KOZIER & ERB’S Fundamentals of NURSING NINTH EDITION Concepts, Process, and Practice CHAPTER 1 Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice Dr. Haya Abu Maloh Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of nursing. 2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing practice. 3. Discuss the different types of educational programs for nurses. 4. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education. 5. Describe how the definition of nursing evolved since Florence Nightingale. 6. Identify the four major areas of nursing practice. Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Outcomes (cont'd) 7. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing practice. 8. Describe the role of nurses. 9. Describe the expanded career roles and their functions. 10. Discuss the criteria of a profession and the professionalization of nursing. 11. Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice. Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Evolution of Nursing Practice • Women’s roles and status • Religious (Christian) values • War • Societal attitudes • Nursing leaders • Nursing education Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. • Arabic: Islam and prophet teachings; strict rules of living (habits of cleanliness, eating, interaction). • Rufaida Al-Aslamyia'. Her father was a healer. She assisted him and developed nursing skills. • She began to train women and young girls in the arts of nursing. • Developed the 1st code of nursing conduct and ethics. • On holy wars, she provided care to Muslim army during battle and after. Used to set up tents near mosques to provide care and health education Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nursing Education • Controlled by state boards of nursing and professional organizations • Originally taught knowledge and skills for hospital practice • Now more varied practice settings, critical thinking, health promotion and maintenance • Two entry levels: RNs or LPN/LVN Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nursing Education (cont’d) • NCLEX exam, verified completion of prescribed course of study – Accredited programs • Licensure • Mutual recognition, multistate compact Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Nursing Education • Practical or vocational nursing • Registered nursing – Diploma – Associate degree – Baccalaureate • Graduate nursing – Masters – Doctoral Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Nursing Education (cont'd) • Continuing education: The registered nurse seeks knowledge and competence that reflects current nursing practice and promotes futuristic thinking • In-service education: A specific type of CE program that is offered by an employer. It is designed to upgrade the knowledge or skills of employees Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Definitions of Nursing • Caring • Art/science • “Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations” (ANA, 2010, p. 10; ANA, 2015b, p. 7) Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recipients of Nursing Care • Patient (Consumer): an individual who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care • Client: an individual who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Scope of Nursing Practice • Promotion of health and wellness • Prevention of illness: immunizations, prenatal and infant care, • Restoration of health: providing direct care, preforming diagnostic and assessment procedures, consulting, teaching, and rehabilitation • Care for the dying Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Settings for Nursing • Acute care hospitals • Clients’ homes • Community agencies • Ambulatory clinics Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Settings for Nursing (cont’d) • Long-term care facilities • Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) • Nursing practice centers Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nurse Practice Acts • Legal acts • Regulated by state or area of jurisdiction • Common purpose: to protect the public Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Standards of Nursing Practice • ANA: Standards of Practice • Specialty nursing organizations Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Roles and Functions of Nurses • Caregiver • Communicator • Teacher • Client advocate • Counselor • Change agent Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Roles and Functions of Nurses (cont'd) • Leader • Manager • Case manager • Research consumer Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Expanded Career Roles • Nurse practitioner • Clinical nurse specialist • Nurse anesthetist • Nurse midwife • Nurse researcher Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Expanded Career Roles • Nurse administrator • Nurse educator • Nurse entrepreneur • Forensic nurse Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Things to Consider • What are the criteria of a profession? • Profession • Professionalism • Professionalization Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Criteria of a Profession • Prolonged, specialized education, knowledge, and expertise about the role to be performed – Body of knowledge • Service orientation Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Criteria of a Profession (cont’d) • Ongoing research • Code of ethics • Autonomy • Professional organization Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice • Nursing workforce issues and challenges • Healthcare system reform • Quality and safety in healthcare • Consumer demands • Family structure • Internet and telehealth • Legislation • Collective bargaining • Nursing association Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth Edition Audrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
