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5G is the fifth generation of wireless communications
technologies supporting cellular data networks. Large-scale
adoption began in 2019 and today virtually every
telecommunication service provider in the developed world is
upgrading its infrastructure to offer 5G functionality. 5G
communication requires the use of communications devices
(mostly mobile phones) designed to support the technology. It is
a very agile technology.
Developing a Solid Understanding
of 5G
Key Performance Indicators
KPIs:
1. Rate
2. Number of Devices
3. Criticality
5G can support a lot of industrial processes. Its
latency is very low. It can be easily used instead of
wireless systems.
Comparing 4G & 5G KPIs
Parameter
IMT-Advanced (4G)
IMT-2020 (5G)
Peak Date Rate
DL: 1GBps
UL: 0.5GBps
DL: 20GBps
UL: 10GBps
User Experienced Data Rate
10Mbps
100Mbps
Peak Spectra Efficiency
DL: 15bps/Hz
UL: 6.75bps/Hz
DL: 30bps/Hz
UL: 15bps/Hz
Mobility
350km/h
500km/h
User Plane Latency
10ms
1ms
Connection Density
1000 devices/km2
1000000 devices/km2
Energy Consumption
1 (Normalized)
1/10x of 4G
Mobile Date Volume
0.01Tb/s/km2
10Tb/s/km2
Diminishing the latency was the biggest challenge.
5G Technical Use Cases
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
(eMBB)
Massive Machine Type
Communications (mMTC)
Ultra-Reliable and Low
Latency Communications
(URLLC)
- Applications: Streaming,
Web, Browsing, Video
Conference, VR etc.
- Applications: Sensors,
Smart City, High Number of
Devices.
- Applications: Mission
Critical, Industrial
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- High Throughput
- Limited Movements of the
User.
- Low Cost
- Enhanced Coverage
- Long Battery Life
- IOT Based
Automation, Drone Control,
Self-Driving Cars etc.
- Short Delays
- Extreme Reliability
Technical Enablers
Spectrum – 5G Pioneering Bands
5G provides a high plethora of Spectrum Bands, these are known as the Pioneering Bands.
There has been
a lot of talk about the frequency spectrum that 5G technology will use. With the first 5G-NR
standard
officially announced, network operators all over the world are conducting trials with the
objective to deploy
the technology commercially sometime in the next 2-3 years. Different countries have
proposed and are
working on different frequency bands that range all the way from 600 MHz to 71 GHz. In
this article, we
have outlined the proposed 5G Bands by country.
• United States: The United State is leading the way in 5G R&D. At the lower end of the
frequency
spectrum they are using the 600 MHz (2 x 35 MHz) band, the 3100 - 3550 MHz band and the
3700 -
4200 MHz band. At the higher end of the frequency spectrum they are using the 27.5 – 28.35
GHz band
and the 37 – 40 GHz band. Mobile operators in the US have already conducted trails in these
frequency
bands. The FCC has also opened up spectrum from 64 - 71 GHz for 5G use as well, however,
there has
not been too much activity in this frequency band yet.
• Europe: Countries in the EU are using both low and high frequency bands for the initial 5G
trails. In
the lower bands they are using the 3400 - 3800 MHz frequency band and in the higher
frequency bands
they are using the frequency band from 24.25 - 27.5 GHz.
• China: In China there are ongoing trials in the 3300 - 3600 MHz band with the possibility
of the 4400
– 4500 MHz band and 4800 – 4990 MHz band also being used. At higher frequencies China
is
considering using the 24.25 – 27.5 GHz band and the 37 – 43.5 GHz band.
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• Japan: They are looking at using the frequency spectrum from 3600 - 4200 MHz and 4400 4900
MHz in the lower bands and the 27.5 – 28.28 GHz in the higher bands.
• Korea: They were one of the first countries to start R&D on 5G Technology with the aim to
launch it
during the 2018 Olympic Winter Games in Feb, 2018. Though, they have not commercially
launched
this yet, they have made significant strides towards commercialization of the technology.
They are
currently conducting trials in the 26.5 – 29.5 GHz band.
Propagation characteristics is very good and there is relatively good link in these bands. The
three bands
that needs to be given consideration is –
1. Sub-Gigahertz
The range of sub-GHz networking is longer than WiFi and Bluetooth, given the same
antennas and
transmission power. This is because the lower radio frequencies in sub-GHz networking is
not
absorbed by physical matter as much as 2.4 GHz signals.
The typical range of a WiFi transmitter can be up to some 50 meters (150 feet) indoors and
100
meters (300 feet) outdoors. Bluetooth has a shorter range and typically will only go some 10
meters
(30 feet) indoors.
In contrast, sub-GHz networking can easily reach several hundreds of meters indoors and,
depending on the conditions, several kilometers (miles) outdoors.
One other reason for the longer range for sub-GHz is that it typically is run at a lower speed
than
WiFi and Bluetooth. In the Thingsquare platform, we use a raw data speed of 50 kbit/second,
which
gives us the range stated above. In theory, it is possible to tune down the speed even more to
get a
longer range, but we have found 50 kbit/second to be a good compromise between speed and
range.
The long range makes sub-GHz networking a good technology to use for Internet of Things
applications. In IoT systems, the raw bit rate is not a major issue, since the data that is sent is
relatively small.
2. Typical Cellular 3.5 GHz
Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) is a 150 MHz wide broadcast band of the 3.5 GHz
band
(3550 MHz to 3700 MHz) in the United States. In 2017, the US Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) completed a process which began in 2012 to establish rules for
commercial use
of this band, while reserving parts of the band for the US Federal Government to limit
interference
with US Navy radar systems and aircraft communications.
3. Millimeter Waves
Millimeter waves are electromagnetic (radio) waves typically defined to lie within the
frequency
range of 30–300 GHz. The microwave band is just below the millimeter-wave band and is
typically
defined to cover the 3–30-GHz range. The terahertz band is just above the millimeter-wave
band
and is typically defined to cover the 300 GHz to 3 + THz range.
5Gs Key Technologies
New ways of deploying
new stuff. Device to
Device communication
unique. Cloud RAN is
basically the antenna and
the server associated with
it.
Cloud-RAN
A centralized, cloud-computing based RAN
architecture where part of BB Processing is
done in the Edge-Cloud.
Ultra-Dense Network
A System with very small cells that provide
continuous coverage in a certain area.
Device-to-Device
Utilization of the devices serving as a relay to
provide communications to other devices.
New Physical Air
Technologies. In
Massive MIMO, loads of
antenna raised in a single
base station as well as in
Massive MIMO
A system with a multitude of antenna elements
at the transmission/reception point.
mmWave
The use of High Freq in the range of 30-
100GHz
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the mobile terminal.
Increase of antenna,
decrease of interference.
New way of running the
infrastructure. 5G will
be based on software.
NFV – Network
Function Virtualization
Decoupling SW from HW through
virtualization of network functions to be placed
in a commodity HW
SDN
Decoupling of the Control Plane from User
Plane enabling efficient and separated
optimization of each plane.
Network Slicing
Utilization of a single infrastructure to provide
different and independent logical networks.
The above diagram denotes the virtualization or softwarization of the physical resources of
5G network.
Enables Virtual Computing, Virtual Storage, Virtual Network.
Standardization
Figure 1: Simplified NFV Architecture
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5G is not a single homogeneous
technology, so softwarization is
important.
“5G is an E2E ecosystem to enable a
fully mobile and connected society. It
empowers value creation towards
customers and partners, through existing
and emerging use cases, delivered with
consistent experience, and enabled by
sustainable business models.” – NGMN
Vision
In the diagram we can see that 5G
consists of vast prospects and usability
and to control it using a software is the
onliest reliable case in the scenario.
Who is who?
Global Initiatives
• 3GPP – Entity which controls the whole
tel-co
• GSMA – Operator-driven initiative
• NGMN – Similar Operator-driven
initiative
• ITU – It’s the standard defining
organization.
• IEEE
Local & Regional Associations (Lobbying
Buddies)
• 5G PPP
• 5G Americas
• 5G TF
• IMT 2020
• 5G Forum
• 5GMF
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3GPP Functioning and Operations
• PCG – Directors of the group
• TSG – Specific work and study items
Interaction with other WGs
Interaction with other TSGs
Project Coordination Group:
• Adopt Works and Study Items
• Ratifies the Elections
• Appeals on Technical and
Procedural Matters.
Technical Specification Group:
• Defines work and study items.
• Approves technical decisions.
• Resolves Conflicts in case of
Alternative Solutions.
Working Group:
• Defines solutions
• Decides on Technical Details
(Agreements)
• Manages the Specification
WG
TSG
PCG
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• WG – Does the actual works.
3GPP’s 5G Timeline
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Phase 1 (Completed)
Phase 2
Initial 5G Features –
1. Catering for the immediate commercial
requirements.
2. Specification completed in 2018.
3. Fulfills the needs of 2020+
Additional 5G Features –
1. Catering for long-term commericail
requirements (meeting all ITU-R IMT2020 Requirements)
2. Specification completed in 2019
3. Fulfill needs of 2030+
5G Technologies
5G Spectrum
Anything below six gigahertz is very congested. It's prime spectrum because hardware's
cheap, the actual
deployment is quite cheap.
Flexible Framework
The currently fragmented spectrum aspects will be combined and natively supported by 5G
NR in the form
of Flexible Spectrum Framework.
Left
Combines
With
Right
Flexible Spectrum Framework
Spectrum Bands
• Low Bands: Sub-1GHz
• Mid Bands: 1GHz –
6GHz
• High Bands: Above
6GHz
Flexible Frame
- Spectrum from
below 1GHz to
mmW
Flexible
Unlicensed
Operation
- Licensed
anchor with
unlicensed
carrier
- Multi
Connectivity
- Standalone
Unlicensed
Flexible
Spectrum
Sharing
- Sharing
between
Services
- Sharing
between
MNOs
- Tiered
Sharing
Licensing Methods
• Licensed
• Licensed Shared (LSA,
CBRS)
• Unlicensed (ISM)
Spectrum Aggregation
• Carrier Aggregation
(CA)
• Link Aggregation (DC