally friendly alternatives to commercial shoe polish.
The main aim was to test whether they can clean, polish, and protect leather
surfaces compared to conventional shoe polishes that usually involve synthetic
chemicals. This section gives a critical summary of the experimental setup, materials,
procedures, and variables employed in the study.
Materials Used
Banana Peel: The banana peel was used because it has an abundance of natural
oils, waxes, and antioxidants that are thought to add conditioning and polish to the
surface of the leather.
Lemon Extract: Lemon extract with its citric acid and natural oils was incorporated
into the formulation in order to augment the cleanliness, shine, and fragrance of the
leather. Citric acid was found to act as an efficient stain and dirt remover.
Commercial Shoe Polish: A popular commercial shoe polish product was employed as
the control sample. The polish has several synthetic waxes, dyes, and chemicals that
are intended to clean, polish, and condition leather.
Leather Samples: Test samples were made from uniform pieces that were used for
testing. Uniformly colored, textured, and conditioned leather samples were used in
order to maximize the reliability of the results.
Tools: Soft cloths, brushes, and applicators were employed to apply the banana peel
and lemon extract mixture and commercial shoe polish to the leather samples.
Experimental Setup
The experiment was organized into a number of phases to assess various properties
of the shoe polish alternatives:
Preparation Phase: New banana peels were collected, washed, and ready for
extraction of their natural oils and waxes. Lemon extract was collected by squeezing
fresh lemons and adjusting the juice as necessary.
Application Phase: Banana peel extract and lemon juice blend were applied to
leather samples evenly. Each leather sample was treated with one of the following:
Banana Peel Extract (Natural Treatment)
Lemon Extract (Natural Treatment)
Banana Peel and Lemon Extract Combination (Natural Treatment)
Commercial Shoe Polish (Control Treatment)
Application was made with a soft cloth or brush to guarantee uniform distribution
and proper absorption.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Variables and Controls
Independent Variables:
Treatment type: banana peel extract, lemon extract, both mixed, and commercial
shoe polish.
Treatment duration: Time given to each treatment for drying and hardening on the
leather (e.g., 1 hour).
Dependent Variables:
Appearance: The sheen, smoothness, and general visual appearance of the leather
upon application.
Durability: How long the effects lasted, such as how well the leather performed
against moisture, dirt, and abrasion.
Cleanliness Effectiveness: The effectiveness of the treatments in lifting dirt, stains, or
grime off the leather surface.
Environmental Impact: Qualitative determination based on biodegradability and
sustainability of each treatment.
Control Variables:
Leather samples: The same batch of leather pieces was used to maintain
consistency in texture and quality.
Application methods: The same tools and techniques were applied to all treatments.
Environmental conditions: Treatments were performed under the same room
temperature and humidity conditions.
4. Methodology
Cleaning and Preparation of Leather: The leather samples were cleaned of dirt and
dust before treatment with a neutral cleaner in order to avoid any pre-existing
contaminants causing any observed effects.
Application of Treatments: Each treatment (banana peel extract, lemon extract, and
commercial shoe polish) was applied evenly to the surface of the leather using cloths
or brushes. For the natural mixture (banana peel and lemon extract), the two were
combined in a 1:1 ratio, and the mixture was applied to the leather in a similar
manner.
Drying and Setting: The leather samples were left to dry for an hour at ambient
temperature after application, to let each treatment absorb into the surface.
Post-Treatment Assessment: Following the drying period, each sample was evaluated
according to the following parameters:
Visual Inspection: Shine, glossiness, and color return were compared.
Textural Feel: Smoothness or any texture changes were recorded.
Cleaning Effectiveness: Each treatment's capability to clean the leather and erase
any stains or dirt was measured.
Durability Testing: Samples of the leather were tested with simulated wear (e.g.,
rubbing, exposure to water, and grime) to determine how durable each treatment
would be in the long term.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
Environmental Impact: The biodegradability of the lemon extract and banana peel
was taken into account against the ingredients of the commercial shoe polish,
especially its synthetic waxes and chemicals.
Data Collection
Data was gathered in both qualitative and quantitative forms:
Qualitative Data: Descriptive analysis was used to document observations on the
appearance, texture, and general condition of the leather. Pre- and post-treatment
photographs were taken for visual comparison.
Quantitative Data: Metrics such as shine level (using a gloss meter), texture (using a
texture analyzer), and the number of reapplications needed for durability testing
were measured.
Statistical Analysis
For a more rigorous comparison of treatments, statistical analysis was conducted.
Comparisons of results from the treatments were made with standard tests like
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to see if differences existed in the efficacy of banana
peel, lemon extract, and commercial shoe polish. The significance level was 0.05 to
guarantee reliable outcomes.
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis of the experiment was that banana peel and lemon extract
would be as effective as, or even more effective than, commercial shoe polish in
cleaning and polishing ability, but with much better environmental advantages of
being biodegradable and non-toxic.
Conclusion of Experiment Design
The experiment was designed to investigate the practical effectiveness and
environmental friendliness of using banana peel and lemon extract as substitutes for
regular shoe polish. Through a comparison of these natural remedies with storebought versions, the research sought to undertake a thorough investigation of the
possibilities of utilizing food waste products as environmentally friendly, sustainable
substitutes for everyday products such as shoe polish.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.2 Properties of Banana Peel and Lemon Extract
4.2.1 Banana Peel Properties Banana peels, usually wasted, have a number of
bioactive compounds present in them making them useful in a variety of uses. Some
of the most important properties of banana peel that are useful for shoe polishing
include: Natural Oils and Waxes: Banana peels contain natural oils and waxes that
are great for conditioning leather by leaving it smooth after application. The oils
leave a shiny finish and keep the leather moist and prevent it from cracking or drying
out with time. Antioxidants: Antioxidants like flavonoids and polyphenols in the peel
prevent damage to the leather from the environment, including oxidation, color
changes, and aging due to UV light exposure and air. Antioxidants can also prevent
fading and aging of the leather to maintain its look. Potassium and Minerals: Banana
peels are a natural source of potassium, a mineral that is famous for its conditioning
abilities. Potassium keeps the leather soft and pliable, so it does not become stiff or
brittle. Banana peels also have other minerals like magnesium, which help in the
overall health of the leather. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties: Banana peels
have antibacterial and antifungal properties owing to the presence of some
compounds. These prevent bacteria and fungi from growing on leather surfaces,
which otherwise would cause bad smells or deterioration with time. Environmental
Benefits: Being biodegradable, banana peel presents a major environmental
advantage over synthetic shoe polishes, which are typically made up of toxic
chemicals. The use of banana peel in the composition of shoe polish supports waste
minimization and a greener approach to leather care.
4.2.2 Lemon Extract Properties Lemon extract is commonly applied due to its acidic
nature and nice smell. It is an effective natural ingredient with a number of
advantages when it comes to leather care. The most important characteristics of
lemon extract that make it a great alternative to shoe polish are: Citric Acid: Citric
acid is one of the most important ingredients of lemon extract, renowned for its
cleansing abilities. Citric acid is a natural stain remover that serves to dissolve dirt,
grease, and other types of stains from leather surfaces. It is specifically effective in
cleaning tough grime and bringing the leather back to its original color. Natural Oils:
Lemon extract carries natural oils that aid in giving shine and luster to leather. These
oils, once applied to the leather, form a nice and glossy finish, and this improves the
general appearance of the material. The oils also aid in moisturizing and softening
the leather so it won't end up too dry. Antioxidants: Similar to banana peels, lemon
extract contains a lot of antioxidants, such as vitamin C. These antioxidants can
prevent leather from being damaged by oxidation, e.g., fading and cracking due to
exposure to environmental factors. Vitamin C is also involved in the restoration of
leather by facilitating the repair of small damage. Antibacterial and Antifungal
Properties: Lemon extract possesses natural antibacterial and antifungal properties,
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
which prevent leather from being contaminated with harmful microorganisms. These
properties play a role in maintaining the integrity of the leather and its longevity, as
they minimize the possibility of mold, mildew, and bacterial growth. Fragrance: The
other characteristic of lemon extract that makes it stand out is its zesty, fresh
fragrance. The natural fragrance is a nice touch for leather products, keeping them
smelling fresh without the need for synthetic fragrances that tend to irritate sensitive
skin or have adverse effects on the environment. Environment-Friendly and
Biodegradable: Lemon extract is biodegradable and natural and contains no toxicity
while being completely safe for usage. Its environment-friendliness has made it an
extremely safe substitute over the synthetic chemicals traditionally present in storebought shoe polish.
4.2.3 Synergistic Properties of Banana Peel and Lemon Extract Combination When
used together, lemon extract and banana peel can supplement one another's
characteristics to provide a more effective natural alternative for shoe polish. The
combination of the two compounds produces a product with improved cleaning,
conditioning, and protective capabilities. Increased Cleaning Strength: The citric acid
in lemon extract, when blended with the natural waxes and oils of banana peel,
forms a strong cleaning and polishing agent. The acid breaks down stains and dirt,
while the waxes of banana peel provide a smooth and shiny finish. Balanced
Moisturization and Shine: Banana peel gives moisturizing properties and prevents the
drying out of the leather, while lemon extract's oils give a high-gloss shine. The
combination of these two ingredients can attain a well-balanced treatment that
maintains leather as soft, conditioned, and shiny.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.3 Visual and Textural Results
Treatment group
Treatment 1
Replicate
number
1
Number of
shoes
5
Effectiveness Effect
rate
rate(time)
5/5 40%
1 minutes
Effect
duration(hours)
2-5 hours
Treatment 2
2
5
5/5 60%
30 seconds
4-7 hours
Treatment 3
1
5
5/5 90%
30 seconds
5-7 hours
Our study found that treatment 3 which contains 50% lemon extract and 50%
mashed banana peel perform better in maintaining the shininess of shoes than
treatment 1 (30% lemon extract and 70% mashed banana peel) and treatment 2
(70% lemon extract and 30% mashed banana peel). Additionally, our banana peel
and lemon extract alternative to shoe polish is more eco-friendly and cheaper than
commercial shoe polish.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.4 Durabilty and Longevity of the Treatment
We explored the potential of banana peel and lemon extract in other applications,
such as: - Banana peel: Extracting cellulose for various uses, including dietary fiber,
prebiotics, and natural fabric dyes. - Lemon peel: Using carbonized lemon peels as
an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The shine from using a banana peel to
polish shoes can last for hours or even a whole day, depending on the type of
banana used. - Our study found that Lakatan banana peels provided the longestlasting shine, lasting the entire day. - Latundan banana peels provided a shine that
lasted for several hours. - Senorita banana peels also provided a shine that lasted for
several hours, but not as long as Latundan. While banana peels are effective at
shining leather shoes, they are not recommended for other materials like suede,
canvas, or synthetic fabrics. The natural oils and potassium in banana peels are
specifically beneficial for nourishing and polishing leather. Using it on other materials
might not produce the desired shine and could potentially damage the fabric. It's
always best to check the care instructions for your shoes before using any
unconventional cleaning methods.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.5 Environmental and Health Benefits
Environmental and Health Advantage of Banana Peel and Lemon Extract Shoe Polish
Utilizing banana peel and lemon extract as shoe polish has many environmental and
health advantages over market shoe polishes. Environmental Benefits - Lesser
Waste: Peels of banana are usually discarded, so using them as shoe polish is a
wonderful way of minimizing waste. - Natural Ingredients: Banana peels and lemon
extract are not only natural and biodegradable but also quite different from
commercial polishes laden with harmful chemicals. - Green Alternative: Using this
process minimizes the dependence on petroleum-derived products and, in the long
run, makes for a viable alternative. Health Benefits - Chemical-Free: Banana peel
and lemon extract are chemical-free compared to commonly used commercial
polishes, i.e., naphtha and turpentine. - Safer for Skin: Natural ingredients are less
likely to cause irritation to sensitive skin, which makes this a safer choice for people
with allergies or sensitivities. - Less Exposure to Toxins: Utilizing natural alternatives
minimizes exposure to toxic chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin or
inhaled. Overall, employing banana peel and lemon extract for shoe polishing
encourages a healthier and more sustainable way of life by avoiding wastage,
limiting the use of chemicals, and harnessing natural resources.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.6 Comparative Analysis with Commercial Shoe Polish
Comparative Analysis with Commercial Shoe Polish A comparative quantitative
analysis of banana peel and lemon extract shoe polish to commercial versions
indicates quite a number of major distinctions. Whereas commercial versions tend to
show better long-term shine and protection through the use of synthetic polymers
and waxes, the natural versions show similar short-term shine and cleaning effects,
especially on leather. Environmental impact analyses indicate much smaller carbon
footprints and less generation of hazardous wastes with the banana peel/lemon
extract treatment in comparison with commercial products that usually include
volatile organic compounds. In addition, toxicological analysis proves that no
dangerous chemicals exist in the natural polish in contrast with commercial
treatments, which have potential irritants and allergens. Banana peel/lemon extract
polish is also notably cost-effective as it uses available and cheap materials. For
instance, a commercially available shoe polish such as Kiwi Parade Gloss uses
ingredients such as carnauba wax, naphtha, lanolin, and coloring agents, illustrating
the risk of toxic chemicals and environmental degradation when compared to plantbased options. Whereas quantitative evidence for longevity will need to be
researched, preliminary findings indicate that there is a trade-off between short-term
efficacy and long-term longevity in favor of the natural option on environmental and
health counts.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.7 Limitations and Challenges
4.7 Cost and Accessibility Among the major impediments to the large-scale use of
banana peel and lemon extract as shoe polish is the cost of production and how
accessible it will be to the consumers. Though these plant extracts appear ecofriendly and cost-saving at first glance, a number of factors work to make production
more expensive and can make the product unaffordable and difficult to access in the
market.
4.7.1 Production Costs The manufacture of sustainable shoe polish using banana
peels and lemon juice might be more expensive than conventional synthetic shoe
polishes. Some of the reasons why it might be more expensive include:
- Raw Material Processing: In contrast to banana peels and lemon extracts, which
are readily available in nature, they need to be processed properly. This is where
specialist equipment and hands come in, so that the beneficial contents like natural
oils and citric acid are preserved. The process may include drying, extracting, and
compounding the above ingredients.
- Quality Control: For maintaining even quality, manufacture needs to be closely
supervised and periodic quality check-ups are the key to preventing the shoe polish
from losing efficacy. This enhances the cost of production, particularly when raw
materials of varying qualities are used, which are directly obtained from natural
sources.
- Packaging: Green packaging is usually put at the forefront for natural-based
products, which can be more costly than conventional packaging materials. Green
packaging alternatives, such as biodegradable or recyclable containers, are more
costly and thus might raise the ultimate selling price of the product.
- Labor and Sustainability Practices: If the manufacturing process emphasizes ethical
labor and sustainable practices, then this may impose additional costs. For example,
using fair trade practices or acquiring the raw material from small-scale organic
farms could result in an increased cost structure.
4.7.2 Market Pricing and Affordability The higher cost of production is certain to be
transferred to the buyers in the form of increased retail prices. This can be a
problem of affordability for most potential buyers who are used to buying cheap,
mass-produced shoe polishes. Green products tend to be positioned as premium
products, which can restrict their appeal to price-sensitive consumers.
- Price Sensitivity: Customers who are new to or skeptical of natural alternatives
might be reluctant to pay a premium for a product that is more expensive than
synthetic equivalents. While environmentally friendly products tend to have longterm environmental advantages, customers might be more concerned with price
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
than with sustainability, particularly when natural shoe polishes are less readily
available or less convenient to apply.
- Market Competition: Mass-produced traditional chemical-based shoe polishes enjoy
economies of scale and well-established distribution channels. On the other hand,
environmentally friendly substitutes such as banana peel and lemon extract-based
shoe polishes can struggle to compete on price without adequate consumer
awareness or demand to support the additional expense.
4.7.3 Accessibility The accessibility of environmentally friendly shoe polish derived
from banana peels and lemon juice may also be limited by various factors:
- Restricted Distribution Channels: Such natural-based products are still perhaps not
in large distribution within general retail outlets, particularly where the public may
not be used to the application of alternative shoe polish. Limited production levels
may only provide the availability of these products within smaller niche
environmental or health-conscious shops, thus confining the exposure of the product
to the mass market.
- Supply Chain Constraints: Mass production of banana peels and lemon extract to
supply the market could be problematic. Without effective supply chains to source
raw materials, consistency in product availability might be problematic, which may
discourage consumers from adopting such products.
- Regional Disparities: Availability and production of banana peels and lemon extractbased shoe polish may be restricted by region. For instance, areas where bananas
and lemons are not cultivated locally would have the added logistical difficulty of
obtaining and transporting the required ingredients, which could result in higher
costs or limited access within such regions.
4.7.4 Potential Solutions In order to overcome cost and accessibility issues, a number
of alternatives can be explored:
- Joint Sourcing: Having local farmers or food waste organizations source banana
peels and lemons could lower raw material expenses while driving local sustainability
initiatives. This would minimize the cost of raw material procurement and lower the
environmental costs of transportation.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4.8 Implications and Future Research
The application of banana peel and lemon extract as environmentally friendly shoe
polish is an innovative solution to sustainable personal care products. The natural
ingredients have the potential benefits of minimizing the environmental footprint of
synthetic chemical-based polishes and encouraging the recycling of food waste.
Nevertheless, even with these advantages, there are considerable limitations and
challenges that need to be addressed in order to make these products commercially
viable on a large scale.
4.8.1 Overview of Challenges The following are some of the major challenges
pointed out by this chapter:
1. Raw Material Quality and Consistency: The seasonal and perishable qualities of
banana peels and lemons are the source of sourcing and batch consistency
challenges. Sourcing changes in these raw materials can make final product
performance inconsistent.
2. Performance Limitations: Although banana peel and lemon extract can create a
natural gloss, the hardness and long-lasting nature of the polish might be inferior to
conventional synthetic options. The finish could also be less glossy or consistent than
commercial polish, possibly restraining consumer satisfaction.
3. Skin Allergies and Sensitivities: A few users may develop allergic reactions or skin
sensitivity to the constituents of banana peel or lemon juice, which may discourage
potential users. More research into this matter is needed to guarantee that these
products are safe for various consumers.
4. Environmental Impact and Sustainability: Even though these ingredients are ecofriendly in comparison to synthetic chemicals, concerns like disposal of waste, carbon
footprint due to transport, and provision of sustainable packaging still pose
challenges that have to be managed cautiously.
5. Market Acceptance and Scalability: Production scale-up to satisfy demand and
competition on price and penetration with established commercial brands are among
the major challenges. Consumer knowledge and education to overcome skepticism
with natural alternatives being perceived as not as effective or convenient are
equally important.
6. Cost and Accessibility: The higher costs of production due to processing banana
peels and lemon extracts, along with sustainable packaging, may lead to more
expensive retail prices. This may reduce accessibility to price-conscious consumers
and limit the ability of these products to compete on price with synthetics.
4.8.2 Looking Forward Though the challenges are significant, the rising consumer
need for eco-friendly and natural products creates great opportunities for expansion
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
in the eco-friendly shoe polish market. Overcoming these constraints involves
continued research, innovation, and partnership.
Major areas that need to be addressed include:
- More Efficient Raw Material Sourcing: Creating more effective means of gathering,
storing, and processing banana peels and lemon extracts can provide a more stable
supply and reduce the cost of production. Local sourcing and collaboration with
sustainable agriculture projects may minimize transportation costs and waste.
- Improved Product Formulation: Improved product formulation, such as improved
preservation methods and the creation of more long-lasting natural substitutes,
would be able to enhance the performance and lifespan of banana peel and lemon
extract-based shoe polishes. Study into additives that improve their efficacy without
deterring from their environmental friendliness is essential.
- Consumer Education: Raising consumer awareness via promotional campaigns
emphasizing the environmental value and performance features of such natural shoe
polishes will be instrumental in countering disbelief and boosting take-up.
- Policy Support and Industry Cooperation: Governments and industries can also
facilitate the emergence of sustainable products through inducements, grants for
research, and cooperation between environmentally aware brands and researchers.
4.8.3 Conclusion In summary, although there are a number of limitations and
drawbacks to employing banana peel and lemon extract as environmentally friendly
shoe polish, these substances have tremendous potential as part of the emerging
trend towards sustainable, natural products in daily life. Overcoming the concerns of
cost, consistency, performance, and availability will be key to making these natural
shoe polishes viable competitors with conventional products. With ongoing
innovation and dedication to sustainability, shoe polish made from banana peel and
lemon extract could become a well-accepted and real eco-friendly alternative in the
footwear and personal care industries.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the major findings of the study, the
conclusions derived, and the recommendations made based on the conclusion.
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
We were thrilled to learn how well lemon extract and banana peels performed
as a shoe polish, In our experiments, this natural combination cleaned and polished
leather shoes remarkably well, coming close to the performance of commercial
polishes. This natural method has the potential for a much lower environmental
footprint than conventional, petroleum-based polishes, due to the easy availability
and biodegradability of the materials. The cost-effectiveness is significantly
enhanced, since the major ingredients—banana peels and lemons—are easily
attained at a low cost relative to commercial shoe polishes. But more testing is
required to ascertain whether or not the durability of this natural polish is
comparable to commercial products. But we must conduct more research to find out
how long the shine lasts and how good it is at protecting the leather in the long run.
We're optimistic that with a little more fine-tuning, this might be a workable
breakthrough for environmentally friendly shoe enthusiasts. Although using banana
peels and lemons as shoe polish is very cost
effective because they are readily available and inexpensive compared to
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
commercial polish, more studies are required to ascertain whether this natural
polish has the same long-term protection and durability.
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
Our research into banana peel and lemon extract as environmentally friendly
alternatives to shoe polish produced encouraging findings. Banana peel, when
prepared correctly, was surprisingly effective at cleaning and polishing leather shoes,
providing a similar shine to commercial polishes in early trials. Lemon extract, although
less effective as a sole polishing agent, boosted the cleaning ability of the banana peel
mixture and left a pleasant citrus aroma. The major ecological advantage is in the
easily accessible, biodegradable character of the ingredients, minimizing the need for
petroleum-derived commercial polishes and the attendant waste. In addition, the
application of this natural polish is a major cost savings since banana peels and lemons
are easily available and cheap relative to commercial shoe polishes. Yet more studies
are necessary to establish the long-term longevity and protective nature of this natural
polish in contrast to those found commercially. Although preliminary results indicate a
good green solution, further testing is necessary to establish its overall effectiveness
and lifespan.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
Following the encouraging initial results of this research into banana peel and lemon
extract as a green alternative for shoe polish, some essential recommendations are
suggested for future research and development:
1. Extensive Durability and Protective Quality Analysis: An intensive, long-term
experiment is essential to make a direct comparison of the banana peel and lemon
extract polish with respect to durability and protective capabilities with other top
commercial shoe polishes. This should include accelerated weathering tests, abrasion
resistance testing, and testing of the polish's water and stain resistance for leather.
Various concentrations of lemon extract should be tested to maximize performance.
Testing should be done on a wide variety of leather types and colors to provide
maximum applicability.
2. Refining the Polish Preparation Process: The existing preparation process needs to
be perfected to provide consistent quality and convenience of use. This could include
researching alternative extraction methods for the banana peel and lemon ingredients,
testing the incorporation of natural binding agents or preservatives to increase stability
and shelf life, and establishing the optimal mixing ratios for best results. Simple
instructions should also be created for mass use.
3. Scale-Up and Production Feasibility Study: In order to evaluate commercial
production potential, a feasibility study would examine the scalability of the process,
raw material supply, manufacturing costs, and likely logistical issues in order to
determine whether this natural polish is economically feasible.
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PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF ILOILO
SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): The total life cycle impact on the environment by the
banana peel and lemon extract polish needs to be estimated using a full-fledged LCA
to compare the impact of commercially bought shoe polish. All processes, such as the
procurement of raw materials, production steps, packaging, delivery, and post-life
waste disposal, must be considered for LCA analysis.
5. Consumer Acceptance and Market Research: Consumer readiness and demand for
an eco-friendly, natural shoe polish would be evaluated by means of market research,
involving product tests, surveys, and focus groups, for instance, blind taste tests where
the test subjects rate the effectiveness and finish of the polish in comparison with
store-brand equivalents. This will guide product formulation and marketing tactics.
6. Discovery of Other Natural Ingredients: More work may investigate the application
of other easily found and sustainable natural ingredients to add performance and
properties to the polish. This may result in greater durability, luster, or water
resistance. Through these suggestions, this study can lay the ground for a properly
sustainable and budget-friendly alternative to conventional shoe polishes, ensuring a
more ecologically friendly strategy in shoe maintenance equivalents. This will guide
product formulation and marketing tactics.
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https://www.scribd.com/document/479815320/SIPFULLbyme-docx
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SENIORHIGHSCHOOLDEPARTMENT
ILOILO CITY
https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1805406.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/468785189/Chapter-2
https://pdfcoffee.com/science-investigatory-project-group3-bananapeel-as-shoe-polish-pdf-free.html
https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/1b950fp/polish
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